Online browser testing. The fastest browser according to test results. Graphics performance

The question of which one is the most fast browser, many computer users asked. At a time when the Internet was limited to a few thousand ordinary HTML pages, which could only be read from the monitor, no one was interested in the issue of browser speed. But today, pages on the Internet have become completely interactive. When creating them, new cybernetic technologies are used. The fact is that pages have become “smart”, capable of performing many assigned tasks.

It is not possible to determine the speed of an Internet browser visually. Therefore, to answer the question posed, several tests were carried out on data processing speed, in a variety of directions.

In our opinion, important criteria To assess the question of which browser is the fastest, there are indicators of JAVA, FLASH, HTML5 processing tests, as well as the volume and processor load that the browser uses in its work.

Our studies used latest versions browsers.

RAM usage test

To conduct a memory load test, we opened 10 tabs in each browser. The contents of the tabs are very different, but in each browser everything was done symmetrically. All tested programs opened the same links in the same sequence. After which the download results random access memory were recorded in the table.

As a result of the test, the following data was obtained:

  • Internet Explorer– 956 MB
  • Firefox – 471 MB
  • Google Chrome – 810 MB
  • OPERA - 688 MB

We opened only 10 tabs, since usually users work with so many at the same time open tabs. Of course individual users work with big amount tabs, but running a test with 50 tabs open is impractical.

Note: after more than 10 tabs were opened out of curiosity, there was a slight slowdown in the response in browsers Google Chrome and Internet Explorer. But not much.

Java Script Execution Test

This test is to determine how quickly the program performs the tasks assigned when executing popular scripts. Of course, each browser was given an equal task on the same computer.

JAVA execution test results:

  • Internet Explorer – 15012 ms
  • Firefox – 10012 ms
  • Google Chrome – 9657
  • OPERA - 14750 ms

In this test, Google Chrome looks like the clear leader. It completed the tasks posed by the popular programming language with a noticeable time advantage.

Flash execution test

We decided to conduct a test for FLASH execution, because, despite the fact that the technology today is the most difficult in terms of system requirements, there is no alternative to it yet and it is widely used on the Internet.

FLASH execution test result:

  • Internet Explorer – 14 fsp
  • Firefox – 12 fsp
  • Google Chrome – 13 fsp
  • OPERA - 10 fsp

The results of this test show that IE works better with FLASH than all other browsers. But Google Chrome lagged behind quite a bit.

HTML5 Execution Test

This test will give an adequate score in points (maximum on a scale of 555 points) of how well the browser handles HTML5 tasks. To conduct tests in browsers, all pages were closed and only the link to the test was opened. The check was carried out in the “idle mode” of the browser.

HTML5 execution test results:

  • Internet Explorer – 43 points (out of 555)
  • Firefox – 442 points (out of 555)
  • Google Chrome – 469 points (out of 555)
  • OPERA - 432 points (out of 555)

conclusions

Based on the overall assessment of the tests performed, we can safely say that Google Chrome is a leader in the "fast and good browser" category.

OPERA and Firefox share second place, as they do not differ much in terms of performance.

But Internet Explorer could not please us with anything. Although it is worth noting that he won the Flash test by a wide margin. Apparently, this is its only advantage))

Today, almost all leading browser manufacturers have improved the efficiency and performance of their products to meet modern web standards. Internet users conduct discussions, form the top "Fastest Browser" on forums and blogs, and manufacturers and interested people publish benchmark test results using specialized programs- benchmark.

Fastest browser according to benchmarks

Browser performance evaluation includes several criteria:

KRAKEN

The faster the JavaScript scripts load, the more more information can be processed by the browser. The fastest browser in the world, according to testing by the KRAKEN benchmark, is clearly Chrome, which processed the largest amount of information in a certain amount of time. Firefox and Opera are not far behind. Internet Explorer and Safari browser, developed by Apple.

HTML5 test

Test for processing and high-quality display of html programming languages, CSS tables ACID has almost completely failed Internet Explorer. Chrome, Opera and Safari are equal to 100% for CSS processing. Firefox is a little weaker.

Flash - test

The Flash test determines the speed of processing and playback of games, animations, audio and video files, as well as loading banners. According to the results of GUIMARK 2 FLASH, the medal goes to Internet Explorer, which is slightly ahead of such titans as Chrome, Opera and Firefox.

