The following types of top-level domains exist. Domain name levels. Where to find a cheap domain

Domains top level are the starting points from which Internet domain names begin.

Since each Internet domain name consists of several parts, separated by dots and written in reverse order, then the top-level domain (TLD) is the final part of the domain name, separated by dots. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is com (or COM, since domain names are case-insensitive).

Issues of creating, maintaining and administrative management Top-level domains were initially managed by the IANA organization, led by Jon Postel, operating under a contract with the US Department of Defense. After his death, these issues were transferred to another international organization ICANN - the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, and the functions of the contractor were transferred to the US Department of Commerce. ICANN currently maintains and manages all DNS address space on the Internet except restricted TLDs, which are directly managed by US government agencies.

Technically, top-level domains are accessible through a system of root DNS servers controlled by ICANN.

Top-level domains can be divided into several classes:

Country Top Level Domains

Country code domains, unlike all other top-level domains, always consist of two letters and, as a rule, correspond to country codes enshrined in the ISO 3166 standard.

The history of the emergence of top-level domains for different countries as follows:

* July 24: domain.us, USA.
* July 24: domain.uk, UK.
* October 24: domain.il, Israel.

* February 1: domain.ec, Ecuador.
* February 26: domain.bo, Bolivia.
* September 3: domain.ag, Antigua and Barbuda.
* September 9: domain.py, Paraguay.
* November 25: domain.pe, Peru.
* December 24: domain.co, Columbia.

Domains belonging to a group of countries

* .asia - Asian countries, including Australia.
* .eu - European Union.

General purpose top level domains

* .aero - for subjects of the air transport industry.
* .biz - only commercial organizations.
*.cat - for use by the Catalan linguistic and cultural community.
* .com - commercial organizations (without restrictions).
* .coop - cooperatives.
* .edu are institutions of higher education recognized as such by the US Department of Education.
*.info - informational resources(no limits).
*.jobs—recruitment agencies.
* .mobi - for sellers and suppliers mobile content and services related to mobile communications.
* .museum - museums.
* .name – individuals.
* .net - organizations related to the functioning of the Internet (without restrictions).
*.org - non-profit organizations(no limits).
*.pro - certified professionals and related topics.
* .tel - services that include communication between telephone network and the Internet (added March 2, 2007).
* .travel - for tourism business entities.

Restricted Domains

* .gov - US government.
* .int - interstate organizations (except .tpc.int).
* .mil - US Army.
* .arpa - Internet infrastructure and, previously, addresses in the closed (military) part of the US Internet.
* .root - the domain is registered in the root DNS servers controlled by VeriSign, but its purpose has never been commented on. Apparently it is used only for internal purposes.

Outdated and unused domains

* .nato - a structure of the international organization NATO - is currently not used, at least on the publicly accessible part of the Internet, from where it was removed in July 1996.
*.web is a domain designated by IANA for use by Image Online Design, a private commercial registrar. Due to public protests, the root servers of this domain were never connected to common system DNS Currently, they continue to function, and on the registrar’s website there is a message that it is allegedly undergoing the procedure of registering this domain with ICANN.
* .csnet is a domain intended for communication with the Computer Science Network, a university and scientific mail network in the United States. Apparently ceased to be used after the merger of CSNET and BITNET in 1988.
* .ddn is a top-level domain intended for use in the American Defense Data Network. Was planned, but never implemented.

Reserved domains

According to RFC 2606, the following four top-level domains are reserved for various purposes, so that they are never used as real names domains in global DNS:

* .example - reserved for examples.
*.invalid - reserved for use in obviously invalid domain names.
* .localhost - reserved to avoid conflicts with traditional use of localhost.
*.test - reserved for use in tests.

A number of older systems also use a top-level domain - * .local for addresses used within one machine or local computer network. For addressing current computer Also, quite often, the address.localdomain is used.

Common pseudodomains

These domains were not present in the DNS address space, but they were commonly used when forwarding mail from the Internet to networks with a different addressing method. To process mail sent to addresses in this domain, the mail software on the specific machine through which the mail is sent must be configured accordingly.

* .uucp - for gating to machines accessible using UUCP.
* .bitnet - for sending mail to the BITNET network.
* .fidonet - for sending mail to the Fidonet network. Currently, due to changes in generally accepted routing practices between the Internet and Fidonet, the domain.fidonet.org is usually used instead of this pseudo-domain.

