Computer terms and concepts. Computer terms, a brief description of the main notations

Upgrade- (English: Upgrade) - updating, upgrading a PC (personal computer), i.e. replacement of outdated components with more modern ones.

Archiving- data compression in order to reduce its volume. Used for more efficient storage and transmission of data. For archiving, special archiving programs are used (for example, WinRar).

Bit - minimum unit information in the binary system. The bit value is always either 0 or 1.

Byte- usually 8 bits.

Browser- a program with which you can browse the Internet ( Internet Explorer, Opera, Netscape, etc.).

Clipboard- an area of ​​computer RAM in which data can be stored various formats to transfer or copy them between applications or parts of the same application.
Typically, content copied to a buffer erases its previous content.
The most common combinations for working with the clipboard:
Ctrl+C - copy selected objects to the clipboard.
Ctrl+X - cut selected objects to the clipboard (for moving).
Ctrl+V - paste from clipboard.

Virus(computer) - a harmful program that enters the computer most often from the Internet or from an “infected” disk. Performs the harmful actions prescribed in it, preventing it from working normally. Destroyed by antivirus programs.

"Winchester"- a disk on which all information is stored on a PC. Located inside the system unit. The second name is hard disk (English: Hard Disk Drive - HDD).

Driver- a program that provides data exchange between a computer and the equipment connected to it (for example, a printer, scanner, etc.). Until the driver is installed, the equipment does not work. Many drivers are installed during installation of the system on the PC.

Installation- installation of a program or operating system on a PC.

Kilobyte(KB, KB) - a unit of measurement of the amount of information, equal to 1024 bytes. Used to indicate the amount of memory.

Logical hard drive partition- usually a hard disk (HDD) is divided for convenience into sections C:, D:, etc. These are logical partitions (or logical drives). One physical disk can be represented as several logical disks and we have, as it were, not one disk, but two or more (although we have one physical disk). Windows is usually installed in the C: partition.

operating system(OS) is the most important program that is installed on the computer first and ensures subsequent data exchange between the computer and a person (examples of OS - Windows, Linux).

Task bar- a panel at the bottom of the screen, on which icons for programs that are used most often are placed for quick access.

- shutdown Windows and then immediately start Windows. A reboot is often used after installing some programs and drivers or if the PC is frozen (that is, does not respond to pressing the keyboard and mouse buttons).

Reinstallation- installing the operating system or program first. Reinstalling Windows is often done when the system starts to malfunction.

Peripherals- additional devices for the computer (printer, scanner, etc.)

Desktop- this is the entire working area of ​​the screen. You place icons (shortcuts) of programs on the screen, like on a table, and you can move them as you wish.

Registry is a database for storing information about the computer and operating system. The registry contains data that Windows constantly accesses during startup, operation, and shutdown.

Software- the same as software (programs) that are installed on a PC.

Utilities- these are utility (non-application) programs that are used to configure, control, restore, and protect the operating system. These are just some of the functions that utilities can perform. There are actually a lot of them.

File- a collection of data (a piece of information) on a disk with a name that a PC user works with. This can be a document, a program (or its individual element). All information on the disk is stored in the form of files.

Disk formatting- disk partitioning process (HDD, floppy disks). Typically, formatting destroys all information on a hard drive.

Hosting- placement of your information (usually a website) on a 24/7 computer connected to high-speed Internet channels.

"Kettle"- a beginner in any business.

Chipset(chip) - a set of microcircuits that determines the characteristics of the system (computer). Created for specific processors and memory types.

"User"- (English user) user.

BIOS- a program that the processor executes to start the computer after it is turned on. In addition, the BIOS controls the exchange of data between the computer's operating system and the peripheral devices connected to it.

Other terms (slang) you can search for

Graphics adapter- a device that controls the display and provides graphic output. Determines the resolution of the display (the number of dots per unit of screen area), the number of colors.

LAN adapter(network adapter, network interface card - NIC) - an adapter for connecting a computer to a local network of computers. For example, to connect a personal computer to an Ethernet network, use the NE-2000 adapter.

Azo compounds- a class of organic compounds containing one (or more) azo group -N=N-. They are colored and many of them are used as dyes (azo dyes). Can be used in recordable CD/DVD technologies.

Analog-to-digital converter(ADC) - a device that converts an analog signal into a digital signal and vice versa. For example, to transmit data over a digital telephone network using a modem, an analog-to-digital adapter is placed between the modem and the digital telephone channel.

Aperture- active hole optical system, determined by the sizes of lenses, mirrors or apertures. Angular aperture is the angle a between the outer rays of a conical light beam entering the system. The numerical aperture is equal to n sin α/2, where n is the refractive index of the medium. The illumination of the image is proportional to the square of the numerical aperture.

Open architecture- architecture developed by IBM for personal computers. Main features: the presence of a common information bus, to which it is possible to connect various additional devices via expansion connectors; modular construction of a computer; compatibility of all new devices and software with previous versions on a top-down basis.

Von Neumann architecture- the architecture of a computer that has one arithmetic-logical unit through which the data flow passes, and one control device through which the command flow passes.

Asynchronous data transfer- a method of transmitting and a method of extracting data from a continuous stream of messages, in which the sending side enters start and stop bits into each data, indicating where the data begins and where it ends.

Audio adapter(Sound Blaster, sound card) - a board that allows you to record sound, play it back and generate it in software using a microphone, headphones, speakers, built-in synthesizer and other equipment.

Basic I/O system(Basic Input/Output System - BIOS) - programs designed to perform the following functions: testing the main computer devices; recognizing the types of devices installed on the computer; calling the operating system boot block; servicing system interrupts. In most computers, the BIOS is written to a permanent storage device by the computer manufacturer and has no means for the user to change it.

Byte- a machine word of minimum size, addressed during data processing. The byte size - 8 bits - is adopted not only for representing data in most computers, but also as a standard for storing data on external media, for transmitting data over communication channels, and for presenting text information.

Bit(English Binary digiT - binary unit) - a unit of measurement of the amount of information, equal to the amount of information contained in an experience that has two equally probable outcomes. It is the smallest unit of information in a digital computer, taking the value "0" or "1".

Baud(baud, bit/s, bps) - unit of measurement for data transfer speed.

Drive performance- speed of reading/writing data in the drive. It is determined by two parameters: average access time and data transfer rate.

Processor speed- speed of operations performed by the processor. Since the speed of individual operations of a processor is different, the speed of the entire processor is taken to be either the speed of executing register-to-register commands or the speed of executing commands on floating point numbers. The latter has a special name - flops (from Flops - FLoating point Operations Per Second).

Vector graphics- a method of representing an image as a set of graphic elements (graphic primitives - segments, arcs, etc.), described in any way, including graphic commands.

Video adapter- an electronic board that processes video data (text and graphics) and controls the operation of the display. Contains video memory, input/output registers and BIOS module. Sends ray brightness control signals and image scanning signals to the display.

Video memory- additional memory to ensure high-quality images on the display. It is part of the video adapter and has a capacity of up to several tens of MB. Images of one or more screens are formed in video memory, which are then sent to the display. On some computers, video memory is allocated from RAM.

External devices(VU) - input/output and information storage devices. The devices are connected to the system using interfaces that implement certain parallel or serial communication protocols. The VU includes a keyboard, monitor, external storage devices using floppy or hard magnetic disks, optical disks (CD-ROM), magnetic tapes and other types of storage media, sensors and information converters (analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog), actuators ( indicators, printers, electric motors, relays and others). Since, as a rule, they work much slower than others, control device must pause the program to complete an I/O operation with the corresponding device.

Fiber Optic Cable- a cable that transmits data using light, which increases the speed and quality of transmission. In the simplest case, a light guide is a fiber (flexible) dielectric made of quartz glass and surrounded by a cladding with a refractive index lower than that of the core.

Octal number system- positional number system with base 8. For example, 123 8 is equal to 1 * 8 2 + 2 * 8 1 + 3 * 8 0 =64 + 16 + 3=83 10

computer network. A complex of computers, auxiliary equipment, communication channels and special software for data transfer between network elements. Depending on the tasks, type of equipment and communication lines, computer networks are divided into local, corporate, territorial and global. Networks are created for more full use resources or their redistribution, for fast and automatic communication with the transfer of large volumes of data.

Generator clock frequency - a device for generating a sequence of pulses at equal intervals of time. The time between two successive pulses is called a clock cycle. Some processor instructions are executed in several clock cycles. Pulses passing through all elements of the computer force them to work in a single clock cycle - synchronously. The frequency at which clock pulses are generated determines the speed of the computer.

Flexible magnetic disk- a disk made of flexible plastic in a protective plastic package, in which holes are cut for access to magnetic I/O heads. The disk is coated with a magnetic composition. Often called a floppy disk or floppy disk. Disks with a diameter of 5.25 and 3.5 inches are used.

Gigabyte(GB) is a unit of measurement containing 1024 MB. As an alternative, the IEC proposed GiB (Gibibyte) in 1998; 1 GiB=1024 MiB (Mibibyte).

Main (internal, random access) memory (RAM) of the computer- an ordered sequence (array) of bytes or machine words (memory cells).

Global computer network- a set of individual computers and local networks located in different countries, connected by different communication channels and operating in different software environments. This set has agreed upon interaction protocols.

Plotter- a device for outputting information from a computer in the form of graphs and drawings onto stationary or rotating paper on a drum (plotter).

Binary number system- positional number system with base 2. Binary digits 0 and 1 are used to write numbers. For example, in the binary system 101101 2 =1 * 2 5 + 0 * 2 4 + 1 * 2 3 + 1 * 2 2 + 0 * 2 1 + 1 * 2 0 =45 10 . Derived number systems (degree 2) are also known - octal and hexadecimal.

Double precision- numeric data (fixed or floating point), located in two machine words, requires support for special arithmetic operations.

Joystick(from the English joy stick - cheerful stick) - a lever input device designed to control movement graphic objects on the display screen, widely used in computer games and exercise equipment. It is usually made in the form of a handle equipped with buttons, which can be used to make inclined and rotational movements. These movements are converted into control electrical signals proportional to the angles of deviation of the handle from the vertical. By pressing buttons, you can provide some information to the running program or issue some commands.

Digitizer(or digitizer, from the English digitizer - digitizer) - devices for entering graphic data into a computer, based on different technical principles. As a rule, when using any of them, the outline of the image is outlined with a special pen.

Dynamic RAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory - DRAM - dynamic random access memory) - a type of semiconductor RAM. Each binary digit (bit) is stored in a circuit consisting of a transistor and a capacitor. If the capacitor is charged, then this corresponds to 1, a discharged capacitor corresponds to 0. The transistor controls access to the capacitor.