Internet Explorer performed much faster than its competitors when testing the gaming capabilities of browsers. Safari is sent to the bench.

Correct operation of the browser

Even at the initial stage of the development of Internet technologies, each browser had its own home interface that supported reading HTML language and CSS tables. As a result, this approach has made it much more difficult for Internet users to read and process documents. Specialists of the international consortium solved this problem by developing uniform standard interfaces for all browsers.

According to the DROMAEO DOM and MAZE SOLVER benchmarks, the Safari browser became the most correct and punctual, surpassing Google Chrome and Mozila Firefox by 2.4 sec. Opera is 9 seconds behind. Internet Explorer remains out of the picture with a lead of 36 seconds.

At this point the race is over. Based on testing results modern browsers benchmarks, the medal in the “Best and Fastest Browser” category goes to the youngest participant in the race - Google Chrome, which has proven itself positively in all tests.

Second place goes to Safari, which proudly takes its place from Opera thanks to the latest browser test. In principle, it's not so bad to be the second fastest browser when Firefox and Internet Explorer are trailing behind.

Such a phenomenon in human life as the Internet is always in motion. Manufacturers are constantly working and competing with each other to develop new technologies. Therefore, we, users, will be able to evaluate new products more than once modern technologies and discuss which is the fastest browser for Windows.

Which browser is the fastest, according to users?

When analyzing browser performance using benchmarks, we often lose sight of the importance of the opinions of the users themselves. After all, assessments and calculations using specialized programs are carried out in milliseconds. The human eye is simply incapable of visually distinguishing which browser will load the searched material faster in a few milliseconds, except for factors such as lack of Internet traffic.

Let's look at the pros and cons of each browser. Since Google Chrome became the leader in the previous race, we give it the right to start first.

  • The fastest browser, according to benchmarks.
  • Ergonomic in the use of system resources.
  • It opens quickly when the computer starts, and also does not slow down when there are multiple open tabs.
  • Convenient browser interface. All panels are in place, settings are neatly hidden in the menu.

No significant disadvantages were found.

Firefox

  • Loads pages quickly and efficiently.
  • Provides the ability to download many extensions and add-ons for the browser.

As of February 2014, Firefox has between 12 and 22% of global usage, making it different sources, the third most popular web browser. According to Mozilla, as of December 2014, Firefox has one and a half billion users worldwide. This browser has managed to achieve significant success in Indonesia, Iran, Germany and Poland, where it is the most popular browser with 55% of users.

The disadvantages include significant consumption of PC resources and interruptions in operation when large quantities open tabs.

Safari

  • The browser speed is not inferior to that of Opera.
  • Smart interface: convenient panel bookmarks, automatic filling web forms.
  • Ability to download plugins and extensions.

On Mac OS X Safari is a Cocoa application. It uses Apple's WebKit to render web pages and run JavaScript. WebKit consists of WebCore based on the Konqueror KHTML engine and JavaScriptCore - originally based on KDE's JavaScript engine called KJS. Like KHTML and KJS, WebCore and JavaScriptCore are free software and distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License.

Some of Apple's improvements to the KHTML code are being merged back into the Konqueror project. Apple also releases additional code under the open source code 2-p BSD-like licenses. Until Safari 6.0, it did not include a built-in web feed aggregator that supported RSS and Atom standards. Current features include private browsing(a mode in which there is no recording of information about the user's web activity is not retained in the browser).

No significant disadvantages were also found, but in terms of speed it is in many ways inferior to Chrome. Electronic fans Apple products can rightfully be proud of him.

"Yandex browser"

Another contender for the title of “Fastest browser for Windows.” Like Google Chrome, it was once a newcomer among its peers, but in terms of performance since its release it has surpassed its competitors. Developed on the WebKit engine, like Chrome.

Characteristic:

  • Integration with the Yandex search engine and its services.
  • Improved virus protection system.
  • Ability to open pages in turbo mode.

Like Google Chrome, "Yandex. Browser" accompanies search query hints, performs transliteration in case of input in the wrong language.

Yandex is great for search engine lovers.

Weighing all the pros and cons, we can say that all of the named browsers are capable of competing for the title of “The fastest browser in the world.” Each of them is worthy of attention and positive assessment users.

