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What is the essence of e-commerce on the Internet. E-commerce market. The concept of e-commerce and its main components

History of e-commerce development

The first e-commerce systems and methods owe their birth to the emergence of sales automation technologies and the implementation automated systems management corporate resources. In 1960, the American companies American Airlines and IBM began creating a system to automate the procedure for reserving seats on flights. Thus, the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment) system makes air travel more accessible to ordinary passengers, helping them navigate fares and flights, the number of which is constantly growing. By automating the process of calculating tariffs when reserving seats, the cost of services is reduced. This represents the very first experience in creating an e-commerce system.

The e-commerce market has been developing most dynamically over the past 20 years, which is due to the rapid growth in the number of Internet users, increasing influence social networks and other interactive online platforms, dynamic development of systems electronic payments, and the transition of leading web services from technology platform Web 1.0 to Web 2.0.

Types of e-commerce

There are several generally accepted categories into which e-commerce is divided. As a rule, such delimitation is carried out according to the target group of consumers.

B2B or business to business scheme

The principle of such interaction is very simple: an enterprise trades with another enterprise. B2B is one of the most promising and actively developing areas of e-commerce today. Internet platforms make it possible to significantly simplify transactions at all stages, making trade more efficient and transparent. Often, in such cases, a representative of the customer has the ability to interactively control the order fulfillment process by working with the seller’s databases. An example of a B2B transaction is the sale of website templates to companies for subsequent use as the basis for the design of the company’s own web resource. Of course, this includes any interactions that include wholesale supply goods or similar fulfillment of orders.

B2C or business-to-consumer scheme

In this case, the company trades directly with the client (not a legal entity, but an individual). As a rule, we are talking about retail sales of goods. This method of carrying out a commercial transaction allows the client to simplify and speed up the purchase procedure. He does not have to go to the store to choose the right product: he just needs to look at the characteristics on the supplier’s website, select the desired configuration and order the product for delivery. For a merchant, the capabilities of the Internet allow him to more quickly monitor demand (in addition to saving on premises and personnel). Examples of this type of trade are traditional online stores aimed at a target group of direct consumers of goods. In the late 2000s, the so-called social commerce, or the sphere of selling goods and services on social networks, began to develop.

C2C or consumer-to-consumer scheme

This type of e-commerce involves transactions between two consumers, neither of whom is an entrepreneur in the legal sense of the word. Online platforms for such trading are something between a push market and an advertisement column in a newspaper. As a rule, C2C commerce is carried out on Internet auction sites, which are becoming increasingly popular nowadays. For clients of such systems, the main convenience lies in the slightly lower price of the product compared to its cost in stores.

In addition to the most common e-commerce schemes described above, there are several others. They are not so popular, but are still used in some specific cases. It's about on the interaction of both entrepreneurs and consumers with government agencies. IN Lately Many operations for collecting taxes, filling out questionnaires, forms for ordering supplies, and working with customs began to be carried out using Internet technologies. This makes it possible to significantly facilitate the work of civil servants, on the one hand, and enable payers to get rid of a certain amount of paperwork, on the other.

Benefits of e-commerce

For organizations

  • Global scale
  • Cost reduction
  • Improving supply chains
  • Business is always open (24/7/365)
  • Personalization
  • Fast product launch to market
  • Low cost of distribution of digital products

For consumers

  • Ubiquity
  • Anonymity
  • Large selection of goods and services
  • Personalization
  • Cheaper products and services
  • Prompt delivery
  • Electronic socialization

For society

  • Wide range of services provided (for example, education, healthcare, utilities)
  • Increasing standard of living
  • Enhancing National Security
  • Reducing the digital divide
  • Online sale/order of goods/services reduces car traffic and reduces environmental pollution

Disadvantages of E-Commerce

For organizations

  • Possible doubts of the parties regarding the belonging of a particular project to the company (negative anonymity)
  • Some difficulty in conducting and legitimizing the activities of an enterprise on the Internet

For consumers

For society

  • An attractive platform for fraud (lowering network security)
  • Displacement of offline commercial enterprises from the market

For the state

  • Shortage of tax payments to the state budget when maintaining “gray” accounting schemes

E-commerce in the world

According to Invesp.com, global e-commerce sales totaled $680.6 billion in 2011. According to forecasts of this agency, this amount will only grow, and by 2015 it will reach 1.5 trillion. US dollars.

