Application of information technologies in passenger transport. application programs that directly support the execution of work required by users. Briefly describe the composition of modern information systems for automobile enterprises. How do I characterize

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are currently the main tools through which modernization in the transport sector is carried out. Modern information systems are characterized by the creation of a single information space for all participants in interactions. Due to the vastness Russian territory and coverage of transport services in the most remote regions and points of the country, transport is the most geographically distributed industry. For this reason, the main feature of transport infrastructure is its high technological dependence.

The specificity of the transport industry is the need for constant exchange of information between points very distant from each other. This necessitates the use of the latest network equipment and data transmission technologies. Due to the fact that people’s lives depend on transport safety, the industry has increased requirements for the reliability of data transmission over long distances and the protection of data from access from outside. Since data exchange occurs between data centers using various server equipment (x86 architecture servers, RISC architecture servers), various operating systems (Microsoft Windows Server, IBM AIX, Linux Red Hat, Linux Ubuntu, IBM i, i5/OS, OS/400, z/OS, zTPF, Z/VM & z/VSE, HP-UX, SunOS, Solaris, other operating systems of the UNIX family), various data exchange protocols (iSCSI, Fiber Channel , InfiniBand). The range of equipment used in the industry is very wide: from inexpensive servers with a single processor Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron x86 processor architecture and unmanaged switches to powerful data centers with high computing density based on blade servers, modular systems and storage arrays hi-end level. The most large companies industries use mainframe server solutions. Modern virtualization and terminal access technologies (VMWare, Citrix) make it possible to concentrate all computing power and data storage and backup systems in one central data processing center, allowing you to deploy only auxiliary IT infrastructure in remote offices and branches.

IT technologies in air transportation.

Air transport is the area where modern advances in IT technologies find rapid practical implementation. Automation of airports, flights, aircraft maintenance, baggage and air cargo tracking have rapidly burst into our lives and are ahead of many other areas of automation. It is no longer possible to imagine a reality when online booking and ticket sales, remote check-in for flights using web kiosks at airports or via the Internet were not available, not to mention free access to information about aircraft departures and arrivals.

IT technologies became the main tool of competition between airlines when, during the global crisis, there was a significant decline in air travel.

Thus, in 2009, the Sirena-Travel system was introduced, which covers a quarter of the volume of passenger traffic on Russian air transport and allows bookings for charter flights by both tourism operators and almost any air carrier online. At the same time, for the convenience of users, the system is supplemented with the eGo payment gateway.

The ability to increase the efficiency of the company's activities through innovative technologies, the ability to competently manage income have become necessary conditions for the survival of aviators in current conditions. Integration information products between all participants in air transportation, reducing transportation costs, increasing the attractiveness of air travel for passengers and increasing flight safety - these are the main objectives of IT solutions for modern aviation, used in multiple industry information systems. There are quite a lot of areas for the development of IT technologies in air travel - starting with video surveillance servers and access control systems, with the deployment of servers to provide additional services to passengers (for example, a web server for the Aeroflot Bonus program using a Microsoft DBMS SQL Server 7.0) to airline training servers, which, using visualization and 3D modeling technologies, allow pilots to practice takeoffs and landings on unfamiliar routes or new technology. It is airline companies and airports that are the most advanced in terms of the development of IT infrastructure in the transport industry.

IT technologies for railway transport.

Russian Railways (RZD) lags somewhat behind aviation in promoting innovative solutions. But nevertheless, here too the coverage of passengers for whom an electronic ticket becomes available is expanding: online booking, ticket purchase.

It is at Russian Railways that the implementation of the largest corporate information system (ERP) in Russia and Europe based on SAP R/3 continues. It has now been translated into more modern platform- SAP ERP 2005. 17 railways, 3 thousand enterprises and 15 thousand structural divisions, about 20 thousand system users - these are the quantitative characteristics of the infrastructure created to implement this design solution.

Russian Railways is the world's largest railway company in many respects, including the length of roads. The principle of centralized development allows the implementation of IT systems in such difficult conditions. The creation of a Standard Road System (TDS) and its centralized modification as part of product development with further local replication is the key to success and successful implementation.

The company has a large number of systems that manage various aspects of its activities, including management of passenger and cargo transportation (for example, ETRAN - an automated system for processing transportation documents), transportation and technical resource planning. All data from external systems is integrated into a single automated information system (ACS of JSC Russian Railways) using developed interfaces. Modernization of communication systems and telemechanics used in railway transport is one of the ways to significantly increase the intensity and safety of railway transportation.

IT technologies in logistics.

Optimizing the loading of transport units and transportation routes, tracking cargo online throughout the entire journey - such tasks require processing speed, high accuracy and consistency in logistics chains. Only modern innovative ICTs make it possible to implement tasks of this level. Nowadays, there are many out-of-the-box solutions that allow you to reduce the delivery time of goods and the costs associated with it, optimally plan and track the movement of goods. Such solutions exist for all types of transport, but especially this area has found wide development in motor transport with the beginning of the use of GPS navigation, which allows tracking in real time the location of each transport unit.

The tasks of logistics are relevant in the area where there is a connection in the transportation of goods between different modes of transport, and, consequently, between different data processing systems, determined by the standards in force in various sectors of transport. Modern innovations in the form using GPS monitoring (using the GLONASS satellite system), virtual distributed computing (or cloud computing) and Internet services make it possible to implement the tasks of modern logistics.

Information technologies are of particular importance in passenger transportation and transportation of goods abroad. Only a free transport corridor makes it possible to ensure timely delivery of goods, and this is the key to increasing the competitiveness of companies. The creation of a unified Eurasian transport system, a unified open information space based on the Internet, unified standards for processing and transmitting information - the basis for global integration in the field of transport logistics.

Transport logistics is no longer visible without special Internet services that allow you to design channels for the delivery of goods and supply chains, without prototypes of virtual forwarding services, without transportation route planners that allow you to create routes interactively. Internet video windows enable dispatchers of transport companies to monitor the situation in border areas, in places where goods are transshipped, and control transportation upon request. The international logistics and telematics program TEDIM exists and is being widely implemented.

IT technologies are the information basis of the Transport Strategy.

Since 2010, Russia has adopted the Transport Strategy until 2030. As part of this ambitious program, it is envisaged to implement a unified automated control system for the transport complex (ACS TC), which will allow for the integration of information from all sectors of Russia related to the transportation of people and goods.

The initial relevant aspects of this program are the implementation of electronic document management between divisions and organizations of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, as well as the formation of unified reporting within 120 days after the end of the current year.

In accordance with the general strategy, all transport sectors are developing information and communication development programs for many years. The main pilot integrated project is the project of transport support for the Olympics in Sochi, which is being developed on the basis of European requirements for both IT infrastructure and the information support itself.

Equipment used to create IT infrastructure at transport and logistics enterprises

• The Lenovo ThinkSystem SR550 server features high performance and fault tolerance. High performance is ensured by embedded resources, a 20-core Intel Xeon Scalable processor, and 768 GB of RAM. In addition, this system has support USB adapters, which allow data transfer at high speed, thereby saving time.
• The Lenovo ThinkSystem SR630 server provides a more affordable alternative to traditional offerings for growing businesses and branch offices without sacrificing performance. For more intensive workloads, the SR630 supports up to 3TB of internal memory.

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USE OF INFORMATIONNTECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSPORT

automation transport information system

Informatization in transport continues to develop. Are improving software products and technical means, new technologies are being introduced, and the Internet is being increasingly used. Electronic commerce(E-Commerce), Internet technologies, automated management based on modern hardware and software have opened up new opportunities to improve the efficiency of transport and the efficiency of logistics systems. This was greatly facilitated by modern telecommunications systems and, first of all, mobile system communication based GSM standard(Global System for Mobile Communication). Great importance for automation on all types of transport has a global vehicle location system (GPS) based satellite communications. Automation and informatization in transport have been greatly facilitated by advances in the field of identification of cargo and carriers based on bar codes, as well as new radio frequency identification technologies using transponders.

