Touch water faucets. Touch mixers. Induction touch screens

A touch screen is a device for input and output of information through a touch- and gesture-sensitive display. As you know, screens modern devices not only display an image, but also allow you to interact with the device. Initially, familiar buttons were used for such interaction, then the equally famous “mouse” manipulator appeared, which significantly simplified the manipulation of information on the computer display. However, the “mouse” requires a horizontal surface to work and mobile devices not very suitable. This is where the add-on comes in handy. normal screen – Touch Screen, which is also known as Touch Panel, touch panel, touch film. That is, in fact, the touch element is not a screen - it is additional device, installed on top of the display from the outside, protecting it and serving to enter the coordinates of touching the screen with a finger or other object.

Usage

Today touch screens are widely used in mobile electronic devices. Initially, the touchscreen was used in the design of pocket personal computers(PDA, PDA), now the championship is held by communicators, mobile phones, players and even photo and video cameras. However, finger control technology virtual buttons on the screen turned out to be so convenient that almost all payment terminals, many modern ATMs, electronic information kiosks and other devices used in in public places.

Laptop with touch screen

It should also be noted laptops, some models of which are equipped with a rotating touch screen, which gives mobile computer not only greater functionality, but also greater flexibility in controlling it on the street and in the air.

Unfortunately, there are not many similar laptop models, popularly called “transformers,” but they do exist.

In general, touch screen technology can be described as the most convenient when you need instant access to device control without preliminary preparation and with amazing interactivity: controls can change each other depending on the activated function. Anyone who has ever worked with touch device, the above is perfectly understandable.

Types of touch screens

There are several types of touch panels known today. Naturally, each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Let us highlight four main structures:

• Resistive
• Capacitive
• Projected capacitive

In addition to the indicated screens, matrix and infrared screens are used, but due to their low accuracy, their scope of application is extremely limited.

Resistive

Resistive touch panels are among the most simple devices. At its core, such a panel consists of a conductive substrate and a plastic membrane that have a certain resistance. When you press the membrane, it closes with the substrate, and the control electronics determines the resulting resistance between the edges of the substrate and the membrane, calculating the coordinates of the point of pressure.

The advantage of a resistive screen is its low cost and simplicity of design. They have excellent resistance to stains. The main advantage of resistive technology is sensitivity to any touch: you can work with your hand (including gloves), a stylus (pen) and any other hard, blunt object (for example, the upper end of a ballpoint pen or a corner plastic card). However, there are also quite serious disadvantages: resistive screens are sensitive to mechanical damage, such a screen is easy to scratch, so you often need to additionally purchase a special protective film, protecting the screen. In addition, resistive panels do not work very well at low temperatures, and also have low transparency - no more than 85% transmittance luminous flux display.

Using a touch pen

Application

• Communicators
• Cell Phones
• POS terminals
• Tablet PC
• Industry (control devices)
• Medical equipment

Communicator

Capacitive

Capacitive touch screen technology is based on the principle that an object large capacity(V in this case humans) are capable of conducting electric current. The essence of the work capacitive technology consists of applying an electrically conductive layer to the glass, while a weak light is applied to each of the four corners of the screen alternating current. If you touch the screen with a grounded object of large capacity (finger), current will leak. The closer the point of contact (and therefore the leakage) is to the electrodes in the corners of the screen, the greater the strength of the leakage current, which is recorded by the control electronics, which calculates the coordinates of the point of contact.

Capacitive screens are very reliable and durable, their service life is hundreds of millions of clicks, they perfectly resist pollution, but only those that do not conduct electric current. Compared to resistive ones, they are more transparent. However, the disadvantages are still the possibility of damage to the electrically conductive coating and insensitivity to touch with non-conductive objects, even with gloved hands.

Information kiosk

Application

• In secured premises
• Information kiosks
• Some ATMs

Projected capacitive

Projective-capacitive screens are based on measuring the capacitance of a capacitor formed between the human body and a transparent electrode on the surface of the glass, which in this case is a dielectric. Due to the fact that the electrodes are applied to the inner surface of the screen, such a screen is extremely resistant to mechanical damage, and taking into account the possibility of using thick glass, projective capacitive screens can be used in public places and on the street without any special restrictions. In addition, this type of screen recognizes pressing with a gloved finger.

