Tesla's resonant generator, coil or transformer is a brilliant invention of the great Croatian inventor, physicist and engineer. This article will discuss one of the simple options project implementation - Tesla transformer.
The design does not use an MOT transformer (in almost all Tesla transformer circuits, it is the MOT that serves as the power source), we also had to create a separate converter circuit, but first things first.

Main parts:
1) Power supply
2) Voltage converter and high voltage circuit

power unit

To power such a circuit you need enough powerful block nutrition. Fortunately, there was already ready block 500 Watt power supply. Voltage at secondary winding transformer 14 Volt, with a current of 20 Amperes. It is not advisable to use it to power the device. pulsed sources nutrition.

The diode rectifier was used ready-made, although it is possible to assemble a bridge from powerful domestic diodes of the KD2010 series, mounted on a heat sink. To smooth out interference, a 25 Volt 2200 microfarad capacitor was used (this is enough, since the converter circuit already has a 4700 microfarad capacitor and a choke to smooth out high-frequency interference). Similar transformers from 300 to 600-700 Watt are suitable.

Converter and high voltage circuit

Having seen the converter circuit, many will ask themselves the question - why make a single-cycle converter more powerful if you can make a push-pull one? The question is certainly relevant, if not for one thing! The fact is that options for powering flyback converters have not been published anywhere on the Internet before, so it was decided to combine this option and find a practical application for the device. As a result, a high-quality converter with a power of about 180-200 watts or more was assembled.
The heart of the converter is a pulse generator built on a PWM controller of the UC3845 series. Versions of converters based on this chip have already been proposed (), but as a rule, the standard circuit had a power of 80 watts at peaks, and after some experimentation, the version below was developed.

Previously, the signal from the microcircuit is amplified by a cascade on a complementary pair, which is built on domestic transistors series KT 816/817, this is necessary because the initial signal level is sometimes insufficient to trigger field-effect transistors. The circuit used three field workers of the IRL3705 series, with this powerful source, dissipates on transistors high power, so they need to be strengthened with heat sinks and supplemented with coolers from computer power supplies. The frequency of operation of the converter is 60 kilohertz, it can be changed by playing with the capacitance of the capacitor 4.7 nF and selecting the resistance of the 6.8 kOhm resistor in the circuit, reducing the capacitance and increasing the resistance of the resistor, you can increase the frequency of the converter; with the reverse process, the operating frequency of the converter decreases.

It is convenient to use a transformer as a step-up transformer line scan from domestic TVs, to obtain maximum power, it is advisable to use two lines, the high-voltage windings of which must be connected in series.

The primary winding is wound on the free side of the U-shaped ferrite and contains 4-5 turns of 3mm wire; for ease of winding, you can use several wires, or a stranded wire in silicone or rubber insulation, as in in this case. It is not advisable to use homemade transformers, since they are rarely able to withstand such power.
The arc at the output of the high-voltage winding of the transformer has a fairly high current strength, so 4 diodes of the KTs106 series were used to rectify it.

First, 2 diodes are connected in parallel, then blocks of two parallel-connected diodes are connected in series.

In the storage part, a 5 kilovolt capacitor with a capacity of 1 microfarad is used; you can also use a block of capacitors, the capacitance and voltage are not critical and you can deviate from the specified rating by 10 - 15%

A spark gap, or simply a spark gap, is designed to discharge the capacitance of a capacitor onto the primary winding of a coil; it can be made from two bolts, or you can use a ready-made vacuum gap from EPOX with a breakdown voltage of 3 - 3.5 kV at 5 -10 amperes. A homemade spark generator made from bolts is convenient in that the gap, and therefore the frequency of discharges, can be adjusted.

The coil is wound on a frame from sewer pipe with a diameter of 12 cm, height 50 - 65 cm, plastic pipes with similar parameters are also suitable. IMPORTANT! Do not use metal-plastic pipes. The primary winding contains only 5 turns, a wire with a diameter of 3-5 mm, a single-core aluminum wire in rubber insulation was used. The distance between the turns is 2 cm.

The secondary winding contains 700-900 turns of wire 0.5-0.7 mm. The secondary winding is wound carefully, turn to turn; with manual winding, the process takes 5 hours, so it is convenient to use a winding machine (although in my case the coil was wound by hand). When you take a break, you need to glue the last turn to the frame.

Possibilities

Tesla Coil is a demonstration generator of high frequency currents high voltage. The device can be used for wireless transmission electric current, on long distances. IN further device will be redone, in particular it will be rewinded, or rather the primary circuit will be changed, if possible, it is advisable to use a copper pipe, thus the power of the coil will increase sharply.

Tesla coil experiments

WITH finished coil You can conduct a number of interesting experiments, of course, you must follow all safety rules.

Experiment 1. You need a copper wire with a diameter of 0.2 - 0.8 mm, which needs to be wound on a frame using wide transparent tape, or on a liter jar. The circuit contains 15-20 turns, after which we remove the frame and fasten the circuit turns to each other using threads or tape. Then take a regular LED (preferably white or blue) and solder the LED leads to the circuit. Turn on the transformer. Move the circuit with the LED a couple of meters away from the switched-on transformer. You can watch the LED glow without any wired connection with power supply. This is the main experiment that demonstrates the capabilities of the Tesla transformer.

Experiment 2. Glow of lamps daylight on distance. This is one of the most common Tesla Coil experiences. All types of similar lamps glow on a short distance from the switched on transformer.

Safety regulations

The Tesla transformer is a high-voltage generator; you must remember that a deadly voltage is generated at the output of the device and in the high-voltage circuit (especially at the high-voltage capacitor). When carrying out installation work, you need to make sure in advance that the loop capacitor is completely discharged, use thick latex gloves, and do not approach the switched on device. All experiments should be done away from digital devices, high-voltage discharges can damage electronics! Remember this is not a kacher! Playing with the arc is strictly prohibited! The high-voltage part and the high-voltage winding of the converter are especially dangerous.

