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The main types of cables and connectors used in the construction of local networks. What equipment is needed to create a local network. How to determine the characteristics of an integrated network card

Belarusian State University

Informatics and Radioelectronics

Department of Information and Computer Systems Design

Lab report #1

"LAN Hardware and Equipment"

Done: Checked:

Goal of the work: become familiar with basic LAN hardware and equipment.

Progress:

1. What types of cables are used to create a LAN?

Coaxial (thick/thin Ethernet), twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable (singlemode/multimode).

2. What is coaxial cable?

Coaxial cable is an electrical cable consisting of a coaxially located central conductor and screen.

3. What types of coaxial cables do you know?

Thick and thin Ethernet.

4. What is Thin Ethernet and what is it used for?

Thin Ethernet is much more widespread than its “thick” counterpart. Its principle of use is the same, but due to the flexibility of the cable it can be connected directly to the network card. To connect the cable, BNC (bayonet nut connector) connectors are used, installed on the cable itself, and T-connectors, which are used to route the signal from the cable to the network card. BNC connectors are either crimped or dismountable.

5. What is Thick Ethernet and what is it used for?

Thick Ethernet is laid around the perimeter of a room or building, and 50-ohm terminators are installed at its ends.

Due to its thickness and rigidity, the cable cannot connect directly to the network card. Therefore, adapters are installed on the cable - “vampires” - special devices that pierce the cable sheath and connect to its braid and central core. “Vampire” sits so firmly on the cable that after installation it cannot be removed without a special tool. A transceiver is connected to the “vampire” - a device that matches the network card and cable. Finally, a flexible cable with 15-pin connectors on both ends is connected to the transceiver - the other end is connected to the AUI (attachment unit interface) connector on the network card.

All these difficulties were justified by only one thing - the permissible maximum length of a “thick” coaxial cable is 500 meters. Accordingly, one such cable can serve a much larger area than a “thin” cable, the maximum allowable length of which is 185 meters. With some imagination, you can imagine that a “thick” coaxial cable is an Ethernet hub distributed in space, only completely passive and not requiring power.

It has no other advantages. The disadvantages include: the high cost of the cable itself, the need to use special devices for installation, inconvenient installation, etc. This gradually led to the fact that “thick Ethernet” slowly but surely disappeared from the scene, and is currently used in few places.

6. What is the difference between UTP and STP cables?

7. What is a “T-connector”?

T-connector – a connector used to route the cable signal to the network card.

8. What is a patch panel?

The patch panel is a group of RJ-45 outlets mounted on a 19-inch wide plate. This standard size for universal communication cabinets - racks.

9. What types of twisted pair connectors do you know?

S110 – the general name of connectors for connecting a cable to a universal cross-connect “110” or switching between inputs on a cross-connect;

RJ-11 and RJ-12 are six-pin connectors. RJ-11 is used in general-purpose telephony. RJ-12 is used in telephone sets, designed to work with office mini-PBXs.

10. What is the color sequence for the “computer-hub” connection type?

Direct crimp (computer-hub connection):

6-green; white-green-3

5-white-blue; blue-4

4-blue; white-blue-5

3-white-green; green-6

11. What is the color sequence for the computer-to-computer connection type?

Oblique crimp (computer-to-computer or hub-to-hub connection):

8-brown; white-orange-1 7-white-brown; orange-2

6-green; white-green-3

5-white-blue; blue-4

4-blue; white-blue-5

3-white-green; green-6

2-orange; white-brown-7

1-white-orange; brown-8

12. What is the difference between “computer-to-hub” and “computer-to-computer” connections?

"computer-hub" direct crimping is used

"computer-to-computer" oblique crimping is used

13. How will incorrect arrangement of the color sequence of contacts affect the operation of devices?

If the wiring is incorrect, in addition to the lack of correspondence to the contact numbers at the ends of the cable, which is easily detected using a simple tester, a more unpleasant thing is possible - the appearance of “spirited pairs”. To identify such a defect, a conventional tester is not enough, since electrical contact between the corresponding contacts at the ends of the cable is ensured and everything seems to be normal. But such a cable will not be able to provide normal connection quality even in a 10-megabit network

at a distance of more than 40 - 50 meters.

14. What is the name of the device for stripping and crimping connectors?

A special tool is used, the cutting blade of which protrudes exactly to the thickness of the outer insulation. It's called "Crimper".

15. Fiber optic cables are...?

Fiber optic cables– the most promising and fastest-performing signal propagation medium for local networks and telephony. In local networks, fiber optic cables are used to operate over the ATM and FDDI protocols.

16. How do fiber optic cables work?

Optical fiber, as its name implies, transmits signals using pulses of light radiation. Semiconductor lasers and LEDs are used as light sources. Optical fiber is divided into single-mode and multimode.

17. What types of fiber optic cables do you know?

Optical fiber is divided into singlemode and multimode.

18. Advantages, disadvantages and scope of single-mode optical fiber.

Singlemode fiber very thin, its diameter is about 10 microns. Thanks to this, the light pulse passing through the fiber is less often reflected from its inner surface, which ensures less attenuation. Accordingly, single-mode fiber provides longer range without the use of repeaters. Theoretical throughput single-mode fiber is 10 Gbit/s. Its main disadvantages are high cost and high complexity of installation. Single-mode fiber is mainly used in telephony.

19. Advantages, disadvantages and scope of multimode optical fiber.

Multimode fiber has a larger diameter - 50 or 62.5 microns. This type of optical fiber is most often used in computer networks. The higher attenuation in multimode fiber is due to the higher dispersion of light in it, due to which its throughput is significantly lower - theoretically it is 2.5 Gbps. Special connectors are used to connect the optical cable to active equipment. The most common connectors are SC and ST types.

20. What type of cable is best to use for a “home network” where the number of computers does not exceed 30?

Category 5 twisted pair cable. Because We have a home network, then in terms of price/quality ratio the priority will be to use twisted pair, since fiber optics will be more expensive and not as the best option, and Ethernet will not be as fast and convenient to use.

21. What is the main advantage of a structured cabling system?

A structured cabling system built on Category 5 twisted pair cable is very flexible in use. Its idea is as follows: at least two (three recommended) four-pair RJ-45 sockets are installed at each workplace. Each of them is connected with a separate category 5 cable to a cross-connect or patch panel installed in a special room - the server room. Cables from all workplaces are brought into this room, as well as city telephone inputs, dedicated lines for connecting to global networks, etc. Naturally, servers are installed in the premises, as well as office PBX, alarm systems and other communication equipment.

Due to the fact that the cables from all workplaces are routed to a common

No, any socket can be used both to connect a workplace to a LAN, and for telephony, or anything else at all.

22. Why is color coding of wires used in UTP cables?

For comfort. So that when connecting into patch cords from different sides of the cable, it is easier to correctly connect the twisted pair wires.

