Article title
The text of an article that was written by someone. Inko Gnito- its author.
Masonic alphabet. Discussions about the semantics of HTML code with examples. Semantic layout - what is it?
Or substitutions. A table of one-to-one correspondence of the alphabet is compiled source text and code symbols, and in accordance with this table, one-to-one encoding occurs. To decode, you need to know the code table.
Exists big number codes used in different areas of human life. Well-known codes are used mostly for the convenience of transmitting information in one way or another. If the code table is known only to the transmitter and receiver, then the result is a rather primitive cipher that is easily amenable to frequency analysis. But if a person is far from coding theory and is not familiar with frequency analysis of text, then it is quite problematic for him to unravel such ciphers.
A1Z26
The simplest cipher. Called A1Z26 or in the Russian version A1Я33. Letters of the alphabet are replaced by their serial numbers.
"NoZDR" can be encrypted as 14-15-26-4-18 or 1415260418.
Morse code
Letters, numbers and some signs are associated with a set of dots and dashes, which can be transmitted by radio, sound, knocking, light telegraph and flag signal. You can read more about Morse code on the page.
Braille
Braille is a tactile reading system for the blind, consisting of six-dot characters called cells. The cell consists of three dots in height and two dots in width.
Different braille characters are formed by placing dots at different positions within a cell.
For convenience, the points are described when reading as follows: 1, 2, 3 from the left from top to bottom and 4, 5, 6 from the right from top to bottom.
When composing the text, adhere to the following rules:
one cell (space) is skipped between words;
after comma and semicolon the cell is not skipped;
a dash is written together with the previous word;
a digital sign is placed in front of the number.
Code pages
In computer quests and riddles, letters can be encoded according to their codes in various code pages - tables used on computers. For Cyrillic texts, it is best to use the most common encodings: Windows-1251, KOI8, CP866, MacCyrillic. Although for complex encryption you can choose something more exotic.
You can encode hexadecimal numbers, or you can convert them to decimal. For example, the letter E in KOI8-R has the code B3 (179), in CP866 - F0 (240), and in Windows-1251 - A8 (168). Or you can look for a match for the letters in the right tables in the left ones, then the text will turn out to be typed in “crazy words” like èαᬫº∩íαδ (866→437) or Êðàêîçÿáðû (1251→Latin-1).
Here https://www.artlebedev.ru/tools/decoder/advanced/ There is a good decoder for such encrypted texts :)
Masonic cipher
The Masonic cipher is also known as “pigpen” or “tic-tac-toe”. This cipher is a simple substitution cipher in which each letter of the alphabet has a corresponding graphic symbol calculated from one of the grids below.
To encrypt a specific letter using this cipher, you must first locate where that letter is in one of the four grids, and then draw the portion of the grid that surrounds that letter. That is, something like this:
If you know the key (how the letters are arranged in the grids), then it is quite easy to unravel such an inscription. But if the letters in the grids are initially arranged according to some unknown rule (with keyword, one by one or even by chance), then in this situation it can always help
Usage graphic symbols instead of letters is not a big obstacle to cryptanalysis, and this system is identical to others simple circuits monoalphabetic substitution. Due to its simplicity, this cipher is often mentioned in children's books about encryption, secret writing and all sorts of other spy stuff.
The exact time of origin of the cipher is unknown, but some of the found records of this system date back to the 18th century. Variations of this cipher were used by the Rosicrucian Order and the Freemasons. The latter used it quite often in their secret documents and correspondence, which is why the cipher began to be called the Masonic cipher. Even on the tombstones of Masons you can see inscriptions using this code. Similar system encryption was used during the American Civil War by George Washington's army, as well as by prisoners in federal prisons of the Confederate States of the United States.
Below are two (blue and red) options for filling the grid of such ciphers. The letters are arranged in pairs, the second letter from the pair is drawn with a symbol with a dot:
Copyright ciphers
A great variety of ciphers, where one character of the alphabet (letter, number, punctuation mark) corresponds to one (rarely more) graphic sign, has been invented. Most of them were invented for use in science fiction films, cartoons and computer games. Here are some of them:
Dancing men
One of the most famous author's substitution ciphers is “”. It was invented and described by the English writer Arthur Conan Doyle in one of his works about Sherlock Holmes. The letters of the alphabet are replaced by symbols that look like little men in different poses. In the book, little men were not invented for all letters of the alphabet, so fans creatively modified and reworked the symbols, and the result was this cipher:
Thomas More's Alphabet
But such an alphabet was described by Thomas More in his treatise “Utopia” in 1516:
Bill Cipher from the animated series "Gravity Falls"
Jedi alphabet from Star Wars
Alien alphabet from Futurama
Superman's Kryptonian alphabet
Bionicle alphabets
The semantics of HTML code is always a hot topic. Some developers try to always write semantic code. Others criticize dogmatic adherents. And some even have no idea what it is and why it is needed. Semantics are defined in HTML in tags, classes, IDs, and attributes that describe the purpose but do not specify the exact content they contain. That is we're talking about about the separation of content and its format.
