Structured cabling and local area network. Switching cabinets and racks. SCS backbone subsystem and telephone network

The current categories of copper unshielded twisted pair cabling, defined by the international standard ISO/IEC 11801 and the American standard ANSI/EIA/TIA 568-B, are categories 3, 5 and 5e, 6, 6a, categories 7, 7a ( international standard ISO 11801), and since June 2016 cat.8 ( cable standard ANSI/TIA-568-C.2-1). Some networks still use legacy Category 1 and Category 2 cables.

Category3 represents 4-pair cable for building telephone and local networks 10BASE-T and token ring, supports data transfer speeds up to 10 Mbit/s or 100 Mbit/s using 100BASE-T4 technology at a distance of no further than 100 meters, meets the requirements of the IEEE 802.3 standard.

Vita pair cable category 4 consists of 4 twisted pairs, used in token ring, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T4 networks, data transfer speed does not exceed 16 Mbit/s over one pair, not currently used.

On cable twisted pair categories 6 You can organize transport over the network at a speed of 10 Gigabit/sec at a distance of 30-55 meters.

SCS category6A organizes data transmission over the network at a speed of 10 Gigabit/sec, using 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) technology, at a distance of up to 100 meters. Cat. 6a supports the new wireless Wi-Fi standard - IEEE 802.11ac. This standard allows you to increase the data transfer rate to one Gbit/s.

Twisted pair cable 8th cat. differs from the TIA 568-C.2 standard in shorter length and fewer connection points. The Category 8 channel configuration includes two modular jacks. Maximum length fixed horizontal cable – 24 m. Total length of 24 AWG modular hardware cords – maximum 6 m.

In such channels for connection active equipment interconnections are used, at the ends of which only one piece of switching equipment is used: a patch panel port or a socket.
Cat 8 twisted pair cable is used to organize the physical infrastructure of a data center with a “top of rack” topology (a network switch) and “end of row” (the end cabinet in each row plays the role of a distributor and is equipped with patch panels with horizontal cables running to the rest of the cabinets in this row).
The ANSI/TIA-568-C.2-1 cable standard for Cat 8, in force since 2016, contains requirements for a twisted-pair channel up to 30 m long. The traditional 4-pair cable is terminated with 8-position modular RJ-jacks 45.

Accounting for PoE needs in Category 8 copper SCS

Twisted pair cables cat. 8, using large cross-section conductors, are characterized by the ability to transmit currents of much greater magnitude than in other systems, and thanks to shielding, such cables heat up less - more precisely, they dissipate heat more efficiently. All other things being equal, such cables can be assembled into bundles bigger size than in previous categories, and for PoE applications this is an important consideration.

Two more twisted pair standards cat. 8.1 and cat. 8.2.

Twisted pair cat. 8.1 Fully compatible with Cat.6A cable, provides data transfer rates of up to 40 Gbps when using standard 8P8C connectors. A cable in this category has either shared screen, or screens around each F/UTP or U/FTP pair. Currently under development.

• Twisted pair cat. 8.2. fully compatible with cat.7A cable, provides data transfer speeds up to 40 Gbps using standard 8P8C or GG45/ARJ45 and TERA connectors. This category of cable has an overall shield and shields around each F/FTP or S/FTP pair. Currently under development.

	Frequency range	Applications	Year of adoption of the standard
		1 pair, used only for voice/data transmission via modem (not suitable for modern systems)/	Obsolete standard
		2 pairs, 4 Mbit/s in Token ring and Arcnet networks (not suitable for modern systems). Sometimes found in telephone networks.	Obsolete standard
		10BASE-T, 100BASE-T4 Ethernet
		Token Ring 16Mbps	1993, obsolete standard
		100Base-TX (Fast Ethernet) ATM 155
		Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX), Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T)
		Gigabit Ethernet 2.5 Gbps
		10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T)	specification for
		10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T)	specification for this type cable is approved only by the international standard ISO 11801
	1600 - 2000 MHz	40GBase-T with IEEE 802.3bq support
	1600 - 2000 MHz		in developing
	1600 - 2000 MHz	100 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBASE-T)	in developing

Development of SCS standards

2010

ANSI/TIA-1179 standard for telecommunications infrastructure for healthcare institutions. The standard recommends the use of superior systems to ensure the longest possible service life and reduce the costs associated with replacing obsolete cables. For new installations, these are Category 6a cables and connectors.

ANSI/TIA-942-A telecommunications infrastructure standard for data centers. TIA-942-A includes TIA-942 and two appendices that recognize coaxial cables and recommend category 6a as the minimum acceptable for data centers.

ANSI/TIA-4966 standard for telecommunications infrastructure for educational institutions. Cat. 5e is recognized, cat. 6a recommended for expansion functionality wired and wireless networks communications.

