Information resources of society. Educational information resources. Working with software. Topic: Software implementation of a simple algorithm. Topic: Operating system. Graphical interface
To determine the diameter of a speck of dust, you must first determine what dust is in general. Small solid particles of organic or mineral origin are called dust.
1050; Dust includes very, very small particles from fractions of a micron to huge particles up to 0.1 mm in size. And the particles bigger size already referred to as sand. And under the influence of moisture, all the dust turns into dirt, which is already visible to everyone.
What is the diameter of a speck of dust?
- dust 1-10000;
- coal dust 1-100;
- cement dust 3-100;
- insecticidal dust 0.4-10;
- atmospheric dust 0.001-20.
Dust grains are tiny particles that are lighter than air. Everyone has noticed how in the sun there is a lot of dust in the air in the room. But it is almost impossible to see them, only with the help of special magnifying devices. And the size of a speck of dust varies from 0.01 to 0.1 millimeters.
A speck of dust is a tiny, almost invisible particle of matter. The diameter of a speck of dust is approximately 0.005 m (+/-). The maximum size of a speck of dust is determined by 0.1 mm. But particles larger than 0.1 mm are called sand, not dust.
The diameter of a speck of dust seems to be 0.0001 m……………..
Here are the sizes of some dust particles. Dimensions are given in micrometers:
And this astronomical quote: So when we build our model of the Sun and our nearest star, we have two specks of dust, each 1/100 of an inch in diameter, four and a half miles apart.
To determine the diameter of a speck of dust, you must first determine what dust is in general. Small solid particles of organic or mineral origin are called dust. Dust includes very, very small particles from fractions of a micron to huge particles up to 0.1 mm in size. And even larger particles are classified as sand. And under the influence of moisture, all the dust turns into dirt, which is already visible to everyone.
Dust particles with a size of more than 200 microns do not experience serious air resistance and settle quickly enough. Particles less than 200 microns to 0.1 microns already experience air resistance, their settling speed varies depending on the size of the dust particles. If the particle size is less than 0.1 microns, then they are in chaotic movement in the air and almost do not settle.
A speck of dust is considered to be a particle of matter approximately 0.005 mm in size, or a little more or a little less. The maximum size of a speck of dust is determined to be 0.1 mm (tenth of a millimeter). Anything more is already considered sand.
A speck of dust is a tiny, almost invisible particle of some substance. Most often, we can only see fine dust in the rays sunlight. The sizes of dust particles range from 0.1 mm and smaller, to micron sizes.
speck of dust has a certain diameter.
Those who have conducted such studies claim that the diameter of the dust particle is from 0.01 to 0.1 mm. It all depends on what substance, mineral, this dust comes from.
There is a table on the Internet that shows dust particle diameter:
Dust particles vary in size. For example, dust particles with a diameter of 1 to 7 - 8 microns, when inhaled, reach the lungs and are exhaled into the air. large quantities, which causes pneumonicosis. Dust grains with a diameter of up to 15 to 100 microns are considered medium, and over 100 microns are considered large.
Dust are called particles that do not exceed 0.1 millimeters in size. But this maximum size, a speck of dust can have a diameter of less than a micrometer (1 micrometer = 0.001 millimeters).
Particles larger than 0.1 mm are no longer called dust, but sand.
Even dust can be different, in rooms we see one kind of dust, on the streets - another, and in factories and enterprises - a third. This is just the basics. It is generally accepted that the diameter of dust is 1 micrometer, that is, one to the minus sixth power of a meter. And it is impossible to see such dimensions with the human eye.
Getting rid of dust is the dream of every housewife. But as soon as you tidy up the house a little, harmful specks of dust again settle on all surfaces.
For many people, dust is not only unsightly, but also dangerous, since it is a source of allergic reactions.
To lead effective fight with dust formation, you need to, as they say, “know the enemy by sight”, and then develop a killer strategy against him.
Wikipedia gives the following answer to this question: these are solid particles, and the diameter of a dust particle is less than a tenth of a millimeter.
Its sources are plants, rocks and, according to Wikipedia, space. Pets also contribute to dust formation. About a third of the dust particles are nothing more than tiny particles of the skin's epidermis and fur.