The main direction for optimizing the use of road transport is the use of automated navigation systems, through which the optimal route for vehicles is determined.

Currently, a number of such systems with a variety of software are known. Most of these systems operate on the basis of a global automated geographic system GIS with topographic maps in digital form, which is used not only in automobiles, but also in other modes of transport to automate control. As an example of a GIS-based navigation system, we can consider the system developed by Macon GmbH (Germany). PDS GmbH (Cologne, Germany) proposed a new model of portable personal computer that can be widely used in transport and logistics. A Team Pad 30 computer has a 64-bit processor and runs on the Windows CE operating system, is equipped with radio communication devices of the D and E-network standards and a mobile phone. telephone communication GSM standard Built-in CMOS camera allows you to read codes online, graphic images and text labels. The camera resolution is 330 thousand pixels. It is possible to integrate a special module into a computer to determine the location of vehicles using global system GPS, based on satellite communications.

Informatization becomes the basis for the further development of transport and logistics systems. A significant number of companies are working in the development of new software tools that make it possible to create more and more efficient systems. Information technologies are increasingly used to serve passengers on public transport.

Improving passenger information systems is seen by German railways as an important factor in improving the quality of passenger service. A network integrated information system has been created to serve passengers of public railway transport using the capabilities of a global system for determining the location of vehicles based on satellite communications (GPS). An important feature of the automated system is that it notifies passengers both at stations and on trains. Within the European Union, intensive research and practical work to create a unified automated information system for public transport passengers. Such a system, called SAMPLUS, upon completion of its creation and trial operation will be implemented in all EU member countries, as well as a number of other European countries. Trial operation has already been carried out in Belgium, Finland, Italy and Sweden. Close in its functionality to the SAMPLUS system is the BVS system, created in Germany.

The Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS) combined with the GSM-based Global Mobile Communications System has created ample opportunities design and construction transport systems with automated control for various types of transport. The specialized company DENAX Communication for Products AG Kastor & Pollux (Frankfurt, Germany) is successfully working in the field of creating such systems. Cubic Transportation Systems Deutschland GmbH (Bonn, Germany) is known as a developer of automated systems for public transport. The company has developed and implemented ticket vending machines, as well as ordering and selling tickets on the Internet. In total, the company has implemented more than 400 projects. Corn ROAD AG (Unterschleissheim, Germany) specializes in the development of software for transport and logistics using such global systems as an automated vehicle location system based on satellite communications (GPS), a GSM mobile telephone system, etc. Software products The companies are sold in more than 30 countries around the world. Barthauer Software GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) offers a wide range of services in the development and implementation of software for automated control systems for various purposes. The company develops application software based on the use of an automated geographic system (GIS), computer-aided design system (CAD), etc. A number of software packages have been developed and implemented to optimize enterprise resource management, management public utilities and urban transport, organizing marketing for the purpose of quality customer service, etc.

More than 100 industrial and transport enterprises successfully operate automated control systems for vehicles based on TESS software developed by the Institute for Operational Management Inform GmbH (Aachen, Germany). Modular construction software package allows you to effectively solve various problems of operational transport management, including optimization of traffic routes. main feature The package is that, along with the use of deterministic data and traditional two-valued logic, it is possible to use non-traditional, so-called “non-strict logic* (Fuzzy Logik) for solving probabilistic optimization problems. Convenient interfaces are provided for communication with ACS logistics and ACS resources The development of logistics in recent years is associated with the use of information technology and the emergence of electronic business technology (E-Business).The company Bartsch und Partner GmbH Berotung und Vertrieb (Wiesbaden, Germany) specializes in the development of electronic business technology and software based on such technologies. In particular, the company has developed and offers software for the automated management of material and financial resources of industrial enterprises.The NAWIS (g) software package can be effectively used to optimize and manage the procurement of raw materials and supplies related to the logistics of enterprises. CAS Concepts and Solutions AG (Hamburg, Germany) is known for its conceptual developments in the field of information technology in industry, transport and logistics. Based on a thorough study of the local characteristics of the enterprise, the company develops a conceptual approach to selecting an informatization option and ensures the development, implementation and maintenance of the system. Convenient interfaces connect new software products with already implemented ones, for example a package SAP programs. The success of automation of various logistics systems largely depends on the collection, processing and transmission of data using modern hardware and software. Intermec, founded in 1965, has been successfully operating in this area. The company's mobile and portable terminals and software are used in warehouses and industrial plants, providing automated management of reliable data necessary for making the right management decisions. The company creates local LAN networks based on the use of radio communications for data exchange. A significant amount of work is carried out in the field of identification systems for cargo, carriers and vehicles.

The use of floor-mounted vehicles operating without drivers, i.e. robotic carts, provides flexible automation of assembly, installation and other types of work. At the plant for the production of gasoline four-cylinder engines for Opel passenger cars, Burkhardt Systemtechnik GmbH (Germany) supplied robotic trucks with a dual-zone laser navigation and traffic safety system developed by Honeywell. Robotic carts provide flexible automation of engine assembly; the navigation system provides reliable visibility along the path of movement of carts within a radius of 10 m. MLR Soft GmbH and its subsidiary MLR System GmbH (Germany) also successfully specialize in the creation of floor-standing vehicles operating without drivers. Such trolleys and robotic trolleys are equipped with modern simple navigation systems that operate with a high degree of reliability and safety. The specialized logistics company BMG Baugruppen und Modulfertigung GmbH (Germany) provides comprehensive logistics services for the Volkswagen automobile plant in Mosel. The warehouse of a logistics company is located 10 km from the enterprise. Between the enterprise and the warehouse, 240 road trips are carried out daily, ensuring the delivery of packaged cargo. Transportation is organized according to the “just on time” principle. This is facilitated by the automated loading and unloading system created by Geselschaft fur automatischen Verladetechnik mbH & Co.KG. For unloading, the warehouse has 14 unloading stations, from which further transportation of goods is carried out by automated controlled belt conveyors. The implementation of the system made it possible to increase the productivity of the enterprise by 50%.

At the enterprise of Uzin Utz AG (Germany), two Mercedes Benz Actros 2531 vehicles, equipped with automatic control developed by Fox GmbH (Germany) with the participation of co-executing companies, are used to transport palletized goods between production and a newly built warehouse. The car body is made of steel sheet and accommodates 14 pallets with cargo, the loading and unloading of which is carried out automatically using a built-in roller conveyor. Cars operate without drivers. Equipped with a laser navigation system, a safety bumper and a scanning device to recognize obstacles in the path of travel. The annual volume of cargo transportation is 120 thousand tons. The SK Group company (France) offers an automated system for ensuring the safety of cranes and preventing conflict situations in the construction industry. The system is based on the use of the Navigator 2000 on-board computer, special sensors and radar. The on-board computer can be connected to the company's control computer with the ability to monitor its operation via the Internet in real time (on-line). Ravas Europa offers built-in scales of the RWV-RF series for equipping forklifts with a lifting capacity of up to 5 tons with an accuracy of determining the mass of loads of 0.1%. Radio communication is used to transmit data from the load cells to the on-board device with a display. It is possible to determine tare, net and gross weight. The scales are equipped with a battery with a battery life of up to 30 hours without charging. The use of built-in scales significantly increases the productivity of forklifts, since it eliminates special trips to the scales for weighing cargo. A number of interesting technical solutions were adopted in the design and construction of new automated warehouses and container terminals. For example, in an automated warehouse of rolled metal products from Saizgitter Stahlhandel GmbH (Gladbeck, Germany), an automatic overhead crane operates with an automatic positioning accuracy of up to 3 mm. The crane's lifting capacity is 13 tons. The ICS 50001 positioning system works reliably over the entire length of the warehouse, which is 170 m. The crane's movement mode is optimized by the ASC system.