However, answering the question of which browser is the fastest of all, the first place is definitely awarded to Google Chrome, which wins the second competition in a row.

Modern technologies are growing and developing. Every day today's users acquire more and more opportunities.

Opera

The browser is as fast as Firefox, but consumes fewer PC resources.

Has many built-in useful extensions, which are partially present in other browsers, such as: a panel of frequently visited sites; quick import and export of bookmarks; Password saving wizards are provided. Provided turbo mode, thanks to which you can increase download speed and reduce Internet traffic.

The only negative, according to users, is the unreliability of the browser.

The best browser for XP

When choosing the fastest browser for XP, you should first of all take into account the amount of PC resources consumed when processing information. The lower the indicator, the more efficient and faster the browser will work. Based on testing results and technical specifications The fastest browser for XP is Chrome, followed by Opera.

Modern technologies are growing and developing. Every day modern users gain the opportunity to choose. Some people remain loyal to their taste and use one browser or another out of habit, while others prefer to skim off the best ones electronic products modernity.

What other browsers could compete in the “Fastest Browser” category if they weren’t inferior in popularity?

SeaMonkey is a multifunctional browser for advanced users and IT workers. It is a set of tools for various jobs with built-in HTML editor and messenger. Very simple and easy to use.

Its information processing speed is twice as fast as Google Chrome and Firefox. And if SeaMonkey were tested on par with Google Chrome, then it would receive the title of the fastest browser in the world.

05/01/2019 17:33


Each person has unique tastes, preferences, and requirements. If one thing gets tested by a hundred people, each will give a different result. Some opinions will be similar, others will differ and this is natural. In area software everything is exactly the same. A browser is a program that a person uses to surf the Internet. We launch it every day, so it’s important to choose convenient browser, which will meet all requirements.
Using the browser, you can search for any information, listen to music, watch movies, and play your favorite games. Any rating will be controversial, but let's try to rank the best best browsers. In this article you will look at the criteria for choosing a good browser for Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. We will study in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Based on our rating, you will be able to choose a good browser for yourself.

Google Chrome 1st place


This is the most popular browser that exists today. The program can be called the best and fastest on the Windows operating system. Its opening took place in 2008. Chrome was based on the popular Safari browser at that time, made on the WebKit engine. Formally, it was crossed with the V8 javascript engine. Subsequently, this hybrid was renamed Chromium. Such famous companies as Google, Opera Software, as well as Yandex and several other large developers. Google was the first to create its own version of the browser on Chromium. A year later, it was installed on 3.6% of computers worldwide. He began to quickly gain popularity, today he is the undisputed leader and occupies 42.21%. It is worth noting that the majority are smartphones that come with a pre-installed browser.

Advantages:

  1. High speed. Chrome is significantly superior to its competitors in terms of browser speed, as well as processing of displayed resources. In addition, there is convenient feature preloading pages, this further increases the speed of work.
  2. Safety. The company has implemented reliable technologies that ensure the safety of using the browser. They continue to actively develop. The browser has a database of phishing and malicious resources, which is updated regularly. The browser works according to a unique scheme in such a way that not a single process is used, but several at once, but with lower privileges. Uploading files with .bat, .exe or .dll resolution requires additional confirmation, which reduces the chances of downloading a virus.
  3. There is an "Incognito" mode. This is a very convenient feature when you need to view a large number of sites, but not leave traces of their visit on your computer.
  4. Thoughtful interface. It is quite simple and contains everything you need, without unnecessary elements. Chrome is the first browser to offer the ability quick access. On the panel you can see the most visited resources. Another feature is sharing address bar and search engine. Later this feature was implemented in other browsers.
  5. Stable work. IN Lately there were no such cases when Google work Chrome was experiencing crashes or became very slow. This can only happen if there are viruses in the system. In many ways, security and stability are improved by using multiple processes that are separated from each other. If one of them stops working, the others continue to function.
  6. Has its own task manager menu " Additional tools". Almost no one knows about this feature. Thanks convenient tool you can track how many resources an entire tab or a separate plugin takes up. You can find and fix the source of the problem if the application starts to slow down.
  7. Large selection of extensions, many of which can be downloaded for free. There are also many plugins and themes available. The browser can be customized depending on personal preferences, which is very convenient.
  8. I have an opportunity automatic translation pages. Google Translator is used for this.
  9. The program is updated in automatic mode without disturbing the user.
  10. Search queries can be specified by voice, for this purpose the service “ OK Google».
Flaws:
  1. Starting with version 42.0, support for NPAPI plugins was stopped, including the fairly popular Flash Player.
  2. For the application to run smoothly, you need at least 2 GB of RAM.
  3. Most of the extensions and plugins are made in a foreign language.
  4. A significant load on the hardware contributes to the short battery life of laptops and smartphones.
I've been using Chrome for quite a long time, and as my main browser. During the entire period of work, he did not cause any serious complaints. Its integration into the system of other Google services is very convenient. One Account can connect your computer and mobile device, there is the possibility of continuous synchronization.
I don’t like the fact that all user data is stored on American servers (most likely now the data is stored on Russian servers). Mail is stored there personal contacts and search information. True, we should not exclude the possibility that other browsers do the same. You need to take precautions whenever possible, then you will have nothing to fear. If you do not want to disclose your personal data, but still continue to use Chrome, then use SlimJet or SRWare Iron, we will talk about them below.