List of radioelements

Tesla coil and demonstration of incredible properties

electro magnetic field Tesla coils

Table of contents

Introduction……………………………………………………..………......2 pages.

Theoretical part

1. Nikola Tesla and his inventions…………………..………………............5 pp.

   Tesla coil installation diagram…………………………..…………8 page.

Practical part

1. Sociological survey among students of the Federal Secondary School No. 5...... 8 pages.

   Assembling a Tesla Coil…………….…………….…..…………......9 p.

   Calculation of the main characteristics of the manufactured Tesla coil 9 pages.

   Experimental experiments using a Tesla coil….……11 p.

   Modern application of Tesla's ideas…………………………..13 pp.

   Photo and video report of the study………………..14 pages.

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……..................15 p.

References……………………………………………………….……………….…..16 pages.

Appendices…………………………………………………………….…….……….…..18 p.

Introduction

I could split the globe, but never

I won't do this.

my main goal was to point out new phenomena

and spread ideas that will become

starting points for new research.

Nikola Tesla

« I have finally succeeded in creating discharges whose power greatly exceeds that of lightning. Are you familiar with the expression “you can’t jump over your head”? It's a delusion. A person can do anything." In the International Year of Light and Light Technologies, I think it is worth remembering legendary personality Nikola Tesla, and the meaning of some of his inventions is still debated to this day. A lot of different things have been said about him, but most people, including me, are unanimous in their opinion - Tesla did a lot for the development of science and technology for his time. Many of his patents have come to life, but some still remain beyond understanding. But Tesla's main achievements can be considered research into the nature of electricity. Especially high voltage. Tesla amazed his acquaintances and colleagues with amazing experiments in which, without difficulty or fear, he controlled high-voltage generators that produced hundreds and sometimes millions of volts. Back in the 1900s, Tesla could transmit current over vast distances without wires, obtaining a current of 100 million amperes and a voltage of 10 thousand volts. And maintain such characteristics for any necessary time. For those who lived next to him, the world changed, turned into a fairy-tale space where nothing should be surprised. Northern lights flashed over the entire Atlantic, ordinary butterflies turned into bright fireflies, ball lightning was easily taken out of suitcases and used to illuminate living rooms. His experiments always balanced on the brink of evil and good. The fall of the Tunguska meteorite, the earthquake in New York, the testing of monstrous weapons capable of instantly destroying entire armies - this is what else, besides luminous butterflies, is attributed to Tesla's experiments. It was he who served for many science fiction writers as the image of a mad professor whose inventions threaten to destroy the entire planet. In fact, we know nothing about what kind of person Nikola Tesla was, what kind of hero he should become for biographers, good or bad.

Experimental physics is of great importance in the development of science. Better to see once than hear a hundred times. No one will argue that an experiment is powerful impulse to understanding the essence of phenomena in nature. You can admire nature without knowing physics. But to understand it and see what is hidden behind the external images of phenomena is possible only with the help of exact science and experimentation. Today we can say with confidence that only a fait accompli is accurate in nature, i.e. experience or experiment, or the results of a natural process, the course of which does not depend on man. Only the result obtained through one or another action remains unshakable. As I already said, this is the only certainty in the hypothesis. Everyone knows thatany hypothesis rests on three pillars: the result of the experiment, its description and conclusion , which relies on recognized stereotypes (Annex 1 ).

Experiments with electricity. If you think about it, what else can you discover and experiment with? After all, now humanity has long been unable to imagine its existence without electricity. Everything works with it Appliances, our entire industry, medical devices. One thing is true, the current itself reaches us, alas, only through wires. This is all very far from what Nikola Tesla could do more than 100 years ago, and what modern physics still cannot explain. Modern physics is simply not able to achieve such indicators. He turned the electric motor on and off remotely, and in his hands the light bulbs. Modern scientists have only reached the level of 30 million amperes (with the explosion of an electromagnetic bomb), and 300 million with a thermonuclear reaction - and even then, for a split second.

Relevance is that in our time, enthusiasts and scientists around the world are trying to repeat the experiments of the brilliant scientist and find their application. I won’t go into mysticism, I tried to do something spectacular according to Tesla’s “recipes”. This is a Tesla coil. Having seen it once, you will never forget this incredible and amazing sight.

Object of study: Tesla coil.

Subject of study: electromagnetic field of a Tesla coil, high-frequency discharges in gas.

Purpose of the study: manufacture a high-frequency Tesla coil and based on the assembled operating installation conduct experiments.

The object, subject and purpose of the study determined the formulation of the followinghypotheses: An electromagnetic field of enormous intensity is formed around the Tesla coil, capable of transmitting electric current. wirelessly.

Tasks:

Study the literature on the research problem.

Get acquainted with the history of the invention and the principle of operation of the Tesla coil.

Finding parts and making a Tesla coil.

Conduct a sociological survey among students in grades 7-11 at Fedorovskaya Secondary School No. 5.

Conduct calculations of the characteristics of the Tesla coil and experiments demonstrating its operation.

Prepare a photo and video report on the work done for the benefit of students in grades 9-11.

Research methods:

Empirical: observation of high-frequency electrical discharges in a gaseous environment, research, experiment.

Theoretical: Tesla coil design, literature analysis, statistical processing results.

Research stages:

Theoretical part. Studying the literature on the research problem.

Practical part. Making a Tesla Transformer and Demonstrating the Incredible Electromagnetic Field Properties of a Tesla Coil

Novelty: is that, like many experimental inventors, I

For the first time, having studied popular scientific literature, he assembled a Tesla coil and, as part of the International Year of Light and Light Technologies 2015, conducted a series of experiments and thereby showed the significance of Tesla’s works.

Practical significance: the result of the work is educational in nature, this will increase the interest of students in in-depth study of subjects such as physics, young researchers - in research activities, and perhaps for some it will determine the area of ​​​​further activity.

Theoretical part

I .1.Nikola Tesla and his inventions

NIKOLA TESLA - inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering, engineer, physicist. Born and raised in Austria-Hungary, in subsequent years he worked mainly in France and the USA.

