Information technologies in the legal field. Legal resources on the Internet. Abstract: “Information technologies in jurisprudence Information technologies by type of legal activity briefly

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY OF THE RF

GOU VPOROSTOVSK STATE

ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY "RINH"

FACULTY OF LAW

Department of Informatics and Mathematics

" Computer technologies in legal activities"

Performed

student of the Faculty of Law gr. No. 623, full-time education

Scientific adviser:

Introduction

The task of building a democratic state based on a market economy has brought forward a whole range of problems for the legal science and practice of Russia, among which one of the central places, perhaps, is occupied by the informatization of the legal sphere on the basis of its widespread computerization.

The solution to these problems should find its concrete expression in the development and widespread implementation of computer and other information technologies in all types of law-making, law enforcement and law enforcement activities, as well as in the field of legal education and upbringing of citizens. At the same time, the informatization of all these types of activities should be based on their proper legal support.

This term is usually used to designate technology, mathematical methods and special software used to collect, store and process information used in various management processes, for training, as well as for obtaining various types of information and computing services.

Today there is practically no type of human activity where computing technology (computers) is not used in one form or another. Assessing the situation in 1972, the American sociologist O. Toffler wrote: “... What is happening now, apparently, is something more than the industrial revolution... The current moment is no more and no less than the second great watershed in the history of mankind, comparable in its significance only to the first great break in historical continuity - the transition from barbarism to civilization... The appearance of fundamentally new machines (we are talking about computers in the book) - Ya. Ya) not only suggests ideas for changing other machines - it also suggests new solutions social, philosophical and even personal problems..." Today we can say with confidence that a new scientific and technological revolution has taken place, and we are enjoying its fruits.

It should be borne in mind that humanity is only at the beginning of its journey. According to G.R. Gromov: “... The entire period of time during which people began to register information images, and then process them, does not constitute even 1% of the age of human civilization.”

Chapter 1. Computer technologies in legal activities: essence, prerequisites and significance of use

1.1 Computerization of legal activities is one of the directions for increasing its efficiency

Human - an indispensable subject of legal activity. The investigator and judge, forensic expert and lawyer, criminal investigation workers and information center employees can be considered as the main components of complexly organized law enforcement systems (prosecutor's office, justice authorities, Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc.). The spread of computers, as recent decades have shown, has indeed "... stimulated a great many new ideas about man as an interacting part of larger systems, about his psychology, about how he learns, remembers, makes decisions...". What is happening represents a two-pronged process: a person improves computer systems, which, in turn, improve a person. Improving relationships in human-machine systems in the field of jurisprudence is one of the most important tasks of modern legal activity.

In different historical eras, this problem was solved in different ways, as a result of which today a whole system of approaches to its resolution, means and methods has emerged, which are basically based on the laws of development and improvement of people’s cognitive and production activities. Considering that, of all the variety of types of human activity, only legal activity is considered here, we can highlight rationalization, mechanization and computerization as the leading directions for its improvement.

Rationalization, those. actions to improve methods and techniques of activity, including improving methods of information exchange, have always accompanied any type of legal activity. Rationalization is the basis of the scientific organization of labor. The ideas in this area boil down to the well-known proverb: “Give a job to a lazy person, and he will do it with the least amount of movement.” Seriously speaking, the correct organization of managerial work, including legal activities, brings very significant results.

Mechanization - an independent direction for improving and increasing the efficiency of human activity in general, and legal activity in particular, through the use of various types of mechanisms to facilitate human labor and reduce (eliminate) routine operations. In the broad sense of the word, mechanization also refers to the use of devices capable of converting one type of energy into another, for example, thermal energy into mechanical energy, mechanical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy into sound and mechanical energy, etc.

The ability to use telephone and radio communications, mechanical and electrical printing devices, photo, film and video recording, sound recording and other means of receiving, recording and transmitting information of legal significance in the field of legal activity certainly contributed to its optimization and increased efficiency.

Fundamentally new opportunities for improving the organization of legal activities have opened up on the basis of its computerization. This is a collective concept. It includes and combines into a single whole the processes of using logic, mathematical apparatus (in particular, for a formalized description of objects and an algorithm for solving legal problems), information theory and information systems, and, finally, computers themselves (as technical means of automating information processes).

In fact, the well-known history of the development of computer technology is largely a process of mutual influence of developing technical means and the software industry in the field of information processing systems. The trends of this development at all its stages are determined mainly by the goals of ensuring the tasks arising in legal practice. At the same time, the existing experience in the effective use of computer facilities and computer technologies in law and law enforcement also significantly stimulates further developments in the field of creating specialized software and hardware systems or their corresponding components. At the same time, the exceptional variety of problems arising in legal practice and, as a consequence, approaches to resolving them make it possible to fully utilize the entire range of developments in the field of information technology (from all kinds of word processors to automated information systems and “consulting systems”), clarifying, specializing, finalizing them depending on the specifics of a particular area of ​​legal activity.

In modern conditions, in almost all areas of legal activity - from purely scientific to the most diverse forms of law enforcement activities - a lawyer will have access to certain opportunities from the arsenal of computer technologies. The emergence of specialized legal computer technologies, in turn, serves as an impetus for the development of both information flows involved in solving legal problems, and approaches to their correct formation and use.

The use of mathematics in the field of legal practice began long before the invention of the computer. But the special importance of the mathematical apparatus was manifested in the computerization of legal (as, indeed, any other) activity. The importance of using mathematical tools and methods in the process of cognition is determined by the following circumstances.

Firstly, their use helps to increase the objectivity and accuracy of the research conducted and the results obtained, on the basis of which legally significant decisions are made.

Secondly, as is known, the most important principles of scientific knowledge are the completeness and comprehensiveness of the study of its object (for example, in criminal proceedings - the completeness and comprehensiveness of the study of the crime event and the circumstances associated with it). This means that, along with qualitative ones, quantitative and structural characteristics of the object of cognition, as well as its functional connections and relationships with other objects, must be identified and studied. Here mathematical methods play a very important role, because their use expands the scope of a purely qualitative approach and makes the study complex and multifaceted. Note that the use of mathematical tools and methods to ensure the operation of a computer does not reduce it to the level of a simple technical tool that only allows one to calculate the quantitative value of a particular parameter of an object of knowledge. With proper mathematical support, a computer is capable of implementing logical operations.

The use of mathematical tools and methods has a very significant impact on the qualitative development of theory and practice in the area of ​​human activity where they are used. The fact is that the translation of concepts and representations into mathematical language significantly clarifies, improves and develops the system of these concepts and representations. The practical significance of this in relation to legal sciences and legal research is manifested in the improvement of their language.

Language, as we know, is not only a means of communication, but also a means of describing the object of knowledge, as well as the results achieved in the course of its study.

Structurally, the language of any science is a system of concepts, definitions, images, specific to a given science, as well as signs with the help of which they are expressed.

The basic basis of the language of any legal science is the language of law. Along with this, when a particular legal science interacts with mathematics, the language of the latter, or rather, its individual elements, are assimilated with the language of the science interacting with it. Most often these are mathematical concepts, numbers and operations on them, symbolic designations of such actions, graphic constructions and their transformations. With the emergence of computational mathematics and the use of computers to solve legal problems, these elements of the language of mathematics were supplemented by the language of algebraic formulas and analysis, as well as algorithms and programs.

As practice shows, the use of the tools and methods of mathematics, as well as its language, leads to the fact that the concepts that are used to describe the progress of legal research become more defined, and their interrelation within the system is improved.

As for the form of expression of achieved knowledge, when mathematizing the process of cognition, mathematical symbolism and logical expressions can be used, which (as in the description of the object of cognition) allows the transition from natural language to artificial or, in other words, to the language of signs.

Most often, signs are certain symbols (mathematical, logical, alphabetic). Signs of this kind and their combinations (sign systems) are capable of performing a very important function - replacing verbose and, moreover, not always unambiguous narrative and (or) incentive statements expressed in natural language. While fully conveying the content of the statement, such systems are always more compact. There is a kind of “compression” of information according to form while maintaining its volume completely or quite completely.

An example of this is such a sign system as the main and additional parts of the ten-finger fingerprint formula. So, in accordance with the adopted indexation, the formula

replaces the following description: the person subject to criminal registration has no curl patterns on any of the ten fingers (the main part of the formula 1/1).

The patterns on the right hand (numerator of the additional fraction) are distributed as follows:

on the thumb - a radial loop (2);

on the index finger there is an arc pattern (1);

in the middle there is an ulnar loop, with less than 10 papillary lines between the center of the pattern and the delta (3);

on the innominate one there is an ulnar loop, which has less than 14 (but more than 9) papillary lines between the center of the pattern and the delta (4);

on the little finger there is an arc pattern (1).

Information about the structural features of the papillary patterns on the fingers of the left hand is carried by the signs in the denominator of the additional fraction.

In this system, natural numbers are used as signs, which are easily converted into the binary number system, and the latter, as will be shown below, is one of the most important ways of formalizing information, which ensures its entry into the machine’s memory. It is important to emphasize that in sign systems, signs carry and transmit information not about themselves, but about what is designated by each of them and their totality. It is this property of signs and sign systems that allows them to be used to solve any cognitive problems, including legal ones. In modern conditions, the importance of sign systems is also determined by the fact that they are a necessary attribute of any research carried out using computers and automated information systems (AIS) created on their basis. The latter are the main link in the modern concept of informatization of legal activity, which is a set of measures aimed at providing it with complete and timely information about the objects and tasks of legal research.

1.2 Information and information processes in the structure of legal activity

1.2.1 The concept of information and its modern concepts

Until the middle of the 20th century, the term “information”, both in everyday life and in scientific literature, was usually used to define a message, informing someone about something or “information transmitted by one person to another, which is close to this in meaning.

With the development of technical means of transmitting information and, especially with the invention of computers, which make it possible to exchange information not only between people, but also between a person and a machine (computer), the concept of information has been significantly transformed.

One of the first definitions of information related to the “computer era” belongs to K. Wiener: “Information is the designation of content received from the external world in the process of our adaptation to it and the adaptation of our senses to it. The process of obtaining and using information is the process of our adaptation to the contingencies of the external environment and our life activity in this environment."

It is impossible not to notice that, in contrast to the definition of information as a message about something that was characteristic of the “pre-computer era”, in N. Wiener’s definition the content of what we receive a message about and what already exists in the outside world is of paramount importance . However, this definition does not reflect what the content of information is, what its nature is and the material basis for its occurrence.

In this sense, the concept of information based on the philosophical category of reflection as a universal property of matter is more productive."

