Principles of design of parts and assemblies of optical devices. Technological basis for the design of elements and functional devices of optical instruments
Latyev Svyatoslav MikhailovichTutorial is dedicated to the basics of designing modern precision instruments, typical representatives of which are optical instruments containing mechanical, electronic and optical functional devices and elements. The specificity of the design of such devices is that their quality indicators, and first of all indicators of accuracy, manufacturability and reliability, largely depend on the implementation of certain methods, rules and principles of design, methods and methods of parametric and precision synthesis of structures, knowledge of ways and principles for increasing quality targets in design. The textbook is intended for students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of higher education. educational institutions instrument-making profile, as well as engineering and technical workers in industry.
The file will be sent to selected email address. It may take up to 1-5 minutes before you received it.
The file will be sent to your Kindle account. It may take up to 1-5 minutes before you received it.
Please note you"ve to add our email [email protected]
to approved e-mail addresses. Read more.
You can write a book review and share your experiences. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you"ve read. Whether you"ve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them.
TEACHING MANUAL FOR UNIVERSITIES m p. M. Latyev DESIGN OF PRECISION (OPTICAL) INSTRUMENTS [ Lь ] POAYLTECHNIKA "11 PUBLISHING HOUSE St. Petersburg 2007 UDC 681.7 VVK 22.34 L27 The publication was published with the support of: Committee on Printing and Interaction with Mass Media St. Petersburg Latyev S. M . L27 Design of precision (optical) instruments: Textbook. St. Petersburg: Politekhnika, 2007. 579 p.: ill. containing mechanical, electronic, and optical components
Moscow Order of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY named after. N. E. BAUMAN Department of “Optical Instruments for Scientific Research” (RL 3) Rodionov E.M. Tutorial When creating new devices, they perform work called designing and (or) constructing the product. In practice and in the literature, there are two points of view regarding the essence of these terms. In some sources, the entire process of developing a new product is often called design. In the literature these concepts are distinguished. It is believed that design precedes construction and consists of identifying the needs of society for a product, searching for ideas, physical effects, expedient methods and principles of operation, and synthesizing the functional structures of possible options. Design is understood as the development of a specific version of a product based on design results, in which its design is created: structure, composition, relative arrangement of parts and elements, method of their connection and interaction, taking into account manufacturing technology, etc. It should be noted that, despite the difference between the concepts of design and construction, it is impossible to find a clear boundary between these design and engineering procedures. Modern optical devices are increasingly subject to increased requirements for quality indicators, which are laid down already at the design and construction stage. With the complication of design objects, the work of the designer becomes more and more complex and responsible, and the development of the scientific basis for design becomes increasingly important. In recent years, this development has been uneven. Along with the existing powerful apparatus of engineering verification calculations, there are still very few methods of design calculations necessary for the synthesis and optimization of design solutions, and in real design empirical and heuristic methods predominate. Characteristic features of the design of complex objects are the mass nature of the problems being solved and the multivariate nature of possible solutions. Two groups of methods should be distinguished: the method of searching for optimal solutions and methods of assessing possible solutions: the decision-making process is based on the synthesis of both. The main search method at present is the analogy method, due to the personal experience of the designer and experience generalized in reference literature: most decisions are made by this method. The assessment of decisions made is qualitative in nature and only in some cases is based on performing test calculations (for strength, rigidity, accuracy). In cases where difficulties arise in making an unambiguous decision, the designer resorts to the method of enumerating known options. The assessment of options is of great importance and in particularly complex cases is based on verification calculations and even experimental studies, but even then the decision is made on the basis of experience. The main reason for this is due to the current lack of engineering methods for performing assessments based on a large number of criteria. The next stage of complication of the decision-making process is characterized by the insufficiency of the set of known possible options; the design process begins with the search for suitable options, which is carried out by trial and error, and consists of developing new options based on a combination of known ones. Experience shows that the described design methods do not ensure optimal decisions under these conditions. The main reason is the difficulty of simultaneous optimization of object parameters for all indicators. In real design conditions, the designer, although he keeps all the indicators in his field of attention, gives preference only to some, in his opinion, the most critical in this case. Thus, there is currently only limited optimization in design creation. The development of the theoretical foundations of design at the level of synthesis occurs slowly. Therefore, it is necessary, first of all, to develop principles that establish dependencies between design solutions and quality indicators of constructed objects. Only a few works of this kind are known. The main literature on design issues is of a prescription nature, teaches design through examples and does not contain theoretical generalizations. Particularly noteworthy is the role of accuracy theory in the design of instruments. The fundamentals of the theory of accuracy are formulated in the works and continued in the works. Against their background, the lag in design issues is even more clearly visible. In this regard, improving the device design process is of great importance. It is known that parts as an object of design are the primary elements of any real structure. The design of parts represents the most massive operation in the overall process of designing a device. However, very little attention is paid to the design of parts in the literature and production practice. There are scattered recommendations for the design of parts taking into account strength and rigidity, not related to operating conditions and especially to manufacturing and assembly technology. This tutorial focuses on the technological aspect of design. At the Moscow Higher Technical University, at the instrument-making faculty, for more than 40 years there was a course “Instrument Engineering Technology” with a single name for all departments from optics to computers. A course that was not associated with the design of specific devices. See, for example, the textbook “Instrument Making Technology” 1968 - a general educational manual on processes: casting, stamping, plastics, cutting, etc. Although for a long time there was a rule at enterprises abroad: “The product must be designed for the technological process.” There is no technology at all, just like there is no product without technology. Each product, each detail requires its own technology. For example, there may be one process: stamping for computer parts and stamping for iris diaphragms, but manufacturing technologiesdifferent
.