Let's start with an obvious example.
Bad code semantics
Article title
And the author
Inko Gnito.Good code semantics
Whether you think HTML5 is ready for use or not, using the tag But not everything is represented so clearly by HTML5 tags. Let's look at a set of class names and see if they meet the semantic requirements. Not semantic code. This is a classic example. Every CSS grid workbench uses these types of class names to define grid elements. Whether it's "yui-b", "grid-4", or "spanHalf" - such names are closer to specifying markup than to describing content. However, their use is unavoidable in most cases when working with modular grid templates. Semantic code. The footer has gained a strong meaning in web design. This is the bottom part of the page, which contains elements such as repeating navigation, usage rights, author information, and so on. This class defines a group for all these elements without describing them. If you have switched to using HTML5, then it is better to use the element Not semantic code. It defines the content precisely. But why does the text have to be big? To stand out from other smaller text? "standOut" (highlight) is more suitable in this case. You may decide to change the style of the highlight text but not do anything about its size, in which case the class name may confuse you. Semantic code. In this case, we are talking about determining the level of importance of an element in the application interface (for example, a paragraph or a button). A higher level element may have bright colors and a larger size, while lower level elements may contain more content. But in this case there is no exact definition of styles, so the code is semantic. This situation is very similar to using tags Semantic code. If only every class name could be so clearly defined! In this case, we have a description of a section that has content whose purpose is easy to describe, just like "tweets", "pagination" or "admin-nav". Not semantic code. In this case, we are talking about setting the style for the first paragraph on the page. This technique is used to attract readers' attention to the material. It is better to use the name "intro", which does not mention the element. But it's even better to use a selector for such paragraphs, such as article p:first-of-type or h1 + p . Not semantic code. This is a very generic class name that is used to organize the formatting of elements. But there is nothing in it that relates to a description of the content. Various semantic theorists recommend using a class name like "group" in such cases. It is likely that they are right. Since this element undoubtedly serves to group several other elements, the recommended name will better describe its purpose without diving into details. Not semantic code. Too detailed description of the content format. It is better to choose another name that will describe the content rather than its format. Semantic code. The class describes the status of the content very well. For example, a success message may have a completely different style from an error message. Not semantic code. This example attempts to define the format of the content rather than its purpose. "plain-jane" is very similar to "normal" or "regular". The ideal CSS code should be written in such a way that there is no need for class names like "regular" that describe the format of the content. Not semantic code. These types of classes are typically used to define site elements that should not be included in the link chain. In this case, it's better to use something like rel=nofollow for links, but not a class for all content. Not semantic code. This is an attempt to describe the format of the content, not its purpose. Let's say you have two articles on your website. And you want to give them different styles. "Movie Reviews" will have a blue background, and "Breaking News" will have a red background and a larger font size. One way to solve the problem is this: Another way is this: Surely, if you interview several developers about which code is more consistent with the semantic requirements, the majority will point to the first option. It perfectly corresponds to the material of this lesson: a description of the purpose without links to formatting. And the second option indicates the format (“blueBg” is the class name, which is formed from two English words meaning “blue background”). If you suddenly decide to change the design of movie reviews - for example, make a green background, then the class name "blueBg" will turn into a developer's nightmare. And the name “movie-review” will allow you to absolutely easily change design styles while maintaining an excellent level of code support. But no one claims that the first example is better in all cases without exception. Let's say that a certain shade of blue is used in many places on the site. For example, it is the background for some of the footer and areas in the sidebar. You can use the following selector: Movie-review, footer > div:nth-of-type(2), aside > div:nth-of-type(4) ( background: #c2fbff; ) An effective solution, since the color is determined in only one place. But such code becomes difficult to maintain, since it has a long selector that is difficult to visually understand. You will also need other selectors to define unique styles, which will result in code repetition. Or you can take a different approach and keep them separated: Movie-review ( background: #c2fbff; /* Color definition */ ) footer > div:nth-of-type(2) ( background: #c2fbff; /* And one more thing */ ) aside > div:nth-of- type(4) ( background: #c2fbff; /* And one more thing */ ) This style helps keep the CSS file more organized (different areas are defined in different sections). But the price to pay is repetition of definitions. For large sites, identifying the same color can reach several thousand times. Terrible! A solution would be to use a class like "blueBg" to define the color once and insert it in the HTML code when you want to use that design. Of course, it's