When using the category of reflection to understand the essence of information, it should be taken into account that it is closely connected with other philosophical categories, such as movement, space, time, and, in addition, with the problem of the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of its reflection in living and inanimate nature.

An important condition for understanding the essence of information and correctly solving a number of information and cognitive problems, which include most legal ones, is the use of the principle of adequate representation of an object by an object reflecting it.

It is possible to understand the mapping mechanism only by analyzing the philosophical category of the movement of matter, in particular its form, such as the interaction of one material formation with another. The result of their interaction are displays, and the data that forms their content is information.

Note that with this concept of information, the data that forms the content of the display is understood as any real changes of any nature that occur as a result of the interaction of objects and reproduce the properties and features of one object in another.

So, within the framework of the stated concept, information is understood as a means that allows one to “remove the uncertainty” (entropy) of a particular event, a particular object of knowledge.

Of course, this is an extremely important aspect of analyzing the essence and meaning of information. However, for a comprehensive solution to the problem of information, such an approach alone is not enough, since it does not fully reveal either the conditions and “mechanism” of information perception by the cognizing subject, or the methodological foundations of the procedures associated with its processing using computer technology.

A more fruitful approach for this purpose is called the “diversified” concept of information. This approach is based on the general scientific concept of diversity, based on the philosophical categories of difference, reflection and the law of necessary diversity.

Reflection, as already noted, is a property of all matter. It is always present when there is an interaction between two or more objects (in relation to cognitive activity - the subject and the object of cognition).

The first act of cognition, as is known, is the perception of the object of cognition, for it is impossible to know what cannot be perceived in one way or another. You can only perceive an object that, in some respects (color, size, shape, position, content, etc.) differs from its environment.

In other words, using the language of logic, we can say that difference is the negation of indiscernibility, and the message that allows one to eliminate the state of indiscernibility is information. Therefore, information can be interpreted as “sublated” indistinguishability, as diversity. “Information is available where there is diversity, heterogeneity. Information “appears” when at least two “elements” in the aggregate differ, and it “disappears” if objects are “glued together”, “identified”.

Starting from the “diversified” concept of information, it can be argued that the process of its isolation consists in establishing the diversity of the object of cognition, manifested in the diversity of characteristics characterizing it, and this is possible when such diversity actually exists and is displayed and perceived by the knowing subject.

Let us add to what has been said that information about the object of cognition can not only be perceived by the cognizing subject or a technical device (with appropriate processing), but also, as it were, separated from its primary source - the reflection of the object of cognition.

It follows from this that it can be transferred in space, stored in time, transferred to another cognitive subject or technical device (for example, a computer), and subjected to other operations, the totality of which is called information processes

1.2.2 Information processes as a direct object of computerization

Despite the fact that the concept of “information” itself is an abstract one (like the concepts of “matter”, “energy”, etc.), information always manifests itself in material and energetic form, in particular in the form of signals.

The signal can have a very different physical nature; in the information process, it performs the function of a carrier of information from its source to the receiver and further to the addressee.

In its most general form, this process is shown in the form of the following block diagram (see Fig. 1).

TRANSMITTED SIGNAL

Noises

Noises

RECEIVED SIGNAL

Signal Decoding

Rice. 1. Signal in the information process

Depending on specific conditions (features of the source information, the number of intermediate receivers and consumers, etc.), the process of transmitting information, its movement from the source to the final recipient can be multi-stage: the information signal and each of the intermediate elements of this chain can change their physical nature and nature of the device.

In this regard, in the general problems of optimizing information processes, such issues as isomorphism (mutual unambiguity) of information and its signal, completeness and objectivity of transmission, the possibility (ability) of its perception by the receiving subject or technical device, etc. are very relevant.

But the transfer of information is only one of the phases of the information process that characterizes a particular information system. Its general structure is shown in Fig. 2.

It is impossible not to notice that the information process itself begins with the perception (and recording) of information contained in a particular source.

It is at this stage that the primary image of the perceived object is formed, useful (so-called pragmatic) information is separated from noise, i.e. any interference that interferes with the perception of important information for us (in relation to a specific task).

It ends with the formation of a signal, with the help of which information is transmitted. This becomes possible due to the fact that any signal, representing any material process (for example, an electric current pulse, an electromagnetic oscillation, smell, sound, color), is characterized by a certain structure, which can be expressed in discrete form, that is, in the form the sum of alternating positions (states).

The operation of digital electronic computers (computers) is based on the principle of transmitting information using signals that have been subjected to sampling, some modern types of which are capable of performing certain formal logical operations and “recognizing” visual images. However, a machine acquires such an ability only after it has been specially “trained” for this, that is, when a class of objects has been previously introduced into its memory, the characteristics of which were expressed in one or another artificial notation system, or, in other words, encoded.

Hence the fundamental difference in the perception of an object by a person and a computer: a person subjectively perceives the image of the object, and the machine perceives the code of various features of the object, which are identified and necessary for the machine to solve a certain problem.

However, regardless of the fundamental difference in results, the information process in any system begins with the perception and selection of the necessary for us information, and the information itself represents the content of the signal, which would be convenient for its transmission through the appropriate channels. Channels can have a very different physical nature, in particular, be mechanical, optical, acoustic, electrical.

Therefore, the transfer of information as a phase of the information process is nothing more than the transfer of information over a distance, its movement in time and space through one or another signal. Reception of information is its secondary perception by another subject or another receiving technical device.

Accordingly, information processing can also be carried out by a person or a technical device, in particular an electronic computer.

However, this stage of the information process is implemented by humans and machines differently. The essence of information processing by a machine lies in analog or digital transformations of incoming quantities and functions according to a rigid system of formal rules developed by man.

A person, carrying out semantic and logical processing of information and its evaluation, is not bound by any rigid system of formalized rules. It is precisely this that, first of all, human thinking differs from the ability of a computer to carry out certain logical operations, and a person himself, unlike a machine, can make correct decisions when information is incomplete or presented in a different form.

Giving computers “eyes” and “ears” (according to N. Wiener’s terminology) does not eliminate this difference, i.e. various sensors, measuring instruments, with the help of which the computer, it would seem, acquires the ability not only to transform symbols, but also to meaningfully interact with the environment. However, this ability is apparent, since most devices are not comparable to the sense organs. Devices, as a rule, are only artificial elements of receptors. They record the value of pre-selected variables and, because of this, are incapable or almost incapable of independently purposeful filtering of information contained in the environment. They are also poorly capable of compressing information. Individual sensors are not combined into interacting systems, and computers based on them cannot perceive entire objects and respond to them. This can be achieved only where the object (process) is very simple and can be represented by the values ​​of several variables.

For more successful use of a computer as a means of solving a particular problem, it is preferable that the information entering it to be processed be represented by a relatively small set of variables. Their total number can be arbitrarily large, since modern computers, unlike humans, are characterized by an enormous speed of action (tens and hundreds of millions of operations per second).

The information process chain is completed (in relation to a managed information system) presenting information to the consumer and making decisions. The essence of this stage is to demonstrate to the consumer various kinds of images (in a broad sense) containing the characteristics of the output information. They can be both qualitative and quantitative, which is achieved by using various technical devices, in particular indicators (digital, graphic, recording devices), cathode ray tubes with screens (so-called displays). The latter are currently becoming increasingly widespread, since they make it possible to solve the problem of creating a human-machine information system in which it seems possible to use a computer in the so-called interactive mode.

Information storage is highlighted in a special stage of the information process in Fig. 2. This stage is intermediate between the others and can be implemented at almost any stage of the information process. The storage stage is of particular importance: all automated information systems, including legal ones, are built on the ability of computers and other technical devices to store information entered into them unchanged and in full.

1.3 Information systems

The concept of “system” is widespread both in scientific literature and in everyday life. It is usually used as a synonym for aggregate, a complex of specific real objects. Law and legal activity are no exception in this sense.

Lawyers are accustomed to the expressions “system of legal norms”, “system of evidence”, etc. They mean a set of elements ordered in a certain way (for each system in its own way), which are interconnected and together form something whole.

Closely related to this kind of concept of a system is another concept - “structure”, which usually denotes the method of internal organization of the system, the way of connecting its elements into some kind of holistic formation.

Each element of the system is usually qualitatively isolated and independent within the framework of the whole. At the same time, it largely depends on other elements of the system and is connected with them, which determines its place in the holistic education (system), as well as its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The most complex systems are called cybernetic.

There are a number of definitions of the concept of system. However, the most universal should be recognized as one in which the system is understood as a set of interconnected objects subordinated to a certain single goal, taking into account environmental conditions. The structure and functioning of the system are determined by the goals and objectives set for it 1 .

a system is an ordered (rather than chaotic) collection of elements. Let us explain this feature of the system with an example: just as the totality of all the parts that make up a car, when put together, does not form a car as a system, nor does it form a set of all the rules that determine the conditions and amount of punishment for various types of crimes, without their corresponding systematization does not form a system called the “Criminal Code” (CC);

elements of the system are interconnected and interact within the framework of this system, being its subsystems. Each element of the system, being a subsystem, is characterized by independence, qualitative isolation, due to which it can be considered as an independent system of another level;

the system as a whole performs a specific function, which cannot be reduced to the functions of each individual element;

elements of the system (as subsystems) can interact both within a certain system and with the external environment and at the same time change its content or internal structure.

Under the environment in this case, we mean objects external to a specific system, which can be objects, phenomena, relationships, etc. As a result of the interaction of these objects with the system, they influence in one way or another its organization or functioning, while changing themselves. So, if we turn to our example with the Criminal Code and consider the latter as an element of the “man - law” system, then a person who has committed a certain unlawful act “enters into interaction” with a certain norm, which, under certain conditions (for example, establishing its low effectiveness) subject to change. At the same time, interaction also occurs with the system as a whole, i.e. with the Criminal Code, since in addition to specific rules it also contains general principles for their application.

However, the description of a cybernetic system will be incomplete if we do not add to what has been said that it is information within the framework of space and time. Therefore, it can be considered, firstly, from the standpoint of its past (emergence, evolution), present (type, internal structure, organization) and future; secondly, from the standpoint of its “repertoire* and “calendar.” Moreover, by the repertoire of a system we mean “the set of its states at a given time; under the calendar there are many moments in time, each of which corresponds to one of the states of the system’s repertoire.

Besides, Each information system exists within the framework of not only time, but also space, those. interacts with its environment (or other system). This interaction is based on information processes and the ability of the system to perceive and output information through its inputs and outputs.

In addition to those noted above, a characteristic feature of complex dynamic information systems is their ability to change their state, i.e. the value of certain parameters that characterize the system as a whole or its individual elements (subsystems). Transferring a system from one state to another by influencing the parameters of its elements is system control.