Under development

In June 2005, ICANN announced the approval in principle of several new TLDs, the implementation of which is now at various stages of implementation - some of them have already begun to function and are present in the list of domains general purpose, the following domains are not working yet:

* .post - postal services.

* .xxx - sites for adults. ICANN leadership ultimately voted against the ".xxx" domain by a vote of nine to five. Currently, the issue of introducing this top-level domain has entered the stage of litigation between commercial structures interested in its creation and government agencies (primarily the Department of Commerce) of the United States.

* .рф - In 2010, it is planned to open a general registration for the first Cyrillic domain.

Proposals for the .mail domain are under consideration.

Currently, ICANN has also begun to consider proposals for the implementation of top-level domains in national languages - and the proposals already submitted are not at all limited to the principle of “one language - one domain”. Thus, the submitted proposals for TLDs in Persian include 15 TLDs for various purposes.

Alternative and additional top-level domains

In theory, anyone can install and start using their own root servers DNS In practice, various groups of individuals and organizations periodically appear on the Internet and open Alternative DNS root servers for public use. As a rule, these systems supplement the generally accepted set of domains with a number of new first-level domains, sometimes they supplement technical implementation. For example, before the DNS was extended to allow the use of national alphabet characters in domain names, several attempts were made to create additional systems DNS, with domain names, including the first level, containing characters of a particular national alphabet, such as the Russian domain ya.ru. These attempts have not become widespread, but a number of such projects continue to exist to this day. Since ICANN traditionally ignores alternative projects, its own activities in issuing new top-level domains at one time led to a conflict around the .biz domain, for the administration of which there were already two “historical contenders.” As a result of this, a number alternative systems The DNS refused to recognize domains registered in the ICANN .biz variant and full compatibility of their address space with the ICANN DNS was lost.

Additional top-level domains can be used by specialized software, usually within the same computer, to intercept and subsequently process part of the Internet access. For example, the domain.onion is used by anonymous Tor network for interception and subsequent routing of calls to hidden services this network, and domain.i2p -software anonymous network I2P.

What is a domain? This question is asked by almost every novice Internet user. Without going into details, the answer is quite simple. A domain is the name of a website on the network, unique and unparalleled. View the domain on which the one you are viewing is located this moment page, you can do it in the address bar of your browser. Everything that comes after these letters is the path to this article.

In fact, website addresses have numeric values, which are very difficult for users to remember. But now that the domain name system has been developed, each site creator can assign it an easy-to-pronounce and remember name, which makes navigating the Internet more convenient.

Domains are usually divided into several levels. Each level is determined by how many dot-separated parts there are in the name. For example, a first-level domain is nothing more than a zone on the Internet. Websites are not located on 1st level domains.

Examples

.ru – Russian
.ua - Ukrainian
.com – Commercial
.org – Nonprofit Organizations
.edu – Educational Resources
.gov – Government
Other options (more than several dozen)

Second-level domain – denotes the name of a resource within one of domain zones. For example, our Businesslike forum is now located on a second-level domain, where Businesslike is the name of the site, and a.ru is the zone in which it is located.

Third-level domain – determined by the name of the resource within the second-level domain. Name. Second level name. Domain zone. As a rule, 3rd level domains are absolutely free. Take, for example, the website builder Ucoz, known to many webmasters, which gives clients domain names like site.ucoz.ru; site.at.ua and the like.

Behind last years have entered our lives so tightly that we perceive them in the same way as a telephone number or Mailbox. Using this name, you can go to the desired site and thus find out all the information we are interested in or make required action. This is the same chain with which we can find what we need. However, few people know how domains work and what they are.

What is a domain?

The domain is the transformation of the IP address of the server containing the resource that we are looking for by typing Domain name. Essentially, in order not to remember an address like 192.193.0.0, addresses like domen.com were launched. With their help, you will agree, using the Internet has become much easier and more convenient. Many have even managed to build a business on this, which consists of selling beautiful and easy-to-remember domain names. After all, with such a name, it is easier for customers to remember the site, and a similar name can be mentioned in advertising.