Conclusion: during laboratory work Theoretical material was studied, and answers to control questions were given.

During the development of local networks, quite a lot of types of cables have appeared, and all of them are the result of increasingly complex standards requirements. Some of them are already a thing of the past, and some are just beginning to be used, and thanks to them, it has become possible to achieve the high data transfer speed that we need so much.

In today's article I will talk about the main types of cables and connectors that have become widespread in the construction of wired local networks.

1)Coaxial cable is one of the first conductors used to create networks. Coaxial cable consists of a central conductor encased in thick insulation, a copper or aluminum braid, and an outer insulating sheath.

To work with coaxial cable, several connectors of different types are used:

  • -BNC connector. Installed at the ends of the cable and used to connect to the T-connector and barrel connector.
  • -BNC T-connector. It is a kind of tee that is used to connect a computer to the main line. Its design contains three connectors at once, one of which is connected to the connector on the network card, and the other two are used to connect the two ends of the trunk.
  • -BNC barrel connector. With its help, you can connect the broken ends of the trunk or sharpen part of the cable to increase the radius of the network and connect additional computers and other network devices.
  • -BNC terminator. It is a kind of stub that blocks further propagation of the signal. Without it, the functioning of a network based on coaxial cable is impossible. A total of two terminators are required, one of which must be grounded.

Coaxial cable is quite susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Its use in local computer networks has long been abandoned.

Coaxial cable has become mainly used to transmit signals from satellite dishes and other antennas. The coaxial cable received a second life as a backbone conductor of high-speed networks that combine the transmission of digital and analog signals, for example, cable television networks.

2) Twisted pair is currently the most common cable for building local networks. The cable consists of pairs of intertwined copper insulated conductors. A typical cable has 8 conductors (4 pairs), although cables with 4 conductors (2 pairs) are also available. The colors of the internal insulation of conductors are strictly standard. The distance between devices connected by twisted pair cable should not exceed 100 meters.

Depending on the presence of protection - an electrically grounded copper braid or aluminum foil around the twisted pairs, there are types of twisted pair:

  • -Unshielded twisted pair (UTP, unprotected twisted pair). Apart from conductors with their own plastic protection, no additional braids or grounding wires are used:
  • -Foiled twisted pair (F/UTP, foil twisted pair). All pairs of conductors of this cable have shared screen from foil:
  • -Shielded twisted pair (STP, protected twisted pair). In a cable of this type, each pair has its own braided shielding, and there is also a common mesh screen for all:
  • -Screened Foiled twisted pair (S/FTP, foil shielded twisted pair). Each pair of this cable is in its own foil braid, and all pairs are placed in a copper shield:
  • -Screened Foiled Unshielded twisted pair (SF/UTP, unprotected shielded twisted pair). Characterized by a double shield of copper braid and foil braid:

There are several categories of twisted pair cables, which are labeled CAT1 to CAT7. The higher the category, the more high quality cable and the better indicators it has. In local computer networks Ethernet standard Category 5 (CAT5) twisted pair cable with a frequency band of 100 MHz is used. When laying new networks, it is advisable to use an improved CAT5e cable with a frequency band of 125 MHz, which better transmits high-frequency signals.

To work with a twisted pair cable, an 8P8C (8 Position 8 Contact) connector, called RJ-45, is used.

3) Fiber optic cable is the most modern data transmission medium. It contains several flexible glass light guides protected by heavy plastic insulation. The data transfer speed over optical fiber is extremely high, and the cable is absolutely free from interference. The distance between systems connected by optical fiber can reach 100 kilometers.

There are two main types of fiber optic cable - single-mode and multi-mode. The main differences between these types relate to different modes passage of light rays in the cable. To crimp a fiber optic cable, many connectors and connectors of different designs and reliability are used, among which the most popular are SC, ST, FC, LC, MU, F-3000, E-2000, FJ, etc.: The use of fiber optics in local networks is limited by two factors. Although the optical cable itself is relatively inexpensive, prices for adapters and other equipment for fiber optic networks are quite high. Installation and repair of fiber optic networks requires high qualifications, and cable termination requires expensive equipment. Therefore, fiber optic cable is mainly used to connect segments large networks, high-speed Internet access (for providers and large companies) and data transmission over long distances.

In wired local networks, a special cable called “twisted pair” is used to transmit signals. It is called that because it consists of four pairs of copper strands twisted together, which reduces interference from various sources.

Figure 2 - Twisted pair

In addition, the twisted pair has a common external dense insulation made of polyvinyl chloride, which is also very little susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Moreover, on sale you can find both an unshielded version of the UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable and shielded varieties that have additional screen from foil - either common for all pairs (FTP - Foiled Twisted Pair), or for each pair separately (STP - Shielded Twisted Pair).

Using a modified twisted pair cable with a screen (FTP or STP) at home only makes sense when there is high interference or to achieve maximum speeds with a very long cable length, which should preferably not exceed 100 m. In other cases, a cheaper unshielded UTP cable, which can be found, will do at any computer store.

Twisted pair cable is divided into several categories, which are marked from CAT1 to CAT7. But you shouldn’t be immediately afraid of such diversity, since for building home and office computer networks Mostly unshielded cable CAT5 or its slightly improved version CAT5e is used. In some cases, for example, when the network is laid in rooms with large electromagnetic interference, you can use a sixth category cable (CAT6), which has a common foil screen. All of the categories described above are capable of providing data transmission at speeds of 100 Mbit/s when using two pairs of cores, and 1000 Mbit/s when using all four pairs.

Crimping schemes and types of network cable (twisted pair)

Twisted pair crimping is the process of attaching special connectors to the ends of a cable, which use 8-pin 8P8C connectors, which are usually called RJ-45 (although this is somewhat misleading). In this case, the connectors can be either unshielded for UTP cables or shielded for FTP or STP cables.

Figure 3 - Connectors

Avoid purchasing so-called plug-in connectors. They are designed for use with soft stranded cables and require some skill to install.

To lay the wires, 8 small grooves are cut inside the connector (one for each core), above which metal contacts are located at the end. If you hold the connector with the contacts up and the latch towards you, then the first contact will be on the left, and the eighth on the right. Pin numbering is important in the crimping procedure, so remember this.

There are two main schemes for distributing wires inside connectors: EIA/TIA-568A and EIA/TIA-568B.

Figure 4 - Network cable

When using the EIA/TIA-568A circuit, wires from pins one through eight are laid out in the following order: White-Green, Green, White-Orange, Blue, White-Blue, Orange, White-Brown, and Brown. In the EIA/TIA-568B circuit, the wires go like this: White-Orange, Orange, White-Green, Blue, White-Blue, Green, White-Brown and Brown.