The task (goal) of management is either set at the very beginning of management, or is developed in the process.

A number of very important provisions follow from the above.

Firstly, any management presupposes the presence of managerial influence, which must come from the subject of management.

Secondly, in addition to the subject of management, there must be an object of management.

Thirdly, the influence of the subject of management on the object of management must be purposeful.

Since both the subject and the object of management themselves are usually Complex systems, their totality, considered from the aspect of management, is called a complex management system. In this case, the control subject is called the control system, and the control object is called the managed system. As for the goal of influence pursued by the subject of management, it forms a management task.

Management tasks can be different both in nature and in scope. The area of ​​management is also very important.

Typically, in the literature on managed systems, three main areas of control are distinguished:

management of labor tools, machine systems, production and other processes;

management of the activities of teams solving a particular problem;

control of processes occurring in living organisms.

When analyzing the essence of complex information management systems, it is also necessary to keep in mind that they can be classified according to the nature of their constituent elements.

With this classification, the following types (classes) of systems are distinguished:

It is quite obvious that the above systems are different in nature. At the same time, they have a certain commonality, which allows us to approach their study from a certain general point of view. Such in computer systems are the general patterns of information processes that underlie the management of systems of any nature. Depending on the direction of the influencing signals, such processes proceed according to the principle of direct and feedback.

Direct communication called the connection between the output of an element (A) of the system and the input of some other element (B, C) of the same system. Depending on the structure of the system, there may be various options for direct communication between its elements, in particular a simple direct connection; parallel distribution; parallel connecting.

Feedback called the connection between the output and input of a certain element of the system. And here there may be various options.

Typically, complex computer systems are characterized by combinations of connections, which can also have different structures. In this case, only direct connections are used in open-loop control systems. In closed systems there can be both direct and feedback connections.

Feedback is the most important attribute of functional systems of any nature, including systems of a state-legal nature.

1.4 Legal information and functional information systems of a state legal nature

In the scientific literature and legal practice, the term “legal information” began to be actively used only in the late 60s, which chronologically coincides with the period of development of research on the use of computers to solve specific legal problems.

It seemed to accumulate such concepts as “source of law”, “legal material”, “legal acts”, “legal documents” and others, which were previously used in the analysis of information problems of law and legal activity.

In a broad sense, legal information should be understood as the content of data (messages), the use of which predetermines the solution of a particular legal problem or contributes to its solution.

The multiplicity of such tasks and the complexity of the functions of law, on the one hand, predetermine the variety of types of legal information and its sources, on the other, give rise to certain difficulties in distinguishing it from other types of information (scientific, economic, political, etc.). This explains the fact that both in domestic and foreign literature one can find different interpretations of the term “legal information”.

Much depends on which aspect of this problem comes to the fore, since legal information, like any other, by the way, can be considered both in its semantic (notional) and pragmatic aspects. Typically, legal information is recognized as the semantic content of legal norms. At the same time, it is believed that the latter are contained not only in acts of higher and local authorities and management, but also in departmental regulations. Judicial, arbitration and notarial practice are also considered as a source of legal information.

This approach to the analysis of legal information is correct, but clearly insufficient. The semantic content of legal information very significantly influences its pragmatic aspect, because the universality of legal norms a priori predetermines the value and practical significance of legal information. In addition, in the field of legal activity, in particular when solving specific legal problems, information is used not only in legal norms, but also in a number of other sources. Let's take, for example, such a type of legal activity as solving and investigating crimes. Here, along with the information contained in the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which regulate the procedural order of this type of activity, information contained in sources called traces of the crime and the criminal, as well as in images imprinted in the minds of people (the victim, the witness and the criminal himself) is very widely used. . These are sources of forensic information, which is nothing more than a type of legal information, since it is on its basis that the tasks of solving and investigating crimes are solved.

An independent type of legal information is criminological information. It is identified and analyzed during criminological research, which is one of the types of legal activity. But the subject of research here is not the mechanism of a specific crime and its forensic characteristics, as is the case in forensic studies, but crime as a social phenomenon, consisting of socially dangerous behavior of people that contradicts the requirements of the criminal law, the causes of crime, i.e. social factors, phenomena and processes that influence crime in general and the commission of specific crimes.

It is quite obvious that the sources of information here will be used both the norms of criminal law that define the concept of crime and its types, and sources that contain quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crime, its state, structure, dynamics, territorial distribution and other parameters. If we consider this kind of information only from a semantic point of view, it has a socio-legal nature. From the standpoint of its pragmatic analysis, this is legal information, since it is used in one of the types of legal activities.

Thus, a specific type of legal activity leaves a certain imprint on the information used in it and predetermines the sources from which it can be obtained.

The variety of sources of legal information is usually divided into two main classes: official and unofficial.

To official sources legal information includes acts of supreme bodies of state power and administration, normative acts of ministries and departments, normative and legal decisions of local authorities, as well as acts of higher judicial and arbitration bodies.

Under unofficial sources legal information should be understood as orders and instructions of heads of institutions, enterprises and organizations; court verdicts, decisions and determinations; arbitration awards and determinations; acts of notarial authorities; acts recording the results of scientific and practical legal activities (for example, protocols of interrogations, inspections of crime scenes and other sources containing data used in solving legal problems).

As for legal information itself, it is divided into documentary and non-documentary.

To documentary information This includes data secured in any way and on any medium. From this point of view, a legal document is any material object that records the most diverse properties of knowledge (data) about law and legal activity, intended for transmission in time and space and used in social practice.

To non-documentary legal information refers to those that are not materially expressed (for example, oral statements of a witness to a crime).

The traditional material expression of a legal document is paper carrier. At the same time, in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, when electronic computers, in particular automated control systems of all levels and automated legal information systems, are increasingly interfering in the process of managing society, new types of legal information carriers have appeared. Legal information in the computer management process is fixed, stored, and moved on various magnetic media (disks, floppy disks, tapes, etc.). They were preceded by specific types of paper media (punched cards, punched tape and printouts). In addition, legal information can be recorded and stored on photographic films for subsequent reproduction in the form of photocopies. The display screen is a unique carrier of legal information, since it serves only as a means of displaying information located in the computer’s memory.

Regardless of what source the legal information is obtained from and on what medium it is presented, certain requirements are imposed on it. She must be reliable, those. strictly comply with current legislation and law enforcement documents. Moreover, she must be full, those. reflect all the most important aspects of a legal phenomenon or object of legal research and the results of their knowledge. And finally, complete and reliable information will lose its practical significance if it is not in a timely manner apply to one or another subject of legal activity.

1.4.2 Legal information as the basis for the functioning of legal systems

Legal activity in all its diversity is implemented through a set of systems of a state legal nature.

Such systems, as a rule, have a complex organization, that is, they consist of a complex of subsystems, each of which performs a specific function. In cases where a particular subsystem performs a management function, it is called a functional management system. If the functions of a subsystem are limited to information support of legal activities, it is called an information support system.

Systems of a state-legal nature are among the Purposeful management mechanisms. They are closely related to law and, because of this, perform the function of a regulator of social relations. They have subjects and objects of influence, channels of direct and feedback connections, through which the processes of collecting, processing and using information and, ultimately, management processes are carried out.

Thus, functional state-legal systems are a rather complex type of social formation. As a part of society, as its legal superstructure, functional state legal systems represent a living organism in its functioning and development. In this regard, these systems are sometimes defined as more or less significant associations of government bodies, legal norms, acts of behavior of subjects of legal relations and other objects and phenomena. The systemic formations here can be global socio-legal formations (the state-legal system of society as a whole, the legal superstructure as part of the political system) and their various subsystems, the elements of which can be, say, the prosecutor’s office, court, justice, internal affairs, mechanisms of legal consciousness, lawmaking, maintaining law and order. The most important systems of this kind are the mechanisms of legal regulation of economic, financial, labor and other social relations.

Processes, for example, the adoption of laws, the resolution of economic disputes, and the consideration of cases in courts, can also act as a subsystem of functional state legal systems.

So, functional systems in the field of legal activity act as materialized integral mechanisms for solving problems that arise in connection with the need to achieve established goals. Therefore, their structure and functions are linked to the structure of goals. In turn, the goals of various elements and subsystems of state legal systems are linked in a certain way. In this sense, the entire set of goals of social systems forms a kind of hierarchical “tree” of goals, the implementation of which constitutes the content of one or another type of legal activity.

Conclusion

All managed systems operating in the field of legal activity, can be structurally divided into subjects and objects of management or into managing and managed subsystems. Control subsystems carry out control, regulatory and other influences. These include relevant government bodies, management, courts, prosecutors, public organizations, etc. Managed systems are subject to management influences. The control object (managed subsystem) is the behavior of the subject - enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials, citizens, etc. Control and controlled subsystems have channels of direct and reverse information connections. Direct communication channels go from the control subsystem to the controlled one, and feedback channels go from the controlled subsystem to the control one. Without information exchange, neither the functioning of the system nor its management is possible.

Let us explain this using the example of such a state-legal system as "Justice" system.

One of the objectives of this system is to combat crime. As an integral mechanism, it has the following structure: specific government bodies, united by the concept of civil, criminal and administrative justice; legal and other norms; actions of people.

The subjects of this system are the internal affairs bodies, the prosecutor's office, the court, etc.; the object of influence is human behavior. In fulfilling its function, this system interacts with other functional systems, such as, in particular, the legal regulation mechanism and the law-making mechanism.

The connections between subjects and objects of influence of this system are informational. Justice authorities have specific functioning programs - legal and other norms. These norms contain information about the goals and objectives of justice authorities, the forms and methods of their activities, the procedure for considering cases, the unlawful behavior of citizens, etc.

Organs "Justice" systems are guided by these programs in their immediate activities. Carrying out their functions on a daily basis, these bodies identify crimes, administrative violations, unlawful acts, etc. Consequently, through direct communication channels, the subject of influence receives diverse social and legal information regarding the behavior of people. Justice bodies (each in its own line and within its competence) collect and process incoming information, on its basis initiate and investigate criminal cases, conduct inquiries, preliminary investigations, trials, consider administrative violations, etc. Through feedback channels, the system receives information about the results of its activities. Thus, the functioning of any legal system “is always associated with the collection, processing and use of information

Having become familiar with the most important concepts of legal informatics, we will consider in detail the technical means that ensure the process of computerization of legal activities and are the most important elements of modern information technologies.