Disk- a data carrier in the form of a round plate on which recording is carried out in different ways. A device that writes (reads) data to/from a disk is called a data drive. Disks differ in the way they write/read data, the ability to replace them, and recording density. According to the method of writing/reading, disks are divided into magnetic, laser (optical), and magneto-optical. Magnetic disks, in turn, are divided into flexible and hard. Often a “disk” refers to several disks combined into a package.

Drive- a device that controls the rotation of a magnetic disk, reading and writing data on it.

Display(monitor) - a device for visually displaying information (in the form of text, table, picture, drawing, etc.) on the screen of a cathode-ray device.

Track- a concentric circle on the magnetic surface of the disk where information is located. Tracks are numbered starting from 0 (track with the largest radius).

Driver(driver) - a resident software module that controls an external device and communicates with the operating system and application programs.

Hard magnetic disk(ZhMD, HDD) - a disk for long-term data storage on computers. Unlike a floppy disk, which is removable, a hard disk is integral with the drive.

Memory device(Memory) - a device for recording, storing and issuing data. There are devices: long-term and operational data storage, they are also non-volatile and volatile; read-only data (read-only memory - ROM, CDs) and both read and write. Depending on the physical principles of data storage, magnetic, magneto-optical, optical and semiconductor (circuit) devices are distinguished.

Star- a method of connecting computers into a network, in which one computer is allocated and called the main one (head), and all the others are connected directly to it. Data can only be transferred from one peripheral computer to another through the host computer. If the main computer fails, the entire network becomes inoperable.

Integrated circuit(IC) - the implementation of an electronic circuit that performs a certain function in the form of a single semiconductor crystal in which all the components necessary to implement this function are manufactured. Includes a set of transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors and more, interconnected by microconductors. The IC is manufactured using technology that ensures extremely small dimensions and high reliability. Based on the number of elements, ICs are conventionally divided into small (MIS) - with the number of elements in a chip up to 102, medium (SIS) - up to 103, large (LSI) - up to 104, extra-large (VLSI) - up to 106, ultra-large (ULSI) - up to 109 and giga-large (GBIS) - more than 109 elements in a crystal.

Cartridge(English cartrige - cartridge, cassette) - a replaceable part of the device. Usually this is a protective shell in which ink ribbon for printers, toner for laser printers or duplicating machines, ink for inkjet printers and other things. The cartridge is completely ready for use; all you have to do is insert it into place.

Kilobyte(KB) - a unit of measurement of the amount of data or memory capacity, equal to 10 3 = 1000 bytes. An alternative is the IEC proposed unit KiB (Kibibyte); 1 KiB=2 10 =1024 bytes. The discrepancy is 2.4%.

Keyboard- a device designed for manually entering data into a computer. Keyboards differ in the number of keys. Standard for IBM-like computers is a keyboard with 101 keys, where the following blocks are highlighted: function keys; letters, numbers and auxiliary symbols; cursor keys; numeric keypad (duplicated for ease of input).

Cluster(from the English cluster - group) - a unit of data storage on floppy and hard disks. A cluster contains several adjacent sectors.

Client(client) - a software and hardware complex that provides an interface with the user (another active party) when sending and receiving requests from the server.

Client server architecture(client-server) - distributed processing of requests on the network, implemented on two interacting software and hardware systems (client and server).

Coaxial cable(from Latin co - together and axis - axis). A cable consisting of two coaxial conductors with an insulator between them. Used in communication channels of computer networks. Used for transmitting signals with a carrier frequency of up to 3 * 10 10 Hz.

ASCII code(from the English American Standard Code for Information Interchange - American standard code for information exchange) - a standard for encoding characters of the Latin alphabet, numbers and auxiliary characters or actions in the form of a single-byte binary code(1 byte=8 bits).

Unicode code- standard for representing characters using 16-bit codes (2 bytes). Allows 65,536 characters. The standard should in the future replace ASCII, since it is more convenient to use one code for different languages ​​than to change conversion tables in ASCII code.

Codec(from the English Codec - COmpress-DECompress - compress, restore) - a hardware and software complex that ensures the operation of a personal computer with video information. The codec allows you to achieve the quality of the VCR through the use of hardware and software data compression methods.

Coding(coding) - establishing an agreed (legalized) correspondence between a set of characters and signals or bit combinations representing each character for the purposes of transmitting, storing or processing data.

Amount of information- the following basic units are used for measurement: 1 kilobyte (KB, KB)=1024 bytes=2 10 bytes; 1 megabyte (MB, MB)=1024 KB=2 20 bytes and bytes; 1 yeargabyte (GB, GB)=1024 MB=2 30 bytes ~ bytes. Recently, due to the increase in the volume of processed information, such derived units as 1 terabyte (TB, TV) = 1024 GB = 2 40 bytes ~ a byte have come into use; 1 petabyte (PByte, PB)=1024 TB=2 50 bytes ~ byte; 1 exobyte=10 18 bytes and so on. These are the so-called decimal units. As an alternative, the IEC proposed binary units in 1998: 1 KiB (KibiByte) - 2 10 = 1024 bytes; 1 MiB (MibiByte)=1024 KiB; 1 GiB (GibiByte)=1024 MiB (MibiByte) and so on

Ring- a method of connecting computers into a network, when data on the network is transmitted sequentially from one station to another. As a rule, data is transmitted only in one direction, therefore, in order to transmit a message to a nearby computer, but located opposite the flow of data, you need to go through all the computers on the network.

Team is a binary number that consists of two parts (fields) - the operation code (OPC) and the address part (ADC). The operation code KOP specifies the type of operation performed by this command, and the ADC determines the choice of operands (addressing method) on which the specified operation is performed. Depending on the type of microprocessor, a command may contain a different number of bits (bytes). For example, Pentium processor instructions range from 1 to 15 bytes, and most RISC processors use a fixed 4-byte format for all instructions.

Modem command language(modem AT-command, Hayes AT command) - an element of the command language that controls the operation of a Hayes-compatible modem.

Switching- 1. The process of connecting or switching computing systems, including computers. 2. There is a distinction between message packet switching, which refers to the combination of some data and its transmission over communication channels.

Switched communication channels. General purpose communication channels that are used by a specific network only at the time of communication. In territorial and global computer networks, as a rule, general-purpose telephone channels are used, which are connected (switched) to this network upon call. Switched circuits are low-speed, unlike dedicated circuits.

CD- a disk for permanent data storage, which is a circle made of plastic or aluminum alloy, covered with a protective transparent film. Recording is done along one spiral-shaped, very long track so tightly that up to 700 MB of data can fit on a 5-inch disk. Recording is carried out in stationary conditions on special devices, and then read-only CDs (CD-ROM - Compact) are pressed for mass consumption Disk Read Only Memory).

Composite video(composite video) - video signals in which brightness and color signals are transmitted together (mixed). Home video devices typically use signals NTSC formats, PAL and SECAM. The carrier signal Y (luminance signal) and the color signal located in the color strip are superimposed on each other, forming one signal.

Component video(component video) - video signals in which, to improve the quality of image transmission, brightness and color signals are transmitted separately. In high-definition television (HDTV), this refers to images that consist of three independent signals - Y (luminance signal) and Pb and Pr (chrominance signals).

Controller(from the English control - to manage) - a device that connects periphery equipment or communication channels with the central processor, freeing the processor from direct control of the operation of this equipment. The controller interprets processor commands for individual devices.

Cursor- a luminous area on the display screen indicating the position at which the next character entered from the keyboard will be displayed.

Cache memory- super-RAM, access to which is much faster than operational memory, and in which the most frequently used sections of the latter are stored. When accessing memory, the required data is first looked for in the memory cache. In the absence, the RAM is accessed, as a result, the total memory access time is reduced.

Laptop(laptop, “knee pad”) - a portable computer, similar in size to a briefcase. In terms of performance and memory, it is approximately equivalent to desktop personal computers.

Backbone-modular structure- a common computer structure in which individual devices (modules) included in the system exchange information via a common system bus - a highway.

Magneto-optical storage- drive for working with magneto-optical disks. The magneto-optical disk (MO disk) is made of aluminum alloy and enclosed in a plastic shell. Data recording technology: a laser beam heats a point on the disk, and an electromagnet changes the magnetic orientation of this point depending on what needs to be recorded - “0” or “1”. Reading is performed by a laser beam of lower power (than when writing), which, reflecting from this point, changes its polarity.

Manipulator(from Latin manus - hand) - a device that allows you to control the state of the computer, including entering data using your hands. Manipulators include joystick, mouse, trackball, touchpad, pen, trackpoint, J-key.

Router- an electronic device, sometimes with a software unit, that determines the optimal path (route) of a packet of messages in computer networks.

RAID disk array(from the English Redundant Arrays of Independent / Inexpensive Disks - an array of independent disks with redundancy) - a set of HDDs structurally combined into one unit with a common controller. Typically used in servers to ensure reliability by duplicating data.

Scalability- a property of a system or its individual parts, characterizing the ability of the system to adapt to a decrease or increase in its individual parameters. For example, Windows operating systems have a scalable user interface that provides a consistent look and feel across different display sizes.

Matrix printer- a printer in which the printing unit is a metal plate with holes (matrix) in which pins (needles) move freely. Pins, controlled by a magnet, strike an ink ribbon (the same as on a typewriter), and the dots create a character on the paper.

Machine word(MS) - an ordered set of binary bits used to store program commands and processed data. Each digit, called a bit, is a binary number that can only take the values ​​0 or 1. The bits in an MS are usually numbered from right to left, starting with 0. The number of bits in an MS is called the dimension of the MS or its bit depth. The typical length of the MS is 16 or 32 bits.

Machine language- a set of computer machine commands, distinguished by the number of addresses in the command, the purpose of the information specified in the addresses, the set of operations that the machine can perform, and more

TIR structure- “metal-dielectric-semiconductor” structure used in the creation of electronic devices, including microprocessors, memory for computers. It is an ordered collection of very thin (less than 1 micron) layers of metal and dielectric deposited on a semiconductor wafer. If oxides (aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide) are used as a dielectric, then a MOS structure (“metal-oxide-semiconductor”) is formed. The method of creating devices based on such structures is called MIS technology or MOS technology.

Megabyte(MB) - a unit of measurement for the amount of data or memory capacity, equal to 10 ⁶=1,000,000 bytes. An alternative is the proposed IEC unit MiB (Mibibyte); 1 MiB=1024 Kibibyte. The discrepancy is more than 4.8%.