Renewal of the skin of people and animals occurs gradually. According to statistics, each person produces about 0.5 kg during the year. such small particles. In general, the composition of dust is quite complex.
The reason for the danger can be understood by examining a speck of dust under a microscope. It turns out that dust particles provide a favorable environment for the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. This is not only dust mites, but also mold fungi.
It is mold and mite waste products that cause allergies. In addition, excessive dust can also cause intoxication, since house dust also contains toxic substances.
How to reduce dust formation in the house
Dust not only spoils the interior and damages the reputation of the owner, but also poses a health hazard.
Especially for children, since it has been established that the highest concentration of particles is located at a distance of 70-150 cm from the floor. How to get rid of dust in an apartment for a long time?
Here are tips to help reduce dust in your room.
How to get your apartment in perfect order
The “dust collectors” are more or less dealt with. Now we make the apartment perfectly clean and take measures to get rid of dust in the house.
So, how to properly wipe dust from furniture and surfaces?
The procedure is approximately this.
- Put clothes in closets and shoes in closed drawers. If you are a lover of interior decor, place it in a glass display case.
- Vacuum upholstered furniture thoroughly. It is advisable to treat soft toys, furniture and bedding with a steam generator. It kills dust mites and disinfects objects.
- The steamer is convenient for treating curtains. They will look fresher because the steam kills microorganisms. If you have a lot of windows in your apartment or house, you should purchase a powerful floor-mounted steamer with a large water tank.
- Spray your houseplants regularly with a spray bottle. It is advisable to wipe the dust from the leaves with a piece of soft cloth.
- Brush your pets periodically. By the way, if you are allergic to pets, consider placing the animal in good hands. The “hypoallergenicity” of hairless breeds of cats, dogs and guinea pigs is a myth. Allergies can also be caused by small particles of the epidermis.
- For cleaning floor coverings, furniture and floor cleaning, purchase a vacuum cleaner with an aqua filter. After wet cleaning With such a vacuum cleaner, the air becomes noticeably cleaner. Collecting dust in a “classic” dust collector does not solve the problem. It has been established that almost 30% of the dust from the old “Rocket” or “Typhoon” returns back to the room. Don’t be surprised that after cleaning with an old vacuum cleaner, dust appears again.
- To clean dust in hard-to-reach places, use special attachments for a vacuum cleaner.
- During cleaning, set all windows to ventilation mode. To avoid dust from the street, use mosquito nets and cover them with moistened gauze.
- Wipe the dust in the room not only from the surfaces, but also from the ceiling. A piece of clean, dampened cloth placed over a clean mop will help. Don't forget about the walls.
- Make sure there are no cobwebs in the corners. It is an excellent dust collector.
- When cleaning floors, don't forget about baseboards. Dust particles settle on them very intensively.
Household chemicals and appliances - to help
Various aids can help you get rid of household dust.
- Humidifiers. With their help, the struggle for cleanliness is much simpler, since, after moistening, the dust particles settle and are more noticeable. It is enough to rub the surfaces with a microfiber cloth so that they are completely free of dust.
- Hygrometers. These are devices with which you can control the level of humidity in a room. Excessive dampness causes mold to grow, and dry air keeps particulate matter suspended.
- Modern window design. The micro-ventilation function helps prevent dust from entering the room.
- A good remedy for dust is an “air washing” device. This device passes air through itself, while filters trap dust. This device is especially helpful in a room after renovation or in a new building.
- Polishes with antistatic effect. Of course, they do not reduce the dustiness of the room, but the surfaces remain clean, since dust does not sit on them for a long time. Such products are not recommended for use in rooms where allergy sufferers live. Dust in suspension can trigger an allergy attack.
- To prevent dust from settling on furniture longer, use a special “dust spray” made by yourself. Mix a glass of water, 0.25 cups of grape vinegar and 2 tablespoons of olive oil. If you spray the mixture with a spray bottle and wipe with a piece of microfiber, dust will not appear on the surface for longer.
Cleaning the car
A conscientious car owner tries to keep the car clean, but the speed with which dust can appear in the cabin can shock anyone.