He is also known as a supporter of the existence of ether: his numerous experiments are known, the purpose of which was to show the presence of ether as a special form of matter that can be used in technology. The unit of measurement of magnetic flux density is named after N. Tesla. Contemporary biographers considered Tesla "the man who invented the 20th century" and the "patron saint" of modern electricity. Tesla's early work paved the way for modern electrical engineering, and his early discoveries were innovative.

Until 1882, Tesla worked as an electrical engineer for the government telegraph company in Budapest. In February 1882, Tesla figured out how to use a phenomenon that would later become known as the rotating magnetic field in an electric motor. IN free time Tesla worked on making a model asynchronous electric motor, and in 1883 demonstrated the operation of the engine in the city hall of Strasbourg.

On July 6, 1884, Tesla arrived in New York. He got a job at Thomas Edison's company as an engineer repairing electric motors and generators. direct current. Edison perceived Tesla's new ideas rather coldly and increasingly openly expressed disapproval of the direction of the inventor's personal research. In the spring of 1885, Edison promised Tesla 50 thousand dollars if he could constructively improve electric cars direct current, invented by Edison. Nikola actively set to work and soon introduced 24 varieties of Edison’s machine, a new switch and regulator, which significantly improved performance. Having approved all the improvements, in response to a question about the reward, Edison refused Tesla. Offended, Tesla immediately quit.

In 1888-1895, Tesla was engaged in research on magnetic fields and high frequencies in his laboratory. These years were the most fruitful; it was then that he patented most of his inventions.

At the end of 1896, Tesla achieved radio signal transmission over a distance of 48 km.

Tesla set up a small laboratory in Colorado Springs. To study thunderstorms, Tesla designed special device, which is a transformer, one end of the primary winding of which was grounded, and the second was connected to a metal ball on a rod extending upward. A sensitive self-tuning device connected to a recording device was connected to the secondary winding. This device allowed Nikola Tesla to study changes in the Earth's potential, including the effect of standing electromagnetic waves caused by lightning discharges in the Earth's atmosphere. Observations led the inventor to think about the possibility of transmitting electricity wirelessly over long distances.

Tesla directed his next experiment to explore the possibility self-creation standing electromagnetic wave. The turns of the primary winding were wound on the huge base of the transformer. The secondary winding was connected to a 60-meter mast and ended with a copper ball of a meter in diameter. When passed through the primary coil AC voltage At several thousand volts, a current with a voltage of several million volts and a frequency of up to 150 thousand hertz arose in the secondary coil.

During the experiment, lightning-like discharges were recorded emanating from a metal ball. The length of some discharges reached almost 4.5 meters, and thunder was heard at a distance of up to 24 km.

Based on the experiment, Tesla concluded that the device allowed him to generate standing waves, which spread spherically from the transmitter and then converged with increasing intensity at a diametrically opposite point globe, somewhere near the islands of Amsterdam and Saint-Paul in the Indian Ocean.

In 1917, Tesla proposed the principle of operation of a device for radio detection of submarines.

One of his most famous inventions is the Tesla Transformer (coil).

The Tesla transformer, also known as the Tesla coil, is a device invented by Nikola Tesla and bearing his name. It is a resonant transformer that produces high voltage and high frequency. The device was patented on September 22, 1896 as “Apparatus for producing electric currents of high frequency and potential.”

The simplest Tesla transformer consists of two coils - primary and secondary, as well as a spark gap, capacitors, a toroid and a terminal.

The primary coil usually contains several turns of large diameter wire or copper tubing, and the secondary coil usually contains about 1000 turns of smaller diameter wire. The primary coil together with the capacitor forms oscillatory circuit, which includes a nonlinear element - a spark gap.

The secondary coil also forms an oscillatory circuit, where the role of a capacitor is mainly played by the capacitance of the toroid and the own interturn capacitance of the coil itself. The secondary winding is often coated with a layer of epoxy resin or varnish to prevent electrical breakdown.

Thus, the Tesla transformer consists of two connected oscillatory circuits, which determines its remarkable properties and is its main difference from conventional transformers.

After the breakdown voltage is reached between the electrodes of the spark gap, an avalanche-like electrical breakdown of the gas occurs in it. The capacitor is discharged through a spark gap onto the coil. Therefore, the circuit of the oscillatory circuit, consisting of a primary coil and a capacitor, remains closed through the spark gap, and high-frequency oscillations arise in it. Resonant oscillations occur in the secondary circuit, which leads to the appearance of high voltage at the terminal.

In all types of Tesla transformers, the main element of the transformer - the primary and secondary circuits - remains unchanged. However, one of its parts, the high-frequency oscillation generator, can have a different design.

I .2. Tesla coil installation diagram

The Tesla resonant generator, coil or transformer is a brilliant invention of the great Serbian inventor, physicist and engineer. A transformer consists of two coils that do not have a common iron core. The primary winding must have at least a dozen turns of thick wire. At least 1000 turns are already wound on the secondary one. Please note that the Tesla coil has a transformation ratio that is 10-50 times greater than the ratio of the number of turns on the second winding to the first. The output voltage of such a transformer can exceed several million volts. It is this circumstance that ensures the occurrence of spectacular discharges, the length of which can reach several meters at once. It is very important: both the capacitor and the primary winding must ultimately form a specific oscillatory circuit that enters into a state of resonance with the secondary winding. The Tesla coil installation diagram assumes a current of 5-8 A. The maximum value of this value, which still leaves a chance of survival, is 10 A. So when working, do not forget for a second about the simplest precautions.

You can find it on the Internet different variants manufacturing of high frequency and voltage sources. We chose one of the schemes (Appendix 2 ), which consists of:

Power supply (220V – 24V)

Variable resistor

Resistor

Primary coil (9 turns)

Secondary coil (1000 turns)

Transistor on the radiator (M.J.E. 13007)

Practical part

II .1 Sociological survey among students in grades 7-11 of Federal Secondary School No. 5

325 people took part in the survey. Questions were asked:

1 . Have you heard about Nikola Tesla's inventions (Tesla coil)?