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Introduction

.Carputer

.Autopilot

.GPS

.Parking radar

.Car alarm

.Immobilizer

Conclusion

Introduction

Information Technology(IT, from the English information technology, IT) - a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to technologies for managing and processing data, as well as creating data, including using computer technology.

Recently, information technology is most often understood as Computer techologies. Specifically, IT deals with the use of computers and software to store, transform, protect, process, transmit, and receive information. Computer hardware and programming specialists are often called IT specialists.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, IT is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological, and engineering disciplines that study methods for effectively organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. IT itself requires complex training, high initial costs and high-tech technology. Their implementation should begin with the creation of mathematical software and the formation of information flows in specialist training systems.

The Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus provides the following definitions of concepts: information technology - a set of processes, methods of searching, receiving, transmitting, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, distributing and (or) providing information, as well as using information and protecting information. Information and communication infrastructure (ICI) is a set of hardware and software, communications, personnel, technologies, standards and protocols that ensure the creation, transmission, processing, use, storage, protection and destruction of information. Information and communication technologies (ICT) - information processes and methods of working with information using telecommunications and computer technology

Information technology is used almost everywhere. Here I will describe its use in transport.

1. Carputer

Carputer or Onboarder (English carputer, English onboarder) (other names - onboard, car computer, car PC, computer) is an analogue of a home personal computer installed in a car and specially designed to work in a car. Onboarders are used for auto navigation, connecting to the Internet, and entertainment. The onborder's capabilities combine the functionality of traditional single-purpose devices (car radios, navigators, DVD players) with the capabilities of a personal computer.

Basic information

The main advantage of a car computer is functionality. Using a car computer eliminates the need for separate installation of a navigator, parking sensors, TV, and DVD. Each of these useful devices requires a separate installation space and is managed separately...

In a car computer, control is most often organized through a touchscreen LCD monitor (sizes from 7" to 15" diagonally). Monitors can be motorized or manual, built into the console, have mounting sizes of 1\2DIN, 1DIN or 2DIN, built into the roof, free-standing (removable). For different brands of cars there are monitors built into the dashboard and cavities.

In addition to the already standard car functions - (TV, GPS, DVD) - a car computer allows you to use the Internet and e-mail on the road, diagnoses the car's electronics, produces a video recording of the traffic situation, and also has many other useful functions. The car computer allows you to control GPS modes- quickly change maps, use both vector and raster maps.

Using the Internet allows you to monitor traffic jams, listen to Internet radio, watch video conferences, search necessary information away from home or office. The car computer performs the function of a radar detector (or connects to an existing one).

Speakerphone and road radio, control of sound signals and parking sensors - all in one device

For fans of fast driving on highways and frequent trips through many kilometers of traffic jams, the car computer may have an injector control function. You can make the car more powerful in real time or, conversely, reduce the power of the car to reduce fuel consumption and implement a smoother start of movement (for traffic jams) for powerful engines. To do this, you will need a cable (OBD-II, VAG-com and others) to connect the injector processor to the car computer and the appropriate software.

Story

The history of automotive computers dates back to 1981, when IBM developed the first on-board computer for BMW cars. 16 years later, Apollo appeared, a prototype of the first car computer created by Microsoft, which remained a prototype. In 2000, the American company Tracer created and tested the first full-time onboarder, and launched mass production.

In addition to the Tracer onboarders, the double-din onboarder 2DIN Tracer CarPC is very popular on the Russian market. There are also Chinese solutions.

2. Autopilot

Autopilot is a device or hardware and software complex that guides a vehicle along a certain trajectory. Most often, autopilots are used to control aircraft, due to the fact that the flight usually takes place in a space that does not contain many obstacles, as well as to control vehicles moving on rail tracks. A modern autopilot allows you to automate all stages of flight or movement of another vehicle.

In aviation, automatic control systems (SAU, BSU or ABSU) have received deeper development of flight automation, and as more complex structured complexes - NPK, PNK, PrNK, etc. ACS allows, in addition to stabilizing the aircraft in space and on the route, also to implement software control at various stages of flight. The most complex self-propelled guns take on a significant part of the functions of controlling the aircraft in “control mode”, making control for the pilot easy and uniform, fending off bumpiness, preventing drifts, slips, reaching critical flight modes, and even prohibiting or ignoring some of the pilot’s actions. In automatic modes, the self-propelled gun guides the aircraft along a given route (or implements a more complex subroutine for combat use), using flight and navigation information from a group of its own sensors, aircraft systems, ground-based radio navigation aids, or even executing commands from the on-board equipment of a neighboring aircraft (some combat aircraft can operate in pair or group, constantly exchanging tactical information via radio channels, developing tactics for joint actions and performing a flight mission in an automatic (usually semi-automatic) mode. The trajectory control subsystem allows you to perform a landing approach with high accuracy without crew intervention. As control bodies, people have long tried not to use steering machines included in the control wiring, but use direct control of steering units, mixing control signals from the ACS into signals from the steering wheel (or RUS). To create the pilot's usual efforts on the controls, a rather complex electromechanical system for simulating loading is used. Recently, they are gradually moving away from this practice, reasonably believing that no matter how you imitate it, most of the aircraft control process is still automated. Increasingly, sidestick-type controls are being used in the cockpits of modern aircraft.

The main problem when building autopilots (AP) and automatic systems control is flight safety. The simplest aviation autopilots provide for the pilot to quickly disable the autopilot if it is violated. normal operation, the possibility of “overpowering” the steering gears by manual control, mechanical disconnection of the steering gears from the control wiring. Automatic control systems are initially designed to withstand failures while maintaining the basic functions of operation and a set of measures is provided to improve flight safety. ACS are designed to be multi-channel, that is, two, three and even four absolutely identical control channels operate in parallel on a common steering gear (RP) and the failure of one or two channels does not in any way affect the overall performance of the system. The control system (SC) constantly monitors the compliance of input signals, the passage of signals through the circuits and continuously monitors the output parameters of the ACS throughout the flight, as a rule, using the quorum method (majority voting) or comparison with a standard, and in the event of any failure, the system independently makes a decision on the possibility of further operation of the mode, switching it to a backup channel, backup mode, or transferring control to the pilot. Good method general control of the serviceability of the self-propelled guns is considered a pre-flight test control, using the “run” method step-by-step program, which supplies stimulating simulation signals to various input circuits of the system, which causes actual deviations of the steering and control surfaces of the aircraft in various modes work.

The concept of “autopilots” (sometimes in slang form) includes, in addition to the classic aviation autopilot, also systems for automatically piloting, driving or controlling all kinds of walking, wheeled, floating or winged vehicles (robots), and developing systems for automatic control of cars in highway conditions . An example of an automatic vehicle control channel is a system for stabilizing the current speed of movement, known as “cruise control” (“autospeed”, “autodrive”)

(eng. Global Positioning System) (read GPS) - navigation satellites providing time and distance measurements; global positioning system) is a satellite navigation system, often referred to as GPS. Allows you to determine the location and speed of objects anywhere on Earth (not including the polar regions), in almost any weather, as well as in outer space near the planet. The system is developed, implemented and operated by the US Department of Defense.