Yandex.Browser 2nd place


The browser has the shortest history; it was opened in 2012. It is extremely popular in Russia. The browser supports integration with Yandex services, which are very convenient to use. The default search engine is Yandex. The interface turned out to be quite original, even though it was created on the Chromium engine. The panel immediately catches your eye quick launch. It is made in a tiled style.


The user can place up to 20 tiles. The browser uses " Smart line", which not only transmits the entered phrase to search engine, but also automatically selects the required site if the name matches. Unfortunately, for now this function works only with large resources. Mouse manipulation is supported, with which you can control the viewing of web pages with simple movements.

Advantages:


Flaws:

  1. Not everyone will like the original interface.
  2. Link to various services Yandex. Without them, the program is deprived of many features.
  3. Rarely, but still problems arise with transferring settings and history.
Not everyone will like the new interface, because it is radically different from its competitors. It will take some time to get used to such features.

Mozilla Firefox 3rd place


Now Mozila is the most popular foreign browser, and in Russia it ranks third. Over the past few years, it has begun to lose ground, but only slightly. The first version of the program appeared in 2004, since then there have been many changes. The application engine is Gecko - it is located in free access and continues to be improved by developers. Formally, this is the first browser that had huge database extensions before Chrome even existed. He was among the first to implement the maximum confidentiality regime that Google invented.

Advantages:

  1. Simple and very user-friendly interface, in which there are no unnecessary details.
  2. A convenient settings system that allows you to radically change your browser, customizing it to your liking.
  3. A large number of various plugins. They can be chosen to suit every taste, because at the moment there are more than 100,000 of them.
  4. Cross-platform. The browser can be downloaded for any operating system that is used on modern technology.
  5. Reliability. I have found myself in situations where the user caught a banner that blocked all browsers, but Firefox continued to function.
  6. Maximum level of security and privacy of personal data.
  7. Convenient bookmarks bar.
  8. The program may refuse to allow various websites to track information about you. You can set up private browsing. In addition, there is a Master Passwords feature that further protects your entries on certain resources.
  9. Updates occur in background without the need for user intervention.
Flaws:
  1. Compared to Chrome, the interface is a little slower and takes longer to respond to user manipulations.
  2. Performance is average;
  3. Lack of script support on some resources, as a result of which the content may not function properly.
  4. The application requires a large amount of RAM to run.

Opera 4th place


This is the oldest browser, which was opened back in 1994. I started using it about 15 years ago, and I still use it as needed. Until 2013, Opera had its own engine, but now Webkit+V8 is used. The exact same technology is used in Google Chrome. In 2010 the company opened mobile version programs. Now it is the fourth most popular browser in Russia, and in the world it ranks sixth.