2. Would you like to see a series of experiments using a Tesla coil?

After processing the results, the result is as follows: 176 students heard about Tesla’s inventions, 156 students did not. 97 people saw videos of experiments on the Internet, 228 have no idea what the coil looks like and its use. All 325 students would like to see the result research work and a series of experiments using the Tesla coil.

II .2 Tesla coil assembly

Let us turn to the device that is now known as the Tesla transformer (coil). All over the world, Tesla manufacturers annually reproduce its numerous modifications.The main goal of most of these Tesla radio amateurs is to obtain light and sound effects achieved in experiments with high voltage, which is present at the output of the high-voltage coil of a Tesla transformer (TT). Many are also attracted by Tesla's ideas for energy generation high power, and even more attractive, is the attempt to create an “over-unit” (SE) device based on a CT. This is the realm of alternative science.

I assembled the installation myself based on the diagram (Appendix 2, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ). A coil wound on a frame from a plastic (plumbing) pipe with a diameter of 5 cm. The primary winding contains only 9 turns, a wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm, a single-core copper wire in rubber insulation was used. The secondary winding contains 1000 turns of 0.1 mm wire. The secondary winding is wound neatly, turn to turn. This device produces high voltage at high frequency. A Tesla coil is a demonstration generator of high-frequency, high-voltage currents. The device can be used to wirelessly transmit electric current over long distances. During the study, I will demonstrate the operation of a Tesla coil I made.(Appendix 3, Fig. 6).

II.3 Calculation of the main characteristics of the manufactured Tesla coil

EMF: 24 V . Two screwdriver batteries, 12 V each.

Resistance: R =50075 Ohm. R= R 1 + R 2 (serial connection) Internal resistance source, wires, windings considered necessary, neglected. 1) Variable resistor (Rheostat) 50 KOhm. 2) 75 Ohm resistor.

Current strength: 0.5 mA. Calculated from Ohm's law for a complete circuitI = EMF/ R + r

and checked with an ammeter.

Oscillation frequency: 200 MHz . Calculations were made usingCircutLab.

Input voltage: 24 V.

Output voltage : ~2666.7 V.

Transformation ratio - this is the quantity equal to the ratio voltages in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer.

K = U 1 / U 2 = N 1 / N 2 , Where

N 1 - number of turns on the primary winding of the transformer

N2 - number of turns on the secondary winding of the transformer

U1 - voltage on the primary winding of the transformer

U2 - voltage on the secondary winding of the transformer

given thatK< 1, U2 >U1, N2>N1 – step-up transformer

given thatK >1, U1> U2, N1> N2 - a step-down transformer

K = U 1 / U 2 =24/2667=0,009 < 1 step-up transformer

K = N 1 / N 2 = 9/1000=0,009 < 1 step-up transformer

Let's plot the dependence of the output voltage on the number of turns of the secondary coil (Appendix 4 ) . From the diagram you can see what larger number turns on the secondary winding, the more output voltage coils.

CONCLUSION: coil discharges are not dangerous for human body with short-term exposure, since the current is negligible, and the frequency and voltage are too high.

II.4 Experimental experiments using the Tesla coil

With a finished Tesla coil, you can conduct a number of interesting experiments, observing safety rules. To conduct experiments, you must have very reliable wiring, otherwise disaster will not be avoided. You can even touch the high voltage output coil with a piece of metal. Why does nothing happen to the experimenter when he touches a voltage source of 250,000 V at a high frequency of 500 kHz? The answer is simple. Nikola Tesla discovered this “terrible” secret – High frequency currents at high voltages are safe.

During operation, the Tesla coil creates beautiful effects associated with the formation various types gas discharges. Many people collect Tesla coils in order to look at these impressive, beautiful phenomena. In general, a Tesla coil produces several types of discharges:

Spark - this is a spark discharge. There is also a special type of spark discharge - a sliding spark discharge.

Streamers - dimly glowing thin branched channels that contain ionized gas atoms and free electrons split off from them. It flows from the coil terminal directly into the air without going into the ground. A streamer is, in fact, visible ionization of air (glow of ions) created by the high-voltage field of a transformer.

Corona discharge - glow of air ions in a high voltage electric field. Creates a beautiful bluish glow around explosive parts of a structure with a strong surface curvature.

Arc discharge - is formed in many cases. For example, with sufficient transformer power, if a grounded object is brought close to its terminal, an arc may light up between it and the terminal

It is interesting to note that some ionic chemicals applied to the discharge terminal are capable of changing the color of the discharge. For example, sodium ions change the normal color of spark to orange, boron to green, manganese to blue, lithium to crimson.

The operation of a resonant transformer is accompanied by a characteristic electrical crackling sound. This appearance is associated with the transformation of streamers into spark channels, which is accompanied by a sharp increase in the current strength and energy released in them.

Using a manufactured Tesla coil, I demonstrate many beautiful and impressive experiments. Demonstrations using a transformer.Let's observe the discharges.

Demo #1 . Demonstration of gas discharges. Streamer, spark, arc discharge.

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), screwdriver.

When the coil is turned on, a discharge begins to emerge from the terminal, which in length6-7 mm. ( Appendix 5, Fig. 7, 8 ).

Demonstration No. 2. Demonstration of a glow discharge. The glow of spectral tubes filled with inert gases: helium, hydrogen, neon.

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), set of spectral tubes.

When we bring these lamps to the Tesla coil, we will observe how the gas with which the tubes are filled will glow (Appendix 6, Fig.9, 10,11 ).

Demonstration No. 3. Demonstration of discharge in fluorescent lamp and a fluorescent lamp (LDS).

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), fluorescent lamp, fluorescent lamp.

A discharge is observed in a fluorescent lamp (Appendix 7, Fig. 12, 13 ).

Demonstration No. 4. Experiment with rulers.

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), metal ruler, wooden ruler.