The basic principle of using the system is to determine location by measuring distances to an object from points with known coordinates - satellites. The distance is calculated by the delay time of signal propagation from sending it by the satellite to receiving it by the antenna of the GPS receiver. That is, to determine three-dimensional coordinates, the GPS receiver needs to know the distance to three satellites and the time of the GPS system. Thus, to determine the coordinates and altitude of the receiver, signals from at least four satellites are used.

Story

The idea of ​​creating satellite navigation was born back in the 50s. At the moment when the USSR launched its first artificial satellite Earth, American scientists led by Richard Kershner observed the signal emanating from the Soviet satellite and discovered that, due to the Doppler effect, the frequency of the received signal increases as the satellite approaches and decreases as it moves away. The essence of the discovery was that if you know exactly your coordinates on Earth, then it becomes possible to measure the position and speed of the satellite, and vice versa, knowing exactly the position of the satellite, you can determine your own speed and coordinates.

This idea was realized 20 years later. In 1973, the DNSS program was initiated, later renamed Navstar-GPS and then GPS. The first test satellite was launched into orbit on July 14, 1974 by the United States, and the last of all 24 satellites needed for full coverage earth's surface, was launched into orbit in 1993, thus bringing GPS into service. It became possible to use GPS to accurately point missiles at stationary and then moving objects in the air and on the ground.

Initially, GPS, a global positioning system, was developed as a purely military project. But after an airspace intruder was shot down in 1983 Soviet Union Korean Airlines plane with 269 passengers on board, US President Ronald Reagan authorized partial use of the navigation system for civilian purposes. To avoid the use of the system for military purposes, the accuracy was reduced by a special algorithm.

Then information appeared that some companies had deciphered the algorithm for reducing accuracy at the L1 frequency and were successfully compensating for this component of the error. In 2000, this coarsening of accuracy was canceled by executive order of the US President.

The basis of the system is navigation satellites moving around the Earth along 6 circular orbital trajectories (4 satellites each), with a radius of approximately 20,180 km. The satellites emit signals open for use in the bands: L1=1575.42 MHz and L2=1227.60 MHz (starting from Block IIR-M), and IIF models will also emit on L5=1176.45 MHz. Navigation information can be received by an antenna (usually in direct visibility of satellites) and processed using a GPS receiver.

The standard precision code signal (C/A code - BPSK(1) modulation) transmitted in the L1 band (and the L2C (BPSK modulation) signal in the L2 band starting with IIR-M devices) is distributed without restrictions on use. The artificial signal roughening (selective access mode - SA) originally used on L1 has been disabled since May 2000. Since 2007, the United States has finally abandoned the artificial hardening technique. With the launch of Block III devices, it is planned to introduce a new L1C signal (BOC(1,1) modulation) in the L1 range. It will have backwards compatibility, improved path tracking capability and will be more compatible with Galileo L1 signals.

For military users, signals in the L1/L2 bands are additionally available, modulated with an anti-jam crypto-resistant P(Y) code (BPSK(10) modulation). Starting with IIR-M devices, a new M-code was put into operation (BOC(15,10) modulation is used). The use of M-code allows the system to operate within the framework of the Navwar (navigation warfare) concept. M-code is transmitted on existing L1 and L2 frequencies. This signal has increased noise immunity, and is sufficient to determine exact coordinates (in the case of the P-code, it was necessary to obtain the C/A code as well). Another feature of the M-code will be the ability to transmit it to a specific area with a diameter of several hundred kilometers, where the signal strength will be 20 decibels higher. The regular M signal is already available in IIR-M satellites, and the highly targeted one will be available only using GPS-III satellites. With the launch of the IIF block satellite, a new frequency L5 (1176.45 MHz) was introduced. This signal is also called safety of life. The L5 signal is 3 decibels stronger than the civilian signal and has 10 times the bandwidth. The signal can be used in critical situations involving a threat to human life. The signal will be fully used after 2014.

satellites ensure 100% system functionality anywhere in the world, but cannot always provide reliable reception and good position calculation. Therefore, to increase positioning accuracy and reserve in case of failures, the total number of satellites in orbit is maintained in larger numbers.

Space segment ground control stations

The orbital constellation is monitored from the main control station located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado, USA and with the help of 10 tracking stations, of which three stations are capable of sending correction data to the satellites in the form of radio signals with a frequency of 2000-4000 MHz. The latest generation of satellites distribute the received data among other satellites.

Application of GPS

Although the GPS project was originally aimed at military purposes, today GPS is increasingly being used for civilian purposes. GPS receivers are sold in many electronics stores; they are built into Cell phones, smartphones, PDAs and onboarders. Consumers are also offered various devices and software products that allow you to see your location on electronic map; having the ability to plot routes taking into account road signs, permitted turns and even traffic jams; search on the map for specific houses and streets, attractions, cafes, hospitals, gas stations and other infrastructure.

· Geodesy: using GPS, the exact coordinates of points and boundaries are determined land plots

· Cartography: GPS is used in civil and military cartography

· Navigation: using GPS, both sea and road navigation are carried out

· Satellite monitoring of transport: using GPS, the position and speed of vehicles are monitored, and their movement is controlled

· cellular: The first mobile phones with GPS appeared in the 90s. In some countries, for example the USA, this is used to quickly determine the location of a person calling 911. In Russia, a similar project was launched in 2010 - Era-GLONASS.

· Tectonics, Plate Tectonics: using GPS to observe the movements and vibrations of plates

· Leisure: There are various games that use GPS, for example Geocaching, etc.

· Geotagging: information, such as photographs, is “linked” to coordinates thanks to built-in or external GPS receivers

Accuracy

The typical accuracy of modern GPS receivers in the horizontal plane is approximately 10-12 meters with good satellite visibility. In the United States and Canada there are WAAS stations that transmit corrections for differential mode, which allows reducing the error to 1-2 meters in the territory of these countries. When using more complex differential modes, the accuracy of determining coordinates can be increased to 10 cm. Unfortunately, the accuracy of any SNA strongly depends on the openness of space, on the height of the satellites used above the horizon.

A common disadvantage of using any radio navigation system is that under certain conditions the signal may not reach the receiver, or may arrive with significant distortion or delay. For example, it is almost impossible to determine your exact location deep in an apartment inside a reinforced concrete building, in a basement or in a tunnel. Since the operating frequency of GPS lies in the decimeter range of radio waves, the level of signal reception from satellites can seriously deteriorate under dense foliage of trees or due to very heavy clouds. Normal reception of GPS signals can be affected by interference from many terrestrial radio sources, as well as from magnetic storms.

The low inclination of GPS orbits (approximately 55) seriously impairs accuracy in the polar regions of the Earth, since GPS satellites rise low above the horizon.

An essential feature of GPS is the complete dependence of the conditions for receiving the signal from the US Department of Defense. For example, during the fighting in Iraq, the civilian sector of GPS was turned off.

Now the US Department of Defense has decided to begin a complete update of the GPS system. It was planned quite a long time ago, but it was only now possible to start implementing this project. During the upgrade, old satellites will be replaced with new ones, which are developed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin and Boeing. It is claimed that they will be able to provide positioning accuracy with an error of 0.5 meters.

Of course, the implementation of this program will take some time. The US Department of Defense claims that it will be possible to completely complete the system update only after 10 years. Interestingly, the number of satellites will not be changed: there will still be 30 of them - 24 operational and 6 reserve.

4. Parking radar

Parking radar, also known as Acoustic Parking System (APS), parking sensors or Ultrasonic parking sensor, is a parking assist system found on some vehicles. The word radar in the name is, strictly speaking, incorrect, since the device uses sound waves rather than radio waves. Thus, it is correct to call such devices not radars, but sonars.