Literature

1. Biryukov B.V. Cybernetics and methodology of science. M., 2004, pp. 243, 248.

2. Wiener N Cybernetics and society M, 1998, p. 31.

3. Gromov G.R. Essays on information technology. M., 2003, p.9.

4. Smolyan G.L. Man and computer. M., 2001, p.5.

5. Terminological dictionary of automation, computer science and computer technology. M., 1999, p.66.

6. Ursul “AD Reflection and information M., 2003, p. 114.

7. Shalyutin S.M. On the objective prerequisites of cybernetics and its prospects. In the book: Cybernetics and dialectics. M., 2000, p. 36.

See, for example: Terminological dictionary of automation, computer science and computer technology. M., 1989, p. 66.

• DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN JURISDUCTION
• AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE LEGAL FIELD

The article outlines the purpose and significance of the development of information technologies to support legal activities, and proposes their classification. The main directions and trends in the development of information technologies in law enforcement and the fight against crime are considered.

• Improving the legal framework for state regulation of wildlife in the Republic of Bashkortostan
• The results of operational investigative activities as other documents in criminal proceedings in Russia
• Problems of state registration of rights to linear objects
• Mechanisms of social and legal protection of motherhood and childhood in modern Russia
• Disciplinary responsibility of teaching staff

In the most general form, information technologies can be defined as the processes of searching, collecting, storing, processing, presenting, distributing information, as well as methods (methods) for implementing such processes based on the use of computer technology and telecommunication systems.

The purpose of information technology in the legal field is the production of various types of information for its analysis by a person and, based on it, making a decision to perform any action, perform professional tasks and functions. The goal of information technology is achieved by integrating up-to-date information, ensuring the relevance and consistency of data, and using the latest technical tools and methods to provide information support for a lawyer’s activities. The importance of information technologies in legal activities is manifested in the fact that they allow:

• most effectively search, process and use accumulated resources of legal and other information;
• automate information processes in the legal field, including those related to the adoption and implementation of legal decisions, determining the direction of action in difficult situations of professional activity;
• ensure information and telecommunication interaction between various entities when solving legal problems;
• optimize the educational process and professional training of lawyers;
• ensure the process of obtaining and accumulating new legal knowledge based on the theory of artificial intelligence and information modeling methods.

Information technologies can be classified on several grounds. Thus, according to purpose, one can distinguish enabling and functional information technologies.

At the same time, supporting information technologies are tools that can be used in various subject areas of jurisprudence. These include text processing technologies, database technologies and working with them, telecommunication technologies, multimedia technologies, information security technologies and others. In turn, functional information technologies implement standard procedures for processing information in a certain subject area of ​​jurisprudence and are aimed at computerizing the solution of problems for specific specialists, including employees of law enforcement agencies carrying out operational investigative activities.

According to the degree of coverage of tasks solved in legal activities, we can distinguish:

• information technologies for data processing (used to automate frequently repeated, routine operations related to the processing of information, legal documents, for example, sorting data, calculating any indicators of statistical reporting, etc.);
• information retrieval and information and reference technologies (help a lawyer find the required information in the form of documents or any facts according to the condition specified in the search query);
• information technologies of automated workstations (aimed at computerizing the activities of lawyers and other specialists in performing their functional duties in solving professional problems);
• management information technologies (focused on organizing management, information exchange based on a system of automated workstations for specialists and managers at various levels of management);
• information technologies of expert systems (provide computer modeling of the actions of a human expert in a narrow subject area when solving complex problems);
• information technologies for decision support (provide for the widespread use of the capabilities of various information technologies when making decisions in various situations of professional activity. They are focused on performing poorly formalized tasks, generating possible solutions, evaluating them, choosing the most preferable option for resolving a problem, predicting the consequences of a decision).

Our analysis of regulatory legal acts in the field of informatization allowed us to identify the main trends in the development of state policy in the field of implementation of information technologies in the field of jurisprudence, among which the following can be highlighted:

• development of legal information systems based on computer networks with the possibility of remote access to legal information;
• protection of state information resources and ensuring security in the information sphere;
• the formation of a unified state scientific and technical policy in the field of informatization that meets the world level;
• creation of an electronic government infrastructure in the Russian Federation;
• support for informatization projects, ensuring the development of legal information systems;
• introduction of domestic information and telecommunication systems, communications, navigation based on the GLONASS satellite system into the law enforcement sphere;
• implementation of electronic document management systems in the sphere of public administration, legal activities, and the functioning of specific law enforcement agencies.

An important feature of the current stage of implementation of information technologies is the steady provision of the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to information and the protection of information about private life (personal data). Great importance is given to the computerization of law enforcement activities, strict adherence to the principle of legality when using technical means and information technologies, especially in operational investigative activities. In the law enforcement sphere, the accumulation of information resources about persons, events, objects, phenomena and facts necessary to ensure security and law and order is required. Improving the execution of criminal penalties, the fight against crime and other offenses requires the implementation of operational search and other activities using scientific and technical means and technologies in order to prevent and detect offenses.

In the implementation of legislative acts, concepts for the development of law enforcement structures and systems are developed and approved. Such documents, as a rule, define the directions of development of information technologies, the role and importance of information systems in the fight against crime, as well as in performing other law enforcement tasks. The most general directions for the development of information support in law enforcement agencies, reflected in departmental acts, are:

• development of unified legal, methodological, software, technical approaches to organizing information support;
• formation of data banks for collective use of forensic, operational-reference and investigative information with the organization of quick access to them by employees from their automated workstations, both stationary and in mobile mode during the direct performance of official duties;
• creation of local computer networks according to a unified technological scheme with their integration into regional information and computer networks of law enforcement agencies;
• introduction of satellite navigation systems technologies;
• gradual transition to paperless technologies for collecting, processing, storing and transmitting official information;
• improving the legal, organizational and technical support for activities aimed at strengthening the regime for protecting confidential law enforcement information in the field.

Bibliography

1. On information, information technologies and information protection: federation. Law: [dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ, ed. dated 12/28/2013 ] // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. Federation, 2006. - No. 31 (1 hour). - St. 3448.
2. Concept for the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation until 2020: approved. by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 14, 2010 No. 1772-r. // Collection Russian legislation Federation. 2010. No. 43. Art. 5544.
3. Epifanov S.S. Improving the organization of special technical training for employees of the penal system based on the introduction of innovative educational technologies // Man: crime and punishment. 2011. No. 1 (72). P.119-123.
4. Epifanov S.S. Prevention of recidivism in correctional institutions through measures using technical means // Man: crime and punishment. 2011. No. 4 (75). P.73-77.
5. Epifanov S.S., Moiseev N.D. On the legality of the use of technical means in carrying out operational investigative activities in prisons in the context of the development of the penal system // Man: crime and punishment. 2013. No. 2 (81). P.9-12.
6. Epifanov S.S., Zhuravlev A.N. Organizational and legal basis for the use and technical operation of operational communications in the penal system: educational and practical work. allowance. - Ryazan, 2011. - 59 p.

2. INFORMATION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER LEGAL ADVISORY SERVICES

2.1. THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION AND ITS VALUE FOR THE LEGAL SYSTEM

Information is a strategic product, but with the advent of modern computer technology, it also began to act as one of the most important resources for scientific and technological progress and the transformation of society. The highest priority activity today is the formation of an information society - a society in which the processes of collecting, processing, analyzing, transmitting information, i.e. information and communication technologies occupy a major place in various spheres of human activity.

Information is divided into three main types: 1) by scope (mass, legal, scientific and technical, political, social, statistical, etc.); 2) by access mode (open and limited access); 3) by type of media (paper, machine).

In any society, information performs certain functions,

To The main ones include the following:

integrative - uniting members of society and social groups into a single whole;

communicative− communication and mutual understanding;

instrumental− participation in the organization of production and management;

cognitive - a means of reflecting objective reality and transmitting data.

Information plays a particularly significant role in management activities, which include legal activities.

However, an analysis of the literature, including legal literature, and the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating information relations shows that there is no precise and unambiguous definition of the concept “information”. The views of scientists on this issue are quite diverse and not always unambiguous.

Article 2 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection” defines information in the form of information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation.

Information theory defines information as a means of removing the “uncertainty” (entropy) of an event or object of knowledge.

Information is defined both as messages about events occurring in the legal system of society (M.M. Rassolov), and as data, characteristics

representing the object of knowledge, which can be identified by the cognizing subject in one or another reflection of the cognizable object (N.S. Polevoy), and as a set of legislation (arrays of legal acts) and law enforcement practice (V.E. Krasnyansky).

In everyday life, information is understood as messages that interest us. Consequently, in various studies, in legislation ter-

min “information” is used mainly in one meaning – as information, data, knowledge.

However, the above concepts do not allow us to determine the essence of the information, to remove the questions that arise regarding its content, in particular: why, using the same source (film, book, conversation with a person and other sources), different people receive different information ; or why the same person from the same source, for example, examining a table, can, depending on the method used (vision, smell, touch, examination of the table material), record completely different information. Therefore, to define information, it is important to understand that it is formed from data, but the content of the information depends not only on them, but also on the methods by which the data is reproduced. Methods can be natural (human sensory organs), hardware, software, etc.

Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the most accurate definition of the concept of information to date was proposed by a team of authors led by S.V. Simonovich: “Information is a dynamic object, a product of the interaction of data and methods, considered in the context of this interaction.”

The work of any legal system, as discussed, is always associated with the collection, processing and use of information. Law enforcement agencies collect and process incoming information, initiate and investigate criminal cases on its basis. The legal proof procedure is built from separate operations of searching and evaluating various types of information. In this case, it is necessary to find such quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the initial data about the object of knowledge that would allow us to obtain information about it necessary for determining the truth in the ongoing legal research.

tion. Thus, Without information exchange, neither the existence of the system nor its management is possible . With the help of information:

first, the interconnection and interaction of all elements of legal mechanisms is carried out, their unification into the legal system of society, the connection of legal entities with the external environment; secondly, information is the basis of all stages of legal influence. Based on complete and timely information, movement occurs in the direction of the goals set, and optimal decisions are made.

The main components of a lawyer’s activity include the following:

1) work with social and legal information (its search, evaluation, selection, systematization, study, analysis, processing, etc.);

2) understanding the problem, assessing the situation taking into account its expected changes and putting forward hypotheses;

3) determination of optimal or rational ways and means of accomplishing the task;

4) implementation of interpersonal contacts (conversations, interrogations, discussions, etc.);

5) analysis (logical, professional) of initial data and evidence;

6) making decisions;

7) preparation of documents (protocols, certificates, decisions, etc.);

8) control of execution and legality.

A legal specialist implements the subject of his professional activity on the basis of various information - scientific, social, legal, economic and other. The managerial staff of legal statistical bodies spends up to 80% of their time working with information; investigators spend more than 40% of their time processing information alone.