E-commerce in Russia

According to the research agency Data Insight, in 2010 the volume Russian market e-commerce will reach 240 billion rubles. Thus, online sales will account for 1.6% of the total sales volume of all Russian retail (the EU average is 5.7%, and in the US - 6.4%). For individual product groups the picture is somewhat different. In particular, it is sold via the Internet, about 12-14% household appliances, electronics and books.

As of 2011, there are about 30,000 online stores in Russia, most of which are located in the regions of the country. According to statistics, about 10% of online stores close in Russia per year, but 20-30% of new ones open in their place. The e-commerce market itself in the Russian Federation predicts its growth by 2 times over the next four years.

see also

Notes

To begin with, it is worth noting that the scope of eCommerce is much broader than the standard idea of ​​it. This is not only the sale of goods or services via the Internet: you can earn money from a percentage of transactions, data exchange, etc.

In addition, online commodity-money interactions have an extremely rich history, the roots of which go back to the middle of the last century. Today we will look at what e-commerce is, consider its types, categories, as well as its advantages and disadvantages.

Definition of the term

E-commerce is usually called a business process (more broadly, the sphere of economics), including trade or monetary transactions carried out through computer and electronic networks.

Back in the 50s, American Airlines, in partnership with IBM, began developing a unique system that automates the reservation of seats on airplanes. The system exists to this day, is called SABRE - at one time it significantly facilitated air travel for passengers, helping to navigate fares, directions, etc. Today, SABER is used by more than 350,000 travel agencies around the world, 400 airlines, 100,000 hotels, 25 automobile brands and 14 cruise routes.

In 1971-72, the famous ARPANET was used to organize purchases and sales between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - computer network, developed by the US Department of Defense to maintain communications in the event of a nuclear war. Monetary transactions made through this network have become one of the prerequisites for eCommerce. In 1979, English inventor Michael Aldrich demonstrated the first online shopping system, which involved simple transactions between buyers and sellers.

Over the past two decades, the eCommerce market has been developing particularly rapidly, driven by the explosion of modern technologies, the widespread availability of the Internet, the spread of social networks, and the evolution of Web 1.0 to Web 2.0.

eCommerce categories

Traditionally, e-commerce on the Internet is divided into three groups, according to the consumer segment: B2B, B2C and C2C. Some call two more categories: B2A and C2A. Let's look at all 5 types of eCommerce.

1. B2B: " Business to business" The idea is simple - one company sells something to another company. The Internet here can significantly optimize processes: speed up operations, make relationships more transparent. An example is before your eyes. LPgenerator is a service for creating landing pages for businesses (although, of course, you can run landing page, promoting a person, a personal brand - whatever).

2. B2C: " Business for the client" Everything is obvious here too. The company sells directly to individuals. Often, goods are sold in this format, sometimes services are sold (learning English via Skype, for example). This is where traditional online stores fit in, as well as new trend— social trading (searching for clients and selling on social media).

3. C2C: " Consumer for consumer" An interesting model that involves a trading relationship between two people, neither of whom can be called a businessman. Resources that provide this opportunity, look like something between a flea market and a newspaper ad. The most common format is online auctions. They allow the buyer to save money, and the seller to sell what is unnecessary and recoup money.

4. B2A: " Business for administration" A specific format, the essence of which is the interaction of the entrepreneur with certain government agencies (local, federal). An example is a tender, or some bureaucratic operations that can be automated via the Internet.

5. C2A: " Client for administration" The most exotic type of e-commerce on the Internet, actively developing today. The essence is in the interaction of government organizations directly with people using certain services. The sphere is rather social. An example is the interactive portals of government service centers that exist in many cities.

Types of companies

Western researchers identify 8 categories of e-commerce on the Internet.

1. Big business retail. Conduct direct online sales. Such companies have automated processes for delivery, payment, etc.

2. Multifunctional online portals (domestic example: Yandex.Market). We can call them aggregators of goods and services. They give the client access to an assortment of different brands and charge a commission or placement fee from the seller.

3. Highly specialized portals, operating only in one area of ​​the market.

4. Internet auctions. Allow the seller and buyer to “meet” to conclude a transaction.

5. Cybersants - engaged in the distribution of intellectual, digital property (films, programs, literature).

6. Resources for collective purchasing, wholesale discounts - bring together people who want to save money by purchasing a large batch of goods for many participants at once.