The system uses ultrasonic sensors, embedded in the front and rear bumpers to measure the distance to nearby objects. The system emits an intermittent warning sound (and, in some versions, displays distance information on the LCD display built into the dashboard, in the rear view mirror, etc.) to indicate how far the vehicle is from the obstacle.

When the distance to the obstacle decreases, the warning signal increases in frequency. It makes its first sounds when approaching an obstacle at 1-2 meters, and when dangerously close to an obstacle (10-40 cm, depending on the model), the sound signal becomes continuous. On some models the system can be disabled, for example for off-road use. Typically, the system is automatically engaged with reverse gear (for example, power may be supplied from the reverse light circuit).

In Russia, parking radars first became known under the brand name Parktronic, which is the name of the parking system on Mercedes-Benz cars. In this regard, in colloquial Russian the word “parktronic” began to mean parking radars from any manufacturer. Other brands use different names: BMW and Audi in German simply call the system “parking assistance” - Parkassistent. Audi also uses the abbreviation APS, which stands for Audi Parkassistenzsysteme in German or Audi parking system in English.

There are many types of parking systems, differing mainly in the number and location of ultrasonic sensor emitters. The simplest systems use two sensors mounted on the rear bumper of the car. The system is activated when the driver engages reverse gear. The most common similar systems use 4 sensors located on the rear bumper at a distance of 30-40 cm from each other. This arrangement of the sensors eliminates the appearance of “dead zones”. In more complex systems 2 or 4 sensors are installed on the front bumper. The system warns you when you are approaching an obstacle when you press the brake pedal. Exceptional systems can use large quantity sensors, as well as sensors located on the sides of the car.

Operating principle

The system includes:

.the electronic unit

.ultrasonic sensor emitters

.indication devices (LCD display) and sound notification devices (buzzer)

The system operates on the principle of an echo sounder. The emitter sensor generates an ultrasonic (about 40 kHz) pulse and then perceives the signal reflected by surrounding objects. The electronic unit measures the time elapsed between the emission and reception of the reflected signal, and, taking the speed of sound in air as a constant, calculates the distance to the object. In this way, several sensors are interrogated in turn and, based on the information received, information is displayed on the display device and, if necessary, warning signals are sent using an audio warning device.

Application

Several years ago, parking radars were installed only on some versions of expensive cars, such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz. Now that the system components have become more affordable, parking radars are routinely installed by various manufacturers, including budget cars. In Russia, the AvtoVAZ plant installs a standard parking radar on Lada Priora cars in the Lux configuration. On almost any car that does not have a parking radar as standard, it can be installed as an additional option. Car enthusiasts who have some skills in car repair and maintenance, having purchased an installation kit in a store, can also independently install a similar system on their car.

Features of use

Although the system is designed to help the car enthusiast, you cannot rely on it completely. Regardless of the presence of the system, the driver is required to visually check that there are no obstacles before driving in any direction. Some objects cannot be detected by the parking radar due to the physical principles of operation, and some may cause false alarms of the system.

The parking radar may produce false signals in the following cases:

.Presence of ice, snow or other contaminants on the sensor.

.Being on a road with an uneven surface, unpaved surface, or with a slope.

.Driving over rough terrain.

.Presence of sources of increased noise within the range of the sensor.

.Work in heavy rain or snow conditions.

.Operation of radio transmitting devices within the range of the sensor.

.Towing a trailer.

.Parking in tight spaces (echo effect).

The system may not respond to the following items:

.Sharp or thin objects, such as chains, cables, thin posts.

.Objects that absorb ultrasonic radiation (clothing, porous materials, snow).

.Objects less than 1 meter high.

.Objects that reflect sound away from the sensors.

.The system cannot detect holes in the asphalt, open wells, scattered small sharp objects and other dangerous objects that are outside the field of view of the sensors.

5. Car alarm

acoustic car navigation parking

Car alarm - electronic device, installed in a car, designed to protect it from theft, theft of components of the vehicle or other things in the car.

Device

As a rule, it consists of a main unit, a transceiver (antenna), a key fob, a shock sensor, a service button and an LED indicator. Car alarms come with feedback, that is, the key fob pager informs about the condition of the car.

Anti-theft protection

A car alarm does not provide a 100% guarantee against theft, but it significantly reduces its attractiveness to petty car thieves. Some car alarm models can be connected to a GSM/GPRS module, with the ability to control alarm functions from a cell phone by sending SMS.

Dialogue code

Dialogue code is a special method of code-proofing car alarms. To identify the key fob, it uses authentication technology, widely known in cryptography, through an unsecured channel.

Having received the signal, the system makes sure that it was sent from “its” key fob, and this happens not just once, but in a dialogue. In response to the first signal, the system sends a request to the key fob in the form of a random number, which is processed by the key fob using a special algorithm and sent back. The alarm processes its message using the same algorithm, comparing the received response with its data. If they match, the command is executed and a confirmation is sent to the key fob.

The dialogue code provides additional protection against electronic hacking.

To hack car alarms, car thieves use a code grabber - a device that copies the codes of most existing car alarms. Thus, it hacks them. There are blacklists of car alarms on the Internet that can be opened by a code grabber. You can buy a code grabber online for 100 thousand rubles. It is sold for testing alarms in car repair shops and insurance companies. A diagram and description for assembling a code grabber can be downloaded from thematic resources.

Other functions

Alarms also come with auto start. Some models provide automatic start when the engine compartment temperature drops to a certain level and (or) at a certain time interval.

. Immobilizer

Immobilizer (from the English immobiliser - “immobilizer”)

A car immobilizer is a device that deprives a car of mobility. the main task immobilizer - to break one or more electrical circuits vital for the operation of the car and thus prevent theft.

The principle of operation of the immobilizer is the failure of the connection of the vehicle's electrical circuits in the most significant places - those that are responsible for connecting the electrical circuits of the starter, ignition, and engine. Thanks to this, the car is guaranteed to remain in its parking spot even if intruders get inside. Using additional devices, such as solenoid valves, may block the operation of non-electrical systems.

Turning the immobilizer on and off should only be accessible to the owner of the car. As a rule, an electronic code key is used for this purpose. Less common models with manual dialing code. Before starting the car, the owner must insert the code key into a special slot and turn off the immobilizer. In systems with manual code dialing, in order to turn off the immobilizer, you must enter the code set by the owner.

Another important feature of the immobilizer is that if it is destroyed or unauthorizedly switched off, the vehicle systems remain blocked.

All types of immobilizers have the function of automatically arming after a certain period of time during which no action was taken by the owner. This significantly reduces the possibility of theft in short periods of time when the owner of the car has gone somewhere without securing the car.

The immobilizer (standard) consists of three main parts. This:

.Control block. The control unit is the center from which signals are received to activate the entire system.

.Electromagnetic relays. With the help of electromagnetic relays, the connection sequence of electrical wiring circuits is actually broken in the event of unauthorized entry into the car.

.A key that is kept by the owner of the car. The control unit recognizes only the owner's key, and only the owner of the car can start it.

Thus, the differences between different types of immobilizers lie in the way these standard elements of the immobilizer system interact, for example, in the way the control unit communicates with the vehicle's electrical circuits and the key.

Conclusion

Information technologies are widely included in our lives and transport is no exception. Perhaps in the near future, electronics will replace all mechanical parts of the car. And they will work without driver participation.

List of used literature

1.Bodner V.A., Theory of automatic flight control, M., 1964.

.Handbook of Aviation Equipment (AiREO)

.Shebshaevich V.S., Dmitriev P.P., Ivantsev N.V. and etc.; edited by Shebshaevich V.S. Network satellite radio navigation systems. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional.. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1993. - 408 p. - ISBN 5-256-00174-4

.Kozlovsky E. The art of positioning // Around the world. - M.: 2006. - No. 12 (2795). - pp. 204-280.