Previously (and in some places even today), information circulating in legal systems was processed by local administration employees, judges, prosecutors, government arbitrators, investigators and other specialists, mainly manually. The storage of this information was carried out, as a rule, using the simplest means - cards of legislative materials: cards for recording directives, orders, instructions, books on crime analysis, magazines, folders with reports, etc.

With the increase in the volume of information, a situation arose when the existing means of working with information in the legal system became significantly outdated and began to lag behind modern needs, this led to overload of workers and a decrease in the quality of their work.

2.2. INFORMATIZATION OF SOCIETY AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM, IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATIZATION FOR JURIPRUDENCE

Modern society is distinguished by the priority of information over the products of material production, the establishment of a market economy, updating legislation, informatization of all spheres of activity, including legal, the formation in Russia of a single information and legal space, Electronic government, ensuring the information security of citizens and the state, the development of the information services industry, the creation information law, entry into the global information space.

As practice shows, one of the most effective ways to increase a lawyer’s productivity at present is the use of information and communication technologies based on modern computers. Solving professional problems with the help of information and communication technologies makes it possible to influence the quality and efficiency of all legal activities, and increase the productivity of specialists by an average of three times.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting primary information to obtain information of new quality. Article 2 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” states that “information technologies” are processes, methods of searching, collecting, storing, processing, providing, distributing information and methods of implementing such processes and methods.

In Russia, over the years, concepts and programs for informatization of legal institutions and organizations have been developed and adopted. For example: decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 1993 No. 966 “On the concept of legal informatization of Russia”, dated August 4, 1995 No. 808 “On presidential programs for legal informatization”, dated December 19, 1995 No. 1272 “On information -telecommunications support of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation"; federal laws “On information, informatization and information protection” (repealed), “On information, information technologies and information protection”; orders of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2000 No. 10 “On approval of the Concept of Informatization of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation”, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated July 10, 1995 No. 263 “On the procedure for introducing standard software and hardware for informatization of internal affairs bodies”; Federal target program “Electronic Russia (2002 – 2010)”; in 1999, the Concept of informatization of courts of general jurisdiction and the Judicial Department system was developed, which received approval from the judicial community; Concept for the use of information technologies in the activities of federal government bodies until 2010 (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation

dated September 27, 2004 No. 1244-r), etc.

According to these legislative acts, the prosecutor's office, court, other departments, non-profit and commercial law firms are equipped with modern computer equipment and information and communication technologies. So announced on June 13, 2002 by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 562 “Concept for the development of the information and computing system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for 2002 - 2006.” is aimed at solving two interrelated tasks: increasing the efficiency of using information resources existing in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and ensuring

care for the development of the information and computing system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as a system that integrates information resources of internal affairs bodies based on promising technologies for their processing. The implementation of the provisions of this Concept will ensure the transition to the creation of a unified information space of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and in the future to the formation of a unified information space of law enforcement, control, supervisory and financial authorities of the Russian Federation based on the integration of their information resources into a unified information and telecommunication environment.

Thus, solving the problems of informatization is based on the creation of automated information networks at different levels of management. It is especially important to create local networks at the department level in order to ensure more rational data exchange and use of data received by information centers. The functioning of such networks facilitates the organization of paperless information exchange between services and departments and the use of automated workstations.

Several areas of informatization can be distinguished:

1) creation of a Nationwide Legal Information System;

2) informatization of law-making activities;

3) informatization of law enforcement activities;

4) informatization of law enforcement activities.

In particular, work on informatization of courts, bodies and institutions of justice was carried out on the basis of a pre-project survey of these bodies and institutions, carried out in 1990, as well as numerous decisions and a plan for the phased introduction of computer technology into the activities of justice bodies and courts for 1991 - 1994 ., approved by the Minister of Justice. According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “Issues of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation” dated July 24, 1997, work was carried out to create a unified information and telecommunications support system for the Ministry of Justice of Russia, the central node of which is the Main Information and Analytical Center (GIAC), its divisions exist in all regions of the country.

The center was created on March 29, 1968 in order to improve the information support of the central apparatus of the Ministry to solve problems of complex automation of accounting and computing work; it was called the Information and Computing Center (ICC). On November 9, 1970, to improve the system for collecting and processing information and using it in operational and official activities, the Main Information Center under the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs was created on the basis of the Information Computing Center. In November 1971, the State Research Center was transformed into the Main Research Center for Management and Information (GNITSUI). SNITsUI was entrusted with the tasks of scientific development of problems of improving control systems and

information in internal affairs bodies, on the management of accounting, registration and information activities; providing the apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, internal affairs bodies, and other departments with operational, statistical, scientific and technical information. On November 4, 1985, GNITSUI was again renamed the Main Information Center (GIC) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Mass introduction of personal computers in the late 1980s. made it possible to bring information storage and processing systems as close as possible to direct consumers - practical workers. The use of powerful computers and teleprocessing systems opened up new prospects in computerizing the activities of internal affairs bodies. In 2003, the State Research Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was entrusted with the functions of managing, coordinating and monitoring the processes of implementation and use of modern information technologies in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and the formation of a unified scientific and technical policy in the internal affairs bodies.

IN In 2004, in order to improve the information support of the country's internal affairs bodies, the Program “Creation of a unified information and telecommunication system of internal affairs bodies”, designed for 2005 – 2008. The Program included the following subprograms: “Reconstruction and technical re-equipment of information centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Main Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Internal Affairs Directorate in transport”, “Creation of a system of interregional automated data banks of fingerprint information of federal districts and the federal automated fingerprint information system (ADIS-GIC) and development of a network of software and hardware complexes AFIS at the regional level,” “Creation of an automated information retrieval system for biometric personal identification by facial image for 2005–2006.”

IN In accordance with the new tasks, the State Information Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was transformed into the Main Center in November 2004 information and analytical center of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

IN In 2011, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia created a new division - the Department of Information Technologies, Communications and Information Protection. The unit is faced with the task of “pulling together and intensifying all previous work in this direction, fundamentally changing the system of interaction between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the population.” According to the head of the department, a gradual transition to the provision of public services in electronic form is planned. One of the main tasks of the department is to unite all existing disparate electronic systems into a single telecommunication system that will unite the internal affairs bodies, internal troops and, possibly, the Federal Migration Service (FMS), “To make it easier for any internal affairs officer, district police officer or operative work" .

The main link in the process of informatization of the legal sphere of society is the creation in Russia of a nationwide automated system of legal information, which will unite the subsystems of all regions of the country, all legal bodies and authorities.

A negative result of the informatization of society has been the emergence of a new type of crime, the so-called “computer” crimes, since the criminal world has always been armed with the most modern means of committing crimes, today these are computer information technologies. The development of computer information technologies, the widespread use of computers, and their integration into telecommunication networks expand the possibility of penetration into “foreign” information resources, i.e. lead to new ways of committing crimes.

Thus, there is an increase in socially dangerous acts with the help of or against computer technology.

All of the above serves as a prerequisite for the use of computer technology by legal authorities and creates the need to prepare legal personnel to work in new conditions - in the modern information environment. A legal specialist today must not only be able to solve crimes committed using a computer, but also freely use computer information technologies in his professional activities.

However, it must be remembered that solving legal problems with the help of technical means and information technologies requires the development of informal and formalized algorithms and programs for working with information. These can be algorithms and programs for the process of lawmaking, legal regulation, consideration of cases in court, the movement of information from law enforcement agencies to companies, automation of the search for information about offenses among those working at enterprises in the region, district, and many others.

Algorithmization of the information process in the field of law and solving a legal problem comes down to dividing this process into the simplest stages. Drawing up an algorithm here requires detailing the phenomena and processes under consideration, their division and connection, which in some cases is associated with certain difficulties, especially if we are talking about drawing up a formalized algorithm (for example, determining the size of work experience), which must be performed on a computer.

In the field of law, there are a number of forms of writing an algorithm. The predominant form is the verbal form of describing information processes in legal entities, as well as solving legal problems. When using this form, you must adhere to the following rules: carefully select words, strictly arrange phrases and texts.

In connection with the use of mathematical methods and computer technology in law, flowchart and graphical representation of algorithms has become widespread.

When representing an algorithm in a block diagram, the process or phenomenon under consideration is divided into blocks, which are combined into one common diagram. The transfer of control from one block to another is indicated by arrows with explanatory inscriptions.

The graphical representation of the algorithm is associated with the design of geometric and other figures, connections, lines that indicate the implementation of the process of solving legal information problems.

2.3. CLASSES OF PROBLEMS SOLVED USING COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES

When solving and investigating crimes, both universal and special software can be used (Fig. 2.1). Universal general-purpose programs not only increase labor productivity and efficiency in detecting and investigating crimes, but also raise it to a qualitatively new level.

		Text	Graphic
		editors and
			editors
		processors
	Electronic		Electronic
	AIPS, AISS and	informational		Computer
		and communication
				translators
		technologies
	Consulting	for lawyers
	(expert)			management
				databases
		Software	Optical systems
		facilities	themes recognized
		preparation	symbols and
		presentations	images

Rice. 2.1. List of information and communication technologies,

used in the work of a lawyer:

AIPS – automated information retrieval systems; AISS – automated information and reference systems; AILS – automated information and logical systems

Universal programs include: word processors,

graphic editor(Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, Paint), database management systems, spreadsheet editors, character recognition programs, presentation editors(PowerPoint), editor

publication ry, computer translators.

Special software (software) includes pro-

grams designed to solve a specific legal problem,

for example AIPS, which will be discussed later.

With the help of information technologies, legal bodies can solve the following classes of problems:

1) data processing using mathematical calculations (statistical indicators of crime investigations, processing of questionnaires);

2) logical tasks (logical reasoning that allows you to evaluate the truth of a certain statement based on data);

3) typing, editing and formatting text;

4) creation and processing of graphic images, including scanned ones;

5) creating databases and working with them;

6) translation of foreign text;

7) communications and communications;

8) conducting certain types of examinations;

9) decision support;

10) creating presentations.

2.4. MAIN TYPES OF SPECIALIZED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES USED

IN LEGAL ACTIVITY

The history of work on legal informatization in our country dates back to the 1970s. in accordance with decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The solution to this problem was entrusted to the Ministry of Justice. At first, the information centers of the internal affairs bodies were equipped with electronic computers of the Minsk-22, Minsk-32 type, then with ES and SM type computers, which were used mainly for processing statistical data. The weakness of the technical base and the lack of developed software did not allow the implementation of the concept of a unified database, both at the regional and federal levels.