7. Intermediaries for presentation and settlement of bills: public utilities, insurance, medical care, for a certain percentage.

Usability in eCommerce

There are at least three useful advice, or even a trend, the use of which will increase the usability of your resource.

1. Large images

High-quality visual content can be much more expressive than hundreds of words. A large image of the product (or anything related to it/its use) will reveal significant details of the offer, increasing visitor awareness - and therefore their level of satisfaction. In short, properly selected visual content can bring you a lot of additional income.

2. Trustworthy reviews

E-commerce. Electronic commerce systems. E-commerce development

E-commerce is the sale and purchase of goods and services via the Internet. This is a set of technologies and services that provide the opportunity to present your goods and services on the Internet, accept orders, issue invoices, as well as receive payments and transfer money to counterparties via the Internet.

The two main categories of e-commerce are:
- online stores - allow you to place a catalog of your goods and services online, as well as manage their sale
- Internet payment systems - Internet money services that allow mutual settlements via the Internet

There are also various e-commerce support services:
- merchant services - allow you to automate payment acceptance in an online store
- exchangers - allow you to exchange one electronic currency for another, as well as enter/withdraw electronic currency
- billing services - allow you to generate invoices, send them to clients and control payments

2015. Skynell Cloud Marketplace Adds Website Builder


Initially, the company’s page on the Skynell online trading platform had the structure of a product catalog. A new version The service allows you to create a full-fledged company website with all the necessary information, without spending a lot of time and money. You can add own pages, where you can post any information about the company, news, useful articles and much more. It is also possible to manage main menu items: they can be added, removed, or swapped. The sidebar is now also customizable according to the user's wishes; here you can change the order in which modules are displayed or completely remove those that you do not need. Special attention was paid to the flexibility of settings on the main page of the site: now the user himself decides what to display on home page your website: product catalog, company news, information about your products and services, etc.

2015. Online trading platform Promarket has updated its interface and released mobile applications


The professional B2B trading platform Promarket has updated its interface. Many have been introduced additional functions, which help participants conduct their activities and 7,000 additional industries in various sectors of the economy. Promarket mobile applications have also recently appeared for Android and iOS, allowing participants to communicate and manage their sales from smartphones and tablets. And the desktop client for Windows makes it more convenient to use the business messenger in the system. The main tasks of Promarket remained unchanged - assistance in finding new business contacts and the latest offers on the market in real time.

2014. Supl.biz - online trading platform for small businesses


A new electronic trading platform for small businesses has appeared on the RuNet - Supl.biz. The creators were not lazy and collected a large (1 million) database of companies with addresses, phone numbers and emails, sorted them by region, industry, product and service. And if you need to purchase something, you can register on Sulp, place your order, describing the required product or service and indicating the region. The order is automatically sent to potential suppliers by email. Suppliers receive an application and submit their offer on the online trading platform, or directly to the customer (contacts on the website are open). As a result: some companies find the goods and services they need in just a few minutes using the most favorable price, other companies receive an additional flow of customers. On average, 5 responses are left per order.

2014. Strip Commerce: Do you want to undress a girl? Buy something from her


An original way to increase sales was invented by the company Marisa, which produces lingerie. IN electronic versions Playboy and VIP magazines they added the ability to undress the models in the pictures by buying the underwear they were wearing. The user needs to click on the accessory he likes, after which an order form appears on the screen. If it is successfully completed, the model parts with the purchased item. They called this technology Strip Commerce. And, it seems, they haven’t patented it yet, so you can use it. For example, you can place girls on your website who are hiding behind air conditioners, satellite dishes, or what are you selling there? By the way, professional advertisers have already appreciated the Strip Commerce technology - it received bronze in the Mobile category at Cannes Lions 2014.

2013. E-commerce 2013 will talk about false e-commerce trends


The E-Commerce 2013 conference will be held soon in Moscow (namely on October 10-11). What usually happens at this event - watch the video. Key topic this year – trends and “false trends” in e-commerce. The organizers say that: yesterday we were fed fairy tales, the names of which no one remembers. Today there are also a lot of new beautiful terms: RTB advertising, retargeting, SMM, omni-channel, affiliate marketing, mobile sales. What is worth investing in, and which trends will die without being born (and take the money invested in them with them)? At the conference, the CEOs of Yulmart, E5, OZON.travel, E96, VseInstrumenty will try to answer these questions.