Match cable and connector categories to application classes

ISO/IEC 11801 and TIA/EIA-568-B standards specify cables and connectors by category. Categories are defined maximum frequency signal for which the corresponding connectors and cables are designed. Higher category cables and connectors support all applications that are designed to operate on lower category cables.

Main differences between communication lines of different categories

Parameter
frequency range, MHz
Attenuation, dB
Return losses, dB
Propagation delay, ns

Practice of application of standards for cable systems

Modern cable systems are built taking into account strictly determined international industry standards. In addition, the Russian Federation has its own SCS standards. SCS development standards are increasingly used in modern networks, since they spell out the basic requirements for creating highly reliable communication networks.

To ensure guaranteed quality of construction of cable systems, it is especially important for contracting companies to strictly adhere to design standards, procedures that involve installation of SCS, processes for preparing documentation, administration and operation of systems. In connection with these priorities, SCS standards are conventionally divided into requirements for design, installation and administration.

Design standards prescribe the conditions of the transmission medium and the parameters of the connectors used, as well as the quality of the line and channel, permissible cable lengths, methods of connecting conductors, topology and functional elements structured cabling system. A special group includes industry standards construction of SCS, which defines the rules for the design and operation of cable networks in various sectors of the economy.

Traditionally, the main processes for developing international industry standards are carried out by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Currently, the reference document for structured cabling systems is ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-AI, the standard for telecommunications cabling systems in commercial buildings.

The European Committee for Electrical Standardization (CENELEC) operates jointly with the International Organization for Standardization. Countries belonging to CENELEC adopt European design standards as national requirements without any amendments.

In the industrial sector of the economy, there is a need for specialized interfaces for managing and monitoring structured networks. Therefore, to develop industrial SCS interfaces, the international association TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) and the IEC committee (International Electrotechnical Commission) teamed up several years ago. Purpose joint activities This group is the development of standards for the creation and use of telecommunications infrastructures of industrial buildings, complexes and campuses, commercial buildings or structures created according to a unique project.

However, it must be pointed out that the adopted regulatory documents are always observed during the construction of SCS, adjusted for each specific facility.

For example, international standards (ISO) allow an increase in the length of lines beyond 90 meters and define the permissible length of electrical conductive channels in the range from 100 to 3000 meters. But in practice, restrictions on the length of highways are conditional character. Depending on the type of object, its location and parameters.

SKS- structured cable network. Or, roughly speaking, “sockets in the wall.” The most expensive thing in SCS is not the sockets, but the huge kilometers of wires connecting the sockets to the server and switching ones.

The layer of concepts that are hidden behind the SCS is very extensive. They have their own professionals who know when to organize switching rooms on floors, how to properly route a bundle of fibers between floors, etc. There are also marketers whose task is to convince you that you need to do it exactly this way, $Xk more in the estimate, and not the way you wanted.

The field of SCS design itself is closer to construction (engineering) work than to the field of system administration.

But sometimes in the life of a system administrator a situation arises when it depends on him what kind of SCS will be in the building (floor, room) of the company. In the worst case, the system administrator carries it out himself, in the best case, this task is outsourced (more precisely, to contractors). But what SCS will be is usually decided by two or three people. At the same time, the remaining two determine only the budget, and only a system administrator can fight for quality. [on the other side there is a representative of the contractor, who is dragging the blanket in his direction, and although he may seem like a comrade-in-arms to the system administrator in the battle for the quality of SCS, in fact, he just wants more money, and should be treated with caution].

Here I am writing precisely from the point of view of the administrator, as the “end user” of the SCS. If I lied somewhere, or forgot to write about something important, tell me, I’ll correct you.

So, SKS.

Owner's (director's) point of view

You need wires with sockets. The cheaper the better. The administrator once said that computer computers can be branched locally, so you can put them in smaller quantities, because they are expensive. By the way, there are a bunch of people sitting there, one socket is enough for them.

Contractor's point of view

The client needs to sell the maximum. At most, this is a full-fledged SCS with switching rooms on the floors, interfloor optics... What? Does he want something cheaper? Well, to hell with him, let him do what he wants.

What do YOU ​​need from SKS?

Speed

Write down for yourself the minimum you need. Despite the stories of marketers, most modern applications 10 megabits is enough for your eyes and ears. A rare application needs 100 megabits (mainly due to pumping a large amount of data). If the application needs gigabit, then perhaps you have made a mistake with the installation location (maybe it’s better to be closer to the servers?). Write down everything that is usually done on the computer. It turns out that most of these tasks are not at all demanding on speed. If you haven’t found such applications, then the technical specification clearly states a requirement of category 5e, and not 6, as they may try to persuade you to do.

Telephony

Some companies use IP phones and are not interested in this issue. If your IP ends near the PBX or you are using old telephony, then telephone sockets needed. The question is how to make them?