However, it should be noted that already in the 1970s, for example, the Central Leningrad Scientific Research Laboratory of Forensic Expertise (LNILSE) used computers when conducting forensic handwriting and automotive expert research.

The first automated operational-search records in the 1970s, such as automated information retrieval systems

the topics “Wanted”, “Passport”, “Accounting”, “Network”, etc., were ahead of similar developments in developed foreign countries. But the history of the development of computer technology in the activities of law enforcement agencies in our country also has negative aspects. In particular, the information and analytical system “Passport”, designed to control and search for information about the movements of citizens across the borders of our state, with the help of which major frauds involving the illegal export of antiques and jewelry from the country were uncovered, crimes related to smuggling and international speculation in on a large scale, was withdrawn from service and liquidated at the direction of the top leadership of the Soviet Union as “violating human rights.”

The main computer technologies used today by legal bodies and organizations include various automated information systems (AIS):

1) automated data processing systems ( ASOD);

2) automated information retrieval systems

(AIPS); 3) automated information and reference systems

(AISS);

4) automated workstations ( AWP);

5) automated control systems ( ACS);

6) expert systems ( ES) or systems to support the adoption of re-

Automated system– a system consisting of personnel

And a set of automation tools for its activities, implementing information technology to perform established functions.

AIS (Data Bank) is a set of structured data (database) and a set of hardware and software tools for storing and manipulating data (Fig. 2.2). ( Under structuring

They take the process of adapting data to the needs of the machine, for example, limiting the length and values ​​of data, i.e. introduction of conventions on how data will be presented).

Technical				Organizational
security				security
Mathematical				Informational
security				security
Software				Legal
security				security
	Rice. 2.2. Composition of the data bank

Basic capabilities of legal information systems.

2.1. Storage and processing of large volumes of legal information

As already noted, the ability to compactly store a large amount of information is one of the most important advantages of any computer technology. Legal information is indeed characterized by large volumes of both existing and newly emerging information. For example, only the information legal complex ConsultantPlus: Expert as of January 1, 1999 contained more than 80 thousand acts, or more than 250 thousand pages of information. Every month, the system receives more than two thousand acts, or more than six thousand pages of new information.

Large amounts of information included in the ATP impose two groups of requirements on the technology used. The first group is related to the needs of ATP users; these issues are discussed in more detail in the next two paragraphs of this paragraph. The second group of requirements for the level and properties of technologies is related to the fact that it is quite difficult to enter and carefully process a large flow of information. Obviously, entering two thousand documents into the database every month is not difficult. But if at the same time the entered documents are connected by hundreds and thousands of links both with documents entered earlier and with each other, if new editions, notes, comments, etc. are prepared for them, then the process of parallel processing of such a number of documents becomes a serious problem. To solve it, the software technology must be well thought out and linked to the organization of work of dozens of people in the information department of the developer company.

2.2. Basic search and service capabilities

There are three main types of search in computer help systems:

Search by document details,

Full text search,

Search using specialized classifiers.

Modern SPS provide the ability to effectively work with any of these types of search. The possibilities of instant search using a set of search tools are truly a completely new level of working with information that computer technology has provided.

The most important property of software technologies is that they allow you not only to search hundreds of times faster for a specific fragment of document text based on one or another criterion, but also to simultaneously combine several search tools. This property allows you to stop arguing about which type of search is more convenient and accurate.

In fact, each type of search has its own advantages and disadvantages, advantages and limitations when used. The optimal result can only be obtained by combining different types of search and using them in parallel. Let's analyze each of these search types in more detail.

2.2.1. Search by document details

This is the simplest, most convenient and obvious way to search. A search by details means a search by number, type of document, accepting body, date of adoption, etc. The convenience and simplicity of implementing this type of search usually does not raise any special questions for anyone. However, it is applicable only in situations where the details of a particular document are precisely known. The main problem is that in most real-life situations, it is most often necessary to search for documents without previously known exact details, only on the basis of the general meaning of the problem.

2.2.2. Full text search (automatic search using words from the document text)

This type of search is based on automatic text processing. When you request a search for those documents where a specific word occurs, the entire array of documents is automatically searched and all those documents where this word occurs are selected. There are fast algorithms for such a search, when when you initially enter each document, all the words found in it are entered into a common dictionary, and in the future, when you search for any word from the dictionary, you can instantly get a list of all documents where it appears.

Moreover, based on full-text search, various methods of generating search queries can be implemented. The simplest query is the following: find all documents containing one word, for example ACCOUNTANT. A more complex version of the query is to search for all documents containing two words, such as CHIEF and ACCOUNTANT. If these two words are connected by a logical AND condition, then only those documents will be selected that contain both words at the same time. If two words are specified, connected by a logical OR condition, then documents containing at least one of these words will be selected. Such logical expressions can be even more complex.

When forming complex queries, the word proximity feature can be additionally used. The CHIEF AND ACCOUNTANT query may specify that the words must be ADJACENT, for example within 2 (or 3) lines.

The main advantage of full-text search is that it does not depend on the subjective opinions or errors of specialist developers and always for any word makes it possible to obtain a complete and absolutely accurate list of documents where the searched word appears. Nothing will be forgotten or missed. In other words, for any request you can receive a response prepared according to a rule that is clear to the user and does not depend on the subjective position of the processor,

But, of course, full-text search also has its drawbacks. Firstly, the resulting list will contain a lot of “noise”, that is, those documents where the search word is not used in the right context, etc. Secondly, those documents where synonyms of this term are found will not be found. Thus, by setting a search for the word MINOR, it is impossible to automatically obtain those documents where the expression PERSON UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD is used. This problem is partially solved by complicating the specified search expressions, but it is still difficult in all cases to achieve the same accuracy as with expert processing performed in advance “manually” (see the next paragraph).

2.2.3. Search by specialized classifiers

There are quite a few types of classifiers. Thus, we can assume that the search for documents by details described above in clause 2.2 of this paragraph is also a search by classifier. Classifiers of this kind have a rigid structure that does not depend on the subjective point of view of those who process the information. For example, when searching for a document by its type, the structure and composition of the corresponding classifier are strictly and formally determined by objectively existing types of documents (law, decree, letter, etc.).

However, in this paragraph we will consider another type of classifiers, the structure of which (unlike those mentioned above) significantly depends on the experience and views of experts - information processors.

A common feature of all types of search using these classifiers is that all information is pre-processed and categorized. This means that the expert matches each element of the information array (the document as a whole or part of it) with a certain element of the classifier, that is, in this way a certain category is indicated. After such processing, the user can select the category he is interested in and receive the entire selection of documents or parts thereof that were previously selected by the expert. This was discussed in detail in paragraph 4.2 § 4 of this chapter.

Most often, such classifiers are based on the subject of legal regulation, the “topic” of the document. In this case, the classifier is a system of legal concepts (headings, keywords, descriptors) reflecting the content of acts that make up the information array.

Depending on the location of the headings, classifiers can be divided into hierarchical and alphabetical.

In the first type of classifiers (these include the classifiers discussed in paragraph 4.2 of the previous paragraph), the headings are arranged in a hierarchical order, from general to specific. This arrangement of headings is more traditional; it resembles the table of contents of a book and is understandable to the vast majority of users. Different databases use different classifiers of this type: General legal classifier of branches of legislation (OKZ), its modifications or other independent developments.

Classifiers of the second type are compiled on the basis of special dictionaries consisting of legal concepts arranged in alphabetical order (in particular, this type of classifier includes the keywords discussed in paragraph 4.3 of the previous paragraph).

Each of these types of classifiers (usually the second) can become more complicated by clarifying and increasing the number of legal concepts that make up the classifier. Rubrics may consist of a certain set of terms and represent a description of a certain situation. Such situations, as a rule, are very numerous and require a certain search apparatus.

The main problem when using specialized classifiers to search for documents is that the preliminary processing of documents occurs “manually”, that is, the categorization of documents is carried out by specific specialists from the companies that develop the ATP. Of course, such work cannot completely exclude errors; it allows for subjective decisions when categorizing, etc. Note that the main advantage of this search - an exact match to the required document or even a norm - is also a potential disadvantage, since the “exact” link can be entered incorrectly. In addition, the more detailed the rubrication is, the greater the likelihood of errors.

2.2.4. Additional service options

High-level software technologies, in addition to direct document search, usually include some very useful service tools. Let us note a number of capabilities implemented in ConsultantPlus systems.

The ability to create your own permanent collections of documents on any issue (so-called document folders). In this case, a search is possible both throughout the entire database and within specific folders. Users working on different computers can share such folders. This allows you to organize the collective work of several specialists on a common problem.

The ability to place bookmarks in the text, which is convenient when working with large documents.

The presence of hypertext links between documents, allowing you to move from one document to another by pressing one key.

Export documents to the Microsoft Word text editor with the unique ability to convert text tables into “sliding” editor tables, ready to be filled out.

A group of special software designed to solve professional problems in jurisprudence

Legal reference systems, as well as legal information systems, are information databases and programs for database management. You have a good idea of ​​what databases are and what functions are included in database management after working with the Access DBMS. The fundamental difference between these systems is that their databases contain large volumes of textual information for legal purposes: regulations, official documents, comments on legislation, generalizations of practice and advice, scientific articles on legal topics.

Consulting or expert systems are designed for in-depth research (examination) of a specific object, situation, phenomenon. The design of this kind of systems is usually based on mathematical modeling involving a large amount of knowledge in various fields of science and practice (knowledge base) and involves the participation of specialists in various fields, and not just in law. Judging by the publications, certain successes have been achieved in forensic activities in this area. The study of these systems goes beyond the understanding and skills of the novice user, and therefore this manual.

Computer business games model alternative behavior in a certain professional activity and involve the active involvement of the individual in the game process. Legal problems, like no other, are suitable for creating business games in that, due to objective and subjective reasons, their solution is almost always ambiguous; moreover, it is often born as a result of a dispute between different parties. A skillfully constructed computer business game is an excellent teaching tool and simulator for novice lawyers, primarily for students, and leads to mastery of the material much faster than studying hundreds of pages of text at a desk. But in order for any law student to be able to participate in a business game in a dialogue (interactive) mode, and even receive useful comments and tips that teach during the game, as in the design of expert systems, experienced lawyers and programmers had to work hard , systems engineers.

The library of computer business games was developed by an interuniversity research team on the basis of the association UPPICS (Educational Industrial Legal Information Computer Systems) of the YurInfoR Center of the Law Faculty of Moscow State University. Lomonosov!]. This direction, like the previous one, has great development prospects. This is facilitated by new advances in the field of software and hardware (for example, multimedia), on the one hand, and achievements in the field of legal education - the widespread inclusion of legal informatics courses in educational programs, on the other. Only such a “movement towards” will make it possible to prepare a new generation of lawyers capable of using computers and computer technologies in their work.