Domain Hierarchy

Built according to hierarchy, divided into special levels domains. There can be as many of them as you like, because the name administrator is able to independently create so-called subdomains - domains lower in the hierarchy like poddomen.domen.ru. The next subdomain will look like this: poddomen.poddomen.domen.ru and so on. Thus, low-level domains are formed.

When mentioning a top-level domain name, it should be noted that this is, roughly speaking, its ending. For example, there is the highest level of a domain, it is called the first. These are zones.com, .net, .ru or .club, .travel and others. Ordinary users can only order registration in these zones, and only the organization that manages ICANN domain names can create their own zone.

Second level domains

A second-level domain is a name consisting of two words, separated by a period. For example, this is the site domen.com or domen.travel. This name is the shortest possible (in the hierarchy), and therefore the most prestigious.

As a rule, the second level in all zones is paid. But there are exceptions to all rules, including this one. Zones such as .tk, .ml, .cf and .ga can be registered for free. For example, anyone can take possession of the name domen.tk without paying any registration fee (of course, if such a name is available). A free second-level domain differs from paid ones (for example, .com) in that among the latter there is much less spam and hacker sites that commit fraud on the Internet. This means that search engines, and users will still give preference to sites that have a paid second-level domain. Moreover, registering the same.com is not so expensive - only 15-20 dollars. This amount is paid once for the entire year. Anyone who starts their own website is able to find so much money. And it’s worth it, because by registering such a name, the user will not worry that his free domain the second level can be closed, “hijacked” and carry out other illegal actions. For the vast majority of Internet projects, this is extremely important.

Difference between domains of the same level

Probably every user has encountered sites in different domain zones many times. To be honest, there are several hundred zones themselves. This global domains like.com, .net, .info; regional (assigned to a specific country) .us, .it, .fr; it is also a variety of thematic domains. IN Lately By the way, there are many more of them. These are zones such as .aero, .travel, .apple, .club and many others.

If we talk about the difference between all these zones, then first of all it should be noted visual effect, which carries the domain. “Yandex,” for example, was initially located on.ru, after which it opened its “mirrors” in all other global zones. This allows not only to protect the brand (after all, by entering an address in any zone, the user gets to a single search portal), but also make the site thematic, divide it depending on the zone in which it is in demand. For example, the Ukrainian domain "Yandex" leads to Ukrainian version website (yandex.ua); Belarusian - on yandex.by and so on.

When choosing a top-level domain for your website, do not forget about the theme of the site. Accordingly, select the domain for it. For example, the .club zone is perfect for a club address, and the .aero zone is often used for an airline address.

Why create subdomains?

So, a logical question arises: if the top level of a domain is, roughly speaking, “good,” then why are subdomains needed - names that are an order of magnitude lower in the hierarchy? After all, it is logical that the names of sites like poddomen.domen.ru are remembered less well.

Yes it is. Indeed, remembering such a name is much more difficult than just domen.ru. However, this does not prevent you from creating separate projects on subdomains. For example, for an online store that sells various things, it is quite advisable to create the names kraska.magazin.ru, plitka.magazin.ru. This will make it easier for the buyer to navigate, and easier for the administrator to separate certain product categories.

In addition, the existence of subdomains makes life easier for webmasters who promote websites. So, in the case of increasing the number of links for one subdomain, part of this link mass (which, by the way, search engines are very fond of) is transferred to the main name. And this is obviously very profitable in terms of promotion costs.

Where to find a cheap domain?

The question of where to find and register a top-level domain cheaper arises for many webmasters. This is relevant primarily for those who intend to launch several projects and for this reason, of course, want to save on the total cost of domain names. This can be achieved only in two ways: registration with registrars offering more low prices, or wholesale registration. There are companies that provide name registration at a lower cost.

As a rule, prices fluctuate, which means these lists are constantly updated. They are run by various bloggers and news domain topics. As for registering in bulk, it is recommended to do this with trusted, old companies that have been on the market for at least ten years. So you will not only get favorable price, but also a guarantee that all domains will, simply put, be in good hands.

How do you set up a domain?

Setting up a domain name is the final stage that every webmaster goes through when launching their website. This is quite simple to do: you just need to specify the NS records of your hosting (as a rule, these are two servers that look like ns1.domen.com and ns2.domen.com). They should be entered into the recorder panel.

