Modern approaches to building a corporate information system. Corporate information systems. Principles of organizing corporate information systems

It is in principle impossible to give a general definition of the concept of “Corporate information system” as a set of functional characteristics, based on any general requirements or standards. A corporate information system can only be defined in relation to a specific business automation task (company, firm), in which an enterprise-scale corporate information system (CIS) is developed and implemented.

The simplest definition of CIS:

is a system for automating all the company’s main business processes and all accounting sectors.

The concept of corporate information systems also comes from the concepts of domestic automated systems (AS - automated system, ACS - automated control system, ASUP - automated enterprise management system, ISUP - integrated enterprise management system), and from foreign systems classes MRP, ERP, etc., however, after the introduction of the latest abbreviations such as “ASUP” they practically ceased to be used, giving way to the general abbreviation “ CIS – corporate Information Systems " Despite this, there is no generally accepted definition of a corporate information system (in contrast to automated control systems, automated control systems, which were defined by GOST 34.003-90).

The development trend of modern CIS is moving from the company framework to the combination of company => suppliers => consumers. And the integration of suppliers and consumers into unified system impossible without remote access, without the Internet, Intranet or Extranet. The same applies to geographically dispersed companies.

IN general view, can you give some main features of CIS:

1. Compliance with the needs of the company, the company’s business, consistency with the organizational and financial structure of the company, and the company’s culture.

2. Integration.

3. Openness and scalability.

The first feature contains all the functional features of a specific corporate information system of a specific company; they are strictly individual for each company.

For example, for one company, a corporate information system must have a class no lower than ERP, and for another, a system of this class is completely suboptimal and will only increase costs. And if you dig deeper, then into the concept of ERP (and even more so ERP II) different companies, based on their needs, they can have different meanings, different functions, different implementations.

Only accounting and payroll functions regulated by external legislation can be common to all companies; all others are strictly individual.

The second and third signs are general, but very specific. Corporate information system – this is not a set of programs for automating the company’s business processes (production, resource and company management ), it is an end-to-end integrated automated system , in which each individual module of the system (responsible for its business process) has access in real time (or close to real time) to all the necessary information generated by other modules (without additional and, even more so, double input of information).

The corporate information system should be open to include additional modules and expand the system both in scale and functions, and in the areas covered.

Based on the above, a corporate information system can only be given the following definition:

Corporate information system is an open, integrated, real-time automated system for automating business processes of a company at all levels, including business processes for making management decisions. At the same time, the degree of automation of business processes is determined based on ensuring maximum profit for the company.

Any information system can be called corporate if it covers all the necessary areas of management and business processes of the enterprise. That is, it is necessary to decide which business processes are subject to automation, and how this issue can only be resolved strictly individually for each company. Because of this, there cannot be boxed solutions for corporate information systems.

Modern market requires that all products meet generally recognized quality standards, which relate not only to the quality of the final product placed on the market, but also to the entire production process of this product, from the selection of suppliers to after-sales service.

Currently, a set of standards for an enterprise quality system developed by ISO (International Standards Organization), more precisely, technical committee ISO/TC 176 (ISO/TC 176), has become widespread worldwide. This set of standards is collectively called ISO 9000 (ISO 9000). The structure of ISO 9000 is shown in Figure 7.4.

Fig. 7.4 – Structure of the ISO 9000 family of standards.

Implementation and maintenance of a quality system at an enterprise in accordance with ISO 9000 family standards requires the use of software products at least three classes:

1. Integrated enterprise management systems (automated information systems to support management decision making), AISPPR.

2. Electronic document management systems.

3. Products that allow you to create models of the functioning of an organization, analyze and optimize its activities (including low-level systems of the APCS and CAD class, data mining products, as well as software aimed at maintaining the functioning of ISO 9000 quality systems).

This does not mean that any enterprise that claims to comply with the ISO 9000 quality system must necessarily have a corporate information system. Rather, this means that managing the huge volumes of data that circulate in an enterprise without a CIS will be fraught with great difficulties. The presence of a CIS allows you to maintain the level of quality required by ISO 9000 with lower costs for maintaining documentation and making decisions.

Thus, the implementation of the ISO 9000 quality system and the implementation of a corporate information system at the enterprise are interconnected. This allows us to give the following ( functional) definition of a corporate information system:

Corporate information system (CIS) is a set of information systems of individual divisions of an enterprise, united by a common document flow, such that each of the systems performs part of the tasks of managing decision-making, and together they ensure the functioning of the enterprise in accordance with ISO 9000 quality standards.

Historically, there have been a number of requirements for corporate information systems:

1. Systematicity.

2. Complexity.

3. Modularity.

4. Openness.

5. Adaptability.

6. Reliability.

7. Security.

8. Scalability.

9. Mobility.

10. Easy to learn.

11. Support for implementation and maintenance by the developer.

Let's consider these requirements in more detail.

Complexity and consistency . The CIS should cover all levels of management from the corporation as a whole, taking into account branches, subsidiaries, service centers and representative offices, to the workshop, site and specific workplace and employee. From the point of view of computer science, the entire production process is a continuous process of generating, processing, changing, storing and distributing information. Each workplace is a node that consumes and generates certain information. All such nodes are interconnected by information flows embodied in the form of documents, messages, orders, actions, etc. Thus, a functioning enterprise can be represented in the form of an information-logical model consisting of nodes and connections between them. Such a model should cover all aspects of the enterprise’s activities, should be logically justified and aimed at identifying mechanisms for achieving the main goal in market conditions - maximum profit, which implies the requirement of consistency.

Information in such a system is distributed in nature and can be quite strictly structured at each node and in each thread. Nodes and flows can be conditionally grouped into subsystems, which puts forward another important requirement for the CIS - modularity of construction . This requirement makes it possible to parallelize, facilitate and, accordingly, speed up the process of installation, personnel training and launch of the system into commercial operation.

Openness – this requirement takes on particular importance if we consider that automation is not limited to management, but also covers such tasks as design and maintenance, technological processes, internal and external document flow, communication with external information systems (for example, the Internet), security systems and so on.

Any enterprise does not exist in a closed space, but in a world of constantly changing supply and demand, requiring a flexible response to the market situation, which can sometimes be associated with a significant change in the structure of the enterprise and the range of products or services provided. This means that the CIS must have the property adaptability , that is, flexibly configured. It is desirable that, in addition to configuration tools, the system also has means of development – a toolkit with the help of which programmers and the most qualified users of an enterprise could independently create the components they need, which would be organically integrated into the system.

When the CIS is operated in industrial mode, it becomes an indispensable component of a functioning enterprise, capable of stalling the entire production process and causing enormous losses in the event of an emergency shutdown. Therefore, one of the most important requirements for such a system is reliability its functioning, implying the continuity of the functioning of the system as a whole, even in conditions of partial failure of its individual elements due to unforeseen and insurmountable reasons.

Of extreme importance for any large-scale system containing a large amount of information is safety . The security requirement includes several aspects:

- Data protection against loss . This requirement is implemented mainly at the organizational, hardware and system levels. These issues are addressed at the operating environment level.

- Maintaining data integrity and consistency . The application system must track changes to interdependent documents and provide versioning and generational control of data sets.

- Preventing unauthorized access to data within the system . These tasks are solved comprehensively both by organizational measures and at the level of operating and application systems. In particular, application components must have developed administration tools that allow restricting access to data and functionality systems depending on the user’s status, as well as monitor user actions.

- Preventing unauthorized access to data from outside . The solution to this part of the problem falls mainly on the hardware and operating environment functioning of the CIS and requires a number of administrative and organizational measures.

An enterprise that operates successfully and earns sufficient profit tends to grow and form subsidiaries and branches, which during the operation of the CIS may require an increase in the number of automated workstations and an increase in the volume of stored and processed information. In addition, for companies such as holding companies and large corporations, it should be possible to use the same management technology both at the level of the parent enterprise and at the level of any, even small, member company. This approach makes the requirement scalability .