Options:

• On the same wire with ethernet
• Several telephone pairs in one wire
• Separately, a separate wire for each socket.

The first option (ethernet + phone), formally, is acceptable (there can be two applications in one cable), but in my practice I have encountered a cable in which packets began to be lost at the moment the call went through. The main advantage of this solution is saving on wires. The main disadvantage is the need to separate it all. It is not comfortable.

The second option (ethernet separately, telephony with 4 pairs per wire) is a little better, but is complicated by the problem of wiring in the wall from socket to socket. If your contractor is ready to do this without additional charges. payment - this may be an option. The downside is that SCS is not universal (more on this below), the upside is significant savings on cables (1 cable instead of 4).

The third option (each outlet has a separate cable) is the most interesting and most expensive. You have a strict set of wires between the server (switching) and the socket. What to use through it (ethernet or telephony) - you decide. The peak of versatility is the RJ45 sockets for both ethernet and telephony (RJ11 telephone sockets are included in RJ45).

The third option is very important in terms of versatility. Need two phones? (fax + telephone) - please, here are two sockets, you can use them. Do you need another print server instead of a phone? Please.

This option is the easiest to switch (1 wire - 1 application), the most easily debugged and reliable. And the most expensive.

If you have a large building, then with 500 telephone sockets you will lose about 12 kilometers of cable (you can calculate the price yourself) compared to the first option and about 18 kilometers of cable compared to the second.

How many sockets

The main stumbling block. Every outlet is MONEY. Every socket not used is money down the drain. Usually the directorate looks at the employee seating plan, determines the number of sockets, allows, well, a maximum of +2 in reserve - and that’s it. And then it turns out that in a room for 10 people there are only 3 pairs of sockets. Because previously it was thought that this would be a presentation room, but now it is an accountants’ room. Oh, yes, we need two more network printers, one for that wall and one for this one. No outlets? Who cares?

The solution to the problem is to place sockets not according to the number of employees, but according to the MAXIMUM POSSIBLE number of workplaces. Those. according to the footage of the room.

It turns out to be EXPENSIVE. About 1.5-4 times more expensive than if done “for working people”. But at the same time, SCS becomes universal, i.e. Suitable for any number of employees in any location.

Argument for management: if we make SCS based on the number of jobs, then when we change the business profile or transfer employees, all the money will go down the drain, we will have to redo it. If you make SCS by footage, then SCS will not be an attribute of the current state of affairs in the company, but an element of the premises (building); it becomes a capital investment in real estate, increasing its market value and versatility of application.

Switching

(this applies to the case when SCS is on several floors).

We can drag all the wires to the server room. There will be a LOT of them. In one of the organizations where I worked, this tourniquet could barely be grasped, almost a meter in diameter. The advantage of this is the same versatility - the wires go in a straight line (in the sense, without disturbing electrical connection), you can include anything in them - from a phone to a video camera.

Or maybe we can do something more cunning. We lay the vertical part of the SCS (interfloor connections), and on each floor we select a nook into which the wires from the floors converge. In principle, there can be even more than one such nook on a floor.

SCS on the floor is universal. Interfloor SCS - specialized.

Interfloor SCS: between floors there is a gigabit, or even all ten, or even optics, or even... (let’s not forget about modesty in this place, and stop at gigabit), a switch is installed. Telephony is carried out in a multi-multi-multi-pair cable, which is routed to patch panels or cross-connects (kron66 or something similar). Next, the universal SCS of the floor is switched as desired between the options “telephony”, “ethernet”, “alarm”, etc.

The advantage of this solution is that several thick telephony wires converge into the server room (which are installed in the PBX and you don’t have to think about them anymore), several gigabit (10 gigabit) cables that connect to switches (apparently to the distribution level, if you follow the Cisco circuit diagram). The server room is free of wires, everything “low-lying” for the user is removed from the server room. There is no need for non-essential personnel to look there to lay out wires for the transferred employee, only everything that is Very Important remains there.

However, from these advantages come disadvantages. Removing part of the equipment from the server room to the switching room (it is clear that in a good way this should be a small room, in reality it is usually a switching box under the ceiling, or even on the floor in one of the offices) leads to an increase in the vulnerability of the SCS. Dust, dirt - this is the first thing. The second is unauthorized access (you give a person the opportunity to carry out an ideal man-in-middle attack in a remote corner of the building) and hooliganism. Third, SCS is losing its versatility. What if there weren’t enough telephone pairs for the floor? And on the floor below, 10 pairs out of 200 are used...

aggressive branching

(I don't know what this scheme is called officially)

Instead of a single switchboard, we make many shelves. Relatively speaking, for every 1-2 rooms there is a separate switching shelf. It comes with 1 ethernet and 1 paired telephone cable. This scheme is intermediate. On the one hand, you have fewer wires from the server room (not in terms of the number of workstations, but in terms of the number of cabinets), on the other hand, the SCS of a separate room can be redone with little effort. These are the advantages.