.Sinelnikov A. X. Electronics in a car Sinelnikov A. X. 1986

.A. G. Khodasevich, T. I. Khodasevich Handbook on the design and repair of electronic devices of cars.

The current trend towards digital methods the creation, transmission, processing and storage of information leads to the widespread implementation of static and dynamic databases, the organization of telecommunications for access to information through terrestrial and satellite information channels. Accordingly, in logistics systems there is a transition to digital technologies in all areas of document flow, including the replacement of paper transportation documents with electronic ones. The integration of information flows and communication support in the transportation of goods has received a general name - telematics.

The introduction of information technologies and their integration based on telematics is being implemented in transport in several main areas. First of all, this is the active implementation and use of automated transport enterprise management systems. Managing any enterprise requires a high level of information content and analysis of the information received to form a management decision, therefore enterprises are implementing automated control systems (ACS) various levels for high-quality collection and processing of information about the activities of the enterprise. ASC is based on the integrated use of technical, mathematical, information and organizational means.

The basis of enterprise automated control systems are databases - electronic filing cabinets that allow you to maintain detailed structured records of all components of the enterprise's work. Using database management systems is the ability to deeply analyze the content of the information received, make selections, reports, statistical and mathematical calculations. In order for enterprise employees to access the database, a local branched computer network of the enterprise is created, through which each specialist can receive the information he needs and process it with the appropriate professional software (warehouse, accounting, financial transactions, personnel records, payroll and invoices, etc. ). To protect and preserve information, access to the ranking database - each of the network clients has clearly defined rights to use certain information, change it or copy it. Database information is stored on a special dedicated computer - a server, which has the appropriate software for working with client requests. On the working computers of enterprise specialists, in addition to the main DBMS, they can install additional programs, necessary for the work of a specialist, for example, an accounting program or a dispatch system for vehicles on the road. These programs can interact with the DBMS, or they can work autonomously. Automation of control based on local computer networks and databases, thanks to the presence of Internet access, implements information integration with all participants in the supply chain. The main consequences of the introduction of ASK are to improve the quality, speed and reliability of accounting and analysis of the work of the enterprise and structural divisions, individual employees; introduction of electronic document management, which also improves quality indicators; access to electronic interaction with other enterprises, customers, suppliers via Internet technologies. As a result, this results in an increase in the level of use of the rolling stock of a transport enterprise, optimization of its loading, reduction in costs for fuels and lubricants through the implementation of route optimization programs, and an increase in competitiveness and profitability.

Another direction of using ASC is the implementation of access to state, departmental and commercial information posted on the Internet. There are European and Ukrainian programs for providing access to both legal entities and individuals to any government information and document flow through computer terminals. The “Electronic Customs” program operates in Ukraine, which provides such access to all participants in foreign economic activity, allowing them to receive state and interstate information on the legislation and rules of foreign economic activity, create and submit electronic cargo declarations for crossing customs borders.

The next most widely implemented and used information technology in transport is vehicle monitoring, which is understood as monitoring the location and condition of vehicles, cargo or drivers based on on-board computer systems and GPS technologies. Through telecommunication channels, this information becomes available to transportation organizers and other participants in the logistics chain. This area of ​​using information technology in transport can significantly improve transportation safety, the quality of the logistics channel, and the efficiency of transport operations. Effective dispatching of planned transportation is ensured, since the dispatcher can control at any time where the vehicle is located, its speed, the condition of the engine, cargo, amount of fuel, etc. If necessary, the vehicle can be redirected for additional loading or return loading. When a vehicle breaks down, information about its condition allows you to take optimal solution for repairs or referral of another vehicle. Modern vehicles are increasingly saturated with electronic subsystems to increase their efficiency, traffic safety, improve the driver’s working conditions, ensure the safety of the vehicle and cargo, and communications enable transmission real mode time this information to the dispatch services of carriers or the relevant road services. If cargo is damaged or deliberately taken, modern telematics tools make it possible to raise the alarm, call emergency services, etc. Increasing the carrier’s information about the status of the planned task, the condition of the vehicle and the cargo increases the reliability and quality of transportation and, accordingly, affects the competitiveness of those carriers that implement modern information technologies. According to many research results, it has been proven that the introduction of modern information technologies gives a carrier company greater profits than purchasing a new car.

Vehicle monitoring is not effective without the use of modern communication tools. Communication tools are based on advances in low-frequency radiotelephony, satellite communications and videographic information processing technologies. New technologies are also widely used, such as: national and regional cellular networks for the transmission of verbal and digital information; satellite communication systems for information transmission and global positioning. As a basic network technology in transport logistics, preference is given to the Internet system, which is distinguished by its relatively low cost, ease of operation, openness to use and coordination of transportation by all modes of transport. Widely used global mobile connection "tube-tube", which is provided by low-orbit satellites of the Global Star system. New directions for the development of logistics are associated with mobile control distribution methodologies based on network WAP technologies (t-logistics), resource support for the life cycle of goods based on CALS technologies.

Another direction of introducing information technologies in transport is the use of electronic logistics. Electronic logistics is the management of electronic information flows arising in the supply chains of goods in order to optimize them. Increasing the efficiency of logistics systems is achieved through fast transfer information regarding logistics operations, its processing while reducing the amount of paper, reducing errors in data entry. The basis of electronic logistics are international standards for coding methods of logistics units and corresponding reading. The coordinator of the process of developing and managing e-logistics standards is the international organization GSI (global information system) and its national representative offices. Using the standard allows trading partners from different countries to exchange information electronically. Of all the e-logistics areas being developed by GS1, the most widely used is coding, which provides automatic identification of cargo. According to the coding method, they distinguish line and radio frequency.

The strategic goal of coding is to minimize human participation in product supply chains. This will be achieved by replacing all transactions with codes (shipments, invoices, product returns, etc.). Coding tools provide marking, which means the application of special signs, inscriptions on vehicles, cargo or containers. The choice of marking means depends on its purpose, application location and reading means. There are several types of markings.

Commodity - affixed by the manufacturer to indicate the type of product and the name of the manufacturer.

Freight - in which the name of the points of departure of the goods and destination, the sender and recipient of the goods are indicated. The mass or volume of the cargo may be indicated.

Transport - in which the number of places in the consignment and the number of the shipping document are indicated.

Special - where special instructions are given regarding the requirements for transportation and storage of goods using conventional international marks.

The most common type of coding today is barcoding. A barcode consists of a series of parallel bars of varying thickness and with varying spaces between them. This ensures that the data is encoded into digital characters. An electronic scanning device performs automatic or semi-automatic scanning, during which encoded data is decoded into a format that is understandable by a computer system. Barcoding provides high speed processing of cargo documents. The use of barcodes is a mandatory element of logistics and reflects modern methods and technologies for the delivery of goods - integration of supply, production and distribution systems, storage based on computerized accounting systems and management of information about material flows.

At the same time, the development of information technology opens up the possibility of switching to a new, more technologically advanced coding method - radio frequency. With this coding technology, coding is performed on a microchip (chip), which is attached to the product, container or vehicle. Recording and reading information from microchip microprocessors occurs contactlessly over a considerable distance and at high speed, automatically. The capabilities of a microchip are much wider in terms of the volume and content of information encoded in it compared to bar coding. Modern flash methods for reprogramming processors make it possible to repeatedly rewrite some information when moving and processing products, while maintaining constant information.

Efforts are being made to reduce transport downtime at the borders of the European Union on the basis of electronic document management technology "Green Custom", based on elements of electronic logistics. It is known that the delay of railway cars has decreased significantly due to the introduction of electronic logistics.