At a certain stage of enterprise development, increasing requirements for system performance and resources may require a transition to a more productive hardware and software platform. To ensure that such a transition does not entail a radical disruption of the management process and unjustified capital investments in the acquisition of more powerful application components, it is necessary to fulfill the requirement mobility .

Easy to learn - this is a requirement that includes not only the presence of an intuitive program interface, but also the availability of detailed and well-structured documentation, the possibility of training personnel in specialized courses and internships for responsible specialists at related enterprises, where this system is already in use.

Developer support . This concept includes whole line opportunities, such as receiving new versions of software for free or at a significant discount, receiving additional methodological literature, hotline consultations, obtaining information about other software products of the developer, the opportunity to participate in seminars, scientific and practical user conferences and other events conducted by the developer or user groups, etc. Naturally, only a serious company that has a stable presence in the software market and has a fairly clear outlook for the future can provide such support to the user.

Escort . During the operation of complex software and hardware systems, situations may arise that require prompt intervention by qualified personnel of the developer company or its representative on site. Support includes a specialist visiting the customer’s site, methodological and practical help if necessary, make changes to the system that are not in the nature of radical restructuring or new development. This also includes the installation of new releases of software received from the developer free of charge by a supporting organization authorized by the developer or by the developer himself.

In turn, the application system, which is a CIS, puts forward a number of requirements for the environment in which it operates. Application system operating environment are a network operating system, operating systems on workstations, a database management system and a number of auxiliary subsystems that provide security functions, archiving, etc.

The architecture of the CIS consists of several levels :

Information-logical level – represents a set of data flows and centers (nodes) of occurrence, consumption and modification of information. Can be presented in the form of a model on the basis of which database structures, system agreements and organizational rules are developed to ensure the interaction of application software components.

Application layer - represents a collection application programs And software systems, which implement the functioning of the information-logical model. These can be document management systems, task execution control systems, network planning systems, automated process control systems, CAD systems, accounting systems, office packages, financial, personnel, logistics management systems, etc. and so on.

System level – operating systems and network tools.

Hardware level – computer facilities.

Transport layer – active and passive network hardware, network protocols and technologies.

Corporate information systems.

The simplest definition of CIS:

is a system for automating all the company’s main business processes and all accounting sectors.

The concept of corporate information systems comes from the concepts of domestic automated systems (AS - automated system, ASU - automated management system, ASUP - automated enterprise management system, ISUP - integrated enterprise management system), and from foreign systems of the MRP, ERP, etc. classes. ., however, after the introduction of the latest abbreviations like “ASUP” they practically ceased to be used, giving way to the general abbreviation “ CIS – corporate information systems " Despite this, there is no generally accepted definition of a corporate information system (in contrast to automated control systems, automated control systems, which were defined by GOST 34.003-90).

The development trend of modern CIS is moving from the company framework to the combination of company => suppliers => consumers. And the integration of suppliers and consumers into a single system is impossible without remote access, without the Internet, Intranet or Extranet. The same applies to geographically dispersed companies.

In general terms, we can give some main features of CIS:

1. Compliance with the needs of the company, the company’s business, consistency with the organizational and financial structure of the company, and the company’s culture.

2. Integration.

3. Openness and scalability.

The first feature contains all the functional features of a specific corporate information system of a specific company; they are strictly individual for each company.

For example, for one company, a corporate information system must have a class no lower than ERP, and for another, a system of this class is completely suboptimal and will only increase costs. And if you dig deeper, then different companies, based on their needs, can put different meanings, different functions, different implementations into the concept of ERP (and even more so ERP II).

Only accounting and payroll functions regulated by external legislation can be common to all companies; all others are strictly individual.

The second and third signs are general, but very specific. Corporate information system – this is not a set of programs for automating the company’s business processes (production, resource and company management ), it is an end-to-end integrated automated system , in which each individual module of the system (responsible for its business process) has access in real time (or close to real time) to all the necessary information generated by other modules (without additional and, even more so, double input of information).

The corporate information system should be open to include additional modules and expand the system both in scale and functions, and in the areas covered.

Based on the above, a corporate information system can only be given the following definition:

The modern market requires that all products meet generally recognized quality standards, which relate not only to the quality of the final product put on the market, but also to the entire production process of this product, from the selection of suppliers to after-sales service.

Fig. 7.4 – Structure of the ISO 9000 family of standards.

Implementation and maintenance of a quality system at an enterprise in accordance with ISO 9000 family standards requires the use of software products at least three classes:

1. Integrated enterprise management systems (automated information systems to support management decision making), AISPPR.

2. Electronic document management systems.

Historically, there have been a number of requirements for corporate information systems:

1. Systematicity.

2. Complexity.

3. Modularity.

4. Openness.

5. Adaptability.

6. Reliability.

7. Security.

8. Scalability.

9. Mobility.

10. Easy to learn.

11. Support for implementation and maintenance by the developer.

Let's consider these requirements in more detail.

Complexity and consistency. The CIS should cover all levels of management from the corporation as a whole, taking into account branches, subsidiaries, service centers and representative offices, to the workshop, site and specific workplace and employee. From the point of view of computer science, the entire production process is a continuous process of generating, processing, changing, storing and distributing information. Each workplace is a node that consumes and generates certain information. All such nodes are interconnected by information flows embodied in the form of documents, messages, orders, actions, etc. Thus, a functioning enterprise can be represented in the form of an information-logical model consisting of nodes and connections between them. Such a model should cover all aspects of the enterprise’s activities, should be logically justified and aimed at identifying mechanisms for achieving the main goal in market conditions - maximum profit, which implies the requirement of consistency.

Information in such a system is distributed in nature and can be quite strictly structured at each node and in each thread. Nodes and flows can be conditionally grouped into subsystems, which puts forward another important requirement for the CIS - modularity of construction . This requirement makes it possible to parallelize, facilitate and, accordingly, speed up the process of installation, personnel training and launch of the system into commercial operation.

Openness– this requirement takes on particular importance if we consider that automation is not limited to management, but also covers such tasks as design and maintenance, technological processes, internal and external document flow, communication with external information systems (for example, the Internet), security systems and so on.

Any enterprise does not exist in a closed space, but in a world of constantly changing supply and demand, requiring a flexible response to the market situation, which can sometimes be associated with a significant change in the structure of the enterprise and the range of products or services provided. This means that the CIS must have the property adaptability , that is, flexibly configured. It is desirable that, in addition to configuration tools, the system also has means of development – a toolkit with the help of which programmers and the most qualified users of an enterprise could independently create the components they need, which would be organically integrated into the system.

When the CIS is operated in industrial mode, it becomes an indispensable component of a functioning enterprise, capable of stalling the entire production process and causing enormous losses in the event of an emergency shutdown. Therefore, one of the most important requirements for such a system is reliability its functioning, implying the continuity of the functioning of the system as a whole, even in conditions of partial failure of its individual elements due to unforeseen and insurmountable reasons.

Of extreme importance for any large-scale system containing a large amount of information is safety . The security requirement includes several aspects:

- Data protection against loss . This requirement is implemented mainly at the organizational, hardware and system levels. These issues are addressed at the operating environment level.

- Maintaining data integrity and consistency . The application system must track changes to interdependent documents and provide versioning and generational control of data sets.

- Preventing unauthorized access to data within the system . These tasks are solved comprehensively both by organizational measures and at the level of operating and application systems. In particular, application components must have developed administration tools that make it possible to limit access to data and system functionality depending on the user’s status, as well as monitor user actions.

- Preventing unauthorized access to data from outside . The solution to this part of the problem falls mainly on the hardware and operating environment of the CIS and requires a number of administrative and organizational measures.

Developer support. This concept includes a number of opportunities, such as obtaining new versions of software for free or at a significant discount, obtaining additional methodological literature, consultations on hotline, obtaining information about other software products of the developer, the opportunity to participate in seminars, scientific and practical user conferences and other events held by the developer or user groups, etc. Naturally, only a serious company that has a stable presence in the software market and has a fairly clear outlook for the future can provide such support to the user.