Slow connection- Connection via modem (speed from 9600 to 28,800 bps).

Microcommand- an elementary action that ensures the execution of a given operation; the processor control unit generates a sequence of microcommands in accordance with the code of the received command. Each microinstruction is executed within one machine cycle.

Micrometer(µm) - 10 -6 m, 1000 nanometers (nm).

Microprocessor- a device that processes data and controls this process, made in the form of one or several large (ultra-large) integrated circuits. Microprocessors are built into control devices and are the main part of the computer. For example, a BMW car has 54 integrated circuits that control anti-lock brakes and airbags. The microprocessor includes: an arithmetic-logical unit that performs arithmetic and logical operations; control and synchronization unit; input/output block; registers and so on.

Microsecond(ms) - 10 -6 s, 1000 nanoseconds (ns).

Modem(modulator-demodulator, modem) - a device for converting digital information into analog and back through modulation/demodulation of the carrier frequency for data transmission over telephone lines. Discrete (binary) data from the computer enters the modem, where it is encoded accordingly (modulated) and transmitted to the communication line.

MOS structure(“metal-oxide-semiconductor”) - the structure of the material from which transistors, capacitors and other electronic devices are made.

Multimedia- a collective concept for various computer technologies that use several information media, such as graphics, text, video, photography, moving images (animation), sound effects, high quality sound.

Mouse(mouse, mice) - a manipulator that allows you to select data on the display and enter graphic data. The ball sensor makes the cursor move around the screen, and the buttons act as keys (input) and (exit).

Pulse/tone dialing(dialing pulse/tone) - connection establishment operations over dial-up telephone channels performed by a modem.

Storage device- a device for writing/reading data to/from a specific medium(s). Drives are classified as external storage devices. There are drives on disks (MD, CD), tapes (ML), cards. There are also drives: with removable media (in this case, the data carrier can be replaced, for example, floppy disks, magnetic tapes); with permanent media (in this case, the media is built into the drive and cannot be replaced, for example a hard magnetic disk).

Nanometer(nm) - 1 nm=10 -9 m=0.001 micrometer (µm).

Nanosecond(ns) - 1 ns=10 -9 s=0.001 microseconds (ms).

Nanotechnology- integrated circuit manufacturing technology, which is based on quantities corresponding to nanometers and nanoseconds. For example, the expression “130 nanometers (or 0.13 microns) technology (process)” means that the dimensions of the structural elements of the microcircuit do not exceed 130 nm.

Hum- unit of brightness (candela per square meter, cd/m 2, cd/m 2).

Laptop(notebook) - a portable computer, similar in size to a large-format book. Fits in a briefcase. It is usually equipped with a modem and a CD-ROM drive.

RAM(RAM, same as random access memory, RAM). Designed to store programs and the data they manipulate. Physically implemented in the form of a certain number of microcircuits. Logically, the OP can be represented as a linear collection of cells, each of which has its own number, called an address (or a matrix, the intersection of rows and columns of which determines a specific memory bit).

Open systems interoperability(OSI - Open system Interconnection reference model) - a set of ISO requirements for establishing the interaction of open systems in networks.

Palmtop(palmtop, “handheld”) is the smallest modern personal computer that fits in the palm of your hand. Magnetic disks in it are replaced by non-volatile electronic memory, the exchange of information with ordinary computers occurs via communication lines.

Device ports- electronic circuits containing one or more input-output registers and allowing you to connect computer peripheral devices to external buses of the microprocessor. The serial port exchanges data with the processor byte by byte, and with external devices - bit by bit. The parallel port receives and sends data byte by byte.

Read Only Memory(ROM). Used to store constants and standard (immutable) programs. ROM usually stores initialization (boot) programs for systems, test and diagnostic programs, and other service software that does not change during system operation.

Primitive(from the English primitive - primary, simple, basic) - one of the simplest elements that form vector images. Basic primitives are geometric objects such as points and line segments.

Printer- a printing device that converts the encoded information coming out of the processor into a form convenient for reading on paper.

Progressive scan(progressive scanning) - a method of scanning an image in which image data is scanned sequentially from top to bottom, rather than across a line, as occurs with interlaced scanning.

Translucent screen(transparent screen) - a screen used for rear projection. Translucent screens play a role opposite to reflective screens. If the purpose of the latter is to reflect the maximum amount of light, then the task of translucent screens is to transmit all the light without delaying it. Translucent screens have a glass or acrylic base.

Communication protocol- an agreed set of specific rules for the exchange of information between different data transfer devices. There are protocols for transmission speed, data formats, error control and more

CPU- a central device of a computer designed to control the operation of the computer by given program. The capabilities of a computer as a universal performer for working with information are determined by the processor command system. This command system is a machine command language (MCL). A separate command defines a separate operation (action) of the computer.

Display (projector) resolution- the physical number of elements (pixels, pixel - picture element) in the columns and rows of the image. There are standard resolution types - VGA (640 x 480), SVGA (800 x 600), XGA (1024 x 768), SXGA (1200 x 1024), UXGA (1600 x 1200), QXGA (2048 x 1536).

Register- a storage element of the processor that performs the functions of short-term storage of numbers or commands and performing certain operations on them.

Command Register- register CU for storing the command code for the period of time necessary for its execution.

Status register SR (State Register, called EFLAGS on Pentium microprocessors). Determines the current state of the processor when the program is running. The register contains control bits that specify the operating mode of the processor, and attribute bits (flags) that indicate the characteristics of the result of the performed operation.

Sector- each track located on the disk is divided into sectors (blocks). For MS DOS, each sector is 512 bytes in size.

Server(server) - a network computer on which resources available to clients are located. Server resources can be files, printers, or application servers (such as multi-user databases).

Computer network- a set of computers connected via communication channels and switching means into a single system for messaging and user access to software, technical, information and organizational resources of the network. According to the degree of geographical distribution, networks are divided into local, city, corporate, global and others. A local network (LAN) connects a number of computers in an area limited by the boundaries of one room, building or enterprise. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers located geographically at great distances from each other. It differs from a local network in more extensive communications (satellite, cable, etc.). City network serves information needs big city.

Data network(data transfer network) - a complex of communication equipment and control computers that provides data transfer for various applications.

Command system. Processors execute a set of commands that implement the following main groups of operations: transfers; arithmetic; brain teaser; shift; comparisons and testing; bit operations; program management; processor control.

Notation- a set of rules for naming and representing numbers using a set of symbols called numbers. Number systems are divided into positional and non-positional. An example of a non-positional number system is Roman, positional systems Numbers include binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal.

System bus contains several tens (in complex systems more than 100) conductors (lines), which, in accordance with their functional purpose, are divided into separate buses - address A, data D and control C.

Scanner- a device for entering documents into a computer - texts, drawings, graphs, drawings, photographs. Creates a digitized image of a document and places it in computer memory.

Standard machine word- a machine word, the dimension of which coincides with the processor bit capacity. Most processor instructions use standard machine words to process data.

Stack- a set of memory cells that are not available in random order, but only in a stack (“magazine”): LIFO - “last in, first out,” like cartridges in the clip (magazine) of a rifle (machine gun), for example, an environment for storing data for returns from subroutines, as well as their arguments.

Superparamagnetic effect- a state in which the magnetic domains in a magnetized material (as well as the spaces between them) are so small that their magnetic orientation can easily change under the influence of the thermal movement of molecules.

Superscalar processor structure. Provides increased processor performance by introducing into the processor structure several parallel connected operating devices, ensuring the simultaneous execution of several operations. In such processors, parallel operation of several execution pipelines is implemented, each of which receives one of the selected and decoded instructions for execution.

Command address counter(SchAK), command address register (PAK), program counter, Program Counter (PC), in x86 - Instruction Pointer (IP) - a processor register that is used to store the address of the next command and the contents of which are automatically increased by 1 after fetching the next command .

Terabyte(TB) - a unit of data amount equal to 1000 GB. As an alternative, the IEC proposed TiB (TibiByte) in 1998; 1 TiB=1024 GiB (GibiByte).

Terminal(terminal) - terminal device, a combination of data input and output devices in a computer.

Data type- form of data presentation, which is characterized by the way data is organized in memory; many acceptable values; a set of operations. In other words, a data type is a scheme for a certain type of variable embedded in the translator. The integer data type (int, fixed, etc.) specifies the properties of an entire variable - it can only take integer values ​​in a certain range, depending on the processor bit depth, for example, -32,767 ... +32,767. REAL data type (double, FLOAT, etc. ) specifies the properties of a floating point variable.

Topology computer network - the logical and physical way of connecting computers, cables and other components that make up a network. Topology characterizes the properties of networks that do not depend on their size. This does not take into account the performance and operating principle of these objects, their types, and channel lengths, although these factors are very important when designing.

Trackball- cursor control device. A small box with a ball built into top part her body. The user rotates the ball with his hand and moves the cursor accordingly.

Control device(CU) - part of the processor that performs the functions of controlling computer devices.

File(file) is a named, organized set of data of a certain type and purpose, under the control of the operating system. This is a set of information, homogeneous in its composition and purpose, stored on a storage medium and having a name.

File system(file management system) is a dynamically maintained information structure on direct access devices (disks) that provides the function of managing data from operating systems through name-address communication.

Fixed point(fixed) - simplest type numeric data, when the number is placed in a machine word, and the range of values ​​​​depends only on the bit depth of the word.

Floppy Disk(floppy disk) - a removable flexible magnetic disk.

Host machine(host computer) - the main computer (online or offline) that supports information and computing resources and provides them to remote users.

Color difference signal(color differential signal) - signal transmission via three cables - Red-Bright (bright red, R-Y), Bright (bright, Y) and Blue-Bright (bright blue, B-Y). This allows composite signals to be projected more clearly (RGB and their luminance signals are carried over a single cable).

Cylinder- combining tracks with the same number located on different surfaces of the disk (for a floppy disk, a cylinder means two tracks).

Regeneration frequency(refresh rate). The luminous display element can maintain the same brightness and color very a short time. Therefore, the image must be refreshed periodically, and the number of such cycles per second is called the “refresh rate” and is expressed in Hertz (Hz).

Interlace scanning(interlaced scanning) - a scanning method in which image data is divided into horizontal lines that are reproduced sequentially from left to right and from top to bottom across the screen. Even and odd lines are played alternately.

Floating point numbers(float) - a numeric data placed in a machine word in the form of a mantissa and order, which allows you to represent a wide range of values; assumes the presence of built-in or emulated arithmetic (floating point operations).