Advantages:

  1. Excellent speed of operation and page display. Features of the browser include turbo mode, which significantly increases page loading speed through the use of cloud technologies. At the same time, traffic is saved significantly, which is very important when using the mobile version.
  2. There is a convenient express panel with saved bookmarks. This is a modified tool Speed ​​Dial which we saw in previous versions browser.
  3. Opera Link technology, which is needed to synchronize different devices.
  4. Lots of hotkeys for easy control.
  5. Opera Unite Internet browser.
Flaws:
  1. For efficient work A large amount of RAM is required. If you open several tabs at the same time, Opera will start to slow down. Even the reliable Chrome engine does not improve the situation.
  2. On many sites it is observed incorrect work scripts and various forms. There are a large number of complaints when working with WML.
  3. Stability cannot be called strong point browser. The company was never able to get rid of periodic crashes and freezes.
    4. Own bookmarking system, nicknamed “Piggy Bank”. It's pretty interesting solution, but it is poorly implemented.
I use Opera only as an additional browser. The "Turbo" function is useful when working with a modem, because in this case it combines high speed displaying pages and saving consumed traffic. Using Unite technology, you can turn your browser into a real server. On it you can provide access to a variety of files, exchange SMS notifications and photographs. The files are stored on the PC and become accessible only when the program is launched. This excellent replacement Chrome, if for some reason you do not want to use it.

K-Meleon 5th place


This application began to be developed back in 2000. In fact, it is a relative Mozilla Firefox, they use the same engine. You may ask why he was included in the rating if they are practically the same? The fact is that they have strong differences. For example, today K-Meleon is the easiest browser for Windows systems. Such results were achieved thanks to the features of its development. Initially, the program was only supposed to demonstrate the capabilities of the new engine. As a result, the company was able to achieve economical consumption of PC resources.

Advantages:

  1. Small requirements for PC resources, including a low amount of RAM.
  2. Using native Windows interface, which significantly saves time and resources spent on the interface.
  3. High speed.
  4. Good personalization options, and you don't need to use third-party extensions for this. Everything is arranged using macros. It will be difficult for a beginner to master, but you can figure it out in your free time.
  5. Eat big choice assemblies. You can choose an extension with the desired set of functions.
  6. You can create multiple profiles for different users.
Flaws:
  1. Quite a clumsy interface. If we compare it with the leaders of the Top 5, then of this browser too simple design.
  2. Rarely, there are problems with displaying the Cyrillic alphabet, but in latest updates the situation has been corrected.
This best option for weak PCs. The browser will function normally on an old laptop running the Windows XP operating system. You will be able to enjoy comfortable Internet surfing. And it will work even better on modern hardware. Many professionals use it, considering it the best browser. This should not be surprising, because in some respects K-Meleon is superior to its competitors.

Internet Explorer

This is a free browser that comes with the integrated Windows software. Microsoft has been developing it since 1995 to this day. Therefore, the browser was one of the most popular in Russia, but then Chrome appeared. Now he has lost a lot of his position and ranks 5th in popularity. The reason can be considered the completion of its development. Along with Windows 10, the company's development, Spartan, was released.
Throughout the history of the browser, it was never considered the best; everyone knew about a large number of vulnerabilities that were exploited by various viruses. For a very long time it was the weak point of every computer running the Windows operating system. The situation changed for the better with the release of Internet Explorer 10, which is included with Windows 8. All the holes in it were corrected and, subject to certain rules, the browser was considered safe.
Version 11 appeared along with Windows update 8.1, it is the latest in the line. In terms of speed, it can be compared with its competitors, but is still slightly inferior to them. Now there is a privacy mode, a preliminary rating, and caching is also supported, which allows you to increase the speed of the browser. Despite successful innovations, the browser is only losing its position. In my work, I use Internet Explorer only to log into the web interface of my home router and other things. network equipment. There is a simple explanation for this: this is the browser developers use, so the markup is designed for it. It is better to use another browser to view Internet resources.

Now there are many browsers that we did not mention in our review. We've presented our picks for the best browsers, but everyone may have a different opinion. The review includes only those reviewers that I have encountered. They are completely free to download and use without any restrictions. Current version can be found on the official website. If you can suggest decent browsers that should be in the Top 5, then indicate your options in the comments.

The idea behind this article has two purposes. The first is to make a kind of bookmark for yourself, and the second, of course, is to introduce your readers to interesting resources.

In principle, some people are not interested in such events, as they say, but others will still use the options proposed below.

And today I will talk about browser tests. It is quite possible that there are many more of these tests than I know of. In this case, write comments, I will definitely add it.