Escort. During the operation of complex software and hardware systems, situations may arise that require prompt intervention by qualified personnel of the developer company or its representative on site. Support includes a visit by a specialist to the customer’s site, methodological and practical assistance if necessary to make changes to the system that are not in the nature of radical restructuring or new development. This also includes the installation of new releases of software received from the developer free of charge by a supporting organization authorized by the developer or by the developer himself.

The architecture of the CIS consists of several levels :

Application layer – is a set of application programs and software systems that implement the functioning of the information-logical model. These can be document management systems, task execution control systems, network planning systems, automated process control systems, CAD systems, accounting systems, office packages, financial, personnel, logistics management systems, etc. and so on.

System level – operating systems and network tools.

Hardware level – computer facilities.

Transport layer – active and passive network equipment, network protocols and technologies.

A schematic diagram of the use of information technology in building a corporate information system is presented in Fig. 7.5.

CIS users	IT in CIS	Documentary reflection of management information
Strategic layer	Top management	EIS System for making strategic decisions	Strategic development plan
Information and analytical service	Decision support systems (DSS) (filtering, situational modeling, OLAP)	Orders, analytical reports of the enterprise, forecasts, plans
Operative layer	Middle managers	MIS Corporate data warehouses (Data Ware house)	Operational orders, reports at the enterprise level
Low-level performers involved in administrative and economic activities	OLTP Operational accounting systems (working in real time) ISUP + APCS + CAD +…	Initial credentials (single database)

Workflow

Fig. 7.5 – Schematic diagram of the use of information technology

when building a corporate information system.

However, all of the listed functions, requirements and architectural components of a corporate information system change dynamically over time. Methods of doing business are changeable: having lasted their time, they become obsolete and give way to business schemes that are more in tune with market requirements.

The periods of development of views on the functions of CIS and the characteristic names of the types of systems within each period are presented in Fig. 7.6 and discussed in detail below.

In Russia, the history of the development of CIS is associated with companies that needed to apply foreign standards for automating business processes for reasons of doing business outside the country and/or attracting funds from foreign investors. It should be noted that any type of system includes systems of earlier types. This means that systems of all types can exist in an enterprise without contradicting each other.

60s 80s 90s 2000 2010 Time

Fig.7.6 – History of the development of corporate information systems.

Today the most popular systems are standard ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning . Their functionality covers not only warehouse accounting and materials management, which is fully provided by the systems described above, but adds to this all other resources of the enterprise, primarily monetary. That is, ERP systems must cover all areas of the enterprise directly related to its activities. First of all, this refers to manufacturing enterprises.

It so happened that the concept of ERP management, which places resource planning at the heart of management, has received universal recognition, and this has led to intensive software development in this area and to increased competition in this segment of the IT market. Today, an application called an ERP system can hardly be called simply a resource planning tool, since this product, as a rule, has a multi-module structure. At the same time, the functionality of the modules covers various areas of corporate activity: from repair management to financial analysis. Since many divisions of a company usually have their own autonomous systems for processing data, the task of an ERP system is to consolidate incoming information in a single database, enable departments to exchange data, reduce the time spent on routine operations, maximize the transparency of work and, of course, facilitate control and management at the highest level of the corporate hierarchy.

Automated information systems provide the ability to display everything that happens to the organization on the information plane. All economic factors and resources act in a single information form, in the form of data, which allows us to consider the decision-making process as information technology.

Thus, an automated information system can become an environment for information support for targeted collective activities of the entire organization, i.e. corporate information system. Such a system includes a set of various software and hardware platforms, universal and specialized applications from various developers, integrated into a single information-homogeneous system, the best way problem solving each specific enterprise. CIS provides effective management of all enterprise resources (material, technical, financial, technological and intellectual) to obtain maximum profit and meet the material and professional needs of all enterprise employees.

Corporate information system is an information system built using the latest information technologies that supports operational and management accounting at the enterprise and provides information for making management decisions.

“Corporateness” in the term CIS means that the system meets the needs of a large organization with a complex territorial structure. In addition, the information system of individual divisions of an organization (financial, economic, marketing and others) cannot claim corporate identity, since only a fully functional system can be characterized as a corporate information system.

When implementing a corporate information system, the enterprise management system is reoriented to previously existing and newly emerging end-to-end business processes. The corporate IS structure must adapt to the changing needs of the management system.

The main task of the CIS is to support the functioning and development of the enterprise (ensuring profit). In general, management tasks, regardless of the field of activity of enterprises (production, services), consist in organizing the management of resources entering the enterprise’s input to obtain the output required result. That is, the information structure of an organization must be described by characteristic control laws that regulate control actions on the system.

There are three main classes of problems solved using CIS:

Formation of reporting indicators (tax services, statistics, investors, etc.) obtained on the basis of standard accounting and statistical reporting;

Development of strategic management decisions for business development based on a database of highly aggregated indicators;

Development of tactical decisions aimed at operational management and decided on the basis of a base of private, highly detailed indicators, reflecting various aspects of the local characteristics of the functioning of the structure.

Corporate governance and the creation of corporate information systems are currently based on various information technologies, since today there is no universal technology. The following three groups of management methods can be distinguished: resources, processes, corporate knowledge (communications). The most used information technologies include DBMS, Workflow (Workflow Management Coalition standards) and Intranet.

The problem of resource management is one of the classical management techniques and is the first where information technologies began to be widely used. This is due to the presence of well-developed economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by computer technology.

Initially, the MRP (Material Requirements Planning) methodology for planning the enterprise's material resources was developed, which was used with the MPS (Master Planning Shedule) volume-scheduling methodology, the main purpose of which is to determine the quantitative indicators of each manufactured product, taking into account the time planning requirements within the entire creation cycle products. The main purpose of the MRP methodology is the formation of orders for components based on the production schedule. The MRP methodology is based on a description of the state of materials, the production program and the list that makes up the final product. A production program is an optimized schedule for allocating time to produce the required products over a planned period.

Next step was the creation of a methodology for planning production resources (capacity) - CRP (Capacity Requirements Planning). This methodology was fundamentally similar to MRP, but focused on calculating production capacity rather than materials and components. This task requires large computing resources, even at the current level.

The combination of the above methodologies led to the emergence of the “second level” MRP task - MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) - an integrated planning methodology that includes MRP/CRP and uses MPS and FRP (Finance Resource/requirements Planning) - financial resource planning. The purpose of this methodology is to ensure optimal formation of the flow of materials (raw materials, components) and finished products. The application of the MRP II methodology allows us to raise the entire planning system to new level, since it is possible to determine the financial results of the generated production plan very accurately, which is impossible with “partial” planning (it becomes possible to compare planned sales revenues with the direct costs necessary for organizing production, the necessary indirect costs are considered secured).

The main functions implemented in the MRP II system are represented by planning of sales, production, material needs, production capacity; demand management; drawing up a production plan; product specifications; warehouse management, planned deliveries; control of input and output indicators; logistics; planning resources for selling goods; financial planning; performance evaluation, etc.

Next, the concept of ERP (Economic Requirements Planning) was proposed - integrated planning of all “business resources” of an enterprise. This is a methodology for comprehensive planning of distribution and resource requirements at the enterprise level, including the provision of financial resources in accordance with production program. The functional modules of the enterprise management system, corresponding to the ERP methodology, are represented by advanced planning and scheduling; supply chain management; final resource planning; decision support system; sales automation; product data management; e-commerce, etc.

The implementation of ERP systems contributes to the development of the enterprise's e-business, as well as reducing planning time as new orders appear. The ERP methodology can be implemented either as a single integrated system or as a set of software modules, with one of the software modules being the basic one and the others being integrated.

The MRP II and ERP methodologies were supported by appropriate tools. DBMSs are more applicable to supporting these methodologies.

The next step was to create the concept of production resource management - CSPP (Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) - resource planning synchronized with consumption. The difference between this concept is the consideration of auxiliary resources related to marketing, sales and after-sales service.

Due to the fact that in modern production many suppliers and buyers are involved, there is new concept supply chains. The essence of this concept is to take into account, when analyzing the economic activity of the entire chain (network), the transformation of a product from raw materials into a finished product.