How to remove dust and dirt from inside a car and what to wipe surfaces with?
Simple rules for cleaning the interior of the “iron horse” will help maintain perfect cleanliness in the cabin.
- Do not neglect timely replacement of the cabin filter. The cost of this procedure is low, and the dust content of the air is reduced.
- Clean the ashtray, wipe with a damp cloth and wipe dry. It's no secret that the ashtray is the main source of dirt in the car. If you remember about it last, you will have to do all the cleaning activities all over again.
- Remove the rubber mats from the car, rinse thoroughly and dry.
- Clean the car floor from dirt.
- Thoroughly vacuum carpets, seats and all interior surfaces. To get rid of dust in hard-to-reach places and crevices, use a regular soft paint brush.
- Now it's time for wet cleaning. Wash the floor and sides of the machine, wipe off dust with a damp cloth on the front panel and plastic parts.
After cleaning the interior is completed, you can begin washing the external surfaces of the car.
Now your car will shine like new!
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The average size of dust particles is 20 microns. The most harmful dust particles are from 2 to 8 microns in size. Once in the upper respiratory tract (the protective properties of which, although very great), dust particles, settling on the tissues of the lungs, contribute to various diseases. Therefore, dust control is given Special attention In particular, special dust removal ventilation is installed and material processing with humidification is introduced.
The size of dust particles is of great hygienic importance, since the smaller the dust, the deeper it penetrates into the respiratory system. If relatively large dust particles, when inhaled, are retained to a greater extent in the upper respiratory tract and are gradually removed from there with mucus (expectorated), then fine dust, as a rule, passes into the lungs and settles there on long term, causing damage to lung tissue. In addition, fine dust with the same mass has a larger surface of contact with the lung tissue, so it is more active. Highly dispersed dust poses a greater danger than coarse (finely dispersed) dust, since it remains suspended in the air longer.
The size of the dust particles is very different and varies depending on the quality of the pyrite and the burning method. But even under the same conditions, dust particles ranging in size from 1 to 30/i are carried away. With flotation pyrite the dust is even finer.
The size of dust particles determines their ability to penetrate more or less deeply into the respiratory tract and linger there. This is important from both preventive and therapeutic points of view. Particles larger than 10 microns are deposited in the respiratory tract and practically do not reach the alveoli of the lungs.
The average size of dust grains can be taken as 20 microns; there are dust grains measuring 0-1 microns and even smaller. Dust contains organic substances, including mold spores.
Knowing the size of dust particles that should be deposited in the dust chamber ( smallest size, which is given in the task), using the nomogram, find the deposition rate of dust particles, then introduce a correction for viscosity.
Reducing the size of dust particles leads to an increase in the relative reaction surface of the fuel, which ensures certain area jets, greater heat absorption, intensifying the heating and ignition of the dust-air mixture. Volatile fuels released during heating, having more low temperature ignitions than the coke residue ignite earlier than it and contribute to the acceleration of the ignition of dust.
Due to the small size of the dust particle and its rapid heating, an intensive release of volatiles occurs already during the combustion process (see chapter. At first, volatiles, together with carbon monoxide, partially block the access of oxygen to the surface of the particle and inhibit its combustion. But this period, coinciding with the release of volatiles, ends very quickly, within a short period of time compared to the total time the particle burns out.
As the size of dust particles decreases, their deposition is increasingly influenced by the adhesion force that arises between the dust grain and the droplet upon their collision.
According to the above, for each size of dust particle, other things being equal, there is a single trajectory. If for this trajectory rmin rvykh, then the speck of dust gets into the fine product, if rmin rvykh - only into the coarse product. Thus, for any values of the determining factors and the presence of a stable equilibrium, ideal separation should take place. However, in practice, even at negligible dust concentrations, when the influence of particles on each other and on the flow can be neglected, ideal separation is practically unattainable. At the same time, there are other, organic reasons for the decrease in efficiency, which are discussed below.
Calcium carbide, granulated from the size of dust particles to pieces measuring 60 mm, is fed by a plate conveyor / onto a vibrating sieve, where the granulation fraction below 4 mm is screened out. If the carbide grinding is not uniform, the coarse fraction is sent for re-grinding. The carbide crushed in mills is fed by a conveyor to the generator department; a fine fraction of carbide, sifted out on a vibrating sieve, is also supplied here.