Cons - the same problem of unbalanced applications (if there is not enough telephony in the room, what do we do?), many places where shelves are located (these places are not always obvious and well documented, I once found such a switching room in the middle of the room above a false ceiling) . Accommodation electrical equipment(switches) requires power supply (can be partially mitigated by PoE, but it's expensive...).

This solution has the “cheapest option” - a hub (switch) under your feet or in a corner. Several wires come out of the server room to the switches, from these switches there are wires to neighboring switches... So you can provide a couple of hundred sockets at the cost of 3-4 bays (300m*4=1.2km) of wires, several desktop switches and patchcords, which are usually not patchcords but the same twisted pair, but crimped. [Reference: monolithic twisted pair (in which each wire is solid copper) has better characteristics, but low mechanical strength, “real” patch cords have multi-core fibers, which are worse for data transmission, but are better able to withstand bending, stepping on, being pinched by chairs and tables]. It is this option that you should run away from like hell, because it will cause so many problems that words cannot describe it (switches will lose power, freeze, cables will get tangled and dirty... I don’t even want to think about this).

Switchboards and shelves

The most radical option: a vertical cable network comes to the floor, a horizontal cable network goes from the floor, to the shelves in the rooms, from the shelves in the rooms there is an “in-room SCS” to the sockets at the workplaces.

Pros are the sum of the previous pros.

The disadvantages are the same, but another one appears: the more switching occurs with the application, the worse signal(we're not talking about switches, of course, although they also increase latency, which can be unpleasant in some applications). 8 connectors from the phone to the PBX is quite a worthy reason to start wheezing into the handset in a year or two.

An interesting feature of this solution is that it fits perfectly into the core-distribution-access model. At the same time, the most important wires - interfloor ones, usually run in a box, there are few of them there (this is important, because a small box is easier to make), they are well protected (possibly inside the walls).

What for are all these wires?

And here another interesting scheme is drawn, this is wifi and dect. If instead of SCS by room you place it indoors wifi points access and dect" phone bases, the number of wires will be significantly reduced.

However, this still will not solve the problem of bringing the wire to the floor (room), and the quality/speed of wifi is not comparable to good ethernet (both in terms of delay and the probability of packet loss).

What to choose?

Back to the first punts again. First you must decide how the outlets will be distributed. By person or by square meters.

Next, you need to calculate how many wires there will be. If it’s less than a couple of hundred (and if the length of the wires falls within the 100m limit), there’s no point in bothering with switching cables. If there are a lot of wires or long distances, you should think about switching wires. If there is even the slightest opportunity to win back the premises, and not the closets, we need to fight for the premises. No windows, no radiators, no walk-through doors. Just a storage room.

Which wire to choose? In fact, any, the cheapest, for which the contractor is ready to vouch for the quality. The cheapest certified wires (able to pass certification) perform as well as oxygen-free copper twisted pair silver cable with a ferrite piercing.

But with sockets and patch panels everything is much worse. Bad sockets are an eternal torment for the administrator.

So which outlet is good?

1. The core should hold up well. If it's on screws, great. Auto-latching ones often break and then dangle like worms inside the box.
2. A downward tilt or a lid is a small plus (less dust)
3. The twisted pair cable should be crimped using a hammer, not a plastic cap with teeth. These teeth compress the pair worse than the striker.
4. Durable (sorry for the banality): it should hold the wire normally and not creak when moving the wire inside the socket. It has been working for years, and no one promises that the wires will be turned on/off carefully.

Telephony patch panels are a place for holivars. To begin with: should telephony be installed on patch panels or on crowns? If it’s on a crown, it’s compact, very compact. If it is on a patch panel, switching can be done without a striker or force.

There are similar holiwars around patch panels for ethernet. Are they needed or not? After all, wires can come “directly” and be plugged into switches. At the same time, there are fewer mechanical contacts and unraveling, i.e. the path turns out to be more reliable. From supporters: patch panels allow you to organize your household Right. As experience shows, if there are a lot of free units, then patch panels are installed. If there are few units, then they usually skimp.

Which option to choose is up to you.

Numbering

Minus the wires, the second (and maybe even the first) value of the SCS is its circuit. The diagram should show which outlet goes where and HOW it goes (i.e., the locations of the wires should be clearly marked on the building plan). Even more important is the presence of socket numbers, both on the sockets themselves and on the “server” side (i.e., on the side that is routed to the patch panel or switchboard). If there are no numbers, you can throw away the SCS (or start a long, painful numbering procedure). The numbers should be written in such a way that they are easy to read (ie handwritten numbers are not so much) and in such a way that they will remain for years. Those. pencil is definitely a no.