In addition, on the hosting side it is also necessary to bind to a registered domain. This is done in the order control panel by simply entering a name. After this, you will need to wait from several hours to a couple of days for the records on the domain zone administrator’s side to be updated and the domain to be visible in the visitors’ browser.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. This blog has detailed information. After or while reading this publication, I advise you to read that article so that a complete picture emerges. I also advise you to read my publications on the topic of what and means.

Today we have a question on our agenda - what is domain or domain name(essentially, these are synonyms). Well, it's actually simple. This is the name for the site, which is assigned to it instead of the difficult-to-remember IP address of the server on which this site is hosted (see). Enter this name in the address bar of your browser and the site will open.

But the difficulties arise precisely in the details. What are they, how does it all work, what domain zones are, how to understand what level domain and which of them can be registered, where this can be done and which zone to choose. There are a lot of questions and I will try to answer them all in this “small note”.

What is a domain?

As I mentioned above, domain is the name for the site..162.192.0. And besides, imagine the situation. You have placed your website on a hosting server (see what this is above) and received an IP address. But, moving to another hosting, the IP will change, which will cause a disaster. But in the case of domain names, this will not happen. Why?

The fact is that there are thousands of DNS (domain name system) servers on the Internet, which will state that the domain site is accessible at the IP address 108.162.192.0. If I move to another hosting, I will go to the domain name registrar panel (where I bought it), change some things in all DNS servers The Internet will indicate that the site needs to be searched at a different IP address. Convenient right?

Convenient, but probably not yet clear. The main thing you need to understand is the name for the site is a very important thing and it is for life (as a rule, although you can transfer the site to another domain if you wish, this is not easy). Whatever you name the boat, that’s how it will float. True, not only the name is important, but also the level of the domain, as well as the zone to which it belongs. Is it unclear again? Well, let's take things in order.

How a domain name works

Let's start with the basics. The domain record (site name) must include all levels of nesting of the domain (all zones it belongs to) so that it is unique and does not cause confusion.

There are two main domain name registration rules:

Zones included this domain, are listed from right to left.
Dots are used as separators.

It might look like this, for example:

Net.blog.site

We get a fourth-level domain net, which is part of the third-level domain zone “blog”, which is part of the second-level zone “ktonanovenkogo” belonging to the first-level zone.ru. Nonsense, right? (my wife, who checks errors in the article, will be happy to confirm this).

What domain levels are distinguished?

Root domain(level zero) is considered to be an empty entry, denoted simply by a dot (.). In theory, full record domain name should always end with a dot, but in most cases it is omitted (as if meaning) and instead of writing: site.
They use the already firmly established relative notation of domains (without a dot at the end):
Next comes the first level - this is usually regional(national) domains (.ru, .su, .ua, .us, .de, .fr, etc.) or thematic(.com, .edu, .org, .net, etc.). But there are also first-level domain names that include national alphabets(for example, .рф).
Second level- these are already the same domains that you and I we buy(we register with special registrars). Their prices vary not only depending on their belonging to a particular first-level domain (for example, xxxxxxx.ru is usually cheaper to buy than xxxxxxx.com), but also depending on the registrar (or its reseller - retailer).
Third, fourth, etc. — you no longer need to buy them (as a rule) and can be created independently (without registering anywhere) based on the purchased second-level domain. For example, I can create a name like this for a new site - forum..forum..

Let me explain all this again For example:

. (dot) - zero (root) level domain
ru - first level, also called top level domain or zone
website - second level domain name
blog.site - third level domain
net.blog.site - fourth level

Top (first) level domains

Apart from the zero level (root domain), because this is emptiness, then the base is the so-called zones or top-level domains(the name of any site begins with them, although it seems that it ends with them - but not the point). They can't be bought to an ordinary person, but it is from these zones that we will choose when purchasing a second-level domain (name for our website).

So what are they?