There are known unsuccessful attempts to produce copied products in the country. You can make drawings, even convert inches to mm, but, alas, you cannot copy the technology. It is now a mistake to divide diploma projects into parts: “Design part”, “Technological part”, etc. . It is not divided into parts, it is one whole!! The manual was written on the basis of lectures given by the author to students of departments RL2 and RL3, and also used books by V.V. Kulagina, S.M. Latyeva, S.T. Zuckerman - famous designers of precision mechanisms and instruments. The textbook is devoted to the basics of designing modern precision instruments, typical representatives of which are optical instruments containing mechanical, electronic and optical functional devices and elements. The specificity of the design of such devices is that their quality indicators and, first of all, indicators of accuracy, manufacturability and reliability largely depend on the implementation of certain methods, rules and principles of design, methods and methods of parametric and precision synthesis of structures, knowledge of ways and techniques for increasing target quality indicators for design. The book consists of four parts. The first part discusses methods, general rules and principles for the design of precision instruments and their elements. The second outlines the basics of the theory of accuracy and the concept of instrument reliability. The third part is devoted to modern methods of improving the quality of devices during design, including algorithmic... The textbook is devoted to the basics of designing modern precision instruments, typical representatives of which are optical instruments containing mechanical, electronic and optical functional devices and elements. The specificity of the design of such devices is that their quality indicators and, first of all, indicators of accuracy, manufacturability and reliability largely depend on the implementation of certain methods, rules and principles of design, methods and methods of parametric and precision synthesis of structures, knowledge of ways and techniques for increasing target quality indicators for design. The book consists of four parts. The first part discusses methods, general rules and principles for the design of precision instruments and their elements. The second outlines the basics of the theory of accuracy and the concept of instrument reliability. The third part is devoted to modern methods for improving the quality of devices during design, including algorithmic (digital) error correction. The fourth part provides typical designs of assembly units and elements of precision instruments, and discusses methods for their adjustment and control. The textbook is intended for students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of higher educational institutions of instrument engineering, as well as engineering and technical workers in industry. The textbook is devoted to the basics of designing modern precision instruments, typical representatives of which are optical instruments containing mechanical, electronic and optical functional devices and elements. STRUCTURE OF AN OPTICAL DEVICE. In optical instruments, a transformation of the form y = f(x, qi) occurs, where f is the transformation function; qi - design parameters of the device. The conversion of the input signal of the OP is carried out by its functional devices (FU), which, as a rule, have different physical principles. In Fig. Figure 1.3 shows the composition of a modern OP, based on optical, mechanical and electronic (electrical) FUs and their combination. From a systemic point of view, the FU is a subsystem of the OP, which operates autonomously, but is connected in certain ways to other subsystems (for example, for the transfer of information, energy, matter). Content Download the e-book for free in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download djvu Technological basis for the design of elements and functional devices of optical instruments
Part I. Parts Design Basics
Introduction
2nd edition, corrected and expanded.
The specificity of the design of such devices is that their quality indicators, and first of all indicators of accuracy, manufacturability and reliability, largely depend on the implementation of certain methods, rules and principles of design, methods and methods of parametric and precision synthesis of structures, knowledge of ways and principles for increasing quality targets in design.
The textbook is intended for students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of higher educational institutions of instrument engineering, as well as engineering and technical workers in industry.
An optical device is designed to convert information from an object of observation (detection), measurement or control. In Fig. 1.2 shows a generalized diagram of the functioning of the OP.