Is it necessary to number patch cords between patch panels and equipment during switching? I used to think so. Now I doubt it, because in a proper SCS these wires are obviously visible and easy to find.

Patch cords

Well, one last thing. Patch cords MUST have a cap, a cap, a reverse tab... Anything that will protect the jack latch from catching on the wires when pulling the wire through neighbors. IT IS IMPORTANT. Believe me, I have personally struggled with 400+ wires WITHOUT caps. This is HELL. Instead of a simple “pull and pull”, you have to manually untangle each wire from its neighbors; the untangling process splits the neatly laid wires and prevents you from pulling out other wires... A cap (or at least a plug on the back) is a MUST.

Add-ons

Thanks to those commenting. Moments that were not described.

• Switching log. I don’t know how “good” it looks in theory, in my work it looked like a spreadsheet file that contained a list of sockets and an indication of “who is assigned” this or that socket. There was an attempt to number patch cords, but it gradually died out due to general laziness. Apparently, in theory, for each switching room there should be a magazine in which it is written “such-and-such socket - such-and-such socket” (port of such-and-such device).
• If patch cords have already been purchased without caps, how emergency solution- electrical tape. Although it gets dirty and gets in the way. Caps are better
• It is good to have organizers under the patch panels. Invaluable units are wasted on this, however, the SCS gains accuracy and completeness.
• If you give the SCS to the contractor, do not skimp on paying for the preparation of the technical specifications. They (contractors) will compose it more intelligently. Coordinate their (reasonable) project, making adjustments and explaining what you want better than... um... inventing your technical specifications
• Standards for further googling: EN 50173, ISO/IEC 11801
• For those who want to look at beautiful racks with beautifully laid out wires:

Every office has computers, telephones, faxes, security alarm, video surveillance and other equipment necessary for the full functioning of the enterprise.

To ensure that all devices work smoothly and provide the company’s employees with comfortable working conditions, they are combined into special cable systems - SCS and LAN. What are these concepts? What exactly are they used for and how do they differ from each other?

What is SKS?

SCS, or structured cabling system, is a complete set of wires and switching devices that allow information services to be brought together for various purposes. For better understanding, a simple example can be given. Often, different equipment in the same building is combined into separate cabling systems.

Computers and faxes are connected to each other by one cable, telephones by another, alarm systems by a third. Each system has its own sockets and wires, which are serviced by separate specialized teams.

Such arrangement of offices causes some inconvenience, especially in case of breakdowns, when the necessary team of craftsmen is not on site. If the building is equipped with SCS similar problems does not arise, since all the wires and sockets in the building are of the same type, that is, it does not matter at all which socket the telephone is plugged into, and which computer or video camera.


In other words, SCS is a universal cable network that ensures the sharing of all equipment.

What is SCS used for?

The main purpose of SCS is to create a flexible information infrastructure, which does not depend on the final media and covers the entire enterprise, connecting all points of data transmission media. As a rule, SCS has a single switching center to which all backbone subsystems from different floors converge.

Part structured system includes cables, receptacles, patch cords and panels that help securely manage the entire building cabling system, providing flexibility and ease of operation of all equipment.

What does LAN mean?

LAN, or local area network, is one of the elements of SCS and connects all the computer systems of the office. In simple terms, it is a group of personal computers and peripheral equipment, allowing you to decide information tasks enterprises and exchange data.


Its installation allows office employees to transfer to each other electronic documents, graphs, tables and other necessary information without using removable media.

Typically, a local network covers a small space (office, residential building, educational institution), although sometimes it is installed on a global scale. For example, orbital centers and space stations are also LANs.

Computers can be connected to each other in various ways, but most often local networks are built on either Ethernet technologies. Previously, other protocols were widely used in enterprises, but now they are becoming less common.

Why do you need a LAN?

The installation of a LAN is determined, first of all, by the need to share resources within one office. Resources include not only computers, but also modems, printers, scanners, hard disks and any other devices connected to a PC.

During installation local network employees get the opportunity to interactively connect with each other to send and receive messages, gain access to centralized installed programs, and also abandon separate information storage devices at each workplace.

What is the difference between LAN and SCS?

The difference between cable networks is that SCS is a more global concept, covering literally all the equipment in an enterprise - from computers and telephones to security and fire systems. SCS is capable of supporting a wide range of applications and ensuring the use of the same channel to transmit different signals.


A LAN, in contrast, is a separate network that connects only computer equipment. IN modern conditions it is organized on the basis of SCS.

A structured cabling system (SCS) is the physical basis of a building's infrastructure, which combines various network information services into a single complex.

Such services are:

Figure 1 - Structured building cabling system

Principles of construction of SCS

A structured cabling system ensures the transmission of signals of all types and is the basis of a local area network (LAN). A LAN connects phones, computers and other equipment. Each connection point provides access to all network resources. Therefore, at each workplace there are enough two lines - a computer and a telephone. These lines can be interchanged.