2009. Digital River starts working with WebMoney


The largest e-commerce service provider Digital River and payment WebMoney system Transfer announced the launch of a joint project. Now E-commerce services owned by DR: Share-It and Regnow will allow you to sell goods for WebMoney, and sellers will be able to withdraw the money they earn to WebMoney wallets. Let us remind you that these services are intended for the sale of digital goods only: software, e-books, web services (or any related services). For their services, services charge a commission of about 5% of the cost of the goods. Until now, they only allowed payment with bank cards and via PayPal. At the same time, because cards were checked very strictly, buy something through Shareit or Regnow using a card Russian bank was problematic. Therefore, the services were used mainly to sell goods to Western buyers. Now the number of buyers from the post-Soviet space will also increase.

2009. E-commerce is the best opportunity of the Internet

In many cases, electronic commerce via the World Wide Web makes traditional businesses more accessible to everyone. Plus, not only do businesses benefit from e-commerce, consumers benefit too. Just as the owner of an online store can now sell a product to a buyer on the other side of the world, so the buyer can freely buy the specialized product he needs from a store located hundreds of kilometers away, which he would otherwise have to order at an additional cost or purchase through catalogs. Using the web, users can compare prices from dozens of retailers with just a glance at the screen. The Internet provides enormous benefits to businesses, and e-commerce continues to grow. One day, in a few years or decades, we will see the bulk of business move online.

2009. Moneybookers is selling again

The American company Investcorp is selling online payment provider Moneybookers, which it bought in 2007. British Moneybookers is one of the most popular EPS in Europe and has more than 6 million users. The sale of the company is apparently caused by the crisis in the market and is Investcorp's first loss in the first half of the financial year. The price being discussed for the Moneybookers business is €400 million. Who will be the new owner payment system- not yet known

2009. Ruler WebMoney applications replenished with a new keeper - WebMoney Keeper Mini

WebMoney Transfer has launched a new tool for working with wallets - WebMoney Keeper Mini. This is a special site that gives the user access to an account. Keeper Mini does not have the capabilities that the Classic or Light versions have, but it is simple and convenient for novice payment system users. Mini allows you to transfer funds, make purchases, and pay for the services of various providers. All operations are completed in a few clicks. The registration procedure is simpler and faster than its predecessors. Mini allows you to log in using a regular login-password pair or use the E-num system. The new product is adapted for devices with small screen, supports all common operating systems.

2008. About e-commerce in Ukrainian

On October 28, 2008, the second conference “Business of Online Stores and Online Services” will be held in Kyiv. This is the largest specialized event in Ukraine dedicated to e-commerce issues. Let us remind you that the first conference took place on November 8, 2007 and brought together more than 300 participants from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and Poland. The other day, the organizer of the event, the OWOX company, announced the opening of registration for the second conference. As last year, the goal of the conference remained unchanged, namely the development of e-commerce in Ukraine, providing online stores and online services with information about opportunities for promotion and increasing sales, communication and exchange of experience among market participants. Among the conference speakers are specialists from well-known Internet companies and leading online stores.

2007. What is Google Product Search?

Google Product Search is a price comparison service that is currently in beta testing. Its interface contains search bar, in which the user can enter the name of a product to view listings of sellers offering that product, as well as pricing information and reviews. Google Product Search differs from other price comparison services in that it doesn't charge any fees for listings, doesn't accept payment for showing products at the top of listings, and doesn't take a commission on sales. Any company can submit individual product information through Google Base or suggest products for inclusion. Search results can be sorted by relevance (best) or price (ascending or descending). You can also search for products from select online retailers (provided they have submitted Product Search data).

2002. MTU-Intel rents OSG WebShop for its online store

MTU-Intel was given the opportunity to rent OSG WebShop software, designed for organizing e-commerce systems. All work with the Internet store's product database, orders and clients is carried out from WebShop Manager. The process of preparing, changing information and processing received orders can be carried out in offline mode; Internet connection is required only to update information about products or prices in the Internet store and receive information about new orders. For the convenience of clients, payment for software rental is carried out through the personal account of the MTU-Intel user, which is replenished by activating the company’s Internet cards.