In practice, information systems are usually used that include not one software tool, but a set of software tools combined into a system, both software and hardware. But the main role always remains with the person.

A typical example is information systems for notaries, which necessarily include the following software:

ATP on legislation;

Text editors;

Databases for storing and searching documents;

Software tools (DBMS) for maintaining journals, registers, books, archives, compiling statistical reporting;

Electronic communication systems (fax modem, e-mail).

2.Various approaches to defining the concept of “information”.

A person studies information phenomena and processes occurring in human society. In scientific terms, computer science studies the properties of information and the patterns of its movement, processing and storage. In practical terms, computer science studies methods of collecting, processing, storing and transmitting information using technical devices, the most important of which is the computer. All these processes associated with operations on information are called information processes. What does the word “information” mean? Man began to use this word a long time ago; it was first found among the ancient Greeks. Translated from Latin, it means communication, receiving information and originally referred to the exchange of information between people.

Information in the most general sense is a concept that describes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, between automata, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world, the transfer of characteristics from cell to cell, from organism to organism. Due to the polysemy of the concept of “information,” it is very difficult to give a clear definition; you can only try to express it through other well-known concepts. We can distinguish at least four different approaches to defining the concept of “information”.

In the first, “ordinary” one, the word “information” is used as a synonym for the words: information, knowledge, message.

In the second, “cybernetic” (cyber - helmsman, cybernetics - control science), the word “information” is used to characterize the control signal transmitted over the communication line.

In the third, “philosophical”, the word “information” is associated with the concepts of interaction, reflection, cognition.

In the fourth, “probabilistic”, the word “information” is introduced as a measure of reducing uncertainty and allows for quantitative measurement of information

3.Properties and types of information. What are information resources?

Information properties

Information has the following properties:

· reliability

· completeness

· accuracy

· value

· timeliness

· clarity

· availability

· brevity, etc.

· Information reliable, if it reflects the true state of affairs. Inaccurate information can lead to misunderstandings or poor decisions. Reliable information may become unreliable over time, since it tends to become outdated, that is, it ceases to reflect the true state of affairs.

· Information full, if it is sufficient for understanding and decision-making. Both incomplete and redundant information hinder decision making or may lead to errors.

· Accuracy information is determined by the degree of its proximity to the real state of an object, process, phenomenon, etc.

· Value information depends on how important it is for solving the problem, as well as on how much later it will be used in any type of human activity.

· Only timely information received can bring the expected benefit. Both premature presentation of information (when it cannot yet be assimilated) and its delay are equally undesirable.

· If valuable and timely information is expressed in an unclear way, it may become useless. Information becomes understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those for whom this information is intended.

· Information must be presented in accessible(according to the level of perception) form. Therefore, the same questions are presented differently in school textbooks and scientific publications.

· Information on the same issue can be presented briefly (concisely, without unimportant details) or at length (detailed, verbose). Brevity information is needed in reference books, encyclopedias, and all kinds of instructions.

Information can be in the form :

· texts, drawings, drawings, photographs;

· light or sound signals;

· radio waves;

· electrical and nerve impulses;

· magnetic recordings;

· gestures and facial expressions;

· smells and taste sensations;

· chromosomes, through which the characteristics and properties of organisms are inherited, etc.

Objects, processes, phenomena of material or intangible properties, considered from the point of view of their information properties, are called information objects.

Information resources are the ideas of humanity and instructions for their implementation, accumulated in a form that allows their reproduction. These are books, articles, patents, dissertations, research and development documentation, technical translations, data on advanced production experience, etc. Information resources resources (unlike all other types of resources - labor, energy, minerals, etc.) grow faster the more they are spent.

Types of information resources

Information resources can be of various types. These are the media, libraries, the Internet. For example, the following information resources can be successfully sold via the Internet:

· news feeds (online news). A fairly wide range of managers of companies of various profiles need to learn about events occurring in the world immediately. For example, financial and political news feeds are vital for traders to make decisions about sales and purchases on exchanges;

· subscriptions to electronic copies of periodicals. Some newspapers and magazines publish their full electronic copies and provide access to them.

· access to electronic archives and databases containing information on a variety of issues.

· analytical reports and studies.

· own analytical materials and forecasts.

4.The concept of the information society. Main features and development trends.

Information society - this is a stage in the development of modern civilization, characterized by an increasing role of information and knowledge in the life of society, an increasing share of information and communication technologies, information products and services in the gross domestic product, the creation of a global information infrastructure that ensures effective information interaction between people, their access to information and satisfying their social and personal needs for information products and services.

Distinctive features:

Increasing the role of information, knowledge and information technologies in the life of society;

An increase in the number of people employed in information technology, communications and the production of information products and services, an increase in their share in the gross domestic product;

Increasing informatization of society using telephony, radio, television, the Internet, as well as traditional and electronic media;

Creation of a global information space that ensures: (a) effective information interaction between people, (b) their access to global information resources and (c) satisfaction of their needs for information products and services;

Development of electronic democracy, information economy, electronic state, electronic government, digital markets, electronic social and economic networks;

Trends in the formation and development of information law itself as a branch and emerging legal science:

Firstly, there is an expansion of the conceptual apparatus of information law, both in the Russian Federation and in other countries. There is a process of enrichment and consistent consolidation of new concepts in regulatory legal acts (“electronic document”, “electronic document management”, “information society”, “information security”, “information sphere”).

Secondly, there is a clearer definition of the subject of information law. We have already identified ten social relations included in the subject area of ​​the industry under study: relations in international information exchange;

· relations for the implementation of basic information rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the interests of society and the state in the information sphere;

· relations in the sphere of organization and activities of the media;

· Internet relations, as well as relations in the field of communications and mass communications;

· relations in the field of electronic document management;

· relations in the field of electronic commerce and doing business using information technology;

· relationships regarding the processing of personal data;

· relations in the field of librarianship and archival affairs;

· relations in the field of ensuring information security in Russia;

· relations for the consideration of information disputes

Third, the functions of information law are highlighted more clearly. The two main ones are regulatory and protective functions, which are also inherent in other industries. And four special functions: social, production, integration and predictive. It is the predictive function of information law that deserves special attention. It is clearly expressed and confirms the thesis of many foreign researchers that information law is the law of the future.

Fourth, there is a process of consolidating new blocks of social relations in regulatory legal acts, in particular, relations in the field of processing personal data, relations in the field of using electronic documents, relations in conducting electronic commerce, etc.

Fifthly, all of the above changes are due to the fact that the sphere of communication (information) management is expanding in the global economy. Significant changes are taking place in the banking, tax, customs, and public administration spheres in the CIS countries. It is almost impossible today to manage, operate and sell as it was in the last century.

At sixth, all this will gradually lead to the formation of a new subculture of society - information culture and the formation of a new type of information legal consciousness. In our works, information culture is considered through: a) a new type of activity associated with the ability to work with information and technology (for example, the activity of a programmer, domain name registrar, PR manager, liaison); b) through products of such activities (for example, websites, social networks, etc.)

Thus, information law absorbs the knowledge of those sciences and scientific directions (mathematics, computer science, cybernetics, forecasting theory) that contribute to the development of new types of information activities. These trends today are especially noticeable in the Internet space, in the field of Internet commerce, and in the field of distance education.

5.History of the development of computer technology and information technology: the main generations of computers, their distinctive features.

The main instrument of computerization is a computer (or computer). Humanity has come a long way before reaching the modern state of computer technology.

The main stages in the development of computer technology are:

I. Manual - from the 50th millennium BC. e.;

II. Mechanical - from the middle of the 17th century;

III. Electromechanical - since the nineties of the 19th century;

IV. Electronic - since the forties of the 20th century.

I. The manual period of automation of calculations began at the dawn of human civilization. It was based on the use of fingers and toes. Counting by grouping and rearranging objects was the predecessor of counting on the abacus, the most developed counting instrument of antiquity. An analogue of the abacus in Rus' is the abacus that has survived to this day. Using an abacus involves performing calculations by digits, i.e. the presence of some positional number system.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Scottish mathematician J. Napier introduced logarithms, which had a revolutionary impact on counting. The slide rule he invented was successfully used fifteen years ago, serving engineers for more than 360 years. It is undoubtedly the crowning achievement of the manual computing tools of the automation era.

II. The development of mechanics in the 17th century became a prerequisite for the creation of computing devices and instruments using the mechanical method of calculation. Here are the most significant results achieved along this path.

1623 - German scientist W. Schickard describes and implements in a single copy a mechanical calculating machine designed to perform four arithmetic operations on six-digit numbers.

1642 - B. Pascal built an eight-bit working model of a adding machine. Subsequently, a series of 50 such machines was created, one of which was ten-bit. This is how the opinion about the possibility of automating mental work was formed.

1673 - German mathematician Leibniz creates the first adding machine that allows you to perform all four arithmetic operations.

1881 - organization of serial production of adding machines.

Arithmometers were used for practical calculations until the sixties of the 20th century.

The English mathematician Charles Babbage (1792-1871) put forward the idea of ​​​​creating a program-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, control device, input and printing. The first machine Babbage designed, the difference engine, was powered by a steam engine. She filled out tables of logarithms using the method of constant differentiation and recorded the results on a metal plate. The working model he created in 1822 was a six-digit calculator capable of performing calculations and printing numerical tables. Babbage's second project was an analytical engine that used the principle of program control and was intended to calculate any algorithm. The project was not implemented, but was widely known and highly appreciated by scientists.

The analytical engine consisted of the following four main parts: a storage unit for initial, intermediate and resulting data (warehouse - memory); data processing unit (mill - arithmetic device); calculation sequence control unit (control device); block for inputting initial data and printing results (input/output devices).

Lady Ada Lovelace (Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, 1815-1852) worked simultaneously with the English scientist. She developed the first programs for the machine, laid down many ideas and introduced a number of concepts and terms that have survived to this day.

III. The electromechanical stage of development of VT was the shortest and covers about 60 years - from the first tabulator of G. Hollerith to the first ENIAC computer.

1887 - creation by G. Hollerith in the USA of the first counting and analytical complex, consisting of a manual punch, sorting machine and tabulator. One of its most famous applications is the processing of population census results in several countries, including Russia. Subsequently, Hollerith's company became one of the four companies that laid the foundation for the famous IBM corporation.

Beginning - 30s of the XX century - development of counting and analytical complexes. They consist of four main devices: puncher, checker, sorter and tabulator. Computer centers are being created on the basis of such complexes.

At the same time, analog machines were developing.