An area of ​​information technology in transport such as control automation is actively developing. traffic. An increase in the number of cars on the roads, volumes and speeds of traffic flows requires increasing the efficiency of traffic control and management. Telematics tools allow you to control the speed of vehicles, the density of traffic flows, control traffic lights taking into account the road situation, redistribute traffic flows depending on road conditions, and the like. For example, telematics-based information integration is being widely implemented to control the trans-European movement of goods. Today, the movement of goods by thousands of trucks is controlled by satellite systems. In Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands they use satellite monitoring of the loading of high-speed toll highways and zero-speed toll calculations. Programs for fully automated vehicle control are being tested on selected sections of city roads and highways. In the near future, within the framework of telematics, systems of automatic dialogue between on-board systems and traffic control systems, and direct dialogue between on-board systems of vehicles in traffic flow, will be introduced.

All these given information media and technologies increase the efficiency of managing the transportation process at all technological stages. On transport for widespread implementation of the specified information technologies you need:

Build a database with normative reference and operational information, necessary for solving problems of automating cargo and commercial operations, tracking and searching for cargo;

Develop uniform standards for on-board monitoring and telecommunications; - Introduce a unified coding system for cargo, all types of transport, shippers and recipients and apply them to a unit of transport in a way that is easy to read;

Introduce technical means of retrieving information from rolling stock and automatically entering it into databases.

As a result of the introduction of these technologies, we will obtain the ability to interact between various types of technical and software components of information systems, the elimination of intermediate links through the integration of information flows, the globalization of logistics systems, the gradual merging of various flow processes within the framework of a global system for the exchange of material, energy, financial and information flows ( convergence) (Fig. 2.5).

Figure 2.5 - Structure of interaction of information trends

An integrative direction in the use of digital information technologies will be the dissemination of ideology CALS technologies in logistics systems. CALS technologies (Computer-Aided Logistics Support) are integrated logistics support for the product life cycle, primarily vehicles, large household devices, production equipment. CALS technology is one of the basic goals of integrated logistics. CALS technology consists of systems for integrated digital support for the production of goods and integrated logistics support for the product. Integrated logistics support (ILS) - information support of business processes at all stages of production and operation, primarily implemented in transport. Information support for the product life cycle includes: product design, production, operation and disposal. As part of the globalization of technology and information, CALS technology moves from narrow specialized technologies to the global global level, becoming an element of logistics. The ILP system solves the following problems:

Logistics analysis at the design stage;

Creation of electronic technical documentation for the purchase, supply, introduction, operation, service, repair of products;

Creation and maintenance of electronic dossiers for product operation;

Use of standardized processes for the delivery of products and logistics;

Creation of electronic networks for information support of logistics processes;

Usage standard solutions when codifying products and supplies;

Creation and use of systems for planning and monitoring resource requirements, generating requests for resources and managing supply contracts.

The ILS model is a set of processes, organizational and technical activities performed at all stages of the product life cycle.

CALS technologies contribute to expanding the scope of use of logistics in transport, namely:

The activities of the transport enterprise are expanding through cooperation with enterprises in other industries;

Cooperation between participants in the logistics process extends to both components and finished products;

The efficiency of activities increases due to information prepared by an adjacent partner in the chain;

Increased transparency and controllability of business processes, their analysis and reengineering based on functional models;

Product quality is guaranteed at no additional cost.

To implement CALS technology you need:

Availability of modern data transmission infrastructure

Introduction of the concept " electronic document"as an object of activity;

Reforming (reengineering) of business processes and implementation of electronic digital signatures;

Creation of a system of standards - functional (interaction of networks), software architecture, information (data model), communication.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSPORT

In ASOUP (or in EMPP) by channels information communications There is a transfer of telegram-nature sheets (TGNL), which are compiled by the operator of the station technology center using a computer as part of one of the tasks of the automated control system for the marshalling yard (ASCS).

In the task you need to do:

· Calculation of the final part of the full-scale train sheet;

· Analysis of one official and three informational phrases, identification and description of errors made in them;

· For car numbers in selected information phrases, calculation of the control character (if the number is seven-digit) or control of the correctness of the number transmission (if the number is eight-digit);

· For all station codes in the selected service and information phrases, calculating control characters (if the code is four-digit) or checking the correct transmission of the code (if it is five-digit);

· For all cargo codes in selected information phrases, calculation of the sixth control character;

First of all, it is necessary to select TGNL for subsequent processing based on the last digit of the training cipher.

The remaining input data is selected as follows:

· According to the penultimate and last digits of the training code, the number of the conditional option;

· By this number the analyzed service phrase (message 02);

· Using the same number, the numbers of the analyzed phrases;

· Actually informational phrases.

Service and informational phrases should be written down in a notebook in accordance with the form of the information layout.

Table No. 1

Error code	Nature of the error
	The structure of the service phrase is broken
	Discrepancy between the point of information transfer and the point of completion of the operation (train formation)
	Identical station of destination and formation of the train
	The message contains an incorrect calendar date (day, month) or time (hour, minute)
	The sign of writing off the composition is incorrectly indicated (indicate: 1 - the composition is written off from the head, 2 - from the tail)
	The structure of the information phrase is broken
	The weight of the cargo in the carriage exceeds the permissible carrying capacity
	The weight of the cargo is indicated in the absence of a destination station for the car
	Information about roller bearings is incorrect (indicated as 0, 1, 2, 3)

List of detected errors in the service phrase.

107 - discrepancy between the information transfer point and the train formation point.

102 - the structure is broken, the composition number must be indicated in a two-digit format.

123 - the message contains the wrong time (hours).

List of detected errors in the information phrase.

When transmitting data in automated information systems in railway transport, a high degree of information reliability must be ensured. Errors can occur at the stages of registration, preparation, transmission and processing of information due to operator errors, interference, computer failures, etc.

To ensure the reliability of information, program-logical control methods are widely used. In ASUZhT, modular protection is used to protect train index codes, car numbers, and ESR codes. The controlled details are supplemented with a control number (sign), which is determined in advance according to a certain formula. It also controls the props. If the check number does not match during verification, this indicates an error.

Since 1985, domestic railways have adopted a rolling stock numbering system of eight characters (the eighth character is control), railway station coding of five characters (fifth is control) and cargo coding of six characters (sixth is control).

To calculate the control sign of rolling stock, the modulo 10 method is used: each digit of the number located on a non-black, counting from the left, place is multiplied by 2, on an even number - by 1; then all the digits of the resulting series are summed up; the check sign is calculated - a figure that complements the resulting amount to the nearest number that is a multiple of 10.

When checking the correctness of reading the number of a rolling stock unit, a similar calculation is carried out. The eighth digit is involved, multiplied by one. If the received amount is a multiple of 10, the number was transmitted correctly, otherwise it contains an error.

The modulo 10 method allows you to detect all errors caused by the distortion of one digit of the code, and most of the double errors (from the rearrangement of adjacent digits). However, for station and cargo codes, the specified accuracy is not enough, and it is considered advisable to use a more noise-resistant modulo 11 code. In this case, each digit of the ECP code is multiplied by the digit number (1, 2, 3, 4), read from the left; all numbers of the series thus obtained are summed up; The remainder is calculated when the resulting amount is divided by 11.

If the sum of the numbers is less than 11, or the remainder of the division is 10, you should recalculate by multiplying each digit of the ECP code by (3, 4, 5, 6), reading from the left. The check sign will be the remainder of dividing the new amount by 11. If the remainder is again equal to 10, the check sign is accepted equal to zero. If the digit sum after recalculation is again less than 11, then the value of the digit sum according to the first calculation is taken as a control sign.

the digit sum after recalculation is again less than 11, then the value of the sub-digit sum according to the first calculation is taken as a control sign.