Depending on their size, dust particles have different properties. Larger particles larger than 10 [ l ([ l-mic-ren) gradually settle out of the air under the influence of gravity, forming the so-called temporary air pollution.
Topic: Information resources of society. Educational informational resources. Work with software
Target: learn to use educational information resources, search necessary information with their help; master methods of working with software.
The concept of “society information resource” (ISR) is one of the key concepts of social informatics. Wide use This concept began after the publication of Gromov’s book by G.R. in 1984. "National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation."
“An information resource is knowledge presented in project form,” such a brief and insufficiently strict definition was proposed by Professor Yu.M. Kanygin.
Thus, information resources are knowledge prepared for appropriate social use.
The concept of IRO, accumulated in a knowledge society, can be considered in a narrow and in a broad sense words.
IRO in in the narrow sense words are knowledge that is already ready for expedient social use, that is, knowledge alienated from its carriers and materialized.
IRO in the broad sense of the word includes all those alienated from their carriers and included in information exchange knowledge that exists in both oral and materialized form.
Concept resource is defined in the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegova as a reserve, a source of something.
As for information resources, then this concept is relatively new. It's just starting to come into existence modern society, although in last years is becoming increasingly common not only in scientific literature, but also in socio-political activities. The reason for this is certainly global informatization a society in which the particularly important role of information and scientific knowledge is increasingly being realized.
For classification of information resources the following most important parameters can be used:
the subject of the information stored in them;
form of ownership – state (federal, subject of the federation, municipal), public organizations, joint-stock, private;
accessibility of information – open, closed, confidential;
belonging to a certain information system– library, archival, scientific and technical;
The source of information- official information, publications in the media, statistical reporting, results of sociological research;
purpose and nature of information use – mass regional, departmental;
form of information presentation – text, digital, graphic, multimedia;
Type of storage medium – paper, electronic.
By educational information resources we will understand text, graphic and multimedia information, as well as executable programs(distributions), that is, electronic resources created specifically for use in the learning process at a certain level of education and for a certain subject area.
When working with educational resources, concepts such as subject And an object these resources. Classification of subjects information activities let's do it as follows:
subject creating objects (all users of the educational system - teacher, student);
the subject using the objects (all users of the educational system);
a subject administering objects, that is, providing an environment for working with objects of other subjects (network administrators);
a subject that controls the use of objects by subjects (engineers).
educational materials ( electronic textbooks, teaching aids, abstracts, diplomas),
educational materials ( electronic techniques, learning programs),
scientific and methodological (dissertations, candidate's works),
additional text and illustrative materials (laboratory work, lectures),
testing systems (tests– electronic verification knowledge),
electronic full-text libraries;
electronic periodicals in the field of education;
electronic tables of contents and annotations of articles from periodicals in the field of education,
electronic archives of issues.
Task No. 1
Load the Internet.
In the search bar, enter the phrase “directory of educational resources.”
List what sections include educational resources Internet networks.
Describe any three.
| Name | Characteristic |
Task No. 2
Using the Universal Encyclopedia Reference, find answers to the following questions:
| Question | Answer |
| 1) indicate the time of approval of the Gregorian calendar | |
| ^ 2) what is the diameter of a speck of dust? | |
| 3) indicate the lethal sound level | |
| ^ 4) what is the boiling point of iron | |
| 5) what is the melting point of iodine | |
| ^ 6) indicate the speed of revolution of the Earth around the Sun | |
| 7) what is the mass of the Earth | |
| ^ 8) which mountain in Australia is the highest | |
| 9) describe the Kampa people | |
| ^ 10) indicate the years of Ivan’s reign III | |
| 11) indicate the years of Catherine’s reignII | |
| ^ 12) indicate the years of Ivan’s reign IV | |
| 13) indicate the years of N.S. Khrushchev’s reign. | |
| ^ 14) in what year was the first wooden bicycle invented? |
Task No. 3. Answer the questions:
^
Task No. 4. Draw a conclusion about the laboratory work done:
^ Laboratory work No. 2
Topic: Licensed and freely distributed software products. Organization of software updates using the Internet
Target: study licensed and freely distributed software products; learn how to organize software updates using the Internet.