2001. GAR eCommerce Kit - will sell beer online

EGAR Technology created the website Ochakovo.ru for the largest brewery in Russia. The implementation of the Ochakovo.ru website was based on the EGAR eCommerce Kit (EECK) business package, which is a set of modules that can satisfy a wide range of real needs of an online trading system. The package includes a system for placing product ranges in an electronic store and allows you to implement complex processes changes in the structure of catalogs, analyze the business activity of its visitors and, on this basis, identify factors stimulating the growth of online sales.

2000. Sun will do e-commerce without AOL

iPlanet, a joint venture between AOL and Sun Microsystems, has been taken over entirely by the latter as its e-commerce applications division. The company will further enhance the iPlanet family of solutions as a core component of the Sun Open Net Environment software platform. All iPlanet employees are transferred to Sun staff.

1998. Electronic trading system ACCORD-Intermarket announced

Epsylon Technologies and the Atlant-Inform company announced the start of development of the ACCORD-Intermarket system, designed for building e-commerce Web sites. The e-commerce complex will be built on the basis of Bailkonur software from Epsylon Technologies and the ACCORD integrated enterprise management system developed by Atlant-Inform. The latter solves the entire complex of problems warehouse accounting, sales and purchasing management: supply planning, registration of purchase contracts, invoices and received invoices, posting of goods received under these invoices, receipt operational information about stocks in warehouses, about payment of bills and debts to suppliers, mutual settlements, sales planning, reservation and write-off of goods according to issued invoices and invoices, formation of sales prices and discounts from these prices, obtaining information about the shipment of goods, their write-off, payment of bills and settlements (mutual settlements) with customers, as well as income for any period of time, etc.

Electronic commerce systems and forms


1. E-commerce as a form of doing business


The European Commission in 1997 defined e-commerce as the science of doing business in electronic format. E-commerce is based on electronic processing and transmission of information using text, sound, and video. She covers a lot areas of activity,including electronic commerce of goods and services, online transmission digital information, electronic stock trading, electronic transfer accounts, commercial auctions, joint projects and engineering, public procurement, direct consumer market research and after-sales services. It involves products (for example, consumer goods, specialized medical equipment) and services (information services, financial and legislative services), traditional activities (health care, education) and new types of business activities (e-mail).

There are three components of e-commerce:

  • participants;
  • processes;
  • networks.
  • The processes that are the content of a commercial transaction are also characteristic of e-commerce.
  • E-commerce combines a wide range of business processes:
  • information exchange;
  • establishing contacts between potential customers and suppliers;
  • sale of goods, including information products, and provision of services;
  • settlements, including using electronic payment systems;
  • delivery management, including transfer (distribution, delivery) of information products;
  • pre- and post-sales support;
  • organization of virtual enterprises.
  • Representing new technology conducting commercial transactions on a global scale, e-commerce is significantly changing the modern business world due to:
  • globalization of areas of activity (each market entity gets the opportunity to have a global presence and do business on a global scale);
  • reduction of channels for distribution of goods (organizations themselves can perform functions traditionally performed by intermediate links);
  • increased competition (competition becomes global);
  • personalization of interaction (individual approach to each client);
  • reducing transaction costs.
  • Security, protection of intellectual property rights, legal issues, which are part of e-commerce, require improvement.
  • E-commerce has many benefits.These benefits include better opportunities for product promotion, lower costs, timeliness of information, reduced translation time Money, uniformity of information, improved customer service, competitive advantages and ease of doing business.
  • Characterizing e-commerce as a new technology for carrying out commercial transactions, there are two e-commerce models:
  • horizontal;
  • vertical.

Horizontal e-commerce modelallows you to evaluate the structure of its technology from the point of view of the organization (enterprise). The horizontal model identifies the following components of an organization’s business: market research - sales - deliveries and payments.

From a practical point of view, the horizontal model represents the stages of an electronic transaction. It can be assumed that if at least two of the last three components of the model (contract, delivery or payment) are presented on the network, then one of them will necessarily be present in the electronic transaction.

Vertical model ecommerceemphasizes the effective role of the various parties involved (government and government bodies, enterprises) in creating conditions for the development of e-commerce in the countries they represent. It includes next levels: telecommunications infrastructure, electronic communications, ground rules, industry specific rules, application and implementation of corporate strategies.


2. EC systems


E-commerce involves at least two participants. The main participants involved in cooperation within such a process include: enterprises, individuals, government agencies and departments.