1930 - V. Bush develops a differential analyzer, which was later used for military purposes.

1937 - J. Atanasov, K. Berry create the ABC electronic machine.

1944 - G. Aiken develops and creates the MARK-1 controlled computer. Subsequently, several more models were implemented.

1957 - the last largest project of relay computing technology - RVM-I was created in the USSR, which was operated until 1965.

IV. The electronic stage, the beginning of which is associated with the creation in the USA at the end of 1945 of the ENIAC electronic computer.

In the history of computer development, it is customary to distinguish several generations, each of which has its own distinctive features and unique characteristics. The main difference between machines of different generations is the element base, logical architecture and software; in addition, they differ in speed, RAM, methods of input and output of information, etc. This information is summarized in the table on p. below. 10.

Fifth generation computers must satisfy the following qualitatively new functional requirements:

1) ensure ease of use of computers through effective information input/output systems, interactive information processing using natural languages, learning capabilities, associative constructions and logical inferences (computer intellectualization);

2) simplify the process of creating software by automating the synthesis of programs according to the specifications of the original requirements in natural languages; improve developer tools;

3) improve the basic characteristics and performance qualities of computers, ensure their diversity and high adaptability to applications.

Information technologies in jurisprudence

Having successfully studied the material, you will know:

information technologies (IT), implementing information processes;

the concept of legal automated information system (LAIS);

IT, which can form the basis for building UAIS;

approaches to the classification of SAIS;

principles of interaction and integration (integration) of IT in UAIS;

basics of the organization of UAIS;

appointment of a lawyer's automated workstation as a means of implementing IT;

the concept of integrated IT included in a lawyer’s workstation.

After studying this topic you will be able to:

distinguish and classify IT in jurisprudence;

navigate approaches to the use of IT in jurisprudence;

distinguish IT, which can form the basis for the construction of UAIS;

understand the properties of UAIS;

distinguish between personal and multi-user UAIS;

navigate the principles of interaction and integration (integration) of IT in UAIS;

determine the purpose of a lawyer’s automated workstation as a means of implementing IT.

After studying the material you you will have the skills:

choosing information technologies to solve various problems in the field of jurisprudence.

Basic concepts for topic 2

Automated workstation

Legal automated information system

Features of the legal automated information system (LAIS)

Legal automated information systems (LAIS) have the following features:

in UAIS, the result parameters are formed and set in the form of a specific goal (task) much earlier than the result is achieved, i.e. the gap between setting the task and obtaining the result is quite large;

in UAIS it is not necessary that the value of the goal coincide with the value of the useful result, i.e. one goal corresponds to many values ​​of the useful result.

Information technology is the basis for building legal automated information systems

Information technology (IT) are closely associated with SAIS.

IT is a sequence of technological operations, stages, and actions of varying degrees of complexity performed on data stored in computers. The main goal of IT is to obtain the resulting information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions to process primary information (Fig. 2.1
).

UAIS is an environment whose constituent elements are technical means, computer networks, programming languages, application development tools, application software products, databases, people, etc.

The main goal of UAIS is to organize the storage, processing and transmission of information. Implementation of the functions of UAIS is impossible without knowledge of IT oriented to it. It should be noted that certain IT may exist outside the SAIS.

Software tools for processing legal documents

The work of a lawyer involves the creation and processing of large volumes of text information. You became acquainted with text editors in the Computer Science course. Here we will look at other IT processing text documents.

Automated lawyer workstation as a means of implementing information technology

In the course of a lawyer’s activities, both individual IT and their combination, combined into a legal automated information system, can be used. A set of enabling and functional information technologies that support the achievement of goals decision maker (DM), is implemented based on automated workstations (AWS).

With the advent of personal computers, it became possible to install them directly at a lawyer’s workplace and equip them with new tools aimed at a non-programmer user.

A personal computer located at the workplace, which is equipped with software and hardware for the implementation of professionally oriented functional and enabling information technologies, is called automated workstation (AWS).

Workstation is designed to support decisions made. Workplaces of specialists are usually integrated into a single multi-level computer network.

A lawyer's workstation is a certain part of a legal automated system, and its type and functions depend on the duties of the lawyer for whom it is intended. Which part of it is assigned to a particular workstation is determined, first of all, by the structure of the organization. Combining functional IT with a management structure allows you to create a distributed system for solving subject problems. The distribution of these technologies between computers may concern either stored data or technologies for processing it.

The lawyer's workstation includes three main components:

1) training system;

2) IT complex;

3) service means.

As an example, let’s look at the reference legal system of the automated workplace “Lawyer”, which combines a well-organized search system and tools for analytical work on a legal problem. The network version of the product provides opportunities for sharing developments within a working group.

The Lawyer's Workstation is a means of organizing the work of lawyers and experts and provides a full cycle of expert and analytical work in the field of analysis and systematization of legislation, as well as the development and examination of regulatory documents. The said UAIS decides next tasks:

setting and registering tasks in separate folders;

preservation of analytical results of work on each problem;

recording the final decision on the issue along with all the information underlying that decision;

exchange of information between separate folders, including with other specialists and organizations.

Information technologies for crime investigation

One of the directions for increasing the efficiency of crime investigation is the use in the investigation process of the achievements of new information technologies, based on the widespread introduction of computer support for the investigator’s decision-making on the direction of the investigation and the conduct of investigative actions.

Information and consulting systems

An analysis of cases of investigative practice in which investigators made unjustified arrests or implicated persons as accused allowed us to identify the connection of these violations with a number of tactical errors and, accordingly, with the emergence of complex procedural and tactical situations.

Such mistakes could be avoided with the widespread use of information technology. Computer systems to support the process of making tactical decisions allow you to save effort and money, and most importantly, time to solve crimes in complex situations that require making multi-criteria tactical decisions.

Information and consulting systems allow you to reduce search time and identify the most important connections between events or suspects.

Specially focused on identifying and modeling connections in criminal groups. It also allows you to record information reflecting their qualitative characteristics (corruption, family ties, etc.). Based on this analysis, it is possible to find chains going from the direct perpetrators to the organizers and customers of the crime.

Similar systems have been developed to search for “tourist” criminals. For example, based on information about crimes and administrative offenses, it analyzes more or less stable criminogenic connections (place of residence, work, presence of acquaintances) between the place where crimes were committed and the place of residence of the criminals. Such systems have made it possible to significantly optimize the process of analytical work of criminal investigators.

One of the most effectively functioning systems is based on the principle of “Modus Operandi” (describing the “handwriting” of a crime). On this basis, a system was built designed to disclose and investigate the theft of funds from closed storage facilities.

Accessing the Safe system allows you to:

1) put forward substantiated versions of the involvement of specific persons in the commission of crimes;

2) identify a series of unsolved crimes that could have been committed by one person or one criminal group.

Consulting programs allow you to draw conclusions in a dialogue mode, relying on an expert system. Such programs include “Maniac” (a psychological portrait of a serial criminal), “Time of Death”. Consulting programs allow, for example, to receive advice on the direction of interrogation (“Cognitive Interrogation Technique”).

Information retrieval systems

In forensic examination, the object of research is thousands of varieties of different materials, substances and products, each of which is characterized by many properties and characteristics. Traditionally, forensic institutions have created reference and information funds (RIF)- collections of various objects, samples of weapons, ammunition, shoes, brands of gasoline, fragments of headlights, etc. Currently, SIFs have turned into reference and information systems that allow you to automate both the process of collecting information and the processes of search and analysis. These include, for example, AIPS:

“Metals” - compositions of metals and alloys and their areas of application;

“Fiber” - characteristics of textile fibers;

“Brand” - characteristics of car enamels;

“Shoes” - characteristics of shoe soles;

“Paper” - compositions of paper materials, their purpose, manufacturing companies,

“Lipstick” - composition of lipstick, tone number and manufacturer;

“Nodes” - types of nodes.

DNA data banks are being created both of persons who have committed a crime and of persons whose profession involves a risk to life. Image recognition systems are widely used to identify fingerprints (“Daktoexpert”, “Papillom”), find a photograph in a database using a verbal description (“Portrait”) or from surveillance camera recordings.

Measuring and computing systems

Measuring and computing systems used to automate the collection and processing of experimental data obtained during physicochemical, biological and other forensic studies.

In recent years, institutions have widely used:

programs for collecting and processing primary information coming from devices (for example, Gazchrome);

programs for solving identification and classification problems (for example, “Weapon Model”);

programs for mathematical calculations (for example, “Contrast”, “Beta”);

software systems for information support of forensic examination (various types of search engines, for example, “Knots”);

programs for composing the text of expert opinions in interactive mode.

An AIPS for explosions and fires is being developed. It contains information about the causes of explosions and the classification of explosives, methods for analyzing and comparing similar cases. A similar system has been created for explosions and fires at industrial enterprises. In the future, it is planned to create interactive databases.

The automated system "Avtoex-3" is intended for use in expert studies of vehicle collisions with pedestrians. The program allows you to check the driver’s technical ability to prevent a collision, determine the speed, expressway and other parameters of the accident.

A number of simulation training systems have been developed for lawyers, which simulate both individual investigative actions (for example, inspection of the crime scene) and the investigation process as a whole: “Murder”, “Investigator”, “Racket”, “Mirage”, “Plagiarism”, “Investigation of rape”, “Prosecutorial supervision”, etc.

Main conclusions

A sequence of operations with data stored on a computer to obtain the resulting information necessary for the user. is an environment whose constituent elements are technical means, computer networks, programming languages, application development tools, application software products, databases, people, etc.

A personal computer that implements a set of professionally oriented functional and supporting information technologies and is located at the workplace is a automated workstation (AWS), the purpose of which is information support for decisions made.

AIS also plays an important role in crime investigation. Among them are information-analytical, information-retrieval and information-consulting AIS.

Information retrieval AIS replace collections of various objects (fabric fibers, paint coatings of different brands of cars, ash, etc.)

Information and analytical AIS are usually measuring and computing systems connected to a PC, with the help of which forensic research is carried out.

Consulting programs allow you to draw conclusions in a dialogue mode, relying on an expert system. Such programs include: “Maniac” (a psychological portrait of a serial criminal), “Time of Death”. Consulting programs allow, for example, to receive advice on the direction of interrogation (“Cognitive Interrogation Technique”).

Simulation business games demonstrate the emergence and development of a situation depending on the user’s decisions. The player is given the opportunity to clarify the situation and choose an action.

Control questions

What is IT? What is UAIS?

What IT is used when processing legal documents? What software products implement these technologies?

What are automated workplaces used for?

What software tools are used to work with text documents?

What types of AIS are used in crime investigation? What problems do they solve?