Preface
Part I. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING PRECISION INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ELEMENTS
Introduction
Chapter 1. Principles of design of elements and functional devices of optical instruments
1.1. General principles of design of optical instruments
1.1.1. Stages of design work
1.1.2. Quality indicators ensured in the design of optical devices
1.1.3. Optical device structure
1.2. Part Design Principles
1.2.1. General aspects of part design
1.2.2. The principle of joint processing of working and basic elements of a part
1.2.3. The principle of precision manufacturability of parts
1.3. Connection Design Principles
1.3.1. The principle of combining working elements in a connection
1.3.2. The principle of the absence of redundant basing in the connection of parts (static certainty of connections)
1.3.3. The principle of geometric certainty of contact between pairs in a connection
1.3.4. The principle of force closure,
1.3.5. The principle of limiting displacements in connecting parts
1.3.6. Turn limitation principle
1.3.7. The principle of limiting the longitudinal and transverse overhang of working elements
1.3.8. Taking into account the thermal properties of connected parts
1.3.9. Precise manufacturability of connections
1.4. Principles of design of components and functional devices of optical instruments
1.4.1. Abbe's principle
1.4.2. The principle of the shortest chain of transformation
1.4.3. The principle of the largest scale of transformation
1.4.4. The principle of the absence of redundant connections and local mobility in device mechanisms
1.4.5. The principle of the need to align optical devices
Chapter 2. General principles, rules and design methods
2.1. The principle of unification of product designs
2.2. Layout of structures,
2.3. Methods of functional and parametric synthesis of structures
2.4. Disassembly and disposal of products
Bibliography
Part II. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF ACCURACY OF DEVICES AND ELEMENTS
Introduction
Chapter 3. Fundamentals of the theory of accuracy of instruments and elements
3.1. Types of errors, basic concepts and definitions
3.1.1. Methodological errors
3.1.2. Instrumental errors
3.1.3. Accuracy characteristics of instruments and devices
3.2. Error classification
3.2.1. Cause-and-effect structure of errors
3.2.2. Error Properties
3.3. Basic provisions of the linear theory of accuracy
3.4. Methods for finding transfer functions of primary errors
3.4.1. Method of expanding the transformation function into a power series.
3.4.2. Method for differentiating the transformation function.
3.4.3. Geometric method
3.4.4. Method for converting the original device circuit
3.4.5. Small displacement plan method
3.4.6. Vector-matrix method
3.5. Specifics of determining the transfer functions of some primary errors
3.5.1. Influence of vector errors
3.5.2. The influence of gaps in kinematic pairs
3.5.3. Impact of Pointing and Reading Errors
3.5.4. Influence of element deformations
3.5.5. The influence of primary errors and factors on the errors of focal lengths of optical elements
3.6. Types and methods of calculating the accuracy of instruments and elements
3.6.1. Combined method for calculating accuracy
3.6.2. Methods for design calculation of tolerances
3.6.3. Accuracy verification calculation methods
3.7. Calculation of error compensators
Chapter 4. The concept of instrument reliability and its provision
4.1. Concepts and definitions -
4.2. Basic single indicators of instrument reliability
4.2.1. Reliability indicators
4.2.2. Maintainability indicators
4.2.3. Storability indicators
4.2.4. Durability indicators
4.3. Ensuring instrument reliability
4.3.1. Design and engineering activities to improve reliability:
4.3.2. Technological measures to improve reliability:
4.3.3. Operational measures to improve reliability
Bibliography.
Part III. METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF DEVICES DURING DESIGN
Introduction
Chapter 5. Design and technological methods for improving the quality of devices
5.1. Technological method for improving quality
5.2. Design and construction method for improving quality
Chapter 6. Compensatory method of quality improvement
6.1. Methods for compensating errors in optical instruments.
6.2. Feasibility studies for choosing a compensation method
6.3. Block diagrams of error compensation
6.4. Systematic error compensation
6.5. Compensation for random errors and factors
6.6. Digital (algorithmic) error correction
6.7. Adjustment of optical instruments
6.6.1. Structural adjustment diagrams
6.6.2. Quote calculations
Bibliography
Part IV. DESIGN OF TYPICAL OPTICAL PARTS AND ASSEMBLY UNITS OF OPTICAL DEVICES
Introduction
Chapter 7. Requirements for materials of optical parts
7.1. Characteristics of materials of optical parts
7.2. Optical characteristics of materials and standardized quality indicators of optical glass
7.3. Determination of optical material quality requirements
Chapter 8. Typical optical parts. Design of drawings
8.1. General information
8.1.1. Requirements for the design of drawings of optical parts.
8.1.2. Design of optical circuits
8.2. Lenses and lens blocks (glues)
8.3. Prisms
8.4. Mirrors
8.5. Grids, scales, rasters
Chapter 9. Typical structural units, functional devices and their adjustment
9.1 General requirements for optical components and devices
9.2. Designs of fastening units for round optical parts and lens systems
9.2.1. Lens mount
9.2.2. Lens system designs
9.2.3. Adjustment of lens systems of optical instruments.
9.3. Designs of fastening units for prisms, mirrors and their systems
9.3.1. Mounting points for single prisms and prism systems.
9.3.2. Mounting units for mirrors and mirror systems
9.3.3. Adjustment of mirror-prism systems
9.4. Mounting points and adjustment of grids, scales, rasters
9.5. Designs of fastening units and adjustment of radiation sources and receivers
9.6 Photoelectric transducers of linear and angular movements and their adjustment
Bibliography
Applications.
Download the book Design of precision (optical) instruments, Latyev S.M., 2007 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
Below you can buy this book at the best price with a discount with delivery throughout Russia.