The calculation of control characters for cargo codes from information phrases is carried out according to the same rules as for stations, however, a fifth digit is added in the weight series (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

Analyzed service phrases (messages 02)

Message code

Information transfer point code

Train no.

Train index

Sign of cheating

Train departure

Conditional length

Gross weight

Cover code

Oversize index

Mark on animals

Route mark

Formation station code

Composition number

Destination station code

Analyzed information phrases

Calculation and verification of control marks

Cars

Car number
Weight coefficient

40-35=5 - correct car number 83390575

30-29=1 - correct car number 61737771

Stations

19/11 - stop. 8 - counter. sign.

The full station code is 19008.

27/11 - stop. 5 - counter. true sign

Weight coefficient

41/11 - stop. 8 - the control sign is correct.

Problem 2

Based on the needs of the technological process at a cargo or marshalling station in personal computers and peripheral devices, as well as the necessary computer network stations:

b Justify the location of workstations;

b Describe what application problems the LAN will be used to solve;

b Select the LAN type (centralized or peer-to-peer);

The number of workstations (automated workstations for station personnel) is 2+9=11. Station type - freight.

1). The range of workers at whose workplaces automated automated systems can be installed:

6. STC-1 (arrival))

7. STC (write-off post)

9. Transceiver.

11. Act-claims group

I. For DS, DSZ, DSTs, DSP, DSPG, STC-1, STC-2, STC PS, acceptance and delivery person, PKO, PTO, act-claims group, VOHR are installed at the workplaces of the TST automated workplace.

II. For DS, DSZ, DSC, the OSCAR-M program (operational system for monitoring and analysis of operational work) is installed at the workplace.

III. For TVK, a traffic control workstation is installed at the workplace (preparation of transported groups).

2). Functions automated in every workstation.

DS - station manager.

Monitoring the performance of train and freight work by the station in accordance with plans and tasks for transportation, loading, unloading and downtime of cars (viewing output forms and station reporting DU-3, DO-6, DO-2, loading/unloading certificates 2190, 2001 , 5083, etc.).

DSZ - deputy station manager for operational work.

Function - operational work, monitoring the station's performance of train work, drawing up shift and daily station work plans. Monitoring the execution of train formation. Viewing and analysis of output forms and station reports DU-3, DO-15, DU-11, DU-4, balance journal of train arrivals/departures).

DSC - operational management of shift work, control over the implementation of daily shift plans, processing of trains and cars according to the technical process, shunting work on the disbandment/formation of trains in accordance with the plan for the formation of PTE, IDP, supply/removal of cars onto access tracks.

Together with the train dispatcher and DNCO, they plan the station’s operation by hourly periods. Provides a reduction in interoperational intervals and the total time spent by cars at the station.

DSP - duty officer at the station, park. Manages the reception and departure of trains in the park, shunting movements. Forms trains in accordance with PTE and IDP. Issues warnings for DU-61 trains, performs shunting work to cordon/couple cars to trains. Creates messages: 200, 201, 209, 206; requesting certificates DU-61 (355), maintaining a log DU-3 (arrival, departure of trains by directions).

DSPG - duty officer at the hump. Functions - TNGL request, drawing up a sorting list, disbanding cars, disbanding trains (message 203). Analysis of the accumulation of cars in the marshalling yard. Draws up a message about shunting rearrangements of cars (2866) in the fleet. Sorting and selection of cars by destination.

STC-1 receives, processes and transmits nomenclature information about trains and cargo, which is used in the process of processing trains. They process documents for arriving and departing trains. They compile full-scale train lists, NPP, formation of trains (02), selection of documents for cars in the formation, approval, adjustment of data on the train, accounting for downtime and monitoring the timely departure of cars from the station (request for certificates 213, 217, 7101).

STC - write-off post - to check the accuracy of information about the inventory numbers of cars and the quantitative components of trains arriving at the station, as well as groups of cars being removed from the train tracks.

TVK - commodity cashier. Functions - monitoring the implementation of the loading plan at the station. Registration of transportation documents for sent and arrived cargo, redirection, delivery of cargo, settlement of transportation payments with shippers and consignees. Filling out applications in the automated workplace PPD, GU-12 (requesting certificates 7777, 2190, 2001, processing messages 410, 253, 251, 256, processing reports GU-3, KOO-4).

Transceiver. Functions for sending delivery/cleaning reminders for wagons to access roads and public areas for loading or idle wagons. We prepare and manage VU-14, prepare wagon sheets (GU-38) for loaded wagons.

VET - carriage facilities, train inspectors. Functions: technical inspection of wagon trains, fencing. Registration of acts VU-23, VU 25, VU-36 for uncorrected cars or determination of suitability. Preparation of work orders for repairs. Request for information about the presence of faulty cars at the current moment (issue messages 1352,1354, certificates VU-23, VU-26, VU-45, test the brakes). Maintaining an autonomous journal based on the results of the work of the technical department shift. Information on carrying capacity 1367, latest repairs, passport data on cars 4618,2651.

Act-claims group. Registration of claims reports drawn up at the station. Preparation of materials for the station manager to investigate cases of unsafe cargo according to commercial acts and operational reports; maintaining records and reporting on claims. Prepares applications for the search for cargo and requests from other stations (viewing/requesting certificates 213,217,2790, archive of cars in the TST automated workplace program).

3). Selecting the LAN type.

The most convenient are local networks with centralized management, which provide for a second file server (application server). In networks with centralized control, workers differ depending on the volume and nature of the information processed. They are characterized by more convenient interfaces with a visual representation of information about the state of the tracks, decomposition of trains from any composition. The automated workplace allows you to solve non-specific problems. The centrally managed network is connected to the railway data network (RDN) through a Cisco device.

The type of workstation depends on the tasks solved on the installed workstation. Workstation that actively works with the database should be more powerful. To support WINDOWS NT, 32 MB of RAM is required.

In addition to system units and monitors, it is necessary to provide an uninterruptible power supply (one per server or one per two servers), printers at the appropriate workstations and network adapters to connect the PC to the local network (32-bit adapters provide higher information transfer speeds).

When calculating the approximate cost of a set of technical means for building a local network at a station, we assume the distance between workstations and servers is approximately 300 m. In real conditions, it is necessary to calculate this distance using a large-scale diagram of the station.

When calculating, we take into account that for 1 workstation The server can allocate up to 1 MB of RAM, and for its own purposes the server uses at least 8 MB of RAM. When working with large databases, the server may require additional resources (up to 20 MB of RAM).

The economic calculation is made in the table:

Station type - freight

Number of workstations - 11

Number of servers - 1

Number of printers - 11

Estimated cost of technical equipment when building a LAN.

Technical means		Price (cu)	Price
File server
PENTIUM IY 2000/512/120
Work station
PENTIUM 1200/512/80
switch
HUB 24 port 3 COM
Network adapters
Uninterruptable power source
BackUPS-1000 B/A

List of used literature.

1. Information technologies in railway transport:

Uches. For universities of railway transport / E.K. Letsky, V.I. Pankratov, V.V. Yakovlev and others; Ed. E.K. Letsky. - M.: UMK Ministry of Railways of Russia, 2001

2. Tishkin E.M. Automation of car fleet management. - M.: Intext, 2000

3. Gershwald A.S. Optimization of operational management of the process of freight transportation by rail. - M.: Intext, 2001

4. Tulupov L.P., Zhukovsky E.M., Gusyatiner A.M. Automated systems for operational transportation management. - M.: Transport, 1990

5. Avetikyan M.A., Polukarov A.F., Fefelov A.M. Station Technology Center. Directory. - M.: Transport, 1994

6. Buyanov V.A., Ratin G.S. Automated information systems in railway transport. - M.: Transport, 1984.