For the manufacture of network cables used for connecting computer devices and network equipment in various combinations, two main cable crimping options are used: straight and crossover (crossover). Using the first, most common option, cables are made that are used to connect the network interface of a computer and other client devices to switches or routers, as well as connect modern network equipment to each other. The second, less common option is used to make a crossover cable, which allows you to directly connect two computers through network cards, without the use of switching equipment. You may also need a crossover cable to connect old switches into a network via up-link ports. computer software network

To make a straight network cable, you need to crimp both ends in the same way. In this case, you can use either option 568A or 568B (used much more often).

Figure 5 - Crimping procedure for straight cable (1 Gbit/s)

It is worth noting that to make a straight network cable it is not at all necessary to use all four pairs - two will be enough. In this case, using one twisted pair cable, you can connect two computers to the network at once. Thus, if high local traffic, the consumption of wires for building a network can be halved. However, keep in mind that at the same time, maximum speed data exchange on such a cable will drop 10 times - from 1 Gbit/s to 100 Mbit/s.

Figure 6 - Procedure for crimping a straight cable (100 Mbit/s).

As can be seen from the figure, in in this example Orange and Green pairs are used. To crimp the second connector, the place of the Orange pair is taken by Brown, and the place of Green by Blue. In this case, the connection diagram to the contacts is preserved.

To make a crossover cable, one end must be crimped according to scheme 568A, and the other - according to scheme 568B.

Figure 7 - Procedure for crimping a crossover cable (100 Mbit/s)

Unlike a straight cable, all 8 cores must always be used to make a crossover. At the same time, a crossover cable for data exchange between computers at speeds of up to 1000 Mbit/s is manufactured in a special way.

Figure 8 - Crimping procedure for crossover cable (1 Gbit/s)

One end of it is crimped according to the EIA/TIA-568B scheme, and the other has the following sequence: White-green, Green, White-orange, White-brown, Brown, Orange, Blue, White-blue. Thus, we see that in circuit 568A the Blue and Brown pairs have swapped places while maintaining the sequence.

Finishing the conversation about circuits, let's summarize: by crimping both ends of the cable according to the 568V circuit (2 or 4 pairs), we get a direct cable for connecting the computer to a switch or router. By crimping one end according to circuit 568A and the other according to circuit 568B, we get a crossover cable for connecting two computers without switching equipment. A special feature is the production of gigabit crossover cable, where a special circuit is required.

Crimping a network cable (twisted pair)

For the cable crimping procedure itself, we will need a special crimping tool called a crimper. The crimper is a pliers with several working areas.

Figure 9 - Crimping scissors

In most cases, knives for cutting twisted pair wires are placed closer to the tool handles. Here, in some modifications, you can find a special recess for stripping the outer insulation of the cable. Further, in the center of the working area, there are one or two sockets for crimping network (marking 8P) and telephone (marking 6P) cables.

Before crimping the connectors, cut a piece of cable of the required length at a right angle. Then, on each side, remove the common outer insulating sheath by 25-30 mm. At the same time, do not damage the own insulation of the conductors located inside the twisted pair.

Next, we begin the process of sorting the cores by color, according to the selected crimping pattern. To do this, unravel and straighten the wires, then arrange them in a row in in the right order, pressing tightly together, and then trim the ends with a crimper knife, leaving approximately 12-13 mm from the edge of the insulation.

Figure 10 - Cable

Now we carefully place the connector on the cable, making sure that the wires do not get mixed up and that each of them fits into its own channel. Push the wires all the way until they rest against the front wall of the connector. With the correct length of the ends of the conductors, they should all fit into the connector all the way, and the insulating sheath must be inside the housing. If this is not the case, then remove the wires and shorten them somewhat.

Figure 11 - Correct and incorrect crimping.

After you have placed the connector on the cable, all that remains is to fix it there. To do this, insert the connector into the corresponding socket located on the crimping tool and smoothly squeeze the handles until they stop.

Of course, it’s good when you have a crimper at home, but what if you don’t have one, but you really need to crimp the cable? It is clear that you can remove the outer insulation with a knife, and use ordinary wire cutters to trim the cores, but what about the crimping itself? In exceptional cases, you can use a narrow screwdriver or the same knife for this.

Place a screwdriver on top of the contact and press it so that the teeth of the contact cut into the conductor. It is clear that this procedure must be done with all eight contacts. Finally, push the central cross section to secure it in the cable insulation connector.

And finally, I’ll give you a little advice: Before crimping the cable and connectors for the first time, buy with a reserve, since not everyone can perform this procedure well the first time.

The modern world is trying its best to get rid of wires, and only a small indication of this is the emergence of wireless headphones and chargers. As for the functioning of computer networks, data transmission technologies via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are trying to replace wires. We don’t argue, in the future we will probably be able to completely do without all kinds of cables, but for now wireless transmission data communication is in many ways inferior to wired: it is more susceptible to interference, has a smaller radius and speed of action. Today, to connect computers to a local network and to connect peripheral devices, they use good old wires, the types of which we will try to understand.

To connect computers to each other in a local network or connect them to global networks, use network cables.

Main types of network cables for local networks:

  • coaxial cable;
  • twisted pair;
  • fiber optic cable.

Coaxial cable- the most ancient, so to speak, representative of network cables; today it is used infrequently, but still one cannot do without it completely. Its design is quite simple: the metal conductor is enclosed in a layer of insulation, on top of which there is a braid of aluminum or copper. For connection, special connectors such as BNC and BNC-T are used.

Basic minus coaxial cable– it is susceptible to the influence of an electromagnetic field, so computer networks have not been built with its help for a long time, but today such wires are used to connect satellite dishes. Coaxial cable also shows itself well as a conductor of high-speed networks for transmitting simultaneously digital and analog signals, which is why it is often used to install cable television networks.

Coaxial options have been replaced by twisted pair. Why did the new modifications get this name? This network cable for a computer consists of paired conductors made of copper material. The standard version contains 4 pairs of cores, that is, 8 elements, but on sale you can find a cable with 4 conductors (2 pairs). The color of the internal insulation is determined by the standard.

Depending on the presence of protection in the form of copper braiding or aluminum foil Twisted pair is divided into the following types:

  • UTP, or unprotected twisted pair, is conductors in ordinary plastic protection, no additional elements protections are not used;
  • F/UTP, or foil twisted pair - all pairs of conductors are braided with foil;
  • STP - each pair of cables has its own foil protection;
  • S/FTP – here each pair is protected by a foil braid, and all of them together are additionally protected by a copper screen;
  • SF/UTP - all cables are placed together in foil and a copper shield.

Unprotected twisted pair cable costs less. The use of cables with a shielding layer is justified if required high quality transmitting information over long distances.