better to call it "mainBrandColor" or "secondaryFont" to get rid of the formatting description. You can sacrifice code semantics in favor of saving resources. Semantics(French sémantique from ancient Greek σημαντικός - denoting) - the science of understanding certain signs, sequences of symbols and other symbols. This science is used in many fields: linguistics, proxemics, pragmatics, etymology, etc. I can’t imagine what these words mean and what all these sciences do. And it doesn’t matter, I’m interested in the issue of using semantics in website layout. I will not touch on the term Semantic Web here. At first glance, it may seem that the topics Semantic Web and semantic HTML code are almost the same thing. But in fact, the Semantic Web is a rather philosophical concept and does not have much in common with current reality. In a language, every word has a specific meaning and purpose. When you say “sausage,” you mean a food product that is minced meat (usually meat) in an oblong casing. In short, you mean sausage, not milk or green peas. HTML is also a language, its “words” called tags also have a certain logical meaning and purpose. For this reason, first of all semantic HTML code is a layout with the correct use of HTML tags, using them for their intended purpose, as they were intended by the developers of the HTML language and web standards. microformats.org is a community that works to bring idealistic ideas to life Semantic Web into life by bringing the page layout closer to those same semantic ideals. If information on my website is displayed the same way as on the design, why bother racking your brain and thinking about some kind of semantics?! Same extra work! Who needs this?! Who will appreciate this except another layout designer? I often heard such questions. Let's figure it out. Increases the availability of information on the site. First of all, this is important for alternative agents such as: Search engines are constantly improving their search methods to ensure that the results contain the information you want. really looking user. Semantic HTML facilitates this because... lends itself much better analysis— the code is cleaner, the code is logical (you can clearly see where the headings are, where the navigation is, where the content is). Good content plus high-quality semantic layout is already a serious application for good positions in search engine results. The purpose is given by the following categories: Generate the most general prince to create this code Showing in general view with examples of its capabilities Path detection possible. Article 100,000th dictionary Create a trial system. We operate a dictionary of about 400 words and expressions. And answering the question to the text in a page was not difficult. A similar MB system was built linguistically in 2-3 months, debugged in program form in 2 months. In this case, you can search for the same text in both RY and SL Despite all the art of the text, and it practically contains excess information, such information does not exist in real texts. This work is an analogue of the brute-force understanding system under one condition: if we decide what machine understanding is? The principles are contained in two main points: First of all, a holistic picture of the world... into multiple separate parts. Pr0th. That is why the teaching is often about “mosaic” knowledge. Thus, in the monograph of French research by A. Mohl, an entire section is devoted to mosaic culture and mass communication, creating a mosaic picture of the world Most often, these Pr0s are not connected with each other and due to the lack of a common terminology system. This disunity prevents the formalization of even nominal knowledge about the world. This is due to the fact that, within the framework of Pr0, the encounter is again divided into sub-knowledge. When discussing and trying to form them, the very ism of knowledge increments does not learn due to their mozheriza. Knowledge is acquired only through the completion of the IGF, and not through the log derivation of new knowledge on the basis of old ones. Meanwhile, the child, having mastered the world, models and modernizes. The reasons for the creation of such a scientific system are completely different. One of them is the absence of a mating apparatus and empiricism and the dictates of practice. The very absence of the MB device and the ignorance that this app is in your hands, but you don’t see it. Meaning refers to those mysterious phenomena that are considered to be generally known, since they constantly appear in both scientific and everyday communication. In fact, not only does it not have any strict generally accepted definition, but at the descriptive level there is a wide range of opinions about what it is. Sometimes it is assumed that meaning belongs to those most general categories that cannot be defined and should be taken as a given. Currently, due to the need to solve a number of pressing problems of both theoretical and applied nature, where the concept of meaning plays a key role, certain clarifications of this concept are required. The ontology of meaning acquires special significance in connection with those changes in the understanding of the object, subject and tasks of linguistics that have already occurred and continue to occur at the present time. If during the period when the absolutization of language as a self-sufficient autonomous entity dominated, meaning often acted only as some optional phenomenon located on the periphery of the interests of researchers, then when turning to speech, text, and discourse, meaning begins to appear as one of the most fundamental categories. S.A. Vasiliev distinguishes between objective and textual meaning. He associates the objective meaning with the mechanism of isolation and awareness of the objects of reality. In this regard, the basis of meaning, according to the author, is the ability to establish identity and difference. “Things are indistinguishable if they have the same