Sensitive screen. Allows you to communicate with the computer by touching your finger to a specific place on the monitor screen.

Tire(bus) - a device capable of controlling at least one other device. Adapter boards are connected to the bus. From the point of view of the Plug & Play subsystem, a bus is any device capable of providing resources.

"A Concise Dictionary of Computer
terms for beginners."

Often, when novice users hear certain words and expressions exchanged between more experienced computer and Internet users, they cannot understand what they are talking about.

Therefore, I suggest you familiarize yourself with the most frequently used computer expressions in everyday communication.

ID, ID, ID (Identifier)- an identification number. For example, any product in the catalog of an online store. Often, ID is understood as the user’s login on the site (i.e., his name, account identifier required for authorization on the site).

IE, IE– Internet Explorer. Browser (program for viewing websites) built into Windows.

IMHO, IMHO– “In my humble opinion” (English). Can be used wherever interlocutors express their opinions and make it clear that they respect the opinions of other participants in the discussion: on forums, blogs, articles, etc.

A variation of this abbreviation is IMO when the author does not consider his opinion modest.

LOL– “I want to laugh out loud” (English). Used to indicate the irony or absurdity of a situation.

FAQ– answers to frequently asked questions about something (Frequently Asked Questions, English). Another version of this abbreviation is FAQ("FAQ").

Account– a user’s personal area on a website, into which he enters after undergoing authorization (most often by entering a login and password).

Glitch– a single failure in the operation of a program, website, etc.

Bug– repeated failure (glitch) in the operation of a program, website, etc.

Browser– a program for viewing web pages. The most common browser is Internet Explorer because it is built into the Windows operating system. There are also other browsers that are considered more convenient and reliable: Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome...

Clipboard– a memory area on a computer where a copied object (file, text, picture, etc.) is temporarily placed. When you turn off your computer, the clipboard is cleared, so if the content copied to it is not pasted into a document or saved to disk, it will be lost from the clipboard.

Windows– Windows operating system.

Domain– simply put, this is the address of a website on the Internet, which the user types in the address bar of the browser in order to access this site. There are different levels, for example, google.com is a second-level domain; maps.google.com is a third-level domain.

Drivers, "firewood"- small utility programs (system modules) that ensure interaction of the processor with other computer components: video adapter, disk drives, keyboard, printer, etc. The operation of drivers is not directly visible to the user, but it is thanks to them that all computer components are able to function.

Iron– personal computer hardware: processor, hard drive, video adapter and its other components.

PS– postscript. This abbreviation is often used instead P.S., so as not to switch to English and back when typing (Russian letters ZY are on the same keys as letters PS).

Installation– the process of installing a program on a computer, as well as a group of files necessary to install the program (in a word, these files are called “distribution”).

Login– user identifier in a system that requires authorization, i.e., most often, entering a name (login) and password.

Moderator– a user on a forum or social network who is empowered to monitor compliance with the rules of communication and apply sanctions to those who violate them: delete or correct messages, block violators.

Soap– email (from the English “Mail”).

Offtopic– a message that is not related to the topic.

Conductor- a file and folder management program built into Windows.

Topic– topic of discussion (usually on a forum).

Subject– what is included in the topic title (“Subject”).

Screenshot– a screenshot of a computer screen. Used to illustrate a particular situation that occurs in a computer.

Software– computer software: operating system, user programs, utility utilities, etc.

User– user of a personal computer (from the English “User”).

Computer slang

Upgrade- PC upgrade
ICQ- ICQ
Bug- error
Loaves- designation of keys.
Blank- blank CD, DVD disc.
Varese-stolen Windows programs
Pinwheel- hard drive, hard drive.
Weight- file size
Vidyukha- video card.
Wizard- experienced programmer.
Windows- OS Windows.
Vindets- abnormal termination.
Vir- computer virus.
Giga- gigabyte
Glitch- glitch in the program.
Device- a certain device.
Directory- folder.
Board, keyboard- keyboard.
Firewood- drivers for equipment.
Emelya- address, e-mail.
Iron- boards, computer hardware.
Fill- upload files to the server
Internet- Internet.
Sources- source codes of programs
Donkey- Internet Explorer browser
Stone- processor
Carlson- fan
Click- press the mouse button.
Rat- mouse
Ratdrome- mousepad
Crack- cracker program.
Lamer- a loser who considers himself a genius.
Loser- incompetent user.
Mother- motherboard.
Messaga- message, letter
Meter- megabyte.
Muzzle- Site's home page
Soap- Email
Note- notebook
Wallpaper- desktop background.
Stump- Pentium class processors.
Pisyuk- IBM PC computers.
Fuck it- make a photocopy.
Prog- program
Puzomerka- indicator (counter)
Frame- RAM
Cutter- squeak drive
Swears- error messages
Rulez- the highest approval.
Saxon- the highest degree of disgust.
Sysadmin- System Administrator
Slot- connector for controllers
Smiley- dynamic drawing
Struynik- jet printer.
Tablet- hacking program
Toilet- basket
Hamster - Homepage
FAQ- FAQ (Answers to questions)

To create a website you will need text editor.As a last resort, you can use Notepad from standard programs Windows, but it’s better to immediately download a text editor designed for creating websites, for example Notepad.

The main browsers Internet Explorer, Opera, Google, Firefox must be installed on your computer; to process graphics, a graphics editor must be installed, for example a free one Photoscape.

To upload your website files to your hosting, download and install an FTP client, for example a free one Filezilla.

Also install a simple animation program.

It is worth paying attention to the security of your computer. Having your own website requires frequent use of mail on the site, incoming letters to your mailbox, visiting various resources on the Internet, so update your anti-virus programs constantly.

Clean and defragment your hard drives more often. Check and correct registry errors once a month.

Authorization— a procedure for verifying the authenticity of a password or combination of logical identification name and password entered by the user in any interactive form.
Admin- administrator, a leadership position in the computer world. Network, database, website administrator:
Account— account, username (login or login) and password (password).
Alternative text— text that is displayed instead of a graphic object in browsers that do not support graphics, as well as in browsers in which graphics support is disabled by the user.
Alpha channel— a picture transparency mask, saved on disk along with the graphic file and defining transparent areas of the image.
Animation— watch GIF animation.
Antivirus- a program that detects and removes viruses, Trojan horses, worms, etc.
Apache— watch Apache.
Upgrade- upgrading computer hardware, expanding capabilities, improving it functional characteristics, as well as software improvements (to a lesser extent).
Upload— (from English upload) the process of uploading files to a remote computer.
Applet is an independent application written in Java and intended to be included in an HTML document as an element of a web page.
Archiver- a program that allows you to compress information by eliminating redundancy (spaces, repetitions, etc.). Compression can be with or without losses. You can compress anything: text, music, video, photos, etc. Moreover, the more homogeneous the information, the better it is compressed.
Assembler— low-level programming language (see PL). There is a direct correspondence between assembler and machine codes (see Disassembler), however, assembler has already been somewhat humanized, machine codes have been replaced by mnemonics (words). It is used for writing drivers when you need to achieve maximum speed and at the same time take into account the specifics of a particular processor.
ICQ— (from the English abbreviation ICQ) a communication program for the Internet that allows you to exchange short messages (analogous to a pager), as well as send files, photos, etc. One of the means of communication on the Internet.
Tag attribute— a parameter corresponding to each specific tag.
Attach- file attached to e-mail.

Bugs- (from the English bug = bug), errors, defects. According to the legend, vacuum tubes large and ancient computers often burned out due to moths flying into the light and heat, and the machine failed.
Byte— 8 bits, a unit of measurement of the amount of information. There are also units of measurement: kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte, petabyte, exabyte.
Ban- deny access to something.
Banner network- a specialized Internet server that advertises a user’s web resource in exchange for placing advertisements for other network participants.
Banner- an advertising image of a fixed size, usually containing animation, which acts as a hyperlink to a particular Internet resource.
DB— database, structured information storage. In relational databases, information is stored in tables that are linked to each other.
BASIC- watch 'BASIC'.
Beeper— (from the English beeper) a computer device that produces simple sounds. More complex sounds and music can be obtained using a sound card (sound blaster).
Bit— (English binary digit) binary digit, 0 or 1, the minimum unit of measurement of the amount of information.
Browser is a special client program designed to view the content of web sites and display HTML documents. Browsers have a built-in hypertext markup language translator that compiles html code when opening a web page.
Boolean variables- variables, each of which can take the value 'TRUE' or 'FALSE'.
Bullet style— appearance and shape of labels indicating occurrences of numbered and bulleted lists.

Vendor— (from the English vendor) a wholesale company offering goods.
Breaking- illegal (unauthorized) penetration into a computer system, usually for the purpose of stealing information, compromising, causing damage, etc.
Windows— (from English windows = ‘windows’) a very common operating system from Microsoft.
Winchester- computer hard drive (HDD, hard disk drive), the main storage of information. Retains data when power is turned off.
Virtual channel- a connection between two computers connected to a network, between which data is transferred.
Virtual store- a complex automated electronic system designed for the sale of goods and services of commercial enterprises using network technologies.
Virus
Word- (from the English word = word), a computer program from Microsoft. A very common, powerful text editor.
World Wide Web— watch the Internet.

Gamma correction— an algorithm for controlling image brightness, which makes it possible to achieve identical display of graphics on computer screens from different manufacturers.
Gamer- (from the English game - game) player, a person who constantly plays computer games. Gamers, fixated on games, stop further understanding the computer and degrade in the computer sense.
General Public License- the license under which almost all free software is distributed on the Internet (the General Public License, GNU).
Hyperlink— organizing a dynamic connection between two Internet resource objects through a hyperlink.
Hyperlink— (English Hyperlink) a basic functional element of HTML documents, which is the implementation of a dynamic connection of any object of a given web page with the contextual content of another document or file object.
Hypertext— hypertext markup language, see HTML.
Glitch- show signs of error, make mistakes. Computer programs are usually glitchy, but hardware or people can be glitchy. Apparently, it comes from the word ‘hallucination’.
Voice interface— interaction with the program (hardware) carried out by voice. To do this, the program must be able to recognize human speech and highlight words.
Guest book- a section of a website equipped with a special interactive form with which visitors of this resource can leave their wishes and suggestions to the developers or owners of the resource.
Bang- erase, destroy, spoil (for example, a database, program, document) purposefully or by mistake.