When a metal ruler is introduced into the discharge, the streamer hits it, while the ruler remains cold. When a wooden ruler is placed into a discharge, the streamer quickly covers its surface and after a few seconds the ruler lights up( Appendix 8, Fig. 14, 15, 16 ).

Demonstration No. 5. Experiment with paper.

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), paper.

When introducing paper into a discharge, the streamer quickly covers its surface and after a few seconds the paper flares up (Appendix 9, Fig. 17 ).

Demonstration No. 6. Experiment with a whisk.

Equipment

We branch the wires and solder them to the terminal in advance (Appendix 10, Fig. 18 ).

Demonstration No. 7. Plasma tree.

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), thin stranded wire.

We branch the wires from the wire, which has been previously stripped of insulation, and screw it to the terminal (Appendix 11, Fig. 19,20, 21, 22 ).

Demonstration No. 8. Ion motor.

Equipment : Tesla coil (transformer), cross plate.

We screw the needle to the transformer terminal and install a cross plate on top in the center. After turning on the coil, streamers begin to emerge from the 4 ends of the cross and under their action the plate begins to rotate (Appendix 12, Fig. 23).

II.5 Modern application of Tesla's ideas

Alternating current is the main method of transmitting electricity over long distances.

Electric generators are the main elements in generating electricity at hydroelectric power stations, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, etc.

Electric motors, first created by Nikola Tesla, are used in all modern machine tools, electric trains, electric cars, trams, and trolleybuses.

Radio-controlled robotics has become widespread not only in children's toys and wireless television and computer devices(control panels), but also in the military sphere, in the civilian sphere, in matters of military, civil and internal, as well as external security of countries, etc.

Wireless chargers are starting to be used to charge phones or.

Alternating current, pioneered by Tesla, is the primary way to transmit electricity over long distances.

Original modern anti-theft agents for cars work on the principle of the same coils.

Use in for entertainment purposes and show.

The transformer was used by Tesla to generate and propagate electrical oscillations to control devices over a distance without wires, transmit data wirelessly, and transmit energy wirelessly.

In films, episodes are based on the demonstration of the Tesla transformer, in computer games.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tesla transformer also found popular use in medicine. Patients were treated with weak high-frequency currents, which, flowing through a thin layer of the skin surface, did not cause harm to internal organs, while providing a “tonic” and “healing” effect.

It is used to ignite gas discharge lamps and to detect leaks in vacuum systems.

Its main use today is cognitive and aesthetic. This is mainly due to significant difficulties when it is necessary to control the selection of high-voltage power, or even more so, transfer it to a distance from the transformer, since in this case the device inevitably goes out of resonance, and the quality factor of the secondary circuit is also significantly reduced.

Conclusion: It is incorrect to assume that the Tesla coil does not have wide practical applications. The examples I listed above clearly demonstrate this. However, its main use today is cognitive and aesthetic (Appendix 13, Fig. 24 ).

II .6. Photo and video report of the study

Attached is a photo report, a video report is attached to the work on electronic media. Booklet-memo “Modern application of Tesla’s ideas”(Appendix 14).

Conclusion

One of the brightest, most interesting and extraordinary personalities among physicists isNikola Tesla . For some reason, he is not much favored on the pages of school physics textbooks, although without his works, discoveries and inventions it is difficult to imagine the existence of seemingly ordinary things, such as, for example, the presence of electric current in our sockets. Like Lomonosov, Nikola Tesla was ahead of his time and did not receive the recognition he deserved during his lifetime, however, to this day his works are not appreciated.

Tesla managed to combine the properties of a transformer and the phenomenon of resonance in one device. This is how the famous resonance transformer was created, which played a huge role in the development of many branches of electrical engineering and radio engineering and is widely known as "Tesla transformer ".

Transformer (coil) Tesla - amazing device, allowing you to obtain a powerful, intense flow of field emission in an extremely economical way. However, its unique properties and useful applications are far from being exhausted.

Undoubtedly, Nikola Tesla is an interesting figure from the point of view of the prospect of using his unconventional ideas in practice. The Serbian genius managed to leave a noticeable mark on the history of science and technology.

His engineering developments have found application in the field of power engineering, electrical engineering, cybernetics, biophysics, and medicine. The activities of the inventor are shrouded in mystical stories, among which one must choose those that contain true information, real historical facts, scientific achievements and concrete results.

The issues that Nikola Tesla dealt with remain relevant today. Their consideration allows creative engineers and students of physics to look at problems more broadly modern science, abandon templates, learn to distinguish truth from fiction, generalize and structure the material. Therefore, the views of N. Tesla can be considered relevant today not only for research in the field of the history of science and technology, but as a fairly effective means search work, invention of new technological processes and use of the latest technologies.

As a result of my research, the hypothesis was confirmed:An electromagnetic field of enormous intensity is formed around the Tesla coil, capable of transmitting electric current wirelessly:

light bulbs filled with inert gas glow near the coil, therefore, there really is a high-intensity electromagnetic field around the installation;

the light bulbs lit up by themselves in my hands at a certain distance, which means that electric current can be transmitted wirelessly.

It is necessary to note one more important thing: the effect of this installation on a person: as you noticed during work, I was not shocked: high-frequency currents that pass through the surface of the human body do not harm it, on the contrary, they have a tonic and healing effect, this is even used in modern medicine (from popular science literature). However, it should be noted that the electrical discharges that you saw have high temperature, so it is not recommended to catch lightning with your hands for a long time!

Nikola Tesla laid the foundations new civilization third millennium and its role needs to be reassessed. Only the future will provide a real explanation for Tesla's phenomenon.

electromagnetic field of Tesla coil

Introduction……………………………………………………..………......2 pages.

Theoretical part of Nikola Tesla and his inventions…………………..…………………5 pages. Installation diagram of the Tesla coil…………………………. ........8 pages. Practical part Sociological survey among students of the Federal Secondary School No. 5...... 8 pages. Assembling a Tesla coil.................................... …………...9 pp. Calculation of the main characteristics of the manufactured Tesla coil 9 pp. Experimental experiments in the use of the Tesla coil….……11 pp. Modern application of Tesla’s ideas…………………………..13 p. Photo and video report of the study………………..14 p.