meaning for a person, just as stamped copies of the same part are indistinguishable” (Vasiliev 1988, 96). S.A. Vasiliev identifies several components of meaning. One of these components is the subject objectification of human experience in the form of knowledge about a given subject. But, according to the author, it forms only the most general component of meaning, intersubjective in its source, having universal human value. In addition, the meaning also contains components that express the life attitudes of its carriers, their special relationship to the objective world. These two components of meaning underlie interindividual communication, and therefore are deposited in their consciousness and recorded as stable, repeating components, constantly reproduced in speech. In addition, the meaning includes individual experience, the individual’s deeply personal relationship with an object and the resulting expectations, attachments, emotions, and memorable associations that distinguish this object from many similar ones. All this constitutes, in the author’s terminology, “meaning-value,” which relates not only to the objective world, but is also realized at the level of the text, constituting one of its semantic levels. Another level of the text is the “meaning-message”, i.e. what the author wanted to say. All this allows the author to conclude that the “meaning-message” contained in the text is a specific property that distinguishes it from all other objects that are not texts, but the “meaning-value” that the text acquires as a result of its inclusion in the system of life human society, on the contrary, brings it closer to other objects, makes it an element of the objective universe in which all human life unfolds. Characterizing the “meaning-message”, S.A. Vasiliev draws attention to one very significant feature of it. He asks the question: why is the meaning of a whole statement always greater than the sum of the meanings that form its words? In this regard, he analyzes a fragment of M.Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”, in particular, Maksimych’s words characterizing Pechorin’s behavior: “... the shutters will knock, he will tremble and turn pale; and with me he went to the wild boar one on one ..." The author notes that the above words do not in themselves recreate the meaning of the hero's behavior. He believes that it is the behavior itself, the act itself that “speaks” here: fearfulness, courage... No matter how we combine these words, we will never get the meaning of fearfulness, courage. The conjunction “a” here contrasts the meaning not of two parts of the phrase, but of two modes of behavior that we understand on the basis of our individual and learned collective experience. As a result, the author makes a conclusion that is extremely important for understanding the nature of meaning: “Here the use of non-verbal means in a verbal text occurs” (Vasiliev 1988, 98). This, firstly, indicates the extralinguistic nature of the meaning, and secondly, that it is external in relation to the text, since it is associated with the actualization of past experience, knowledge, and evaluative and emotional components of the individual’s consciousness. In addition, from this we can conclude that the meaning is not contained directly in the text, but is derived from the process of understanding, in which it actually arises as a certain substance. This conclusion arises as an objective consequence arising from the author’s reasoning, although it conflicts with some of his other provisions. Web designers and developers love to throw around jargon and abstruse phrases, which are sometimes difficult for us to understand. This article will focus on semantic code. Let's figure out what it is! What is semantic code? Even if you're not a web designer, you probably know that your site was written in HTML. HTML was originally intended as a means of describing the content of a document, rather than as a means of making it look visually pleasing. Semantic code returns to this original concept and encourages web designers to write code that describes content, rather than what it should look like. For example, the page title could be programmed as follows: This is the page title
This would make the title large and bold, giving it the appearance of a page title, but there is nothing in it that describes it as a “title” in the code. This means that the computer cannot recognize it as the title of the page. When writing a title semantically, in order for the computer to recognize it as a “title”, we must use the following code: The appearance of the header can be determined in separate file, which is called “Cascading Style Sheets” (CSS), without interfering with your descriptive (semantic) HTML code. Why is semantic code important? The computer's ability to correctly recognize content is important for several reasons: Semantic code also has other advantages: How can you make sure a website is using semantic code? On this moment there is no tool that can check for semantic code. It all comes down to checking for colors, fonts, or layouts in the code instead of describing the content. If code analysis sounds scary, a great starting point is to ask your web designer - is he coding with semantics in mind? If he looks at you blankly or starts making ridiculous chatter, then you can be sure that he is not coding this way. At this moment, you must decide whether to give him a new direction in his work, or find yourself a new designer?!indicating the class. The title of the article becomes the title, the table of contents becomes the paragraph, and the bold text becomes the tag. .
,
,
, and so on, but to other interface elements.
But...
The note
Semantic layout - what is it?
Why and who needs semantic layout at all?
Semantic HTML for web developers
Semantic code for users
Semantic HTML for machines
Semantic code. His goals. Purpose. Construction principle. Possibilities.
Purpose of semantic code. The term "meaning".
This is the title
The last notes