The twisted pair is also marked fromCAT1 toCAT7 : The higher the number, the better. For building local computer networks, twisted pair CAT5 is suitable, but it is better to use CAT5e - it transmits high-frequency signals better. Twisted pair cables connect devices located at a distance of no more than 100 m from each other.

Fiber optics - the fastest and most modern option, used in the construction of computer networks. The main advantage is a high degree of protection against interference and unlimited data transfer speed. This cable provides data transmission over long distances – up to 100 km. Optical fiber itself is not very expensive, but adapters for it and other equipment are not cheap, so for now the use of this kind of cable is limited only to connecting segments of large networks, transmitting data over long distances and high-speed Internet access. Working with fiber optics requires special skills and expensive equipment.

For those who are just beginning to master the theory and practice of building computer networks, we note that for Connections between the computer and peripheral devices use a different type of cable. USB cables are needed to connect a printer, scanner, MFP, etc. This cord also provides power to your smartphone or player in case of loss. original charger. HDMI/VGA/DVI cables connect your computer to your TV or monitor. This approach allows you to get a more detailed picture and surround sound. The advantage is that no drivers are required to run. An important parameter is the throughput of such products. To display photos and videos, the standard variation will be sufficient. Games and movies require a high-speed wire.

There are often situations when, after connecting a computer or laptop to the Internet using a network cable, the error “Network cable is not connected” appears. This is most likely not even an error, but simply the status of the network adapter, which can be observed in network connections.

It turns out that the computer does not respond to the connection in any way; the network cable is not connected, although it is connected to the computer and inserted into the network card connector. Icon on the notification panel with a red cross. Well, the Internet, of course, doesn’t work. This is what it looks like:

And most importantly, the cable is connected. From a router, modem, or directly from the provider’s equipment. This error can appear on both a PC and a laptop. It also doesn't matter which Windows is installed on your computer. Only in Windows 10 the message “Network cable not connected” will be next to the “Ethernet” adapter, and in Windows 7 – next to “Local Area Connection”. And in Windows XP, a pop-up window with this error still appears if you hover your mouse over the connection icon. The same often happens.

The same goes for the connection method. Some people have a network cable coming directly from their provider (for example, Rostelecom), while others use a modem, Wi-Fi router, or terminal.

What could be the problem?

There can be many reasons. We list the main ones:

  • The network cable is incorrectly or not fully connected.
  • The network cable is damaged. The contacts in the connector may have come loose (into which the network cable itself is crimped).
  • Hardware problems with the router, modem, provider equipment. Or the network card itself in your laptop or PC has broken down.
  • Problems with the network card settings. Most often, it cannot automatically determine the speed and duplex. I'll tell you about this in more detail.
  • There are some problems with the network card driver.
  • Viruses, firewalls, some programs. Yes, yes, they can also cause the “Network cable is not connected” error to appear.

How to find out the reason and what to do first?

  • First, restart your computer, modem, router (if you have one).
  • Disconnect the network cable and connect again. Also check the connection on the router (if the Internet is connected through it). Connect the cable to another LAN port. Pay attention to whether the LAN indicator on the router lights up after connecting the cable. You can see the instructions: .
  • If possible, connect via a different cable.
  • You can lightly move the network cable where it enters the connector. And at this moment look at the status of the network adapter on the computer. Perhaps the contacts are leaving there, and this way we can find out.
  • If you have another PC or laptop, try connecting it. This way we can find out what's going on.
  • If internet is coming via a router, then try connecting the cable from the provider directly to the computer.

I would divide the solutions into software and hardware.

The network cable is not connected, although it is connected: solutions to the problem

1 I would try removing the network card from Device Manager. After a reboot it should recover automatically. Go to Device Manager (the easiest way to find it is through search, or press the combination Win keys+ R and run the command devmgmt.msc).

Open the "network adapters" tab and find your network card. Depending on the manufacturer and driver, the name may be different. The name may contain "LAN". For example, on my laptop it is “Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller”. By the way, pay attention to whether there is a yellow icon. Click on it right click mouse and select "Remove device".

We confirm the deletion and restart the computer. Perhaps after a reboot everything will work and the computer will see the connected network cable.

2 Check the speed and duplex detection settings. In Device Manager, right-click on the network card (as I showed above) and select "Properties".

Next, go to the “Advanced” tab. In the list, find and select "Spread&Duplex". And in the drop-down menu on the left, set the value to "Auto Negotiation". But if you initially had this option installed there, then try setting a different value. For example: "100 Mbps Full Duplex". You can try different options. Don't forget to click Ok and restart your computer.

It just often happens that the network card cannot automatically detect speed and duplex.

3 Network card driver. You need to try reinstalling it. Download the driver from the website of the manufacturer of the card itself (LAN), laptop, or motherboard of your computer and start the installation. You can look at the article on this topic:.

Other reasons why the computer does not respond to the connection of the network cable

1 Network card failure. However, in this case, you most likely will not see it in the device manager. But it happens in different ways. To find out, you need to connect another cable to it. Connect to another router or provider. Or connect other devices to the same cable. 2 Problems with the provider. For example: an employee of the provider was connecting the Internet to another subscriber, and accidentally disconnected your cable from the equipment, or the cable was broken somewhere in the entrance. Or maybe someone cut it on purpose. In such cases, the message “Network cable is not connected” will appear. You need to contact your provider's support. Just before doing this, it would be good to make sure that the problem is not in the network card of your computer. It also often happens that contacts disappear on the connector into which the network cable from the provider is crimped. You just need to do it again and correctly. Or call the experts. 3 Problem with the router. May be. But checking all this is very simple. Disconnect the Internet from the router (only if you don't have ADSL), and connect it directly to your computer. If the computer sees the network cable, then the problem is either in the router or in the cable with which you connect the PC to the router. You can also look at the article: . 4 The network cable is faulty. And this can happen. But, if we have a cable that we connect the computer to the router, then it is easy to check by connecting it to another device, or by connecting the cable from the provider directly to the computer’s network card.

Any local network consists of several components: computers that you will connect; the cable with which you will connect them and the central device that will control data transfer over the network (switch). This minimum set equipment required to create most local networks. If you want to connect only two computers into a network, you won’t need a switch. But today we will consider the most common option for building a local network: using a “star” topology, when computers are connected to a switch with a twisted pair cable.

Before you begin installing your network, you need to have a clear plan of action. In today's article we will look at the process of designing and installing a small local network. It will not use an enclosure with a patch panel installed; We also don’t need a separate room – a server room, in which, as a rule, an installation cabinet or rack is installed. In our case, connecting active network equipment comes down to easy connection cables to ports on this or other devices. Next, the central node of the network (switch) will need to be located in any suitable location. Now let's talk about everything in order.

1. First, take a look around the room in which the future network will be laid. It wouldn’t hurt to draw the floor plan on a regular piece of paper. Mark on it the places where computers and printers are located, count the number of users on your network. You may want to rearrange your computers.