Particular attention is paid to certain factors:

The cost of a product is formed throughout the entire supply chain, but the stage of sale to the final consumer is decisive;

The cost of goods is critically affected by the overall efficiency of all operations;

The most controllable are the initial stages of product production, and the most sensitive are the final (sales) stages.

A further development of the concept of supply chains is the idea of a virtual business (Fig. 15), representing a distributed system of several companies and covering the full life cycle of a product, or the division of one company into several “virtual businesses”.

The methodologies discussed above are manifested both in individual software products and within the Intranet as a tool corporate governance. The Intranet is a technology for managing corporate communications, in contrast to the Internet, which is a technology for global communications.

The intranet provides a tangible economic effect in the activities of the organization, which is primarily associated with a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For an organization’s information system, the key concepts are “information publication,” “information consumers,” and “information presentation.”

The introduction of computer information systems is a reform of the enterprise management system as a whole. And, above all, reform consists in applying the latest methods of working with information. The change concerns the processes of business process management, planning, budgeting, and control. Along with the transformation of the essence of information flows, there is also a reduction in the labor intensity of standard operations. So, for example, without the use of a computer information system, each department would create its own documents from the very beginning; the introduction of such a system allows the same document to pass through various departments of the enterprise to make the necessary changes to it.

Conventionally, replicated, semi-custom and custom CIS are distinguished. A replicated CIS does not require modification by the developer, exists on its own, and does not provide the opportunity to make changes. Such systems are designed for small businesses.

Custom systems at existing level Information technologies are a thing of the past, they are unreliable, do not meet accepted standards and are difficult to modernize. Their main area of application is very specific production.

Semi-custom systems are the most flexible, meet customer requirements to a greater extent, and require lower capital costs. Their main area of application is large enterprises (hundreds of documents per month and more than five people in the business process chain).

Currently on the market corporate systems a large number of foreign developments are presented. Taking into account the specifics of the principles of accounting, management, and planning, domestic CIS occupy a stronger position in the Russian economy. The most popular domestic CIS are “IT”, “Galaktika”, “Parus”, “1C”.

Control questions

1 The concept of an information system.

2 What characterizes the structure of an information system?

3 What is functional subsystem?. Give an example.

4 What refers to supporting subsystems?

5 list the system-wide subsystems.

6 What determines the degree of automation of a task?

7 What information systems are designed to solve semi-structured problems?

8 What levels exist in the management structure of an organization?

9 Features of information processing at the operational level.

10 Name information systems at the functional level.

11What information systems are used to solve problems in strategic level?

12 Give the concept of an economic information system.

13 What is a control system? Name its main functions.

14 What information flows arise in the economic information system?

15 What types of information systems are there, depending on the scale of the functions performed?

16 What are data processing systems, their main functions?

17 Describe management information systems.

18 The main tasks of the decision support system.

19 Classifications of economic information systems.

20 Name general principles construction and operation of IS.

21 Name the stages of the life cycle of an automated information system.

22 Describe the operating modes of information systems.

23 What is an automated workstation?

24 What approaches to the development of information systems exist?

25 Tell us about information systems development tools.

26 Give the concept of a corporate information system and name the main classes of problems solved by the CIS.

27 Purpose of the methodology for planning material resources of an enterprise MRP.

28 Purpose and main functions of the integrated planning methodology MRP II.

29 Purpose of a methodology for integrated planning of all “business resources” of an ERP enterprise.

30 What is the concept of supply chains?

6 Information technologies for intelligent support
management decisions

As a result of more detailed development of existing functional packages, problem-oriented packages are created. Often they are self-implemented software solutions applied to specific areas of activity. On modern enterprises problem packages are increasingly being used to optimize the management process. There is a fairly large number of mass-produced software products aimed at solving problems related to basic management functions. Thus, today the information technology market offers software products for forecasting, current and strategic planning of enterprise activities, assessment of financial condition and analysis of investment projects, accounting, as well as integrated products for complex management automation.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER V.I.VERNADSKY

Faculty of Economics

Department of Economic Cybernetics

Abstract on professional computer programs

"Corporate information systems"

Performed:

2nd year student, group 201 BI

Specialty - business informatics

Serafimova Anastasia

Checked:

Popov V.B

Simferopol 2015

1. Fundamentals and basic concepts of corporations and corporate information systems

2. General issues of design and implementation of CIS

2.1 What does the implementation of CIS provide?

2.2 Principles of building a CIS

2.3 Stages of CIS design

3. Classification and characteristics of CIS

3.1 Classification of CIS

3.2 Classification of automated systems

3.3 Characteristics of the CIS

4. CIS architecture

5. Requirements for CIS

Literature

1 . Basics and OSnew concepts of corporation and corporate information system

The term corporation comes from Latin word corporatio - association. A corporation means an association of enterprises operating under centralized control and solving common problems. As a rule, corporations include enterprises located in different regions and even in different countries (transnational corporations).

In the most general sense, the term Corporation means an association of enterprises operating under centralized control and solving common problems. The corporation is a complex, multidisciplinary structure and, as a result, has a distributed hierarchical system management.

Corporate governance is defined as the system of relationships between shareholders, the board of directors and management, defined by the company's charter, regulations and official policies, as well as the rule of law based on the adopted business model.

A business model is a description of an enterprise as a complex system, with a given accuracy. Within the business model, all objects (entities), processes, rules for performing operations, the existing development strategy, as well as criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the system are displayed. The form of presentation of the business model and the level of its detail are determined by the goals of the modeling and the adopted point of view.

Enterprises, branches and administrative offices included in the corporation are usually located at a sufficient distance from each other. Their information connection with each other forms the communication structure of the corporation, the basis of which is the information system.

An information model is a subset of a business model that describes all existing (including those not formalized in documentary form) information flows in an enterprise, processing rules and routing algorithms for all elements of the information field.

An information system (IS) is the entire enterprise infrastructure involved in the process of managing all information and document flows, including the following mandatory elements:

An information model, which is a set of rules and algorithms for the functioning of an information system. The information model includes all forms of documents, the structure of directories and data, etc.

Regulations for the development of the information model and the rules for making changes to it.

Human resources (development department, external consultants) responsible for the formation and development of the information model.

Software whose configuration meets the requirements of the information model ( software is the main driver and, at the same time, the IS control mechanism). In addition, there are always requirements for the software supplier that regulate the procedure for technical and user support throughout the entire life cycle.

Human resources responsible for customizing and adapting the software and its compliance with the approved information model.

Regulations for making changes to custom structures (specific settings, database structures, etc.) and software configuration and composition functional modules.

Hardware and technical base that meets the requirements for operating software (workplace computers, peripherals, telecommunications channels, system software and DBMS).

Operational and technical human resources, including personnel for maintaining the hardware and technical base.

Rules for using the software and user instructions, training regulations and user certification.

Corporation resources include:

1. material (materials, finished products, fixed assets)

2. financial

3. human (staff)

4. knowledge (know-how)

The management system of any company includes three main subsystems:

1. Sales and operations planning. This overall plan functioning of the enterprise, establishing the production volumes of finished products. The key here is demand planning and estimating the resources needed to meet demand. Here a master production plan is created that determines which products, in what quantity and in what time frame need to be produced.

2. Detailed planning of the necessary resources (materials, production capacity, labor resources, etc.). The drawn up plan determines the timing and volume of orders for all materials and components necessary to implement the main production plan.

3. Management of the execution of plans in the process of production and procurement (supply).

All these subsystems are implemented on the basis of CIS.

Corporate information systems (CIS) are integrated management systems for a geographically distributed corporation, based on in-depth data analysis, widespread use of decision-making information support systems, electronic document management and office work. CIS is designed to combine enterprise management strategy and advanced information technologies.

A corporate information system is a set of technical and software tools of an enterprise that implement automation ideas and methods.