Daonload— (from English download) the process of copying files from a remote network computer(servers) on calling computer(client). In common technical jargon, this procedure is sometimes called ‘downloading’.
Debugger- a tool (program) for eliminating errors in a program, helps the programmer find an error in the program text - localize it.
Deza— disinformation, deliberately false information published with the aim of misleading, defaming, and testing reactions.
Datagram- a packet of information transmitted through the network independently of other packets, without the formation of a virtual channel and confirmation of reception.
Disassembler- a program that translates machine codes into assembly language. This is possible because there is a direct correspondence between them. It is impossible to translate machine codes into a high-level programming language (BASIC, Pascal).
Conversational mode— a type of interface in which interaction is organized in the form of a dialogue (question-answer). Usually implemented in the form of screen forms.
Dynamic design— a method of website layout in which its elements change their position depending on the user’s screen settings.
Homepage- an Internet resource, usually a story about a person, his family, lifestyle, hobbies and interests.
Domain- the logical level of the Internet, that is, a group of network resources that has its own name and is managed by its own network station.
Access— the ability to perform some actions with an object. Access to the network, access to a document, website, database, etc. Read access, write access, launch access, etc.
Driver- a program that controls any external or internal device of a computer (scanner, mouse, keyboard, disk drive:). A driver is an intermediate link between the hardware (device) and the operating system. After changing or adding a device, you need to change or install its driver and the operating system and programs will be able to work with this device. There is no need to change the program or operating system.

Iron- (aka HARD) computer hardware, its physical embodiment (processor, hard drive, memory).
Burn- do something very well, not usually.

Hang out— do not respond to actions (key presses, mouse movements, etc.) Programs freeze. The program may freeze if there is an error in it or this situation was not foreseen by the programmer (which is also a kind of error), or due to heavy loads or insufficient memory. - when you turn on the computer, the operating system initially starts, which prepares the computer for operation and for launching other programs.
To come in— launch the program, start working with the program. But you can also go to the website on the Internet.
Record— table row relational base data.

UPS- Uninterruptable power source. Watch 'UPS'.
Identifier— denoted by the letters ID. 1.) A cascading style sheets program element that allows you to assign a different set of properties to the same physical HTML objects without using classes (see Class). 2.) Identifiers are also found in JavaScript and other programming languages. Computers also have their own ID. IP is also an identifier.
Ignore- an abbreviation for the word ‘ignore’, a special programmatic procedure for treating individual chatlans, in which his appeals do not go through. Ignoring can be private or general (total).
IMHO- (from the English 'IMHO' - In my humble opinion), in my humble opinion.
Indexing- the process of including a link to any Internet resource in a search engine database.
Indexed color palette— a palette that uses no more than 256 colors of fixed shades, described in a special service file.
Internet— Abbreviation for Internet, came from chat rooms.
Installation— installation of the program on the computer. Programs are distributed in a distribution kit - a kind of packaging. Most programs require installation before starting work. At the same time, they copy the necessary files to the computer’s hard drive and are registered in the operating system.
Interactive banner— an advertising banner created using Macromedia Flash technologies, Java or VBScript scripts, CGI, and HTML elements.
Internet- a complex electronic information structure that represents global network, which allows you to connect computers located anywhere in the world and exchange information between them.
Interface- this is the appearance of the system, behind which its internal structure is hidden. They say: ‘friendly interface’, ‘complex interface’, ‘ergonomic interface’.
Intranet— according to the generally accepted definition, an intranet or intranet is a closed internal network of an organization operating using the TCP/IP Internet protocol. From the above it follows that this category of networks does not have a territorial characteristic; its main characteristic is that an intranet is the internal network of a company, institute, etc.
Info- short for information, came from chats.

Image Map- (English image map) graphic image, certain sections of which are active zones and serve as hyperlinks.
Upload, download- from the word 'download' - copy information (files) to your computer from a remote location (for example, from the Internet).
Quoting- Russian pronunciation quoting - quotation. Overquoting is excessive quoting.
Klava- keyboard, came from programmers.
Class- an element of program code that allows you to assign a different set of properties to the same physical objects of the program.
Client- a computer (or program) that is served by a server. Client-server technology.
Client-server- mechanism for transmitting information between remote computer, which makes its resources available to users, and the user computer that exploits these resources. In this case, the one providing access to its own resources is called a ‘server’, and the one receiving such access is called a ‘client’.
Cyrillic encoding is a generally accepted standard that includes a character set that allows characters of the Russian alphabet to be displayed in HTML documents.
Running title- the top or bottom repeating part of the page where page numbering, etc. is placed. A permanent or partially changeable part of the page (bottom, top, below the text, left, right, etc.). Constant - lines, patterns, book title, author, and partially variable - page number, chapter number, title of the current chapter, etc.
Command line— an interface in which interaction with the system is carried out by entering commands and parameters to them, and in response, some action is performed. It is less visually understandable than the icons of programs similar to Windows. In the case of the command line, a line hangs on the monitor against a black screen, which is not understandable to the average user without some preparation.
Computer- computer, came from gamers and chat rooms.
Compression of graphic files— the process of removing unused data from a graphic file.
Connect- connection.
Connect— connect, establish a connection, call your provider (usually a modem connection).
Content— semantic content of an Internet resource.
Cookies- (from the English ‘cookies’ = cookies). This is confidential information regarding your IP, your settings on a particular site. On the one hand, this is very convenient, because, for example, you don’t have to constantly enter a password on your provider’s website. However, these cookies can be used for bad purposes.
Cooler— (from the word ‘cooler’ = fan). There are coolers that cool the processor, power supply and other devices: graphics accelerator, etc. That is, a computer can have several coolers (usually two).
Caching- the process of saving html documents and graphic files downloaded from the Internet in special folder on the user's computer hard drive. When you access the site again, browsers open this web page from the hard drive, which can significantly reduce the time it takes to read it.

Lamer- 'kettle' (from the word 'lame' - 'lame', 'crippled', 'unsuccessful') - a person who is poorly versed in computers, a novice user.
Login— a logical account identifying the user, used in combination with a password during the authorization process (see Authorization).
Logical structure of the site— a set of thematic headings with documents distributed into sections and designed hyperlinks between all pages of the resource.
The local network- a structure consisting of several computers connected to each other by a special cable, between which data is transferred.

Bulleted list— a list of data designed to display unordered information presented to the reader in the form of entries positioned according to meaning.
Routers— specialized servers that perform routing (see Routing).
Routing- the process of sending a data packet to the network node to which this packet is addressed.
Mastday- a swear word, from the English ‘must die’ - ‘let him die’, an exclamation that escapes from people at the next Windows error that leads to unpleasant consequences. Will soon become a common word for other programs that have bugs. The masterpiece is often called Windows 95 or 98.
Motherboard- the main device of a computer into which other devices are connected: processor, memory, boards, hard drive, floppy drive, etc.
Mother- abbreviation for 'Motherboard'. The main device of a computer into which other devices are connected: processor, memory, boards, hard drive, floppy drive, etc.
Mainframe- a large computer with large processing power, memory, etc. They are used in banks, for reserving tickets, places in hotels, airports, and in military systems.
Menu— a type of interface that allows you to select an action from several points.
Messaga- from English ‘message’ - message or letter.
Metalanguage is a programming language designed to describe other lower-level languages.
Modem— a bidirectional analog-to-digital data converter that uses the principle of superimposing a modulated analog signal on the carrier frequency in the process of information transmission.
Modem pool— a telephone number where you can call your provider and establish a connection between your modem and the provider.
Moderator- a search server employee tasked with monitoring compliance of registered resources with the general rules for using this interactive service.
Soap- (from the English ‘mail’ = letter, mail). They say: send me some soap (soap), give me some soap, soap has arrived, send me some soap.
Mouse- Mouse, a computer pointing device that moves around the table and has 2 or 3 buttons, and sometimes a wheel. The main device for working in Windows. Invented in the USA. It was found that a person works better with a computer (or rather, with a monitor screen) if he can, as it were, move a pointer across the image, ‘point his finger’ at the right place on the screen. A device was invented that moved a pointer across the screen. Then all that remained was to write the appropriate program (mouse driver) so that the location indicated on the screen would react in the proper, necessary way.

Navigator— Netscape Navigator, a browser (a program for viewing Internet pages) from Netscape. Historically the first, it once competed with the Internet Explorer browser from Microsoft.
Lather the message— send an email.
Uncreature— (English Netware) network operating system from Novell.
Nick- (from the English nickname = nickname), pseudonym (came from chats where everyone talks under their nicknames).
Laptop- a computer that allows you to work with it on the road. Performed in the form of a diplomat. Has an independent power source.
Numbered list- a list of data designed to display ordered information, which is displayed on the screen in the form of a numerical listing of various occurrences.

Reset— set to zero, reset, reset. It came from programmers.
Shell— (English shell) a basic element of the operating system that determines the interpretation of user commands and actions.
RAM- computer RAM, random access memory; when the power is turned off, the data in RAM disappears. Not to be confused with a hard drive or hard drive.
OS
Selector Definition— parameters that determine the visual display properties of an html element in the CSS macro language. They are written to the right of the selector and are enclosed in curly braces.
Graphics Optimizer- a special program that compresses graphic files.
OS- an operating system, a program (system of programs) that allows you to work with a computer and run other programs. Without an operating system, a computer is a pile of hardware. The operating system loads when you turn on the computer and performs thousands of small transactions necessary to bring the computer into working condition. Examples of operating systems: DOS, Windows, UNIX.
Digitization— transferring information into digital form so that you can work with such information using a computer and other digital devices. You can digitize text, sound, music, images, etc. When digitizing, something is lost and something is gained. It is lost due to the fact that digitization is carried out with a certain step (the figure is discrete, discontinuous in the computer sense, which results in some error), but what is gained is the ability to copy, ease of use, etc.