2. Select the location where the switch will be located. Please note that the distance from the switch to each computer is no more than 90 meters, since at a distance of more than 100 meters the signal in the twisted pair will attenuate (in this case, repeaters are used). The switch should be located near an electrical outlet and away from users. You need to be able to access the switch at all times, so don't place it too far under a desk or behind a cabinet.

3. Now you need to mark the cable route from the switch to each computer. The cable should run along the walls. You can drill holes in the walls using a drill and run the cable through the walls if the computers are located in several rooms. To hide the cable from prying eyes, you can buy special cable boxes. It is not necessary to use such boxes when installing a small local network, but I will still say a few words about them.

The boxes are different and differ mainly only in their sizes. The largest volume of boxes will be required when laying main highways along corridors. Smaller boxes are used for installing cables inside one room. In order to hide the transitions between dissimilar segments of boxes, various decorative adapters and corners of the appropriate size are used. The most optimal option for placing a box with a small amount of cable is the lower part of the wall, approximately 40-60 centimeters from the floor. This allows you to hide the cable line as much as possible, since most of the wall is always filled with some kind of furniture.4. Now calculate the length (in meters) of twisted pair cable required to connect the computers to the switch. It’s better to do it this way: go to the first computer and use a tape measure to measure the length of the cable from of this computer to the location where the switch will be located. Add another 2-3 meters just in case. This is the length of the cable to connect this PC to the switch. Do the same with the second, third, etc. computers. As a result, you will get a list of twisted pair lengths for each computer. Add them together - that's the total length of cable you need to purchase.

By the way, it is more convenient and cheaper to buy twisted pair in a coil of 150-300 meters, of course, if you need that much cable. A coil is a box containing a cable wound on a drum:5. Then inspect each computer to see if it has a network card. Almost any modern computer has a network card integrated into the motherboard. Look at the back wall of the system unit and find the RJ-45 connector: Laptops also have such a connector: If one of the computers does not have a network card or the built-in one is faulty, then you will need to purchase and install it. The network card is installed in the PCI slot on motherboard system unit: When purchasing a network card, it must come with a driver disk. Write down how many of these cards you will need to purchase.

6. You should also add RJ-45 connectors to your shopping list. For each computer, you will have your own piece of cable, at both ends of which RJ-45 connectors will be attached. One of the connectors is inserted into the network card connector, the other into the switch connector.

So, it's time to go to the computer store. What equipment do we need to purchase:

  • switch;
  • twisted pair cable category 5E;
  • RJ-45 connectors – two connectors for each computer;
  • network cards (if they are not installed in the computer);
  • crimping tool for cutting cables and inserting them into connectors.

After everything necessary has been purchased, we begin installing the equipment and actually laying the network.

First of all, install the purchased network cards in those computers that did not have them. Then don't forget to install drivers for them.

Now let's check the functionality of the network cards on all computers. To do this, turn on each computer - after the system boots, find the “My Computer” icon on the desktop and right-click on it - go to “Properties” - “Hardware” - “Device Manager”. Here, in the “Network Cards” section, the network card installed on the computer should be displayed. It will look the same as in the screenshot (only the name of the board will be different): If in the “Device Manager” the name of the network card is yellow question mark or instead of the name there is the inscription “Unknown device”, then you need to install (reinstall) the device driver.

If in the “Device Manager” there is no network card, it means it is either disabled in the BIOS, or incorrectly installed in the connector on the motherboard, or is faulty.

After we have made sure that the network cards on all computers are working, we move on to crimping the cables. You can learn how this is done from my article “How to crimp a twisted pair cable.”

We connect the crimped cables with one end to the connectors of the network cards of all computers, and the other end to the connectors of the switch. We turn on all computers and the switch if they were turned off before.

After this, we need to check the performance of our network on physical level(signal level). If everything is in order with this, then we can move on to setting up the computer operating system for working on a local network. Read about this in the article “Instructions for setting up a local network in Windows XP.”

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What equipment is needed to create a local network

In any organization where there are two or more computers, it is advisable to combine them into a local network. The network allows employees to quickly exchange information and documents with each other, serves for sharing shared Internet access, equipment and storage devices. To combine computers we need a certain network hardware. In today's article we will look at what equipment is used to create a wired local network.

Network equipment – ​​devices that make up a computer network. There are two types of network equipment:

  • Active network equipment is equipment that is capable of processing or converting information transmitted over the network. Such equipment includes network cards, routers, and print servers.
  • Passive network equipment is equipment used for simple signal transmission at the physical level. These are network cables, connectors and network sockets, repeaters and signal amplifiers.

To install a wired local network, we first need:

  • network cable and connectors (called connectors);
  • network cards - one in each PC on the network, and two on the computer serving as a server for accessing the Internet;
  • a device or devices that ensure the transfer of packets between computers on a network. For networks of three or more computers, you need a special device - a switch that connects all the computers on the network;
  • additional network devices. The simplest network can be built without such equipment, however, when organizing a shared Internet connection and using shared network printers, additional devices can make solving such problems easier.

Now let’s take a closer look at all the equipment listed above:

Network Explorers

This group includes various network cables (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic).

Coaxial cable is the first cable used to create networks. Its use in building local computer networks has long been abandoned.

Fiber optic cable is the most promising in terms of speed performance, but also more expensive compared to coaxial cable or twisted pair. In addition, the installation of fiber optic networks requires high qualifications, and expensive equipment is needed to terminate the cable. For these reasons, widespread this type I haven't received the cable yet.

Twisted pair is the most common type of cable used today to build local networks. The cable consists of pairs of intertwined copper insulated conductors. A typical cable has 8 conductors (4 pairs), although cables with 4 conductors (2 pairs) are also available. The colors of the internal insulation of conductors are strictly standard. The distance between devices connected by twisted pair cable should not exceed 100 meters. There are several categories of twisted pair cables, which are labeled CAT1 to CAT7. Local Ethernet networks use CAT5 twisted pair cables.

To work with twisted pair cable, RJ-45 connectors are used.

Network cards

Network cards are responsible for transferring information between network computers. The network card consists of a connector for network explorer(usually twisted pair) and a microprocessor that encodes/decodes network packets. A typical network card is a card that plugs into a PCI bus slot. In almost all modern computers, the network adapter electronics are soldered directly to the motherboard. Instead of an internal network card, you can use an external network adapter USB: It is a USB to LAN adapter and has similar functions to its PCI counterparts. The main advantage of USB network cards is their versatility: without opening the system unit case, such an adapter can be connected to any PC that has a free USB port. Also, a USB adapter will be indispensable for a laptop in which the only built-in network connector has failed, or there is a need for two network ports.