These participants form the main e-commerce systems:

1.“business - business” (business - business, B-B),

2.“business - consumer” (business - consumer, B-C),

.“business - government” (business - government, B - G),

.“consumer - government” (consumer - government, C - G);

.“consumer - consumer” (consumer - consumer, C-C).

Greatest development received business-to-business and business-to-consumer systems.

1. Business-to-business system

In system "business to business"legal entities (commercial organizations (enterprises)) act as sellers and buyers. The business-to-business system involves complex interactions in the purchasing, production and planning processes, difficult conditions payment and 24-hour performance agreements.

The involvement of partners in the business-to-business system is ensured by the joint nature of the activity. In particular, commercial enterprises form long-term alliances, thereby reducing the costs of their activities. The collaborative nature of business activities requires shared use by business partners general information, including prices for goods, inventories, and the status of supplies. A business-to-business system can use both private networks and the Internet to organize interaction between partners.

Many business-to-business systems are created on the principle of deep specialization and with a clear selection of the potential circle of clients. Wherein financial results is formed in the form of commissions from more clearly calculated turnover and advertising, which makes the forecast of future profit flows more reliable.

Depending on who controls the market (buyer, supplier or intermediary), there are following systems business-to-business e-commerce:

Buyer-orientedin which the buyer purchases a wide range of products and uses the Internet to organize a market on his server, and a Web site for suppliers to participate in bidding.

Supplier-orientedwhen a manufacturer or supplier invites commercial and individual consumers to order goods from an organized location on an electronic marketplace.

Intermediary-orientedin which the central place is given to an e-commerce intermediary organization that organizes an exchange market on which buyers and sellers can make transactions. The intermediary pays special attention to the execution of orders.

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), almost all sources talk about the dominance of the business-to-business system in the e-commerce market. The well-known 80:20 rule can be interpreted as follows: about 80% of the turnover of all e-commerce comes from the business-to-business system.

The business-to-business e-commerce market is 10 times larger than the business-to-consumer market.

2. Business-consumer system

The business-consumer system implies that individual consumers act as buyers, and legal entities act as sellers.

For the successful development of the business-consumer system, it is necessary: ​​a significant number of private users who generate sufficient consumer demand; widespread development of the corresponding network in the country; developed payment systems; delivery services; required legislative regulation of this type of business; customer confidence in this type of business; sufficient funds from buyers.

The main interaction operations in the business-consumer system are : viewing a commercial enterprise directory; placing orders; payment for goods (services); execution of orders; sending responses.

The differences between business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-commerce are more significant than between retail and wholesale trade.

3. Business-government system

Information technologies are used not only by business entities, but also by the state, performing the functions of a regulator of market processes. New information relations market entities are reflected in the “business - government” system, where legal entities and government agencies act as parties to business relations.

The modern approach to the state is based on the fact that it has all the characteristics of a large corporation: it has a budget; expenses; income; it acts as a subject of the world market, generalizing the activities of its economic agents; it has shareholders and at the same time clients - citizens who are interested in ensuring that government services are as cheap and accessible as possible.

4. System “consumer - government (state)”

The “consumer - government (state)” system is the least developed, but has a high potential for development, especially when organizing interaction in areas such as social and tax.

5. “Consumer - consumer” system

The last distinguished “consumer-consumer” system is also at the beginning of its development. This system includes interaction between consumers for the purpose of exchanging commercial information, as well as forms of auction trading between individuals.

The specifics of the industry in which the organization (market entity) operates, its capabilities and the goals it sets for itself, determine the choice of a system for doing business online. In addition, a commercial organization can combine and complement each other different kinds e-commerce systems.


3. Forms of e-commerce


1. Electronic store

Electronic shop- a specialized website through which you can interactively buy or sell goods and services, having previously familiarized yourself with information about these goods (services).

Unlike traditional stores, an electronic store can offer a wider range of goods and services; provide consumers full information about the properties of goods.

Through the use of modern computer technologies, sales personalization is developing, i.e. individual approach to each customer, taking into account previous experience of working with him.

Electronic stores are closest to our everyday life and therefore attract attention first. In addition, their presence creates a number of advantages for both the store owner and the buyer.