Comprehensive automation of enterprise business processes based on modern hardware and software support may be called differently. Currently, along with the name Corporate Information Systems (CIS), for example, the following names are used:

1. Automated control systems (ACS);

2. Integrated management systems (ICS);

3. Integrated Information Systems (IIS);

4. Enterprise management information systems (EMIS).

The main task of the CIS is the effective management of all resources of the enterprise (material, technical, financial, technological and intellectual) to obtain maximum profit and meet the material and professional needs of all employees of the enterprise.

In its composition, a CIS is a collection of various software and hardware platforms, universal and specialized applications from various developers, integrated into a single homogeneous information system that best solves the somewhat unique problem of each specific enterprise. That is, CIS is a human-machine system and a tool for supporting human intellectual activity, which, under its influence, should:

Accumulate certain experience and formalized knowledge;

Constantly improve and develop;

Quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions and new needs of the enterprise.

Comprehensive automation of an enterprise implies the transfer to the plane of computer technology of all the main business processes of the organization. And the use of special software that provides information support for business processes as the basis of a corporate information system seems to be the most justified and effective. Modern business process management systems make it possible to integrate various software around them, forming a unified information system. This solves the problems of coordinating the activities of employees and departments, providing them with the necessary information and monitoring performance discipline, and management receives timely access to reliable data on the progress of the production process and has the means to quickly make and implement their decisions. And, most importantly, the resulting automated complex is a flexible open structure that can be rebuilt on the fly and supplemented with new modules or external software.

By corporate information system we mean an organization’s information system that meets the following minimum list of requirements:

1. Functional completeness of the system

2. Reliable information security system

3. Availability of tools for adaptation and maintenance of the system

4. Implementation of remote access and work in distributed networks

5. Ensuring data exchange between developed information systems and other software products operating in the organization.

6. Possibility of information consolidation

7. Availability of special tools for analyzing the state of the system during operation

Functional completeness of the system

Compliance with international management accounting standards MRP II, ERP, CSRP

Automation within the framework of a system for solving problems of planning, budgeting, forecasting, operational (managerial) accounting, accounting, statistical accounting and financial and economic analysis

Formation and maintenance of records simultaneously according to Russian and international standards

The number of parameters of the organization’s activity that are taken into account once is from 200 to 1000, the number of generated database tables is from 800 to 3000.

Information security system

Password system for restricting access to data and implemented control functions

Multi-level data protection system (means for authorizing entered and adjusted information, recording the time of data entry and modification)

Tools for system adaptation and maintenance

Changing the structure and functions of business processes

Changing the information space

Changing interfaces for entering, viewing and adjusting information

Changing the organizational and functional content of the user's workplace

Custom report generator

Generator of complex business transactions

Generator of standard forms

Possibility of information consolidation

At the organizational level - combining information from branches, holdings, subsidiaries etc.

At the level of individual tasks - planning, accounting, control, etc.

At the level of time periods - to perform an analysis of financial and economic indicators for a period exceeding the reporting period

Special tools for analyzing the state of the system during operation:

Database architecture analysis

Algorithm Analysis

Analysis of statistics on the amount of information processed

Log of completed operations

List of running server stations

Internal mail analysis

The most developed corporate information systems (CIS) are designed to automate all functions of corporation management: from scientific, technical and marketing preparation of its activities to the sale of its products and services. Currently, CIS are mainly economic and production oriented.

2 . General issues of design and implementation of CIS

Successful business management today is impossible without constant, objective and comprehensive information. To increase efficiency and minimize management costs (time, resources and financial), corporate information systems are developed and applied to help monitor budget processes, employee working hours, work performed by them, project implementation progress, document flow, and other management functions. Access to this kind data can be implemented as in local network, and via the Internet. With the help of an effective corporate information system, you can significantly simplify control and management processes at an enterprise of any level. The development and implementation of information systems is one of the main activities of your specialty. This process begins with an analysis of the enterprise's activities and ends with the implementation of the developed system. All stages of this process:

Conducting a pre-project survey

Formulation of project goals and limitations, development of a project implementation strategy

Engineering and reengineering of the Customer’s business processes, consulting in various fields

Platform selection, system development, integration with the software used

Supply of equipment and software

Commissioning work to put the system into operation

Support of the created system during operation, work on its further development

Also, corporate information systems today are the most important tool for introducing new methods of management and enterprise restructuring.

Recently, interest in corporate information systems (CIS) has been constantly growing. If yesterday CISs attracted the attention of a rather narrow circle of managers, now the problems of automating the activities of companies have become relevant for almost everyone. This is due not only to the positive dynamics of economic development, but also to the fact that today enterprises already have significant experience in using software products of various classes.

The main task of designing and implementing corporate information systems, as a result of system integration, is complex activities to solve business problems using modern information technologies. The development of an information system project is carried out jointly with the client, which makes it possible to create a successfully operating corporate information system that satisfies all the customer’s needs.

The range of business processes implemented in various CIS can be quite wide. Among other things, this includes sales management in various forms, for example, sales on credit or sales with payment by counter obligation, various business processes related to planning, purchasing, production, storage, personnel, and much, much more. software information corporate

An information system can be built using a layer-by-layer principle. Thus, specialized software (office, application), workflow itself, a document management system, flow document entry programs, as well as auxiliary software for communication with outside world and providing access to the system functionality through communication means (e-mail, Internet/intranet). Among the advantages of this approach, it should be noted that it is possible to make changes to individual software components located in one layer, without the need for fundamental alterations on other layers, to provide a formal specification of interfaces between layers that support the independent development of information technologies and software that implements them. Moreover, the use of open standards will allow a painless transition from software modules of one manufacturer to programs of another (for example, replacing a mail server or EMS). In addition, the layer-by-layer approach will increase the reliability and resilience to failures of the system as a whole.

2.1 What does the implementation of CIS provide?

Advantages of implementing corporate information systems:

obtaining reliable and operational information about the activities of all divisions of the company;

increasing the efficiency of company management;

reduction of working time spent on work operations;

4. increasing the overall performance of work due to its more rational organization.

Most important question. Let's ask ourselves for a second: what does the nervous system give to a person? Of course, the ability to manage oneself, resist unfavorable external factors and respond flexibly to environmental changes. If you imagine a company as a living organism, then the CIS is best suited to play the role of its nervous system, permeating all organs, all parts of the corporate body.

Increasing internal controllability, flexibility and resistance to external influences increases the company's efficiency, its competitiveness, and, ultimately, profitability. As a result of the implementation of CIS, sales volumes increase, costs decrease, warehouse inventories decrease, order fulfillment times are reduced, and interaction with suppliers improves. But, despite the attractiveness of the above statements, the issue of return on investment in CIS does not lose its relevance. The ratio of benefits from using the system and its cost is one of the most important factors influencing the decision “to buy or not to buy”. Any investment project, and the implementation of a CIS, undoubtedly, should be considered as an investment project, represents a kind of “purchase” and, accordingly, requires an assessment of its cost and expected benefits.

It is not easy to calculate the direct payback of a CIS, since as a result of implementation, the internal structure of the company is optimized and difficult-to-measure transaction costs are reduced. It is difficult to determine, for example, to what extent the increase in company income was a consequence of the work of the CIS (read - software system), and to what extent - the result of setting up business processes, that is, the fruit management technologies. However, in some aspects of the company's activities, the valuation is quite realistic. This primarily concerns logistics, where the introduction of CIS leads to optimization of material flows and a reduction in the need for working capital. Setting up a financial controlling system based on a CIS leads to a reduction in the company's overhead costs, the liquidation of unprofitable divisions and the exclusion of unprofitable products from the range.

It is very difficult to assess the effect of eliminating chaos. In order to do this, you need to clearly understand the scale of chaos, which due to the very nature of chaos is impossible. Indeed, can you say how much money your company does not earn (read - loses) due to imbalances in the assortment, or, say, due to missed deadlines for fulfilling orders? What company resources are taken out of circulation due to post-mortem accounting and data inconsistencies in the accounting department, warehouse and workshops? How to assess the volume of theft and waste of resources?