Network switches

Not so long ago, network concentrators (or, in common parlance, hubs) were used to build local networks. When a network card sends a data packet from a computer to the network, the hub simply amplifies the signal and transmits it to all network participants. Only the network card to which it is addressed receives and processes the packet; the others ignore it. Essentially, a hub is a signal amplifier.

Currently, local networks use switches (or, as they are called, switches). These are more “intelligent” devices, which have their own processor, internal bus and buffer memory. If the hub simply forwards packets from one port to all others, then the switch analyzes the addresses of the network cards connected to its ports and forwards the packet only to the desired port. As a result, unnecessary traffic on the network is sharply reduced. This allows you to significantly increase network performance and provides greater data transfer speeds in networks with big amount users. The switch can operate at speeds of 10, 100 or 1000 Mbit/s. This, as well as the network cards installed on computers, determines the speed of the network segment. Another characteristic of a switch is the number of ports. This determines the number of network devices that can be connected to the switch. In addition to computers, they include print servers, modems, network drives and other devices with a LAN interface.

When designing a network and choosing a switch, you need to take into account the possibility of expanding the network in the future - it is better to purchase a switch with a slightly larger number of ports than the number of computers in your network at the moment. In addition, one port must be kept free in case it is combined with another switch. Currently, switches are connected by ordinary twisted pair cable of the fifth category, exactly the same one that is used to connect each computer on the network to the switch.

There are two types of switches - managed and unmanaged. Managed ones have additional functionality. Thus, it becomes possible to manage the switch using the web interface, combine several switches into one virtual one with its own packet switching rules, etc. Price managed switches much higher than the cost of unmanaged ones, which is why unmanaged switches are used in small and medium-sized networks.

Additional network equipment

In a local network, you can use various additional equipment, for example, to combine two networks or to protect the network from external attacks. Let's briefly look at the network equipment that is used to build computer networks.

A print server, or print server, is a device that allows you to connect a printer that does not have its own network port to the network. Simply put: a print server is a box to which a printer is connected on one side, and on the other side - network wire. In this case, the printer becomes available at any time, since it is not tied to any computer on the network. There are print servers with different ports: USB and LPT; There are also combined options. The repeater is designed to increase the distance of the network connection by amplifying the electrical signal. If you use a twisted pair cable more than 100 meters long in your local network, repeaters should be installed in the cable break every 100 meters. Repeaters are usually powered via the same cable. Using repeaters, you can connect several separate buildings with a network cable. A router (or router) is a network device that, based on information about the network structure, uses a certain algorithm to select a route for sending packets between different network segments.

Routers are used to connect networks different types, often incompatible in architecture and protocols (for example, for connecting Ethernet to a WAN network). The router is also used to provide access from a local network to the global Internet, while performing the functions of a firewall. A router can be presented not only in hardware, but also in software. Any computer on the network with the appropriate software installed can serve as a router.

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A local wired network (LAN) is the backbone of the home information space and multimedia.. LAN construction criteria.. Wireless connection - pros and cons.. Fast Ethernet technology.. Structural scheme LAN networks.. Star network topology.. Selecting LAN network equipment.. Router (router).. Setting up a router.. Built-in ADSL modem.. WI-FI access point.. Switch or hub?.. Characteristics D -Link DSL-6740U.. Characteristics of D-Link DIR-615/K1A.. UTP Cat 5e cable (dual twisted pair).. Technical specifications.. Example of a local network project.. Equipment layout diagram.. LAN network wiring diagram.

Today it is impossible to imagine a house, apartment or office without numerous complex instruments and devices, communication with which is already becoming a problem in our time.

A person voluntarily becomes dependent on computers, the Internet, audio and video systems, remote controls, security systems and other electronic devices that give us new opportunities and conveniences, but take away everything free time. To cope with this problem and make life as convenient and comfortable as possible, you need to set yourself new tasks that can be implemented using smart home technologies.

Most in demand in modern house are the following systems:

Wired local network Multimedia Lighting control Heating and climate control Security and fire alarm Video surveillance Intercom and access control. The implementation of smart home systems can be comprehensive (in the case of major renovations or construction of a new house) or partial. It all depends on the priorities for choosing certain systems and the possibilities of their implementation. Today we will look at a wired local network.

Wired local area network (LAN)


Wired LAN (Local Area Network) serves for a centralized connection to the Internet and communication of computers and various peripheral devices in the house with each other. In fact, the local network is the basis of the home information space and multimedia. By designing and building a computer, telephone and television network in your home, you will provide all multimedia and computer equipment in the house. It always makes sense to consider and design these networks together.

Why wired?

The choice is always yours. I'm just emphasizing that when possible, you need to choose wired technologies. At every opportunity I try to justify this choice.

Wired vs Wireless Connection: Pros and Cons

One of the advantages of wireless equipment is the large number of connections, which is limited only by the transmission speed per user. Also – the ability to connect mobile devices (smartphones, communicators, tablets), as well as freedom of movement indoors. Perhaps that's all.

Disadvantages: wireless technologies are usually more complex in design and, accordingly, less reliable than wired ones. For an unskilled user, this can result in difficulties during operation, in particular, in diagnosing and troubleshooting problems. This is especially true as the number of devices increases.

The wireless connection will also be slower. No one will argue that the technical indicators of the cable signal level are higher than the radio signal. Speed wireless communication inferior to wired ones by almost half, both for objective reasons (wireless data transfer protocol is slower) and due to external interference (metal wall fittings, interference from home electronics, etc.). There is always equipment in the house that requires speed and quality connections - for example, the same multimedia HD media players, information from which can be requested from several devices (computers, TVs, etc.) If you want to watch a BluRay quality movie on a high-definition projector, then Wi-Fi speed using even modern equipment may not be enough.

In terms of cost, wireless equipment will cost one and a half times more than its wired counterparts.

Electromagnetic “pollution” and mutual interference of wireless equipment have also not yet been canceled.

Therefore, before using a wireless network connection, Wi-Fi technology, you need to weigh the pros and cons and make sure that you can’t do without wireless equipment. Whenever possible, it is best to minimize harmful emissions in the workspace where you spend a significant portion of your time. In practice, a home local network is most often combined. For example, desktop computers can be connected to the network using wires using Ethernet technology, and various mobile devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones) can be connected via wireless standard Wi-Fi.

LAN construction criteria

When choosing a network standard and network topology, the decisive factor is the data transfer speed and the possibility of further expansion of the system. These conditions are fully met by wired Ethernet technology. This standard provides parallel data transfer. This means that in Ethernet, data is not transmitted to all devices one by one (as in RS-485), but directly to the desired device. This significantly increases the speed of information transfer. Besides, this protocol Provides compatibility with existing network devices and future developments. Using the Ethernet protocol, you can be sure that the local network being built will be able to develop in the future. There are currently three specifications differing in transmission speed:

Classic Ethernet (10 Mbit/s); Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s); Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbit/s).