^ Theoretical information to laboratory work
Classification of programs according to their legal status
Programs according to their legal status can be divided into three large groups: licensed, shareware and freely distributed.
1. Licensed programs . In accordance with the license agreement, the program developers guarantee it normal functioning on a specific operating system and are responsible for it.
Developers usually sell licensed programs in boxed distributions.
The box contains CDs from which the program is installed on users' computers, and a user manual for using the program.
Quite often, developers provide significant discounts when purchasing licenses to use the program on a large number of computers or educational institutions.
2. Conditional free programs . Some software development companies offer shareware programs to users for advertising and market promotion purposes. The user is provided with a version of the program with a certain validity period (after the expiration of the specified validity period, the program stops working if payment has not been made for it) or a version of the program with limited functionality(in case of payment, the user is provided with a code that includes all functions of the program).
3. Free software . Many software manufacturers and computer equipment interested in widespread free distribution of software. To such software can be attributed:
New unfinished (beta) versions software products(this allows them to be widely tested).
Software products that are part of fundamentally new technologies (this allows you to conquer the market).
Additions to previously released programs that correct errors found or expand capabilities.
Drivers for new or improved drivers for existing devices.
License purity (use of software is permissible only within the framework of license agreement).
Possibility of consultation and other forms of support.
Compliance with the characteristics, configuration, class and type of computers, as well as the architecture used computer technology.
Reliability and performance in any of the provided operating modes, at least in a Russian-speaking environment.
Availability of an interface that supports work using the Russian language. For system and instrument software, it is acceptable to have an interface on English language.
Availability of documentation necessary for practical application and mastering software, in Russian.
Ability to use fonts that support Cyrillic.
The presence of a specification that specifies all the requirements for hardware and software necessary for the operation of this software.
Licensed software has a number of advantages.
^ Technical support from the software manufacturer.
^ Software updates.
^ Legitimacy and prestige.
^ Keeping up with technical progress
^ Professional pre-sales consultations
^ Increased functionality
By purchasing unlicensed software, you are at great risk.
^ Administrative liability for copyright infringement
According to Article 7.12 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation 1, import, sale, rental or other illegal use copies of works or phonograms for the purpose of generating income in cases where copies of works or phonograms are counterfeit: entails the imposition of an administrative fine: on legal entities- from 300 to 400 minimum wages with confiscation of counterfeit copies, works and phonograms, as well as materials and equipment used for their reproduction, and other instruments for committing an administrative offense.
^ Criminal liability for copyright infringement
According to Article 146 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2), illegal use of objects of copyright or related rights, as well as the acquisition, storage, transportation of counterfeit copies of works or phonograms for sales purposes, committed on a large scale, is punishable by a fine in the amount of 200 to 400 minimum wages or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of two to four months, or compulsory work for a term of 180 to 240 hours, or imprisonment for a term of up to two years.
^ When using an unlicensed , that is, a version of a software product modified by pirates, a number of problems may arise.
Incorrect operation of the program. A hacked program is a modified program, after the changes there is no past cycle testing.
Unstable work the computer as a whole.
Problems connecting peripherals (incomplete set of device drivers).
Lack of help file, documentation, manual.
Inability to install updates.
Absence technical support product from the developer's side.
Danger of infection computer viruses(from partial data loss to complete loss of content hard drive) or other malware.
Task No. 1. Find on the Internet the law of the Russian Federation “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” and highlight the definitions of the concepts:
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Task 2. After studying the Yandex User Agreement source, answer the following questions:
| Question | Answer |
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Task 3. After studying the presentation “Computer Software” (located on network drive), Fill the table:
| Concept | Meaning of the concept |
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Task 4. After examining the software of the computer you are working on, fill out the list:
Scroll Microsoft programs Office
List of standard programs
Task No. 5. Answer the questions:
^
Task No. 6. Draw a conclusion about the laboratory work done:
^ Laboratory work No. 3
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