Currently, the investment analysis method Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of IT projects. The method is so named because it is based on the assessment and comparison of the benefits from the implementation of the project with the costs of its implementation.

The global goal of implementing CIS is to increase the company's efficiency. Each company identifies key areas that influence its effectiveness, the so-called “critical success factors” (CSF). Increased efficiency occurs through the implementation of tasks in each of the key areas. Therefore, IAS is based on the company’s business goals, determined at the strategic planning stage.

But there are several ways to achieve the goal, so the second cornerstone of IAS is the comparison of alternative options. In this case, one of the possible options is “without CIS”, i.e. development over time is considered current situation without making any changes to it. Comparisons between alternative options are made by measuring the benefits they provide and the costs they require. Both quantitative and qualitative indicators are taken into account. Recently, special attention has been paid to the analysis of qualitative indicators. In addition to the balance of benefits and costs, alternative options also differ in the degree of risk and the factors that determine these risks. Therefore, analyzing the impact of such factors on the benefit-cost ratio is another area of focus for IAS. This is about methods for evaluating a specific case.

If we talk about statistical data characterizing the effectiveness of CIS implementation, I can give the following figures:

Reducing transportation and procurement costs by 60%;

Reducing the production cycle for custom products by 50%;

Reducing the number of delays in the shipment of finished products by 45%;

Reducing the level of minimum minimum balances in warehouses by 40%;

Reduction in production defects by 35%;

Reduction of administrative and management costs by 30%;

Reducing the production cycle for basic products by 30%;

Reducing warehouse space by 25%;

Increase in cash turnover in settlements by 30%;

Increase in inventory turnover by 65%;

Increase in just-in-time deliveries by 80%.

These statistics were collected based on the example of Western companies, where the quality of management is already quite high. Do you think the effect on Russian soil will be greater or less?

2.2 Principles of building a CIS

The concept of building a CIS in economics provides for the presence of standard components:

1. The core of the system, which provides comprehensive automation of a set of business applications, contains a full set of functional modules for automating management tasks;

2. Automation system for document flow within the corporation;

3. Auxiliary instrumental information processing systems (expert systems, systems for preparing and making decisions, etc.) based on CIS data warehouses;

4. Software and hardware of the CIS security system;

5. Service communication applications (email, remote access software);

6. Internet/intranet components for access to heterogeneous databases and information resources, services;

7. Office programs - text editor, spreadsheets, desktop-class DBMS, etc.

8. Systems special purpose- computer-aided design systems (CAD), automated process control systems (APCS), banking systems, etc.

The core of every production system is the production management guidelines it embodies. On this moment There are several sets of such recommendations. They represent a description of the general rules by which planning and control of the various stages of the corporation's activities should be carried out. Some of the existing control technologies are discussed below.

The basic principles of constructing a CIS include:

1. The principle of integration, which consists in the fact that the processed data is entered into the system only once and then used repeatedly to solve as many problems as possible; principle of storing information once;

2. The principle of consistency, which consists in processing data in various sections in order to obtain the information necessary for making decisions at all levels and in all functional subsystems and divisions of the corporation; attention not only to subsystems, but also to the connections between them; evolutionary aspect - all stages of product evolution; the ability to develop should be the foundation of the CIS;

3. The principle of complexity, which implies automation of data conversion procedures at all stages of promotion of the corporation’s products.

2.3 Stages of CIS design

Survey and creation of models of the organization's activities, analysis (models) of existing CIS, analysis of models and formation of requirements for CIS, development of a plan for creating a CIS.

2. Design

Conceptual design, development of CIS architecture, design general model data, formation of application requirements.

3. Development

Development, prototyping and testing of applications, development of integration tests, development of user documentation.

4. Integration and testing

Integration and testing of applications within the system, optimization of applications and databases, preparation of operational documentation, system testing.

5. Implementation

User training, system deployment on site, database installation, operation.

Escort

Registration, diagnostics and localization of errors, making changes and testing, control of IS operating modes.

Classic life cycle

One of the oldest sequences of steps in software development is the classic life cycle (Author Winston Royce, 1970).

More often, the classic life cycle is called the CASCADE or WATERFALL model, emphasizing that development is considered as a sequence of stages, and the transition to the next hierarchically lower stage occurs only after complete completion There is no provision for work at the current stage and no return to completed stages.

Let's give short description main stages. Development starts at the system level and progresses through

Design,

Coding (implementation),

Testing,

Escort

In this case, the actions of a standard engineering cycle are simulated.

System analysis determines the role of each element in a computer system and the interaction of elements with each other.

Analysis begins by identifying requirements and assigning a subset of those requirements program element.

At this stage, the solution to the software project planning problem begins.

During project planning, the following are determined:

Scope of design work,

Risk of design work,

Necessary labor costs,

Work tasks are formed,

A work schedule is being formed.

Requirements analysis related to a software element, i.e. to the software, clarifies and details:

Software functions,

Software characteristics,

Software interface.

All definitions are documented in the analysis specification.

Design creates views:

Software architectures,

Modular software structure,

Algorithmic software structure,

Data structures

Input and output interface (input and output data forms).

Coding (implementation) consists of translating design results into text in a programming language.

Testing is the execution of a program to identify defects in the functions, logic and form of implementation of a software product.

Maintenance is making changes to the software in use. Goals of change:

Error correction,

Adaptation to changes in the external software environment,

Improvement of software at customer's request.

Software maintenance consists of re-using each of the previous steps (stages) of the life cycle, i.e. systems analysis, requirements analysis, design, etc., to an existing program, but not to the development of a new program.

Each stage (phase) ends with the release of a complete set of documentation sufficient for the development to be continued by another development team.

The advantages of the classic life cycle are:

Obtaining a plan and time schedule for all stages of the project,

Streamlining development progress.

The disadvantages of the classical life cycle include:

Frequent deviations of real projects from standard sequence steps,

The cycle is based on the precise formulation of the initial software requirements, whereas in reality, at the beginning of the project, the customer’s requirements are only partially defined,

Availability of project results to the customer only at the end of the work.

Layout (prototyping)

At the initial stage of the project, it is impossible to completely and accurately formulate all the requirements for the future model, since users, as a rule, are not able to state all their requirements and cannot foresee how they will change during development, and, in addition, during development, changes may occur. changes in the external environment that may affect system requirements. Therefore, the software creation process is rather iterative in nature, when the results of the next stage of development may necessitate a return to previous developments.

Therefore, software is not created immediately, as in the case of the cascade approach, but gradually using breadboarding (prototyping), when a model of the required software product is created. By prototype we mean a working software component, implementing individual functions.

The model can take one of three forms:

Paper or PC-based mockup (depicts or draws human-machine dialogue),

Working layout (performs some of the required functions),

There is a program whose characteristics must then be improved.

Prototyping is based on repeated iterations in which the customer and developer participate.

Since the customer often cannot determine his requirements for the product being developed, and the designer doubts the completeness and appropriateness of the customer’s requirements, prototyping (layout) begins with collecting and clarifying the requirements for the software being created.

Together, the developer and the customer determine all the goals of the software, establish which requirements are known and which remain to be further defined. The next step is rapid design, which focuses on those features of the software that should be visible to the user. The layout (prototype), built at the rapid design stage, is evaluated by the customer and used to clarify software requirements. Iterations are repeated until the design reveals all the customer's requirements and allows the designer to understand what needs to be done.

The benefit of prototyping is to ensure that complete software requirements are defined.

Disadvantages of layout include:

Possibility for the customer to accept the layout as a product,

Possibility for the developer to accept the layout as a product

The customer, who has received a preliminary version (layout) and has verified its functionality, can stop seeing the shortcomings and unresolved issues of the software and stop agreeing to further improvements, demanding that the mockup be converted into a working product as quickly as possible. At the same time, to save time on design development, as well as the ability to show a working option, the developer can use ineffective means. By forgetting the reasons for using these tools, the developer may integrate an ineffective option into the system.