The electronic store allows the owner:

  • create an electronic catalog of goods or services offered to the market, which is constantly available on the Internet;
  • organize a 24-hour sales channel;
  • independently manage the operation of the store, promptly updating information about the goods and services offered;
  • automate the order receiving system (e-mail messages about order transactions are sent to the buyer automatically);"
  • ?maintain a multi-currency extract of documents (dollars - rubles), using the internal exchange rate of conversion;
  • set the mode automatic detection buyer categories (wholesale, retail, etc.);
  • organize work in the business-to-business system to service remote branches and business partners;
  • provide feedback (surveys, questionnaires, sweepstakes, mailings etc.) for marketing research on the market and creating a client database;
  • carry out an analysis of the store’s operation based on statistics automatically generated during the store’s operation;
  • receive effective advertising support for your business;
  • connect one or more online payment systems for immediate payments;
  • organize a delivery service for goods to the buyer;
  • connect an online guide (the ability to communicate with the buyer in real time);
  • connect the news system to the website;
  • create an e-mail newsletter informing customers about new products that have appeared in the store;
  • integrate the store with office systems, such as warehouse and accounting, to automate the process of transferring information to electronic store databases.
  • The electronic store allows the buyer:
  • select a product from the catalog and order it online using the Web interface;
  • complete a purchase and sale transaction at any convenient time;
  • make payment using one of the currently available methods;
  • receive confirmation of your placed order by e-mail;
  • Constantly monitor the current status of the placed order online or by e-mail.

Electronic storefront- a specialized website containing detailed information about the goods offered for sale and offering to place an order, which is then sent to the regular office by email.

Automated storeis a Web site that not only provides information about products, but also automatically interacts with databases.

Trading Internet System (TIS)- the most difficult full-fledged system for organizing trade via the Internet, it is directly connected with the internal automated trading system of a commercial organization. This is very important, because when organizing an electronic store, problems always arise in linking electronic business with traditional business.

Depending on the method of creating an electronic store, the following options are distinguished:

· rent already ready-made store;

· purchasing “boxed” software;

· custom development;

· independent project development.

2. Electronic auction

One of the unique features of the Internet is the bringing together of people from a wide variety of geographic regions based on specific interests. Such user groups are designed to serve electronic auctions.

At each electronic auction there is a person conducting the auction (auctioneer), a seller, and a buyer. To carry it out, a legal framework, objects of trade, and the interest of counterparties in participating are required. Only registered users can participate in auctions both as buyers and sellers. Participants are guaranteed that confidential information is provided only by the counterparty to the transaction (after completion of trading). After registration, participants receive a password by email. Bidding on positions in the electronic auction is underway limited time, which is determined by the seller. The auction closing time is indicated in the product description.

Taking into account the proposed objects, auctions are distinguished that sell:

  • consumer goods;
  • goods and services with a limited period of sale or previously produced goods with a specific period of sale;
  • Limited items such as samples visual arts, collectibles.
  • Taking into account the economic effect of participation in the auction, we can distinguish:
  • auction as an effective coordinated mechanism in conditions of limited resources;
  • auctions like social mechanism setting prices;
  • auction as an effective unifying mechanism;
  • auction as an effective distribution mechanism.
  • 3. Corporate portals
  • Portals are one of the latest forms of e-commerce, emerging in 1998.
  • A portal can be defined as a Web site intended for a specific audience (customers and employees of a commercial organization), which provides:
  • combining content and delivering information that is important to a given audience;
  • working together and collective services;
  • access to services and applications for selected audiences, provided on the basis of strict personalization.

At its core, the portal analyzes, processes and delivers information and provides access to various services based on user personalization using any device connected to the Internet.

By 2001, the following classification of portals by purpose had been formed:

?mega portals(horizontal, public) - are original Internet portals that address the entire Internet community, and not a specific group with a specific interest, for example Rambler, Yahoo, Lycos;

?vertical portals (vortals)- serve highly specialized communities (groups) or markets (for example, the car market, travel agencies, products only for women). Vertical portals are also sometimes called sub-portals. They exist for almost any audience that has a niche on the Internet, and any such market has more than one vertical portal. The number of vertical portals is growing rapidly;

?business-to-business portals- are created in order to so that businesses can interact with each other or complete their joint business operations. Such portals provide customers with a variety of e-business mechanisms (for example, supplier selection, procurement and auctions).

?corporate portals- are formed for target audience limited to large enterprises and corporations.