Below are the basic principles for constructing SCS.

Structuring

Cable wiring and its components are divided into separate subsystems. Each subsystem performs specific functions and communicates with other subsystems and network equipment. Each subsystem has switching capabilities that allow you to easily change the system configuration. When building a system, various types of cable and switching equipment can be used, depending on the conditions of a particular project.

Versatility

The cable system is built according to the principles open architecture With technical characteristics, defined in the standards. The parameters of electrical and optical cable routes of subsystems and their interfaces are specified in the regulatory documentation. Thus, the cabling system can be used to transmit signals for various applications using only two types of cables - twisted pair and optical fiber.

Switching of SCS subsystems with each other and with active network equipment is carried out a certain set cords with universal connectors, which makes it easier to administer the cabling system and adapt it to various applications.

Redundancy

SCS provides for the possibility of expansion - its topology and equipment provide the opportunity to increase the number of connected equipment and the volume of traffic. All SCS equipment is selected with a reserve in terms of performance, if possible, installation additional modules and to expand functionality.

Reliability

Manufacturers of SCS guarantee the functionality and compliance of the cable system with standards throughout its entire service life. In the event of an accident in the SCS, the faulty section is quickly localized, a transition to the backup line is carried out, and renovation work. Restoration of the SCS operation is carried out without stopping the network operation by the SCS administrator, without the involvement of third-party specialists.

Flexibility

A functioning SCS provides the following capabilities without changing the cable system and without any additional costs:

• modification of the software and hardware complex;
• control the movement of users in the building;
• change in the number of users;
• dividing users into groups according to various characteristics.

Economical

Large initial investments in SCS quickly pay off due to lower costs for modification and support of telecommunications infrastructure. The service life of SCS is significantly longer than the life of other components information system(active network equipment, servers and personal computers, software, telephone exchanges and communication equipment etc.).

Durability

SCS will ensure a gradual transition to high-speed protocols that will work for the future by simply replacing active equipment, without requiring reconstruction of the cable system. The technological stock of characteristics and SCS standards guarantee that obsolescence of cable wiring will not occur. ahead of schedule when its system warranty ends (for most manufacturers it is 20 years).

SCS subsystems

SCS is a cable system of a building (group of buildings) hierarchical type, which consists of structural subsystems. Each subsystem performs its own functions and has a specific topology and composition of components. For each type of subsystem, the standards define requirements, restrictions and rules.

SCS cable subsystems:

Figure 2 - SCS subsystems

EDP ​​- floor distribution point;

GRP - main distribution point;

PRP - intermediate distribution point.

Trunk subsystem Level I

The trunk subsystem of the first level is located between the main distribution point and the intermediate distribution point, as well as between the main distribution point and the floor distribution point.

This subsystem includes:

• Level I trunk cables;
• distribution devices used for the trunk cable of the I level;
• patch jumpers and cords that are used for switching at the main distribution point.

Trunk subsystem of the second level

The intermediate distribution point divides the main SCS system into the main subsystem of the first level and the main subsystem of the second level.

This subsystem includes:

• Level II trunk cables;
• distribution devices used for the Level II backbone cable;
• patch jumpers and cords that are used for switching at an intermediate distribution point.

Horizontal subsystem

The horizontal subsystem is located from distribution devices floor distribution point to telecommunication sockets.

This subsystem includes:

• horizontal cables;
• distribution devices used for horizontal cables;
• switching jumpers and cords that are used for switching with the floor distribution point;
• telecommunications outlets;
• consolidation points.

SCS components

A structured cabling system is created during the construction of a building or refurbishment of premises and has a guaranteed service life of at least 10 years.

SCS includes the following equipment:

• telecommunication cabinets;
• server cabinets;
• cables;
• wire trays;
• Column;
• patch panels;
• electric brushes;
• connectors;
• sockets (computer, telephone);
• telephone plinths;
• cross panels.

SCS architecture

There are two types of SCS architecture:

• distributed;
• centralized.

Distributed SCS

Distributed architecture Most often used for SCS of multi-storey buildings and building complexes. A distributed architecture can have one or two levels of hierarchy. In the first case, the main distribution point is connected to the floor distribution point using a cross. In the second case, the SCS consists of three subsystems: the main level I, the main level II and horizontal subsystems.

Figure 3 - Distributed SCS

Advantages of distributed architecture:

• greater flexibility of SCS;
• ease of expansion of the cable system;
• ease of installation of the cable system.

Disadvantages of distributed architecture:

• bulkiness of the cable system ( a large number of components);
• large area of ​​telecommunications premises;
• complexity of control and security.