Software Development Strategies

Software development strategies can be divided into three groups:

1. Linear sequence of development stages - one-time pass (waterfall strategy)

2. Incremental strategy, when all requirements (user and system) are first determined, and then the rest of the development is carried out in the form of a sequence of versions, the first of which implements part of the planned capabilities, and all subsequent versions implement additional capabilities until it is achieved complete system.

3. Evolutionary strategy.

With this strategy, the initial stage does not contain the full scope of the requirements; they are clarified during the development of new successive versions.

Incremental strategy

The incremental model is a classic example of an incremental software development strategy, combining elements of a sequential waterfall model with an iterative prototyping philosophy. It consists of several deliveries (increments) representing a sequence of analysis, design, coding and testing.

The development of the first increment allows us to obtain a basic product that implements the basic requirements, while many auxiliary requirements remain unimplemented. The plan for the next increments provides for consistent modification of the base product, providing additional features and functionality.

By nature, an incremental process is iterative, but unlike prototyping, an incremental model produces a working product at the end of an incremental iteration.

Evolutionary software development strategy

Let's look at the evolutionary strategy using the examples of the spiral model, the component-oriented model, and heavy and lightweight design processes.

Spiral model

The spiral model defines planning (defining goals, options, constraints), risk analysis (analysis of options and risk recognition/selection), design (product development next level), evaluation (customer’s assessment of current development results).

With each iteration in a spiral (moving from the center to the periphery), more and more complete versions of the software are built. In the first turn of the spiral, the following are determined:

1) initial goals, options and limitations;

2) risk recognition and analysis;

3) the need to use prototyping;

4) the customer’s assessment of the structural work and submission of modification proposals;

5) the next phase of planning and risk analysis, based on the customer’s proposals.

In each spiral cycle, the results of the risk analysis are formed in the form of “continue, do not continue.” If the risk is too great, the project may be stopped. In most cases, the spiral continues, with each step moving developers towards a more general model of the system. Each spiral cycle requires design, which can be implemented by classical life cycle or prototyping.

The advantages of the spiral model include:

1) the most realistic (in the form of evolution) reflection of software development,

2) the ability to explicitly take into account risk at every turn of evolutionary development,

3) inclusion of a systematic approach step in the iterative development structure,

4) use of modeling to reduce risk and improve the software product.

The disadvantages of the spiral model are:

1) increased requirements for the customer,

2) difficulties in monitoring and managing development time.

Component-based model

The component-oriented model is an extension of the spiral model and is based on an evolutionary software development strategy. This model specifies the content of design - it reflects the fact that in modern conditions new development should be based on the reuse of existing software components.

The advantages of the component-oriented model include:

1) reducing software development time;

2) reducing the cost of software development;

3) increasing development productivity.

Heavyweight and lightweight processes

Traditionally, strictly ordered, so-called heavyweight processes were used to streamline and speed up software development. In these processes, the entire volume of upcoming work is predicted, which is why they are called forecasting processes. The order that a human developer must follow is extremely strict.

In recent years, a group of new lightweight software development processes have emerged. They are also called mobile processes. These processes are attractive due to the lack of bureaucracy characteristic of heavy (predictive) processes.

Lightweight software development processes embody a reasonable compromise between strict discipline and no discipline.

Movable processes require less documentation and are people-centric. Moving processes take into account the characteristics of the modern customer, namely, frequent changes in his software requirements. Agile processes adapt to changes in requirements (adaptive nature).

3 . ClaCIS classification and characteristics

3.1 Classification of CIS

Corporate information systems can also be divided into two classes: financial and management and production.

1. Financial and management systems include a subclass of small integrated systems. Such systems are designed for maintaining records in one or several areas (accounting, sales, warehouse, personnel, etc.) - Systems of this group can be used by almost any enterprise.

Systems of this class are usually universal, their implementation cycle is short, sometimes you can use the “boxed” version by purchasing the program and installing it on your PC yourself.

Financial and management systems (especially those of Russian developers) are much more flexible in adapting to the needs of a particular enterprise. “Constructors” are often offered, with the help of which you can almost completely rebuild the source system, either independently or with the help of a supplier by establishing connections between database tables or individual modules.

2. Manufacturing systems (also called manufacturing control systems) include subclasses of medium and large integrated systems. They are intended primarily for the management and planning of the production process. Accounting functions, although deeply developed, play a supporting role, and sometimes it is impossible to single out an accounting module, since information in the accounting department comes automatically from other modules.

These systems are functionally different: one may have a well-developed production module, while another may have a financial module. A comparative analysis of systems of this level and their applicability to a specific case can result in significant work. And to implement the system, you need a whole team of financial, managerial and technical experts. Production systems are much more complex to install (the implementation cycle can take from 6 - 9 months to a year and a half or more). This is because the system covers the needs of the entire enterprise, and this requires significant joint efforts between enterprise employees and software providers.

Manufacturing systems are often focused on one or more industries and/or types of production: serial assembly (electronics, mechanical engineering), small-scale and pilot (aviation, heavy engineering), discrete (metallurgy, chemistry, packaging), continuous (oil production, gas production).

Specialization is reflected both in the set of system functions and in the existence of business models for this type of production. The presence of built-in models for a certain type of production distinguishes production systems from each other. Each of them has deeply developed areas and functions, the development of which is just beginning or is not underway at all.

In many respects, production systems are much more stringent than financial and management systems. The main focus is on planning and optimal production management. The effect of the introduction of production systems is manifested at the upper echelons of enterprise management, when the whole picture of its work becomes visible, including planning, purchasing, production, sales, inventories, financial flows and other aspects.

With increasing complexity and breadth of coverage of enterprise functions by the system, the requirements for technical infrastructure and software and hardware platform increase. All production systems are developed using industrial bases data. In most cases, client-server or Internet technologies are used.

To automate large enterprises in world practice, a mixed solution from the classes of large, medium and small integrated systems is often used. The presence of electronic interfaces simplifies interaction between systems and avoids double data entry.

There are also types of CIS, such as custom (unique) and replicated CIS.

Custom CIS

Custom CIS usually refers to systems created for a specific enterprise that have no analogues and are not subject to further replication.

Such systems are used either to automate the activities of enterprises with unique characteristics or to solve an extremely limited range of special tasks.

Custom systems, as a rule, either do not have prototypes at all, or the use of prototypes requires significant changes of a qualitative nature. The development of a custom CIS is characterized by an increased risk in terms of obtaining the required results.

Replicated (adaptable) CIS.

The essence of the problem of adaptation of replicated CIS, i.e. adaptation to working conditions at a particular enterprise is that, ultimately, each CIS is unique, but at the same time it also has common, typical properties. Adaptation requirements and the complexity of their implementation significantly depend on the problem area and the scale of the system. Even the first programs that solved individual automation problems were created taking into account the need to configure them according to parameters.

The development of a corporate information system at an enterprise can be carried out both “from scratch” and on the basis of a reference model.

The reference model is a description of the appearance of the system, functions, organized structures and processes that are typical in some sense (industry, type of production, etc.).

It reflects the typical features inherent in a certain class of enterprises. A number of companies producing adaptable (replicated) CIS, together with large consulting firms, have been developing reference models for enterprises in the automotive, aviation and other industries for a number of years.

Adaptations and reference models are part of many MRP II / ERP class systems, which can significantly reduce the time for their implementation in enterprises.

The reference model at the beginning of work on enterprise automation can be a description existing system(as is) and serves as the starting point from which work to improve the CIS begins.

The following classification is also used. CIS are divided into three (sometimes four) large groups:

1) simple (“boxed”);

2) middle class;

3) top class

Simple (“boxed”) CIS implement a small number of business processes of an organization. Typical examples of systems of this type are accounting, warehouse and small trading systems, which are most widely represented in Russian market. For example, systems of such companies as 1C, Infin, etc.

A distinctive feature of such products is their relative ease of absorption, which, combined with a low price, compliance with Russian legislation and the ability to choose a system “to suit your taste,” makes them widely popular. Mid-range systems are distinguished by greater depth and breadth of functionality. These systems are offered by Russian and foreign companies. As a rule, these are systems that allow you to keep track of the activities of an enterprise in many or several areas:

Finance;

Logistics;

Staff;

They require configuration, which in most cases is carried out by specialists from the development company, as well as user training.