4. Electronic trading platforms

Increasing volumes of commerce in the business-to-business system lead to the emergence of electronic trading platforms, representing a virtual market space for conducting electronic commerce in the field of transactions and sales, providing information about goods and services, as well as supporting communications between sellers and buyers

Electronic trading platforms are a much more complex type of intermediaries, because in addition to the actual information exchange they ensure the possibility of carrying out purchase and sale transactions and provide participants with guarantees for the implementation of such transactions.

The economic basis for the functioning of electronic trading platforms is the fee for each transaction (transaction), the so-called. commission fee. Depending on the volume of the transaction and industry affiliation, the amount of commission charged fees range from 1% to 10% of the transaction amount. Transaction fees are the primary source of income for many commercial organizations. Transaction revenue models can be organized different ways, such as charging a certain percentage or fixed amount per transaction, usually based on a purchase order or invoice. In addition, either the seller or the buyer can pay a commission on the transaction.

Electronic trading platforms also perform such functions as:

Software sales;

  • professional services;
  • advertising placement;
  • organization of subscription.
  • Many online marketplace solution providers provide access to their existing valuable information via subscription. For example, for a monthly fee they allow customers to obtain information they are interested in about computer products and their distributors.
  • The emergence of certain types of trading platforms depends on the degree of influence of buyers and sellers in a given area of ​​industry; taking this into account, three types of electronic trading platforms are distinguished:
  • platforms created by buyers (buyer-driven type).Large commercial organizations can create their own trading platform to attract many suppliers;
  • platforms created by sellers (supplier-driven type).Along with large buyers, large sellers also play an active role in the formation of trading platforms;
  • trading platforms created by a third party (such as third-party-driven)(technology companies, associations, banks, information agents, chambers of commerce or other market entities), which is designed to bring together buyers and sellers.
  • The following trading platforms are distinguished by type of management:
  • independent trading marketplace -portal like online community market participants, managed, as a rule, by a purely virtual independent operator that does not have “physical divisions”;
  • private marketplace,created, managed and controlled by one large “physical” commercial organization (corporation);
  • industry sponsored marketplace,owned by specially created industry consortia. This form of interaction between customers and suppliers is typical for industries with a high degree of concentration, for example, automotive, petrochemical, and defense.

Each of the above types of trading platforms has certain functionality, which varies depending on the type of platform.

Taking into account the specialization of the participants’ activities, the following types sites:

? vertical trading platforms,uniting commercial organizations (enterprises) within the boundaries of a selected industry or suppliers and dealers of one enterprise;

? horizontal trading platforms (inter-industry),uniting, within the framework of a trading, settlement or auction system, groups of commercial organizations belonging to different industries, but solving similar problems: search and sale of raw materials, materials, new and unused equipment, free production capacity, capital, etc.;

? mixed,unifying characteristics of the first two.

Ideally, any platform should be neutral in relation to all players; they should be sure that they are working only in their own interests. At the same time, it is necessary for the platform to be liquid so that large volumes of trade pass through it.

There are four models for organizing trading platforms, including:

?online catalog (on-line catalog) - a model for organizing an electronic trading platform that allows, when searching for goods, to compare them according to several parameters at once, including price, delivery dates, warranties, service information, etc.;

?auction- a model for organizing a trading platform, the main difference of which from an online catalog is that the price is not fixed, but is set during trading;

?exchange- an electronic trading platform where the price is regulated by supply and demand, as a result of which it is subject to strong changes;

?community- electronic platforms This type brings together potential buyers and sellers based on a common professional interest.

Analysts' forecasts regarding the future of virtual trading platforms are very contradictory.


Literature

e-shop business consumer

1.Abchuk, V.A. Commerce: textbook / V.A. Abchuk. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house Mikhailov V.A., 2000. - 475 p.

2.Automated information technologies in economics: textbook / V.V. Braga [etc.]; under general ed. G.A. Titorenko. - Moscow: UNITY, 2006. - 399 p.

.Varakuta, S.A. Product quality management: textbook. allowance / S.A. Varakuta. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2001. - 207 p.

.Newspaper "Consumer". 2000-2007

.Magazine "Demand". 2000-2007

.Informatics: data, technology, marketing / ed. A.N. Romanova. - Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 1991. - 224 p.

.Information technologies: textbook / ed. V.A. Grabaurova. - Minsk: Modern school, 2006. - 432 p.


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