Centralized SCS

A centralized architecture may have one hierarchy level with no horizontal or backbone subsystem cross-connection, or no hierarchy levels at all and consist only of a horizontal subsystem.

Figure 4 - Centralized SCS

Advantages of centralized SCS architecture:

• a small number of cable system components;
• small area of ​​telecommunications premises;
• a small amount of active equipment;
• lack of active and passive equipment for organizing a highway;
• simplicity of organizing a redundancy system for active equipment.

Disadvantages of centralized SCS architecture:

• a large amount of cable;
• low flexibility of the cable system;
• difficulty in expanding SCS;
• complexity of installation;
• the difficulty of delimiting the area of ​​responsibility in a telecommunications premises when renting a building by different organizations.

Data networks occupy one of the most important places in IT infrastructure.
is designed taking into account the wishes of the customer, the necessary requirements for data transfer speed and operating conditions. Today, SCS is a necessary attribute of every office, residential, public and industrial building and ensures operability by connecting various IT equipment into a single whole: server, PC, office equipment, IP telephony, etc. – this is the basis information structure any enterprise. All the variety information services various types and appointments, various peripheral devices , as well as automated workstations, SCS allows you to combine them into one system. Systems such as: local and telephone networks, fire alarms, video surveillance systems, access control and management are an integral part of any modern organization

. A competent and high-quality SCS allows you to structure all these services, which in turn increases the efficiency of the company.

SCS provides its subscribers with the following information services:

data services; services wireless connection

subscribers;

unified telephone network services based on IP telephony;

audio and video conferencing services.

SCS consists of the following subsystems:

network subsystem;

network security subsystem;

IP telephony and voice mail subsystem;

access control and authorization subsystem;

audio-video conferencing subsystem;

wireless network subsystem.

Basic principles for constructing SCS:

Performance

SCS equipment is selected based on the planned volumes of processed traffic, as well as the requirements for the functions of the equipment and the protocols used.

Reliability and Availability

The operating mode of the SCS is around the clock, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. In the event of failures, the SCS has the ability to automatically reconfigure in order to maintain operability and minimize downtime.

Scalability

SCS provides for the possibility of expansion, i.e. its topology and equipment provide the ability to increase the number of connected points and increase the volume of traffic. All SCS equipment is selected with reserve, both in terms of performance and the possibility of installing additional modules and expanding functionality.

Efficiency

During the design process of SCS, optimization is carried out in order to more efficiently use resources (amount of memory, processor performance, data transmission channel capacity). Effective use SCS resources reduce the total cost of system ownership.

Safety

The SCS takes into account the requirements for organizing security and protection against unauthorized access (NDA). All devices included in the SCS are protected by a password system that has several levels. Authentication of access to equipment can be carried out using software Authentication software that provides password encryption. Remote access to devices can be carried out using protocols that provide a secure management session.

Unification and standardization

When creating an SCS, it is proposed to use equipment from one manufacturer as active network equipment. The equipment has the same for all devices operating system(OS).
To ensure interaction between various SCS subsystems, the IP protocol is used.

SCS standards:

1) American standard EIA/TIA-568B Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard
2) international standard ISO/IEC IS 11801 Information Technology. Generic cabling for customer premises
3) European standard CENELEC EN 50173 Information Technology. Generic cabling systems

Among the implemented projects is SCS MGUP Mosvodokanal, which included such work as: design of SCS, installation and crossing of racks, laying optical lines communications (FOCL).

We work with the full range of fiber optic products (FOCL), copper pairs, server cabinets, patch panels, sockets, etc. Our company has modern equipment and software for design and installation of SCS. Upon delivery of the project, a full report on testing of all installed communication lines is attached. Implementation of SCS is carried out using active and passive network equipment from leading manufacturers such as Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, 3COM, etc.

Design of SCS (structured cabling system)

The design department of the GRIN EFFECT company provides a full range of services for SCS design.
At the first stage of SCS design, an inspection of the facility, negotiations with the customer, identification of tasks and requirements for the SCS are carried out.
Based on the results of research and analysis of initial data, an optimal project for constructing a structured cabling system is developed, which includes all the wishes and requirements of the customer. The SCS project presents: detailed plans for the location of system elements; schematic and structural diagrams of connections, cable routings, cable magazine. A specification of equipment and materials, an estimate for the installation of SCS and statements of work performed are also drawn up.

SCS design is carried out in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections of design documentation and requirements for their content”, regional building codes and technical specifications requirements.
When designing SCS, the requirements of existing legislation and regulatory documents on ecology, labor protection and fire safety are taken into account.

Pre-project survey

The purpose of the pre-project survey is to determine a set of measures and develop technical proposals taking into account the formed standard solutions. Based on the results of the survey, our design engineers will help the Customer develop a competent technical specification (TOR) for the design of the SCS.