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……..................15 p.

References……………………………………………………….……………….…..16 pages.

Appendices…………………………………………………………….…….……….…..18 p.

Introduction

I could split the globe, but never

I won't do this.

My main goal was to point out new phenomena

and spread ideas that will become

starting points for new research.

Nikola Tesla

“I have finally succeeded in creating discharges whose power greatly exceeds that of lightning. Are you familiar with the expression “you can’t jump over your head”? It's a delusion. A person can do anything." In the International Year of Light and Light Technologies, I think it is worth remembering the legendary personality Nikola Tesla, and the meaning of some of his inventions is still being debated to this day. A lot of different things have been said about him, but most people, including me, are unanimous in their opinion - Tesla did a lot for the development of science and technology for his time. Many of his patents have come to life, but some still remain beyond understanding. But Tesla's main achievements can be considered research into the nature of electricity. Especially high voltage. Tesla amazed his acquaintances and colleagues with amazing experiments in which, without difficulty or fear, he controlled high-voltage generators that produced hundreds and sometimes millions of volts. Back in the 1900s, Tesla could transmit current over vast distances without wires, obtaining a current of 100 million amperes and a voltage of 10 thousand volts. And maintain such characteristics for any necessary time. For those who lived next to him, the world changed, turned into a fairy-tale space where nothing should be surprised. Northern lights flashed over the entire Atlantic, ordinary butterflies turned into bright fireflies, ball lightning was easily taken out of suitcases and used to illuminate living rooms. His experiments always balanced on the brink of evil and good. The fall of the Tunguska meteorite, the earthquake in New York, the testing of monstrous weapons capable of instantly destroying entire armies - this is what else, besides luminous butterflies, is attributed to Tesla's experiments. It was he who served for many science fiction writers as the image of a mad professor whose inventions threaten to destroy the entire planet. In fact, we know nothing about what kind of person Nikola Tesla was, what kind of hero he should become for biographers, good or bad.

Experimental physics is of great importance in the development of science. Better to see once than hear a hundred times. No one will argue that experiment is a powerful impetus to understanding the essence of phenomena in nature. You can admire nature without knowing physics. But to understand it and see what is hidden behind the external images of phenomena is possible only with the help of exact science and experimentation. Today we can say with confidence that only a fait accompli is accurate in nature, that is, experience or experiment, or the results of a natural process, the course of which does not depend on man. Only the result obtained through one or another action remains unshakable. As I already said, this is the only certainty in the hypothesis. Everyone knows that any hypothesis rests on three pillars: the result of the experiment, its description and the conclusion, which is based on recognized stereotypes (Appendix 1).

Experiments with electricity. If you think about it, what else can you discover and experiment with? After all, now humanity has long been unable to imagine its existence without electricity. All household appliances, our entire industry, and medical devices operate with it. One thing is true, the current itself reaches us, alas, only through wires. This is all very far from what Nikola Tesla could do more than 100 years ago, and what modern physics still cannot explain. Modern physics is simply not able to achieve such indicators. He turned the electric motor on and off remotely, and the light bulbs in his hands lit up by themselves. Modern scientists have only reached the level of 30 million amperes (with the explosion of an electromagnetic bomb), and 300 million with a thermonuclear reaction - and even then, for a split second.

The relevance lies in the fact that in our time, enthusiasts and scientists around the world are trying to repeat the experiments of the brilliant scientist and find their application. I won’t go into mysticism, I tried to do something spectacular according to Tesla’s “recipes”. This is a Tesla coil. Having seen it once, you will never forget this incredible and amazing sight.

Object of study: Tesla coil.

Subject of research: electromagnetic field of a Tesla coil, high-frequency discharges in gas.

The purpose of the research: to manufacture a high-frequency Tesla coil and conduct experiments based on the assembled operating installation.

The object, subject and purpose of the study led to the formulation of the following hypothesis: an electromagnetic field of enormous intensity is formed around the Tesla coil, capable of transmitting electric current wirelessly.

Study the literature on the research problem. Get acquainted with the history of the invention and the principle of operation of the Tesla coil. Finding parts and making a Tesla coil. Conduct a sociological survey among students in grades 7-11 at Fedorovskaya Secondary School No. 5. Conduct calculations of the characteristics of the Tesla coil and experiments demonstrating its operation. Prepare a photo and video report on the work done for the benefit of students in grades 9-11.

Research methods:

Empirical: observation of high-frequency electrical discharges in a gaseous environment, research, experiment. Theoretical: Tesla coil design, literature analysis, statistical processing of results.

Research stages:

Theoretical part. Studying the literature on the research problem. Practical part. Making a Tesla Transformer and Demonstrating the Incredible Electromagnetic Field Properties of a Tesla Coil

Novelty: lies in the fact that, like many experimental inventors, I

For the first time, having studied, he assembled a Tesla coil and, as part of the International Year of Light and Light Technologies 2015, conducted a series of experiments and thereby showed the significance of Tesla’s works.

Practical significance: the result of the work is educational in nature, this will increase the interest of students in in-depth study of subjects such as physics, young researchers - to, and perhaps for some will determine the area of ​​further activity.

Theoretical part

I.1.Nikola Tesla and his inventions

I.2. Tesla coil installation diagram

The Tesla resonant generator, coil or transformer is a brilliant invention of the great Serbian inventor, physicist and engineer. A transformer consists of two coils that do not have a common iron core. The primary winding must have at least a dozen turns of thick wire. At least 1000 turns are already wound on the secondary one. Please note that the Tesla coil has a transformation ratio that is 10-50 times greater than the ratio of the number of turns on the second winding to the first. The output voltage of such a transformer can exceed several million volts. It is this circumstance that ensures the occurrence of spectacular discharges, the length of which can reach several meters at once. It is very important: both the capacitor and the primary winding must ultimately form a specific oscillatory circuit that enters into a state of resonance with the secondary winding. K The Tesla coil installation diagram assumes a current strength of 5-8 A. The maximum value of this value, which still leaves a chance of survival, is 10 A. So when working, do not forget for a second about the simplest precautions.