These systems are most suitable for medium and some large enterprises due to their functionality and higher cost compared to the first class. Among the Russian systems of this class, we can highlight, for example, the products of the companies Galaktika, TB.SOFT

The highest class includes systems that differ high level detailing the economic activities of the enterprise. Modern versions Such systems provide planning and management of all organizational resources (ERP systems).

As a rule, when implementing such systems, existing business processes in the enterprise are modeled and system parameters are adjusted to meet business requirements.

However, significant redundancy and a large number of customizable system parameters cause long term its implementation, and also the need to have a special unit or group of specialists at the enterprise who will reconfigure the system in accordance with changes in business processes.

There is a large selection of high-end CIS on the Russian market, and their number is growing. Recognized world leaders are, for example, R/3 from SAP, Oracle Application from Oracle.

3.2 Classification of automated systems

Let's consider the classification of automated systems (AS):

Classification of systems by scale of application

1. local (within one workplace);

2. local (within one organization);

3. territorial (within a certain administrative territory);

4. industry.

Classification by mode of use

1. systems batch processing(first versions of organizational automated control systems, information service systems, training systems);

2. request-response systems (AIS for ticket sales, information retrieval systems, library systems);

3. dialogue systems (CAD, ASNI, training systems);

4. real-time systems (control of technological processes, moving objects, robotic manipulators, test benches and others).

AIS - automated information system

AIS are designed to accumulate, store, update and process systematized information in certain subject areas and provide the required information upon user requests. AIS can function independently or be a component of a more complex system (for example, an automated control system or a CAD system).

The nature information resources AIS are divided into two types: factual and documentary (although combined AIS are also possible). Factual systems are characterized by the fact that they operate with factual information presented in the form of specially organized sets of formalized data records. These records form the system database. There is a special class of software for creating and ensuring the functioning of such factual databases - database management systems.

Documentary AIS operate with non-formalized documents of arbitrary structure using natural language. Among such systems, the most common are information retrieval systems, which include software for organizing the input and storage of information, supporting communication with the user, processing requests, and a search array of documents. This array often does not contain the texts of documents, but only their bibliographic description, sometimes abstracts or annotations. To operate the system, search images of documents (SID) are used - formalized objects that reflect the content of documents. The request is converted by the system into a search query image (SRI), which is then compared with the SRI according to the criterion of semantic compliance. A variant of information retrieval systems are library systems, with the help of which electronic library catalogs are created.

A type of AIS that is currently actively developing is geographic information systems (GIS). Geographic information system is designed for processing spatiotemporal data, the basis for the integration of which is geographic information. GIS allows you to organize information about a given area or city as a set of maps. Each map provides information about one feature of the area. Each of these individual maps is called a layer. The bottommost layer represents the coordinate system grid in which all maps are registered. This allows you to analyze and compare information across all layers or some combination of them.

The ability to divide information into layers and further combine them determines the great potential of GIS as a scientific tool and a means for decision-making, since it provides the ability to integrate a wide variety of information about the environment and provides analytical tools for using this data. In a GIS there can be tens and hundreds of map layers that are arranged in in a certain order and show information about the transport network, hydrography, population characteristics, economic activity, political jurisdiction and other characteristics of the natural and social environments.

Such a system can be useful in a wide range of situations, including natural resource analysis and management, land use planning, infrastructure and urban planning, emergency management, location analysis, and so on.

As noted in the introduction, currently the term information system (meaning an automated system) is often used in more in a broad sense, replacing in particular the term ACS. In this case, an information system is understood as any automated system used as a means of collecting, accumulating, storing, processing, transmitting and presenting information for the purpose of accompanying and supporting any type of professional activity.

CAD - computer-aided design system

CAD systems are designed for design certain type products or processes. They are used to prepare and process design data and select rational options technical solutions, performing calculation work and preparing design documentation (in particular, drawings). During the operation of the system, libraries of standards, regulations, standard elements and modules accumulated in it, as well as optimization procedures can be used.

The result of CAD work is a set of design documentation that complies with standards and regulations, which contains design decisions for the creation of a new or modernization of an existing technical facility. Such systems are most widely used in electronics, mechanical engineering, and construction.

ASNI - automated system for scientific research

Currently, these systems are usually used to develop scientific research in the most complex areas of physics, chemistry, mechanics and others. First of all, these are systems for measuring, recording, accumulating and processing experimental data obtained during experimental research, as well as for controlling the progress of the experiment, recording equipment, and so on. In many cases, the experiment planning function is important for such systems; the purpose of such planning is to reduce the cost of resources and time to obtain the desired result.

In addition, a desirable property of ASNI is the ability to create and store data banks of the primary results of experimental studies (especially if these are expensive and difficult to repeat studies). Subsequently, more advanced methods for processing them may appear, which will make it possible to obtain new information from old experimental material.

As a type of experiment automation task, we can consider the task of automating testing of a technical object. The difference is that the control actions influencing the experimental conditions are aimed at creating the worst operating conditions managed object, not excluding emergency situations if necessary.

The second direction is the computer implementation of complex mathematical models and the conduct of computational experiments on this basis, complementing or even replacing experiments with real objects or processes in cases where conducting full-scale research is expensive or even impossible. The technological scheme of the computational experiment consists of several cyclically repeated stages: building a mathematical model, developing a solution algorithm, software implementation of the algorithm, carrying out calculations and analyzing the results. A computational experiment is a new methodology for scientific research that combines the characteristic features of traditional theoretical and experimental methods.

Main factors influencing the development of CIS

Recently, more and more managers are beginning to clearly understand the importance of building a corporate information system at the enterprise, as a necessary tool for successful business management in modern conditions. In order to select promising software for building a CIS, it is necessary to be aware of all aspects of the development of basic methodologies and development technologies.

There are three most significant factors that significantly influence the development of CIS:

Development of enterprise management techniques

The theory of enterprise management is a fairly extensive subject for study and improvement. This is due to a wide range of constant changes in the situation on the global market. The ever-increasing level of competition forces company managers to look for new methods of maintaining their presence in the market and maintaining the profitability of their activities. Such methods can be diversification, decentralization, quality management and much more. A modern information system must meet all innovations in the theory and practice of management. Undoubtedly, this is the most important factor, since building a technically advanced system that does not meet the functionality requirements does not make sense.

Developing overall capabilities and performance computer systems

Progress in increasing the power and performance of computer systems, development network technologies and data transmission systems, wide integration possibilities computer equipment with a wide variety of equipment allow you to constantly increase the productivity of CIS and their functionality.

Development of approaches to technical and software implementation of CIS elements

In parallel with the development of hardware, over the past ten years, there has been a constant search for new, more convenient and universal methods of software and technological implementation of CIS. Firstly, the general approach to programming is changing: since the early 90s, object-oriented programming has actually supplanted modular programming, and now construction methods are continuously improving object models. Secondly, due to the development of network technologies, local accounting systems are giving way to client-server implementations. Moreover, due to active development Internet networks, increasing opportunities for working with remote departments are emerging, broad prospects for e-commerce, customer service via the Internet are opening up, and much more. It turned out that the use of Internet technologies in enterprise intranets also provides obvious advantages. The use of certain technologies when building information systems is not the goal in itself of the developer, and those technologies that best meet existing needs receive the greatest development.

Purpose for corporate and information systems

primary goal corporate information system - increasing company profits through the most effective use of all company resources and improving the quality of management decisions.

The purpose of the design and implementation of CIS:

comprehensive activities to solve business problems using modern information technologies.
CIS is a corporate integrated enterprise management information system that ensures its qualitative growth.

Allows:

visualize the activities of the enterprise, providing management with the opportunity to correctly assess existing shortcomings and find sources of potential and areas for improvement;
reduce the time for setting up the ISU for specific features enterprises;
display and record in a form ready for subsequent deployment options for implementing the IMS, each of which can be selected when moving to the next stage of enterprise development.