Technical specifications (TOR) SKS

Customer requirements form the basis technical specifications (TOR) of SCS and are the primary document from which work on creating a structured cabling system begins. Except technical requirements, at the first stages of work on the design of SCS, data obtained during the pre-design survey is used as initial information. Any design begins with a correctly written technical specification approved by the customer. The design terms and selection of necessary equipment for the construction of SCS, described in the technical specifications, depend on a well-written technical specification.

The composition of SCS design documentation is regulated by Government Decree Russian Federation“On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content” dated February 16, 2008, No. 87.

SCS design documentation (stage “P”)

A well-developed concept of SCS and technical specifications provide the basis for creating a draft plan for SCS - a single set of solutions designed to ensure the specified operating mode of SCS. The preliminary design determines the optimal structure of the SCS and the laying route cable wiring, location and composition of telecommunications infrastructure elements, an idea of ​​the project budget, as well as whole line other parameters that will make it easier to select specific solutions.
SCS design documentation consists of text and graphic materials that define space-planning, structural and technical solutions for construction or reconstruction (modernization) of SCS.
The basis for the development of the SCS project is the architectural, construction, technological and engineering parts of the building design. The SCS project is focused on using the most efficient and well-proven equipment and component materials. Smart design is high speed execution construction work and maintenance of SCS. Error-free project calculation – minimizing equipment costs.

Working documentation for SCS (stage “P”)

At the next stage, working documentation for the SCS is developed, which is used during the construction phase. It is at this stage that the resource intensity of the process, the volume of construction and installation work, the amount of necessary equipment and materials, and therefore the final budget of the SCS project are determined.
Detailed design documentation for SCS is developed after approval of the previous design stage. The purpose of the work at stage “P” is to prepare accurate drawings, diagrams and tables that will guide installers when carrying out work on creating SCS. Detailed documentation provides detailed linking of the components of all systems to the object. The working documentation of the SCS contains drawings, tables of connections and connections, plans for the location of equipment and wiring and other documents.

Estimate documentation SCS (“SD”)

Development estimate documentation is the final stage of designing a structured cable system and determines the full cost of equipment, construction, installation and commissioning works.

Installation of SCS

In accordance with the SCS project and procurement approved by the Customer necessary equipment produced:

organization of a switching center

installation of electrical panels

installation of cable channels

access point placement

installation of sockets

cable routing

GREEN EFFECT specialists provide a full range of SCS installation services.
The experience accumulated in this area allows us to install and connect SCS in as soon as possible, in strict accordance with the project and proper quality works

Setting up SCS

Upon completion of installation, the SCS undergoes comprehensive testing and configuration in order to check the functionality of the system and identify defects. Testing and configuration results with explanations of parameter values ​​and an analysis of the quality of the structured cabling system are provided to the customer (an example of a testing report in the figure). After completion of all work and transfer of documentation to the customer, representatives of the contractor and the customer inspect the facility. If all necessary requirements and tasks, as well as compliance technical specifications the object is put into operation.

Maintenance of SCS (structured cabling system)

Maintenance of structured cabling system (TO SCS) carried out to ensure uninterrupted operation unified system IT equipment company and permanent access personnel to various information services.
Maintenance of SCS is carried out by diagnosing the condition of all sections of SCS, taking measurements in cross-cabinets, detecting and eliminating damage to SCS elements.

SCS maintenance includes:

preventive work

restoration work.

Volume of work Maintenance SCS depend on operating conditions and equipment composition.

Preventative maintenance work for SCS:

checking cross-connect equipment for completeness, presence of markings, external damage and operating conditions

restoration of damaged markings of cross-connect equipment

laying cross-cords in cable organizers

diagnostics of SCS ports

restoring the functionality of damaged SCS ports

providing the Customer with SCS maintenance reports and recommendations for SCS reconstruction

Diagnostics of SCS ports consists of measuring the parameters of SCS ports for compliance with category parameters using appropriate certified instrumentation with issuing reports on all measured parameters over the entire frequency range. Non-compliance of SCS ports with category requirements is determined based on the results of port diagnostics.

Restoration work of SCS maintenance:

replacing damaged cables

restoration of damaged crossover equipment

Malfunctions identified as a result of preventive maintenance are eliminated by the Contractor as part of SCS maintenance. Depending on the nature of the malfunction, a decision is made to withdraw faulty equipment from using it and including it in the plan current repairs SKS, or eliminating the defect on site. Malfunctions that require elimination additional work And material resources, be eliminated after drawing up a defective statement. Identified violations of the operating conditions of the SCS are reported to the Customer's representatives.

The SCS maintenance work schedule is developed and approved by the Customer. Based on the results of the work, the contractor provides a report, which includes:

table of location of SCS ports at the facility

cross-connection table for SCS cross-connect equipment

act of measuring parameters of SCS ports

defective statement.