Memory- an analogue of human memory, a computer device that allows you to store information. Memory can be long-term (hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROM) and short-term (RAM). In long-term memory, information is retained when the power is turned off, while in short-term memory it is lost.
affiliate program- a special scheme for obtaining financial profit on the Internet, according to which the participant is paid for each unique visitor who comes to the advertiser’s website from an advertising banner placed on the participant’s page.
Patch- (from the English patch = patch), program fix package. Usually it is done by the developer after discovering several errors in the program, some time after the release of a new version of the program.
Forwarding, redirect— redirecting the client browser from the current web page to another Internet resource or replacing the URL of this page with a www alias.
Cyrillic transcoders— special programs that allow you to change the current encoding of HTML documents and text files.
Variable- in a programming language and in mathematics, a cell that stores a specific value. There are variables different types: numeric, text, dates, as well as variables can store other objects.
Personal— PC (Russian), PC (English), pi-si, pisyuk, personal computer, differs from large computers and mainframes in that it allows you to work individually and is designed for the work of one person.
Pixel— a conditional point, a unit of measurement of various objects of the hypertext markup language and other programming languages. One pixel is equal to one conventional point that makes up the image on the monitor screen.
Ping- (from English ping = whistle), buzzing. Ping (packet internet groper) is a program used to check the availability of a destination by sending it special signal(ICMP echo request - ICMP response request) and waiting for a response. The term is used as a verb: ‘Ping host X to see if it is up!’
Piracy— illegal copying and distribution of programs, databases, music. Programs can be distributed over the network or on disks (CD-ROM). You can copy music, films, books - this is also piracy. Copying someone else's work with a slight change in order to pass it off as your own creation is plagiarism.
Pisyuk- PC, personal computer, from the English PC - Personal Computer.
Plugin- an add-on to a program that expands its capabilities.
Pay- a computer device that is inserted into the motherboard and expands its capabilities. For example, sound card, graphics accelerator, etc.
BY- software, computer programs, software.
Website support— a special set of procedures to ensure the functionality of the Internet resource.
Search engines— specialized servers designed to search and accumulate information based on user requests.
Field— a table column in a relational (i.e. tabular) database or a small window for entering information in on-screen forms.
Half shaft— OS/2 (oes in two, axis in two, half axis, axis in half) is an operating system from IBM. Windows NT lost out in the competition.
Port— a connector where computer devices (mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer) are connected.
Portal— a fairly large virtual array of information, including many different thematic sections smaller size, or a number of independent projects.
Send to three buttons— press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to reboot the system. By analogy, ‘send to three well-known letters’ in the Russian swear language.
Preview— (English preview) a way to display graphic elements in HTML document, in which a reduced copy of the image is published on a web page, accompanied by a hyperlink to the drawing presented in full scale.
Private- a form of chat communication when the phrases of only two interlocutors are visible, and not all. Closer relationships.
Printer- a peripheral computer output device that prints texts and graphics. This is, so to speak, external organs the senses of the computer, through which it, transforming information from digital form into a human-perceivable form, brings it to him. Other peripheral devices are scanner, plotter, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc.
Principle of inheritance- a principle used in programming according to which 'child' elements of a language inherit the properties specified for 'parent' elements.
Provider- an organization or company that provides Internet access. From the word provide - to provide. To carry out this function, this company must own an Internet access channel (cable, fiber optic, radio channel, satellite, telephone network, etc.).
Prog- an abbreviation for the word 'program'.
Programmer- programmer, a person who writes computer programs.
Protocol- a set of specifications that allow data exchange between two computers connected to a network, that is, a standard containing a description of the rules for receiving and transmitting commands, text, graphics and other data between two computers, which serves to synchronize the operation of several computers on the network.
Direct Internet access- one of the types of Internet access. It involves connecting a computer or local network to a dedicated high-bandwidth information highway.

Desktop— the Windows interface is organized in the form of a desktop, on it the main, frequently used things, programs, documents, folders are located (in the form of pictograms, i.e. icons). The user has the opportunity to arrange them the way he likes.
Radio button— an interactive form element, used in the case when a logical variable can take only one value out of many possible ones.
Overclocking— speaking funny, this is an opportunity to get something out of nothing. That is, measures that allow you to achieve greater performance from hardware than it currently provides.
Extension is part of the file name that indicates its format. Previously, in MS DOS, the file extension was no more than three characters. Now it can be of any length, but traditions are maintained for compatibility purposes.
Real- reality, physical life, came from chats.
Reset— (English RESET) a button on the computer case that causes it to completely reboot. The so-called ‘cold boot’. There is also a warm reboot (partial), starting from some intermediate boot stage.
Search relevance— the degree of comparison of the report created by the search server to the query entered by the user.
RosNIIROS— Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks, manages the distribution of the first-level domain of the Russian Internet zone (.ru).
Roaming— provision of information services (telephone, Internet) in other cities and regions telephone operators, Internet providers (for example, banking service to service your account anywhere in the world).
Router— a specialized server that performs routing (see Routing).
Runet- Russian Internet, i.e. all sites located in the Russian Internet zone.

Website— (English Site) an Internet resource that, unlike a server, does not have a dedicated server program. As a rule, a site is an integrated part of the server, a directory on the server computer, even though most sites have their own domain name.
Subject- (from English subj = topic). Very often used in postal correspondence.
Subs- (from English sub) substitution.
Supgrade- upgrade, watch 'Upgrade'.
Swaping— caching to disk of data that does not fit in RAM, carried out by the operating system.
Selector is a CSS directive that allows you to assign various visual display properties to certain elements of an HTML document.
Internet server- a computer on which a special program is installed (also called a server, web server or http server, server). A computer that serves clients, providing them with some resources for use: disk space, computing power, Internet connection, documents, databases, website. A server can be either a regular computer or a specialized one, with large memory and disks, network channels, and unique resources (printer, modem, database). There is a physical concept of a server (computer), and there is a logical concept of a server (a software process used in client-server technology).
Network protocol— watch the Protocol.
Network node- a computer connected to the Internet that connects several local networks that use the same network protocol.
Network workstation- a local network node that is the main computer in it.
Setiket — netiquette, rules of conduct online, in chat, in email correspondence.
Net— local (limited) network.
Compression- reducing the amount of information. Compression can be lossy or lossless. Information is compressed using special programs—archivers. Compression can be done by software or by hardware (for example, modems). Watch 'Archiver'.
Sidyuk- a computer device that allows you to read CDs with information; CD-ROMs are also the disks themselves.
Sysadmin- System Administrator.
End-to-end protocol- a protocol that ensures the smooth passage of IP packets through a non-IP network.
Throw off- send by email, over the Internet. They say ‘send it to me via email, over the network, on a floppy disk’.
Skriplet- a simple script prepared using an interpreted macro language that is processed by the browser in conjunction with HTML code.
Script— A set of commands of a language, integrated into the code of a web page like a subroutine. A script is also a program written, for example, in the PERL language.
Redirect service— see Forwarding.
Slang- jargon.
Emoticons- smiles, facial expressions made up of special characters. They look like faces if you look at them with your head tilted to the left. For example, 🙂 is a smile, 🙁 is sadness, etc. Emoticons are used in chats and letters to compensate for the lack of verbal communication. The strength of a smile can be expressed by the number of parentheses, for example, :-))) - very cheerful, :-((((- very sad.
Dog- symbol @. Component email addresses. Means 'near', 'at'. For example, [email protected]. User online_fsb on the MAIL.RU website. After the dog the site or provider is indicated.
Impression ratio- a value used in banner networks and determining the size of the commission percentage retained by the network from the volume of advertising shown by a network member.
Software- programs, software, software. As opposed to hard - hardware, hardware.
SPAM— (jarg) sending unsolicited advertising correspondence via e-mail channels. This clogs your mailbox.
start page- the so-called index file displayed in the browser when accessing an Internet resource or any section of the site. As a rule, it contains information content and navigation elements.
Static design- a method of arranging web page elements, in which its elements are placed in a special invisible table of a fixed width.
Page- watch 'Site'.
Struynik- a printer using technology inkjet printing(droplets of ink fly out of the print head - nozzles). There are also matrix ones (impact principle through a tape, like in typewriters) and laser printers(the laser beam magnetizes the printing drum; particles of ink powder are attracted to it in certain places and transferred to the paper).
Knocking on the windows- work in Windows.
DBMS— database management system. A special program that allows you to create and maintain a database.
Hit counter- an interactive graphic element of a web page design, controlled by an appropriate CGI script from its own or from a remote server. Records the number of page openings in visitors' browsers.

Routing tables- electronic databases that contain instructions on where exactly to send this or that package of information if it is sent to a particular address.
Tag— command (directive, instruction) of the HTML language.
Thematic catalog- a specialized server that includes an extensive list of links to other sites, classified into several categories according to thematic focus.
Trample loaves- press buttons, button - button.
Transaction— an operation, for example, transfer money from an account to the seller, make changes to the database. A transaction can be executed or canceled (rolled back).
Translit— pseudo-encoding of the Cyrillic alphabet (see Encoding), involves writing Russian words in characters of the Latin alphabet.
Translator— a special browser module (see Browser) that processes the html code of web pages to convert it into a visual representation form.
Traffic— Message flow or volume of information transmitted. Typically measured in kilobytes (MB, etc.). Also used as the number of visitors to a website or any of its pages per unit of time (day, month, year). Sometimes traffic is understood not as the number of visitors, but as the number of hits per unit of time.
Trainer— (from English trainer = instructor) Very often used in games. Helps the player to complete the game. Also used in programs to help the user understand the program.
Trend- a graph showing a trend.
Trojan- a malicious program that quietly hides in the computer and may someday perform some harmful action. The Trojan horse is triggered by certain actions, periodically, on certain dates or upon request. An action is usually the transfer of information to another computer over a network (the Internet).

UPNR- US Advanced Research Projects Authority, see ARPA.
Utility- an auxiliary program that performs some action, for example, an archiver, an image viewer, a disk check utility, etc. The Windows operating system contains many utilities.

Firewall- (from the English firewall = wall of fire). This is a program that protects your computer from uninvited guests while you are on the Internet. Now the best firewalls are Agnitum Outpost Firewall, AtGuard, Zone Alarm and others.
File- a named piece of information on a disk that has a name by which it can be accessed. All information on the disk is stored in the form of files. Derived from the English file - folder. Now directories are called folders, i.e. groups of files.
FIDO is a free analogue of the Internet that is extremely popular. This network originated a long time ago when modems were 2400 bytes per second. were immensely steep, and the network as such was harassed by telephone operators to the users beyond measure :).
Fidoshnik- a person who uses the services of the FIDO network (see FIDO).
Physical structure of the site— a layout of physical files by subdirectory of the folder in which the site is located.
Fixed color palette— see ‘Indexed colors’.
Feature— There is something unusual in the program, the operating system. For example, Easter eggs in Windows are a feature or feature.
Flame is a process that sometimes occurs when communicating on the Internet, a ‘verbal war’. This is an unexpectedly heated discussion, during which participants usually forget about the original topic, get personal and cannot stop. Typically, flames arise spontaneously, develop very quickly and end only with the intervention of a moderator or when all participants are completely tired. This is the same type of dispute in which the truth is not born - at the end of the flame, all the disputants feel uncomfortable and the flame does not give any constructive result. If it happens that you become an involuntary participant in a flame, the most reasonable behavior in this situation is to express your position once as clearly, constructively and kindly as possible, and not enter into the discussion again. Then it will most likely go out on its own. If you try to prove that ‘you are not a camel’, the flame will only get hotter and your position and image will only worsen.
Flop- floppy disk, floppy disk, from the English floppy. It came from programmers.
Form- special HTML object, used to transfer data from an HTML document to interactive website elements, such as CGI scripts.
Format— a method of storing and presenting information. There are file formats and field formats. There are the following file formats: graphic (BMP, JPG, GIF), music (WAV, MP3, MIDI), text (TXT, DOC), databases (MDB, DBF), Internet pages (HTML) and others.
Forum- a means of communication between people, when everyone’s messages are posted on a common bulletin board. Messages are usually requests or detailed answers to questions. There is a lot of useful information in the forums.
Photo- photo, came from chats.
Graphics fragmenter — special utility, which allows you to divide the graphic image into several independent sections.
Frames- a method of organizing the structure of a site, in which a web page is divided into a number of components and ‘assembled’ in the main browser window from several separate or sub-windows.
Feha— from File-Echo. This term comes from Fido and means ‘conference’.