First (highest) level domains, assigned to countries, which are usually among a hell of a lot smart people are called by the abbreviation Cctld, meaning country code top-level domain. Russia has two of them:
1. su - a rudiment left over from Soviet Union and now representing the resource space in Russian
2. ru - originally assigned to Russia
Domains with national alphabets, which are usually abbreviated Idn (internationalized domain name). In Russia it is zone.rf. In fact, their names are still written in English characters (recoding occurs), but this is, as it were, hidden from view. However, if you enter the address in your browser: http://ktonanovenkogo.rf/
and after going to this site, copy its address from address bar, then you will get completely indigestible nonsense:
Http://xn--80aedhwdrbcedeb8b2k.xn--p1ai/ It turns out he looks so unpleasant. And it is in this form that it will have to be added to different services(like), and not in the form of someonenew.rf. This needs to be taken into account. Yes, other problems are possible, although not obvious at first.
Upper domains common use , usually called Gtld, which means generic top-level domain, are registered (sold) regardless of the country in which the webmaster lives. The most used of them:
1. .com - for commercial projects
2. .org - for non-profit websites of various organizations
3. .net - for Internet-related projects
4. .edu - for educational institutions and projects
5. .biz - only commercial organizations
6. .info - for all information projects
7. .name - for personal sites
8. .gov - for US government agencies

How and where you can register (buy) a domain in top-level zones

As a rule, you can’t get second-level domain names just like that (and it’s better not to try, because the name for the site is too important to risk registering it with someone unknown). They cost money. Moreover payment is made annually, and then the domain lease needs to be renewed.

Let me draw your attention once again - buy second level domain names, and everything above - you can create on their basis yourself. This is usually done in the panel of your hoster in the subdomains section - these are third and higher level domains, such as blog..blog.site.

There are not so many such companies (prominent examples include RegRu And WebNames), but they may have a whole network of resellers (partners) who will select and sell domains on their behalf. If you are not satisfied with the current reseller in some way or you have any tension with him, then by contacting the registrar, you can choose another reseller or go directly under the wing of the registrar.

At all no limits You can buy domains in the public zones .com, .net, .org, .info, .biz and .name. In the .edu, .gov and .mil zones, this opportunity is provided only for institutions, as well as state educational and military institutions. There are also a number of specialized first-level domains, for example, .travel, .jobs, .aero, .asia.

Second level domain names in these public areas can be purchased from any registrar(not only national), which, in fact, is what some resources use, which may have conflicts with copyright holders. The same torrent was forced to move to the public zone org, because its resource was blocked in the national domain zone ru.

Second level domains - employment verification and Whois

There are already about half a billion domain names registered on the Internet. different zones, so choosing a good (short, simple, sonorous) name in the right zone is now very not an easy task (just like it's difficult). A third of the registered names are not used at all, because they were purchased for resale (successful domains can be expensive on the secondary market - sometimes many millions of dollars).

Domain name occupancy check

Therefore, the first thing you should do when selecting a suitable domain for your website is . This can be done at different registrars (the result will be the same, since they use a common database).

Below are currently releasing domains(click on price for detailed view):

Good luck to you! Before see you soon on the pages of the blog site

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What are the domain levels?

First level

These are domains that are tied to a certain state (ru - Russia, us - USA, kz - Kazakhstan, etc.) or subject (info - information sites, com - commercial, edu - for sites educational institutions etc.). Full list domain zones, rules for their registration, as well as prices from accredited registrars, see.

Second level

This is the site name that can be registered if it is available.

Third level

As a rule, it is used to create separate sites within one large one. For example, on the site so-hosting.info, the third-level domain forum.so-hosting.info would be suitable for the forum. What if we wanted to create a website on different languages, then we would make additional sites for this and link them to the following domains: website or ua.hostings.info.

Fourth level and others

There are domains and more high level, for example level4..level4.. But such domains are not recommended, because they are inconvenient for users and search engines don’t particularly like them.

How to choose a domain correctly?

Domain name restrictions

Requirement for the size of each part of the domain name - it cannot be longer than 63 characters
The name cannot use any other characters except letters of the English alphabet of both cases, numbers and a hyphen, which can only be used within the name
Certain restrictions may be imposed by administrators national domains- minimum or maximum length name, inadmissibility of registration of names composed of only numbers and others.

In fact, such rules apply all over the world, with only minor differences. So, if someone wants to register their domain outside the Russian Internet zone, we advise you to carefully read the conditions for registering domains in that country and in the domain that you have chosen for yourself.

Important

Be careful, because registration of second-level domains is carried out for one year. Next, the agreement must be renewed and immediately find out the possibility of registering third-level domains within your domain. All legal nuances, such as who is the owner of a third-level domain, can be found out using special services - Whois (which can be roughly translated as “Who is who”), or you can use special service Online