For home information network The most optimal in terms of price/quality/complexity ratio is the “star” topology and the 802.3 100Base-TX network standard. This is 100 Mbit Ethernet on dual twisted pair, which in terms of price/performance ratio is still unrivaled. The basis of the network is a switch, to which network devices are connected by cables with a maximum length of 100 m.

The big plus of the star topology is its scalability, that is further expansion, and this is what is very important in home networks. This is achieved by connecting each computer (or other device) to a dedicated Ethernet port of a hub or switch. That is, one switch port – one computer. Typically, the number of Ethernet ports on a switch is selected with a reserve, so it is always possible to connect a new device to a spare port. Accordingly, each computer must be equipped with a network adapter with an RJ-45 connector.

The task is made easier by the fact that everything modern computers and laptops already have a built-in Ethernet port.

Equipment selection criteria

All home local networks are designed according to the same principle: user computers equipped with network adapters are connected to each other through special switching devices. Routers (routers), concentrators (hubs), switches (switches), access points and modems can act in this capacity.

The main component of a home local network is a router or router, which is a multifunctional device with a built-in operating system and has at least two network interfaces: 1. LAN ( Local Area Network) – used to create an internal (local) network, which consists of your computer devices. 2. WAN (Wide Area Network) – used to connect a local network (LAN) to the worldwide global network- Internet.

Routers are divided into two classes based on type external connection: Ethernet or ADSL. Accordingly, they have a WAN port or ADSL port for connecting the provider’s cable and up to four LAN ports for connecting network devices using Ethernet technology.

The router for connecting to an ADSL line has a built-in ADSL modem.

Wireless routers, among other things, have a built-in Wi-Fi access point for connecting wireless devices. The number of equipment that can simultaneously access the network using Wi-Fi technology can, in principle, number in the dozens. Considering that the channel's frequency band is divided among all connected clients, the communication channel's capacity decreases as their number increases.

When the number of connected computers does not exceed four, the router is the only component that is needed to build a local network, since there is simply no need for the rest.

When choosing a router for your home network, it is preferable to choose a router using IEEE 802.11n technology, which provides better performance and signal coverage. In addition, these routers support user VPN mode and have a built-in USB port that can be used to connect a flash drive, printer, or external hard disk (NAS).

Before purchasing a router, you need to check with your provider in advance what type of connection you will use and what additional equipment you will need for this. Routers must be supplied with external adapter power supply and an RJ-45 cable, and for models with an ADSL port an additional RJ-11 cable and a splitter.

It is useful to consult with technical support provider for technical requirements for the client’s equipment, in terms of its compatibility with the provider’s servers. Having received professional information, you can more intelligently make your choice from the router models available for sale.

About the amount of equipment. If you are designing a local network for a 2- or 3-story cottage, then one Wi-Fi router you can't get by. To ensure a sufficient level wireless signal will have to build a distributed Wi-Fi network, consisting of several routers or access points. To reduce the load on the wireless network and increase the data transfer speed, you can leave Wi-Fi access only for mobile devices, and organize computers (possibly laptops) using wired access.

One more point: today buying a router without Wi-Fi support is simply pointless. The difference in the cost of good wired router and its wireless counterpart is quite small. Even if you do not plan to use the Wi-Fi module in the router in the near future, you can disable it. When such a need arises (for example, a device with Wi-Fi connection), you can always turn on the Wi-Fi module in your router and start using wireless Internet.

There are quite a lot of recommendations on the Internet for setting up routers, including detailed instructions for specific models. Here I would like to note the following: Taking into account the interests of users, developers have long made it easier to configure router settings using built-in software for step-by-step configuration, making it accessible even to beginners.

In most cases, when you first enter the router menu, a wizard is launched that offers quick step-by-step configuration of its main parameters. This saves novice users from searching for the necessary options among numerous menu sections.

If necessary, the installation wizard can be launched manually using the menu item in different options: Quick Setup ( Quick setup), Setup Wizard, etc.

You just need to take into account that in certain situations, connecting to the Internet may require special settings, the ability to enter which is simply not possible in the wizard mode. In these cases, you will have to contact manual mode setting parameters.

Switches

If you need to build a more extensive wired network, then the router’s four LAN ports will not be enough. In this case, an additional switching device is connected to one of the router ports - a hub or switch.

Unlike a router, switches and hubs have only one network interface– LAN and are used only for scaling (expansion) of local networks.

For creating wired network Ethernet is better to use a switch (switch) rather than a concentrator (hub). The switch analyzes traffic outgoing from computers and forwards it only to those to whom it is intended. The hub simply repeats any traffic to all ports. As a result, the performance of an Ethernet network on hubs is highly dependent on the overall load. The network on the switch is free from this drawback.

Previously, you had to choose: either price or performance, since hubs were significantly cheaper than switches. Now both types of devices are almost equal in price, so the choice in favor of the switch is beyond doubt.

Which switch should you choose?

Currently there are many models and types network switches, their prices and features vary greatly. When choosing, you must proceed from the minimum cost of a device that will meet your requirements for data transfer speed and number of ports. The dimensions of the switch may also have a certain significance.

Speed ​​of operation For a home local network, in terms of price/performance ratio, Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) remains optimal.

Number of ports

This indicator characterizes the number of network devices that can be connected this switch to plug. In many ways, this parameter determines the price of the device.

The choice depends on the number of users of your future network. You need to add 1-2 ports in reserve to the number of users.

In models aimed at home use, the number of Ethernet ports is usually 5 or 8. If at some point the number of switch ports is no longer enough to connect all devices, you can connect another switch to it. So you can expand home network as much as you like.

The 100Base-TX (Fast Ethernet) transmission medium uses unshielded UTP Cat 5e cable (dual twisted pair), with one pair used to transmit data and the other to receive it. Cat 5e cable type 100BASE-T4 (quad twisted pair) can be used: two redundant pairs can be used in the future to upgrade the network to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet).

Shielded cables (FTP, STP, SFTP) are used when laying trunk lines and in production premises with big electromagnetic fields. Home local networks typically use unshielded UTP cable.

For the telephone network, UTP Cat 3 cable (dual twisted pair) is used.

Is it possible to use one of the pairs of four-pair cables used for computer networks to wire a telephone in order to save money?

It's possible, but it's unlikely to be necessary. Why create for yourself additional problems with installation. It is best to use separate unshielded twisted pair wiring, as this significantly increases noise immunity telephone communication. In addition, the redundant twisted pair of the Cat 3 cable may be useful in the future for repairing a damaged pair or for connecting additional equipment.

Twisted pair cores in cables come in two types: single conductor and multi-core. The diameter of the cores in single-core twisted pairs is 0.51 mm. Cables with single-core conductors are used for installing networks in boxes, cable ducts and on walls. With stranded conductors, the cable is used only where it can be subject to frequent bending, for example, to connect a computer to an RJ45 socket (patch cord).