Hub- this is a device in the form of a box with light bulbs, from which wires come out that go to the network cards of computers connected to the network (you might have seen it in computer clubs).
Hacker- a person who hacks a computer system for the purpose of the hacking process itself, in order to find weak, vulnerable spots, and receives satisfaction from the hacking process itself. A hacker is a network vampire, he drinks the blood of networks - information. Not to be confused with a cracker, which hacks a system for criminal purposes: stealing information, compromising, ransoming. Usually confused. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains articles that provide for punishment for hacking and writing viruses: up to 7 years in prison.
Hard- iron, hard. Hardware, computer equipment, as opposed to software - programs.
Help- help, help, help. Needed by those users who have not yet mastered the system. Usually called by the F1 key or through the menu. Help can be general and context-specific. In the latter case, the program immediately shows you the required help section based on your last actions and the current situation. General help shows the contents of all help, organized by sections and in the form of hypertext (links to other sections).
Hit— (from the English hit = click) one visit (opening in a browser) of any page of a website.
Hamster— see ‘Home page’.
Host— any computer connected to the Internet, regardless of its purpose.
Hosting- watch 'Web hosting'.

Kettle- a category of users who do not understand programs. Like 'lamer'. A novice user who gets confused with the keys.
Charset— hard installation of a custom html document encoding with a special META qualifier (see META qualifiers).
Chatlan— chat participants.
Worm- a malicious program that multiplies and fills the computer’s memory, thereby interfering with work.

Web page template- html document containing an invisible table, header, everything graphic objects and navigation elements, that is, almost everything, with the exception of direct information content.
Gateway- a program with which you can transfer information between two local networks using different data exchange protocols (see Protocol).

Executor— a file with the EXE extension (see: extension, format). These files store programs that can be run. Such files may contain viruses, so it is better not to run unfamiliar files or scan them with an antivirus before launching (see: virus, antivirus, Trojan horse, worm).
Screen forms- these are windows that appear on the screen to carry out a dialogue with the user: message about an event, enter information:
Excel— Excel, a program that allows you to work with spreadsheets. In such a table, cells can contain text, numbers, and formulas that refer to other cells. Formulas can be mathematical, statistical, search and any other. All formulas are quickly recalculated.
Access— Access, a DBMS from Microsoft as part of MS Office. Allows you to work with simple and small databases. Allows some networking capabilities.
Explorer- program, browser from Microsoft. Program for working on the Internet.
Email- a channel for transmitting text messages and attached files between two computers connected to the Internet.

User- from English ‘use’ (use) - a category of computer users who work with programs, but do not write them. Advanced users do a little programming.
Unix is an operating system used primarily on servers.

Yandex- a popular search engine on the RuNet.
YAP- programming languages ​​in which all programs are written. There are high-level languages: BASIC, Pascal, C and low-level: Assembly. A program from any programming language is translated into machine language that a specific processor understands. The program can only be translated back into assembler, because there is a direct correspondence between assembler and machine codes (see Disassembler).

ADPCM— Addptive Differential Pulse Code Modulationb adaptive differential (difference) pulse-code modulation (ADCM). Audio coding standard adopted by ITU-TS. Describes the technology of converting an analog signal and a digital format that takes up less space in computer memory than conventional PCM, used, for example, by audio CDs. It is used in Sony mini-discs, as well as in CD-ROMs, which contain images and other data in addition to sound.
Aka- from English ‘Also-Known-As’, which means ‘Also-Known-As’. Used if a node has two or more different addresses, if a person has pseudonyms, etc.: Ivan Petrov aka Terminator. Used in letters as an abbreviation.
Apache- one of the implementations of http servers intended for use under the UNIX operating system. The program is a virtual server that you can install on your computer and with its help you can simulate a real Internet server.
ARPA- Advanced Research Project Agency, US Advanced Scientific Research Projects Agency.
ARPAnet- first computer network, which used the IP protocol in the data transfer process.
A.S.P.— Active Server Pages (active server pages), a technology similar to JavaScript and PHP (see PHP). In order to make a web page interactive using ASP technology, it is necessary to embed into its code an appropriate script written in a macro language vaguely reminiscent of Java and C (see Script).

BASIC- Beginners All-purpose Simbolic Instruction Code (symbolic universal programming language for beginners) 'basic', 'basic' programming language for beginners and professionals. Invented in 1962 J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz, Dartmouth College, USA. Later it had many modifications.
bps— bit per secund, a unit of measurement of communication speed between two computers, determined by the number of bits of transmitted information per second.
BSD— Berkeley Software Distribution, a term used to describe different versions Berkeley UNIX operating system (for example, 4.3BSD UNIX).
BUGS- errors, defects. According to legend, the vacuum tubes of large and ancient computers often burned out due to moths flying into the light and heat, and the machine failed.

CallBack- literally: callback. Those. If you use this function from your provider, then the provider itself will call you and connect to your modem. Used if the provider is very often busy.
CGI— Common Gateway Interface, a technology that involves the use of interactive elements within an Internet resource based on applications that ensure the transfer of data flow from object to object.
Coax at a home— organization technology remote connection, implies gaining access to the Internet using cable television channels.
Cookies— This is confidential information regarding your IP, your settings on a particular site. On the one hand, this is very convenient, because, for example, you don’t have to constantly enter a password on your provider’s website. However, these cookies can be used for bad purposes.
Сooler— There are coolers that cool the processor, power supply and other devices: graphics accelerator, etc. That is, a computer can have several coolers (usually two).
CPU- computer central processing unit.
CSLIP- data transfer protocol, is a modification of SLIP, significantly improves speed thanks to the universal algorithm for compressing IP packet headers (see Protocol, IP, SLIP).
CSS— Cascading Style Sheets (cascading style sheets) is a technology thanks to which, using a special macro language, you can rigidly set the formatting of a web page once.
CTR— Click/Through Ratio, a unit of measurement of the effectiveness of an advertising banner, defined as the ratio of the number of clicks on the banner to the number of its impressions.

DHTML- Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language (dynamic hypertext markup language), an extension of the HTML language that allows you to create web pages with such interactive elements as a moving background located under static document content, moving objects, drop-down menus, mouse-over buttons, animation, running captions and much more.
dial-up— communication with an Internet service provider via dial-up telephone channels using a modem.
DNS — Domain Name System, domain name system, standard for recording Internet addresses in the form of a multi-level domain structure (see Domain).
DNS servers- programs that, when accessed, look for the required IP address using the entered URL (see IP, URL).
DOS— watch MS DOS.
Download— the process of copying files from a remote network computer (server) to the calling computer (client). In common technical jargon, this procedure is sometimes called ‘downloading’.
Drag&Drop- Pronounced 'Drag'n'Drop'. This is a kind of Windows technology that allows you to take elements and move them. The literal translation is ‘take it and throw it’. For example, you use this technology when dragging and dropping icons on your desktop.
DSP— Digital Signal Processing, digital signal processing. Converting signals from various sound sources into digitized form and processing them using certain algorithms (using programming).

Enter- 'enter', a key on the keyboard. Confirms the input of information, launches the program, moves the cursor to a new line, etc.
Error- 'error', wrong situation in the program or hardware.
ESC, Escape— key on the keyboard ‘to escape’, ‘to run away’. Cancels an action, goes back, closes a window.
Escape sequence is a set of notations that display the characters reserved to represent elements of HTML code.
Ethernet- a standard for organizing local area networks (LANs), described in the specifications of the IEEE and other organizations. IEEE 802.3. Ethernet uses a 10 Mbps bandwidth and a CSMA/CD media access method. The most popular implementation of Ethernet is 10Base-T. A development of Ethernet technology is Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s).

FidoNet- a non-commercial postal network using a line-switched communication algorithm (see FIDO).
Firewall— watch Firewall.
Flash- a technology for creating high-quality interactive animation that can be presented on a web page with a relatively small final file size (the standard was developed by Macromedia in 1996).
FPS— This is an abbreviation for the English ‘Frame Per Second’ - i.e. ‘number of frames per second’. Most often this abbreviation is used when talking about games. The higher the FPS, the better.
FTP — File Transfer Protocol, a protocol for transferring files over a network. There are thousands of places on the Internet that support this method. Sometimes the only way to have a file is to use the FTP protocol (see Protocol).
FTP client is an application designed to upload files to a remote server using the FTP protocol (see FTP).

GIF— Graphic Interchange Format, a graphic format that uses the LZW lossy data compression algorithm and operates with an indexed color table. Mainly used for displaying business graphics (see LZW).
GIF animation- one of the ways to present moving images on the Internet.
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication, global systems for mobile communications (GSM) GSM. Digital standard for mobile communication devices. The use of digital signal coding allows you to avoid interference and ensure confidentiality of negotiations. Among the main advantages - automatic roaming. Main disadvantages: it requires a larger number of base stations than other standards, subscriber capacity and a data transfer rate of less than 9.6 kbit/s.

HARD— computer hardware, its physical embodiment (processor, hard drive, memory).
HDD- hard disk drive, watch 'Winchester'.
Home— directory name in UNIX-compatible operating systems; used on web servers, designed to host user files.
HTML- Hyper Text Markup Language, a language used to create documents on the Internet.
HTML document- a file containing HTML code.
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, hypertext transfer protocol.
Hyperlink- a basic functional element of HTML documents, which represents the implementation of a dynamic connection of any object of a given web page with the contextual content of another document or file object.