In the meantime, here are some tests you can take to check your browser:

  1. - test for browser support of web standards. It checks for 100 likely vulnerabilities in HTTP, HTML, CSS, ECMAScript, SVG and XML, and also checks for DOM manipulation. The test is quite old, but despite this, some browsers (perhaps with their own specific settings) still do not pass this test.
  2. – even from the name it is clear that this test designed to check how much HTML5 support is implemented in your browser. Here, as I already mentioned above all, there is a browser.
  3. – is also clear from the name. This test checks browser support for the new tags included in CSS3. The test is important and the most annoying thing is that I haven’t found a single browser that comes close to at least the 70% mark. This is very, very bad. And most importantly, it is not clear what is the point of releasing new versions that do not keep up with the new standards.
  4. - a graphical benchmark that also uses HTML5 language technologies.
  5. Animation Benchmarking is also an interesting test. It shows the speed of execution of the four elements, so to speak. , And . The indicator is FPS value, which can be seen in the lower right corner during each test.
  6. determines the performance of web browsers installed on one personal computer.
  7. Same comprehensive solution, similar to the previous one. Although the developers’ position on geo-location is interesting. For example, I was asked to choose between North America and Europe and after that only I was able to press the start button.
  8. – JavaScript performance test in your browser. This benchmark was presented by Google, so the winner in this test is most likely already clear, but it’s interesting how the other competitors will behave. However, when I checked, among the latest versions of Google Chrome and Maxthon3, the latter was the winner!
  9. – similar to the previous test, aimed at testing speed JavaScript execution in your browser. But this time the test is from Mozilla (yes, the one that does FireFox browser).
  10. - assembled from several developers, security test. You can read more about this test (though in English). He tests everything there: ACID and HTML5 and video and a bunch of everything.

p.s. Despite such diversity, I focus on only 3 tests, which are highlighted in bold.

Which browser is the fastest? When Google introduced Chrome, there was a strong emphasis on the performance of the new browser.

Google regularly performed performance tests that demonstrated the superior performance of Google Chrome over others popular browsers, in particular Firefox or Internet Explorer.

Today, Chrome is the market leader. Microsoft is trying to change that with its new Microsoft Edge browser. Opera, after switching to the Chrome engine, had to essentially recreate its browser from scratch, and Mozilla is constantly improving its Firefox project.

What about Google? The company appears to be losing browser market share. This does not mean that the browser is not working in the best possible way for users, but is only a consequence of the company’s conservative position regarding the development of the project.

Speed ​​is not the only thing important factor for the browser. Support for modern web standards is of great importance, built-in useful features for execution daily tasks, security and privacy features, self-rated performance, and support for various extensions.

We will focus solely on the performance factor, but each user should choose their own browser selection priorities.

Browsers

Performance tests were performed on two different operating systems Windows systems 10 - one of them is the latest stable build, and the second one is the latest build preliminary Windows testing Insider.

Computer 1 (Windows 10 stable version)

  • Google Chrome Dev (version 53.0.2767)
  • Microsoft Edge Stable (version 25.10586)
  • Mozilla Firefox Nightly (version 50.0a1)
  • Opera Developer (version 40.0.2267.0)
  • Vivaldi (1.3.501.6)

Computer 2 (Windows 10 Insider Preview)

  • Google Chrome Stable (version 51.0.2704.103)
  • Mozilla Firefox (version 47.0)
  • Microsoft Edge (version 38.14371)
  • Opera (version 38)
  • Vivaldi (version 1.2)

Benchmarks

The test used the following benchmarks to check the performance of all browsers tested:

Each benchmark was run twice without background activity.

results

The results are amazing. Chrome's performance on the 1st computer was not very good in 2 out of 3 benchmarks, especially when compared with Opera and Vivaldi, which use an identical engine. The problem may be caused by a specific build of Chrome.

Microsoft Edge performed well in JetStream and Octane, but performed much worse in Speedometer. It's a little surprising that there are significant differences between browsers that use the same engine.

Chrome has demonstrated more low productivity than Opera and Vivaldi in JetStream and Octane, but beat those browsers in Speedometer.

On the other hand, Vivaldi was better than Opera in Speedometer.

On the 2nd computer a similar picture is observed. Microsoft Edge was the fastest in two benchmarks, but ended up last place in Speedometer.

Chrome Stable showed approximately equal performance to Opera and Vivaldi in the first two benchmarks, but Opera's Speedometer result was significantly different from Chrome and Vivaldi.