In a star topology, all cables from network devices converge to the switch, and sockets with RJ45 sockets are installed at opposite ends of the cables. Both cables and sockets must be Category 5e or 6.

All cable sections should be no more than 100 meters - only in this case is the stable operation of the network guaranteed. Please note that the maximum cable segment length requirement of 100 m includes the entire length of the cable connecting the computer to the switch. If the cabling ends on the computer side with a wall socket, and on the switch side with a cross-panel, then the length of the segment must include patch cables connecting the computer to the socket and the cross-panel to the switch. It is recommended to take maximum length for a segment of internal wiring cable equal to 90 m, leaving 10 m for patch cables. Of course, all cables must be solid, no “twists” are allowed. Example of a local network project The basis for creating any project is the technical specification (TOR). Ideally, a detailed technical specification for the design should be provided by the customer. In practice, especially for private households, the designer actually has to participate in the collection of initial data and development of technical specifications, since without a full understanding of the features of the object and consultation with the customer, it is impossible to complete the project.

The approximate sequence of actions of a designer when drawing up technical specifications for designing a “smart” home was discussed in detail in the article “From classical electrical engineering to a smart home.”

Let's consider the actions of the designer on the basis of the technical specifications agreed with the customer for the design of a local network for a two-story country house area 200m2. As noted, computer, telephone and television networks are combined in one project. Initial data 1. There is a floor plan of the house. 2. High-speed Internet access – via dedicated ADSL3 line. The mode of access to the city PBX is pulse4. Number of Ethernet sockets – 6 5. Number of telephone sockets – 1 6. The following should also be provided: WI-FI points access to connect wireless devices. Spare port for additional wired connection 1 computer.7. Television: terrestrial + satellite TV

8. Quantity TV sockets TV+SAT – 6

Equipment placement

Although we're talking about about a relatively small local network, but taking into account the equipment of telephone and television networks and two levels (floors), it makes sense to use low-current mounting cabinets, and to connect network devices - appropriate sockets. It is convenient to use a power outlet because when you change the location of the computer (or TV), you do not need to extend the entire cable segment - you just need to create a new patch cord connecting the device to the outlet. The house plan determines the locations of the proposed placement of mounting cabinets, computers, telephones and television receivers. The placement of equipment on the 1st floor plan is shown in Fig. 1.
Equipment selection

Internet connection will be provided via a dedicated ADSL channel in telephone line, leading from the telephone exchange to the house. This means that when choosing equipment, we need to provide for the presence of an ADSL modem.

Wireless devices require at least two WI-FI access points (2 floors). The task is made easier by the fact that the number of Net sockets on each floor does not exceed three. This allows you to minimize the amount of equipment required to build a local network. A home LAN network for a two-story house with an area of ​​200 m2 can be made using an ADSL router and an Ethernet switch. The block diagram of the network is shown in Fig. 2.
Main characteristics of the devices used: D-Link DSL-6740U Device type: DSL modem, router, Wi-Fi access point Support: VDSL2, ADSL2 Wireless standard: 802.11b/g/n, frequency 2.4 GHz Max. speed wireless connection: up to 300 Mbit/s (802.11n) Encryption technology WPA/WPA2 Switch: 4xLAN Port speed: 100 Mbit/s Dimensions (WxDxH): 228x175x40 mm Weight: 460 g Contents: Router, power adapter, RJ-45 cable, RJ-11 cable, splitter, disk with software.

D-Link DIR-615/K1A

Device type: Wi-Fi access point, Switch Max. wireless connection speed, Mbit/s - 300 Wireless standard: 802.11n, frequency 2.4 GHz Data encryption: WPA, WPA2 Number of Ethernet ports - 4 Port speed: 100 Mbit/s Dimensions (DxWxH): 117x193x31 mm Weight: 940 g Contents: Router, network adapter, RJ-45 cable, 2 external antennas, disk with software.

Network diagram

It is best to place the installation (low-current) cabinet in a place where it is most convenient to route cables from all rooms and ensure reliable coverage of the WI-FI access point. In this project - in the hall of the first floor. You will also need to run a cable from the provider there.

The second mounting cabinet is installed in the second floor hall. The installation cabinets also provide electrical sockets for powering routers.

Separate cables for the Ethernet network, telephone and television diverge from the low-current cabinet in a star-shaped manner. At the ends of these cables, separate sockets are installed for each system: telephone and computer (symmetrical) and television (coaxial). The living room has a double socket (telephone + computer).

Thus, three cable systems and three types of sockets are formed in the building. This scheme is more reliable and convenient for installation - every cable system can be mounted almost independently.

The wiring diagram for telephone, television and Ethernet networks is shown in Fig. 3. Fig.3 Equipment installation

Installing and connecting routers does not cause any difficulties. The main thing is to determine the place in the installation cabinet where it will be located and secure it well. For mounting in vertical position There are special shaped grooves at the bottom of the router, by which it is suspended and fixed in a closet or on the wall. Some models are equipped with special stands or panels for vertical arrangement.

If you liked the article and you appreciate the efforts put into this project, you have the opportunity to make a contribution to the development of the site on the “Project Support” page.

Continued in the articles “Telephone network in the home - a solution option” and “Example of a SAT/TV network.”

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What cables are used in local networks

To date, wired connection– one of the fastest and most reliable. Data transfer speeds reach 100 Mbps, although the theoretically available speed is 200 Mbps. Most often, twisted pair cable is used in local networks. But if the distance is more than 100 meters, if electromagnetic pollution is increased, then it is better to use other types of cable. There are three types: coaxial, twisted pair and fiber optic.

Coaxial

This cable consists of two insulated conductors, where one is a copper core and the second is a sheath. It is almost never used for local networks, although it is found in low-speed connections. It can be seen as antenna wires.

twisted pair

This is one or more pairs of insulated conductors twisted together. This design reduces external and internal effects from inducing currents.

Divided by degree of protection:

  • UTP (unprotected);
  • F/UTP (foil);
  • STP (protected);
  • S/FTP (foil shielded);
  • SF/UTP (unprotected shielded).

Also, the twisted pair is marked from CAT1 to CAT7. A higher category means a higher quality product with better performance. The most used is the twisted cable utp pair 5e, that is, an improved CAT 5e with a frequency of 125 MHz.

Fiber optic

The most modern, fastest and reliable way data transmission. High speed, theoretically up to 200 Mbit/s. In addition, it is indifferent to electromagnetic interference. It has two varieties - single-mode and multi-mode, differing in the modes of photon transmission. The price of components and the complexity of installation significantly reduce the desire to use fiber optics as a cable for local networks, but its popularity is growing.