On the Internet you can find different options for manufacturing high-frequency and voltage sources. We chose one of the schemes (Appendix 2), which consists of:

Power supply (220V - 24V) Variable resistor Resistor Primary coil (9 turns) Secondary coil (1000 turns) Heatsink transistor (MJE 13007) Practical part

II.1 Sociological survey among students in grades 7-11 of Federal Secondary School No. 5

325 people took part in the survey. Questions were asked:

1. Have you heard about the inventions of Nikola Tesla (Tesla coil)?

2. Would you like to see a series of experiments using a Tesla coil?

After processing the results, the result is as follows: 176 students heard about Tesla’s inventions, 156 students did not. 97 people saw videos of experiments on the Internet, 228 have no idea what the coil looks like and its use. All 325 students would like to see the result of the research work and a series of experiments using the Tesla coil.

II.2 Tesla coil assembly

Let us turn to the device that is now known as the Tesla transformer (coil). All over the world, Tesla manufacturers annually reproduce its numerous modifications. The main goal of most of these Tesla radio amateurs is to obtain light and sound effects achieved in experiments with high voltage, which is present at the output of the high-voltage coil of the Tesla transformer (TT). Many are also attracted by Tesla's ideas for generating high-power energy, and even more attractive is the attempt to create an "over-unit" (SE) device based on CT. This is the realm of alternative science.

I assembled the installation myself based on the diagram (Appendix 2, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). A coil wound on a frame from a plastic (plumbing) pipe with a diameter of 5 cm. The primary winding contains only 9 turns, a wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm, a single-core copper wire in rubber insulation was used. The secondary winding contains 1000 turns of 0.1 mm wire. The secondary winding is wound neatly, turn to turn. This device produces high voltage at high frequency. A Tesla coil is a demonstration generator of high-frequency, high-voltage currents. The device can be used to wirelessly transmit electric current over long distances. During the study, I will demonstrate the action of the Tesla coil I made (Appendix 3, Fig. 6).

II.3 Calculation of the main characteristics of the manufactured Tesla coil

EMF: 24 V. Two batteries from a screwdriver, 12 V each. Resistance: R=50075 Ohm. R= R1+ R2 (series connection) It is considered necessary to neglect the internal resistance of the source, wires, windings. 1) Variable resistor (Rheostat) 50 KOhm. 2) 75 Ohm resistor. Current: 0.5 mA. Calculated from Ohm's law for a complete circuit I= EMF/ R+r

and checked with an ammeter.

Oscillation frequency: 200 MHz. Calculations were made using CircutLab.

Input voltage: 24 V. Output voltage: ~2666.7 V. Transformation ratio is a value equal to the ratio of voltages in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer.

K=U1/U2=N1/N2, where

N1 - number of turns on the primary winding of the transformer

N2 is the number of turns on the secondary winding of the transformer

subject to K< 1, U2 >U1, N2> N1 – step-up transformer

provided K >1, U1> U2, N1> N2 – step-down transformer

K=U1/U2 =24/2667=0.009< 1 повышающий трансформатор

K= N1/N2 =9/1000=0.009< 1 повышающий трансформатор

Let's plot the dependence of the output voltage on the number of turns of the secondary coil (Appendix 4). The diagram shows that the greater the number of turns on the secondary winding, the greater the output voltage of the coil.

CONCLUSION: coil discharges are not dangerous to the human body during short-term exposure, since the current strength is negligible, and the frequency and voltage are too high.

II.4 Experimental experiments using the Tesla coil

With a finished Tesla coil, you can conduct a number of interesting experiments, observing safety rules. To conduct experiments, you must have very reliable wiring, otherwise disaster will not be avoided. You can even touch the high voltage output coil with a piece of metal. Why does nothing happen to the experimenter when he touches a voltage source of 250,000 V at a high frequency of 500 kHz? The answer is simple. Nikola Tesla also discovered this “terrible” secret - high-frequency currents at high voltages are safe.

During operation, the Tesla coil creates beautiful effects associated with the formation of various types of gas discharges. Many people collect Tesla coils in order to look at these impressive, beautiful phenomena. In general, a Tesla coil produces several types of discharges:

Spark is a spark discharge. There is also a special type of spark discharge - a sliding spark discharge. Streamers are dimly glowing thin branched channels that contain ionized gas atoms and free electrons split off from them. It flows from the coil terminal directly into the air without going into the ground. A streamer is, in essence, visible ionization of air (glow of ions) created by the high-voltage field of a transformer. Corona discharge is the glow of air ions in a high voltage electric field. Creates a beautiful bluish glow around explosive parts of a structure with a strong surface curvature. Arc discharge - occurs in many cases. For example, with sufficient transformer power, if a grounded object is brought close to its terminal, an arc may light up between it and the terminal

It is interesting to note that some ionic chemicals applied to the discharge terminal are capable of changing the color of the discharge. For example, sodium ions change the normal color of spark to orange, boron to green, manganese to blue, lithium to crimson.

The operation of a resonant transformer is accompanied by a characteristic electrical crackling sound. This appearance is associated with the transformation of streamers into spark channels, which is accompanied by a sharp increase in the current strength and energy released in them.

Using a manufactured Tesla coil, I demonstrate many beautiful and impressive experiments. Demonstrations using a transformer. Let's observe the discharges.

Demonstration No. 1. Demonstration of gas discharges. Streamer, spark, arc discharge.

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), screwdriver.

When the coil is turned on, a discharge begins to emerge from the terminal, which is 6-7 mm long. (Appendix 5, Fig. 7, 8).

Demonstration No. 2. Demonstration of a glow discharge. The glow of spectral tubes filled with inert gases: helium, neon.

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), set of spectral tubes.