IBM- International Business Machines Corporation, a computer company founded in 1924 by Herman Hollerith. It mainly produces computers and equipment, but also produces software. Producer of the chess program Deep Blue, which beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a series of matches. In addition, IBM came up with the principle of open architecture, when computers can be assembled like children's construction sets. IBM PC computers have become the standard for personal computers in general.
ICMP— Internet Control Message Protocol, one of the data routing protocols.
ICQ- a communication program for the Internet that allows you to exchange short messages (analogous to a pager), as well as send files, photos, etc. One of the means of communication on the Internet.
ID- see 'Identifier'.
IMHO— In my humble opinion, in my humble opinion.
Interlace— the ability of graphic files of some formats (in particular, GIF) during the loading process to be displayed on the monitor screen in the form of sequentially drawn non-adjacent lines of pixels that make up the image.
Internet Information Server- one of the implementations of http servers intended for use under the Windows NT operating system.
Internet Service Provider- a company that has a special license and provides individuals and organizations with Internet access using resources for a fee own server or local network.
Internic- an organization that manages the distribution of first-level domains (see Domain, DNS).
IP— Internet Protocol (IP), a universal cross-platform standard that allows you to connect heterogeneous computers running different operating systems into a network. This protocol provides a direct connection to the Internet.
IP address— Internet host address, consists of four ten-digit identifiers or octets (one byte each), separated by a dot.
ISO— Organization for International Standardization, International Organization for Standardization.
ISO-8859-5— one of the common Cyrillic encodings (see Encoding); developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and used primarily in UNIX-compatible operating systems.
ISDN- an international standard developed by the ITU-T committee. Allows you to transmit data, as well as digitized video images and speech, over a single digital network.

Java— a programming language that allows you to develop applications for use in web resources. The Java module is not integrated into the page that uses it, but exists as a stand-alone application with a .class extension called an 'applet'. In this case, the applet is also called from the HTML file by the corresponding command, is not loaded and launched for execution as a separate program, in the background.
JavaScript is a programming language that is an add-on to the HTML standard. Significantly expands the capabilities of a document created in this format. The module, written in JavaScript, is integrated into the HTML file as a subroutine. Called for execution from the corresponding line of HTML code by a standard command. May exist as a separate file.
JPEG— Join Photographic Experts Group, a graphics standard created based on the lossy image compression algorithm of the same name. Encodes the interpixel intervals of a pattern.

Keyboard — computer keyboard, the main pointing device for PC
KOI8— eight-bit information exchange code, Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), corresponding to the GOST 19768-74 standard.

LAB— a color image of an image, in which the pattern is presented in the form of three independent data arrays (channels) that determine the intensity and color content of different areas of the image.
Linux is a free implementation of an operating system based on the UNIX architecture. Developed by Linus Torvalds. Often used as the base operating system on web servers.
Lisp- an algorithmic language focused on list processing (from LISt Processing). It is a function language. A Lisp program is a recursive function of symbolic expressions, which is built from elementary functions using a conditional operator and a superposition operator. Data processing comes down to combining, dividing and regrouping information. Developed by J. McCarthy in 1960. It is widely used in programming artificial intelligence systems.
LOL- Laughing Out Loud, ‘laughing out loud’. An abbreviation used when corresponding by email (e-mail), in teleconferences (Use-net) or in chat (Chat).
LZW is a data compression algorithm used in a number of graphic formats. Developed in 1978.

Macintosh CP— Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), intended for use on personal computers Apple computers Macintosh equipped with the MacOS operating system.
Mac OS- operating system for Macintosh machines.
Flash Player- a special add-on to the browser (plug-in) that allows it to display files of the Macromedia Flash standard.
MainBoard- motherboard.
META Qualifiers— header elements of HTML documents that carry service functions. They do not affect the display of web pages in the browser and cannot change their content in any way.
Microsoft CP 1251— Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), developed by Microsoft. Is basic encoding in the Microsoft Windows operating system.
Microsoft CP 866— an alternative DOS encoding, Cyrillic encoding (see Encoding), serves as the base encoding in the MS-DOS and OS/2 operating systems.
mp3- music file compression format. It is the most common among other music compression formats.
MS DOS- Microsoft operating system with a command line interface and a black screen. There are DOSs from other companies (for example, PTS-DOS, Dnepropetrovsk).

OSPF— Open Shortest Path First, one of the data routing protocols.

PCI— Protocol Control Information, protocol information added by the OSI entity (Seven-layer hierarchical model developed by the International Committee for Standardization (ISO) to define, specify and communicate network protocols.) to serve data modules passed down from the upper layer. This information, together with the user data, forms the Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
PERL— Practical Extraction and Report Language, one of the interpreted programming languages ​​on which CGI technology is based (see CGI).
PHP is an interpreted language similar to JavaScript. Designed to add elements of interactivity to web pages.
Ping- packet internet groper is a program used to check the availability of the recipient by sending it a special signal (ICMP echo request - ICMP response request) and waiting for a response. The term is used as a verb: ‘Ping host X to see if it is up!’
Plug&play- technology for connecting computer equipment to the computer itself. The literal translation is ‘plug and play’. Now used by all computer hardware manufacturers.
PNG— Portable Network Graphics, a graphics format developed in the mid-nineties and intended for presenting graphic images on the Internet.
POP3- a protocol designed for transmitting messages via email.
PPP- an improved version of a network protocol similar to SLIP (see SLIP).

Quoting— watch Quoting.

RESET- a button on the computer case that causes it to completely reboot. The so-called ‘cold boot’. There is also a warm reboot (partial), starting from some intermediate boot stage.
RGB— Red, Green, Blue, a three-color palette used to display color images on a computer screen.
R.I.P.— Routing Internet Protocol, one of the data routing protocols.
robots.txt— a file that defines the rules for indexing pages by search servers.
root account— a logical account in the server database that allows the user to work with the server computer with administrator rights.
RTFM— Read The File Manual, Read the instructions...

SDH— Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, hierarchy of synchronous digital transmission(ISCP), synchronous digital hierarchy. European Standard for Fiber Optics Data Communications in Wide Area Networks - a Digital transmission hierarchy that provides a means for managing the multiplexing and access of various forms of digital traffic using a synchronous transmission format. various types environment. The format is based on the synchronous transmission transport module defined by CCITT recommendations G.703, G.709, G.798 and others. The first level in the hierarchy of synchronous digital transmission is 155.52 Mbit/s. Gradually replacing PDH plesiochronous digital hierarchy technology.
SHELL— a basic element of the operating system that determines the interpretation of user commands and actions.
SITE- an Internet resource that, unlike a server, does not have a dedicated server program. As a rule, a site is an integrated part of the server, a directory on the server computer, even though most sites have their own domain name.
SLIP— Serial Line Internet Protocol, a network protocol that allows you to use a regular telephone line and modem for direct access to the Internet. Requires special software and works in conjunction with the TCP/IP protocol as a lower-level protocol (see Protocol).
SMTP— Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol designed for transmitting messages via email.
Splash- an html document that does not contain any meaningful information and navigation elements. It is displayed first in the window when accessing the site. As a rule, splash includes the logo of the company that owns the resource, a menu for selecting encoding, or a menu for choosing between Russian and English versions site.
SQL— a query language for relational (tabular, as opposed to hierarchical and network) databases, which allows you to obtain the necessary information from the database or perform some action.
SSH— Secure Shell, a type of terminal access to a server computer using Telnet technology, characterized by a greater degree of security of the communication session (see Telnet).
SSI— Server Side Includes, a technology closely intertwined with CGI technology. Using a macro language reminiscent of C, SSI allows you to implement such features as displaying text in a document depending on previously defined conditions or according to a given algorithm, generating an HTML file from dynamically changing fragments, or embedding the result of CGI work in any part of the document HTML.
SUBJ- subject. Very often used in postal correspondence.

TCP— Transmission Control Protocol, a protocol that controls the transfer of information. Relies on the capabilities of the IP protocol.
Telnet— a mechanism for remote administrative access to the server computer.
Tip- a hint in some program, for example, in MS Office...
Traffic— message flow or volume of information transmitted. Typically measured in kilobytes (MB, etc.). Second value: the number of visitors to a website or any of its pages per unit of time (day, month, year). Sometimes traffic is understood not as the number of visitors, but as the number of hits per unit of time.
Trainer— watch Trainer.
Transparency— the ability of graphic files of some formats (in particular, GIF) to include a so-called alpha channel in the image, which allows you to make the background of the image transparent (see Alpha channel).

UDP— User Datagram Protocol, a data transfer protocol, is used on slow lines and implements data transmission in the form of datagrams (see Datagram).
UNIX is one of the most common server operating systems on the Internet.
Unicode— universal Cyrillic encoding. Created with the goal of combining all existing national encodings into one.
Upgrade— watch ‘Upgrade’.
Upload— the process of downloading files to a remote computer.
UPS— an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), protects the computer from failures in the electrical network and from unexpected power outages. It is a rechargeable battery, designed to operate from 10 minutes to several hours when the main (220 volt) mains voltage is turned off.
URL— Uniform Resource Locator, a form of recording the address of a particular Internet resource.
UUCP- Unix-to-Unix CoPy, data transfer protocol. Designed for exchanging files between two computers. Using this type of access, you can receive and send email and, as a variation of the latter, news from the corresponding servers. Used on computers running the UNIX operating system.

VAS— Voice Activated System, voice control: a system for automatically turning on a function (for example, a tape recorder to record or a radio station to broadcast) at the beginning of the speaker’s phrase.
VBScript— Visual BASIC Script, one of the implementations of the Basic language, embedded in an HTML document to include interactive elements in web pages.
Vendor- a wholesale company offering goods.
VIRUS- a program that reproduces itself and thereby spreads (infects other programs and documents), assigns itself to them. Usually produces harmful actions, interferes with work, destroys, and distorts data.

Web animation— watch GIF animation and Flash.
Web design— the process of creating a web page.
Webmaster- a specialist developing the content of a future Internet resource.
Web hosting— placement of web pages on the Internet on rented disk space of a server.
Windows is a very common operating system from Microsoft.
Word is a computer program from Microsoft. A very common, powerful text editor.
WWW— World Wide Web, The World Wide Web, the most saturated segment of the Internet.
WWW-alias— a short URL standard assigned special servers page or site with a longer address of the same format.
WYSIWYG— What You See Is What You Get, a class of visual HTML editors that automatically generate HTML code in parallel with the user creating a web page on the monitor screen from standard elements.
W3C— World Wide Wed Consortium, HTML standard development company.

XHTML- Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (extensible hypertext markup language), an intermediate option between the XML and HTML 4.0 standards.
XML— Extensible Markup Language (extensible markup language), a fundamentally new standard proposed in 2000 by the creator of the HTML language, the World Wide Web Consortium (see W3C).