When we bring these lamps to the Tesla coil, we will observe how the gas with which the tubes are filled will glow (Appendix 6, Fig. 9, 10,11).

Demonstration No. 3. Demonstration of discharge in a fluorescent lamp and a fluorescent lamp (FLL).

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), fluorescent lamp, fluorescent lamp.

A discharge is observed in the fluorescent lamp (Appendix 7, Fig. 12, 13).

Demonstration No. 4. Experiment with rulers.

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), metal ruler, wooden ruler.

When a metal ruler is introduced into the discharge, the streamer hits it, while the ruler remains cold. When a wooden ruler is placed into a discharge, the streamer quickly covers its surface and after a few seconds the ruler lights up (Appendix 8, Fig. 14, 15, 16).

Demonstration No. 5. Experiment with paper.

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), paper.

When introducing paper into a discharge, the streamer quickly covers its surface and after a few seconds the paper flares up (Appendix 9, Fig. 17).

Demonstration No. 6. Experiment with a whisk.

We branch the wires and solder them to the terminal in advance (Appendix 10, Fig. 18).

Demonstration No. 7. Plasma tree.

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), thin stranded wire.

We branch the wires from the wire, which has been previously stripped of insulation, and screw it to the terminal (Appendix 11, Fig. 19,20, 21, 22).

Demonstration No. 8. Ion motor.

Equipment: Tesla coil (transformer), cross plate.

We screw the needle to the transformer terminal and install a cross plate on top in the center. After turning on the coil, streamers begin to emerge from the 4 ends of the cross and under their action the plate begins to rotate (Appendix 12, Fig. 23).

II.5 Modern application of Tesla's ideas

Alternating current is the main method of transmitting electricity over long distances.

Electric generators are the main elements in generating electricity at hydroelectric power stations, thermal power plants, etc. Electric motors, first created by Nikola Tesla, are used in all modern machine tools, electric trains, electric cars, trams, trolleybuses. Radio-controlled robotics have become widespread not only in children's toys and wireless television and computer devices (control panels), but also in the military sphere, in the civilian sphere, in matters of military, civil and internal, as well as external security of countries, etc. Wireless chargers are starting to be used to charge mobile phones or laptops.

Alternating current, pioneered by Tesla, is the primary way to transmit electricity over long distances.

Original modern anti-theft agents for cars work on the principle of the same coils. Use for entertainment purposes and shows. The transformer was used by Tesla to generate and propagate electrical oscillations to control devices over a distance without wires, transmit data wirelessly, and transmit energy wirelessly. In films, episodes are based on demonstrations of the Tesla transformer, in computer games. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tesla transformer also found popular use in medicine. Patients were treated with weak high-frequency currents, which, flowing through a thin layer of the skin surface, did not cause harm to internal organs, while providing a “tonic” and “healing” effect. It is used to ignite gas discharge lamps and to search for leaks in systems. Its main use today is cognitive and aesthetic. This is mainly due to significant difficulties when it is necessary to control the selection of high-voltage power, or even more so, transfer it to a distance from the transformer, since in this case the device inevitably goes out of resonance, and the quality factor of the secondary circuit is also significantly reduced.

Conclusion: it is incorrect to assume that the Tesla coil does not have wide practical applications. The examples I listed above clearly demonstrate this. However, its main use today is cognitive and aesthetic (Appendix 13, Fig. 24).

II.6. Photo and video report of the study

Attached is a photo report, a video report is attached to the work on electronic media. Booklet-memo “Modern application of Tesla’s ideas” (Appendix 14).

Conclusion

One of the brightest, most interesting and extraordinary personalities among physicists is Nikola Tesla. For some reason, he is not much favored on the pages of school physics textbooks, although without his works, discoveries and inventions it is difficult to imagine the existence of seemingly ordinary things, such as, for example, the presence of electric current in our sockets. Like Lomonosov, Nikola Tesla was ahead of his time and did not receive the recognition he deserved during his lifetime, however, to this day his works are not appreciated.

Tesla managed to combine the properties of a transformer and the phenomenon of resonance in one device. This is how the famous resonance transformer was created, which played a huge role in the development of many branches of electrical engineering and radio engineering and is widely known as the “Tesla transformer”.

The Tesla transformer (coil) is an amazing device that allows you to obtain a powerful intense flow of field emission in an extremely economical way. However, its unique properties and useful applications are far from being exhausted.

Undoubtedly, Nikola Tesla is an interesting figure from the point of view of the prospect of using his unconventional ideas in practice. The Serbian genius managed to leave a noticeable mark on the history of science and technology.

His engineering developments have found application in the field of electrical engineering, cybernetics, and medicine. The activities of the inventor are shrouded in mystical stories, among which one must choose those that contain true information, actual historical facts, scientific achievements and concrete results.

The issues that Nikola Tesla dealt with remain relevant today. Their consideration allows creative engineers and students of physics to take a broader look at the problems of modern science, abandon templates, learn to distinguish truth from fiction, generalize and structure the material. Therefore, the views of N. Tesla can be considered relevant today not only for research in the field of the history of science and technology, but as a fairly effective means of search work, the invention of processes and the use of new technologies.

As a result of my research, the hypothesis was confirmed: an electromagnetic field of enormous intensity is formed around the Tesla coil, capable of transmitting electric current wirelessly:

light bulbs filled with inert gas glow near the coil, therefore, there really is a high-intensity electromagnetic field around the installation; the light bulbs lit up by themselves in my hands at a certain distance, which means that electric current can be transmitted wirelessly.

It is necessary to note one more important thing: the effect of this installation on a person: as you noticed during work, I was not shocked: high-frequency currents that pass through the surface of the human body do not harm it, on the contrary, they have a tonic and healing effect, this is even used in modern medicine (from popular science literature). However, it should be noted that the electrical discharges that you saw have a high temperature, so it is not recommended to catch lightning with your hands for a long time!

Nikola Tesla laid the foundations of a new civilization of the third millennium and his role needs to be reassessed. Only the future will provide a real explanation for Tesla's phenomenon.