Payment terminal

These screens are quite sensitive and distinguish between finger and conductive pen presses, and some models can recognize multiple presses (multi-touch). Features of a projective capacitive screen are high transparency, durability, and immunity to most contaminants. The downside of this screen is that it’s not very high accuracy, as well as the complexity of the electronics processing the coordinates of the press.

Application

• Electronic kiosks on the streets
• Payment terminals
• ATMs
• Laptop touchpads
• iPhone

With determination of surface acoustic waves

The essence of the operation of the touch panel with the determination of surface acoustic waves is the presence of ultrasonic vibrations in the thickness of the screen. When you touch the vibrating glass, the waves are absorbed, and the point of contact is recorded by the screen sensors. The advantages of technology can be called high reliability and pressure recognition (unlike capacitive screens). The disadvantages are poor protection from factors environment, therefore, screens with surface acoustic waves cannot be used outdoors, and in addition, such screens are afraid of any contamination that blocks their operation. Rarely used.

Other, rare types of touch screens

• Optical screens. The glass is illuminated with infrared light; as a result of touching such glass, light scatters, which is detected by a sensor.
• Induction screens. Inside the screen there is a coil and a grid of sensitive wires that respond to touch by an active pen powered by electromagnetic resonance. It is logical that such screens respond to touches only with a special pen. Used in expensive graphics tablets.
• Strain gauges – react to screen deformation. Such screens have low accuracy, but are very durable.
• The infrared ray grid is one of the very first technologies that allows you to recognize touches on the screen. The grid consists of many light emitters and receivers located on the sides of the screen. It reacts to the blocking of the corresponding rays by objects, on the basis of which it determines the coordinates of the press.

• Move two fingers together – zoom out the image (text)
• Spread two fingers to the sides – increase (Zoom)
• Movement of several fingers at the same time - scrolling text, pages in the browser
• Rotate with two fingers on the screen – rotate the image (screen)

About the benefits and disadvantages of touch screens

IN handheld devices Touch screens have been around for a long time. There are several reasons for this:

• Ability to make a minimum number of controls
• Simplicity of the graphical interface
• Ease of control
• Ease of access to device functions
• Expanding multimedia capabilities

However, there are more than enough disadvantages:

• Lack of haptic feedback
• Frequent need to use a pen (stylus)
• Possibility of screen damage
• The appearance of fingerprints and other dirt on the screen
• Higher energy consumption

As a result, it is not always possible to completely get rid of the keyboard, because it is much more convenient to type text using familiar keys. But the touch screen is more interactive, thanks to more operational access to menu items and settings of modern gadgets.

We hope this material will help you when choosing a touch screen device.

Discuss on the forum

One of the latest developments from plumbing manufacturers is sensor-based faucets for sinks and sinks. They are equipped infrared sensor and supplies water only when a person’s hands are within its sensitivity zone. Equipment requires batteries or access to electrical power to operate.

Touch faucets

Touchless touch faucets are convenient for use at home and public restrooms. The devices not only automatically supply, but also turn off water. This allows you to reduce payment costs utilities. In addition, the faucet with a motion sensor is highly wear-resistant. Its monolithic metal case does not contain rotating parts and mechanisms that can fail due to intensive use. Additional reliability is ensured by high-quality installation. Thus, the HANSGROHE Focus 31174000 model is installed using SoftPEX hoses (especially durable hoses).

With each use, the touch-sensitive sink faucet supplies water at a comfortable temperature and pressure. These parameters are configured individually by the user. The ORAS ELECTRA 6150F model is equipped with a separate lever for this purpose.

Touchless sensor faucets are also convenient to use in the kitchen. They provide good water pressure and allow the housewife to free her hands. An example of such equipment is the KLUDI E-GO 422150575 mixer.

You can buy a touch mixer right now in the 220 Volt online store.

Bathroom or kitchen equipment the latest news from the world of plumbing - not so much a tribute to fashion, but reasonable approach to the consumption of natural resources. Therefore, to save money, you can use a sensor water faucet in your home, which will not only help you save money, but will also become convenient assistant in daily affairs.

Peculiarities

The appearance of the touch tap raises an obsessive question - how to regulate the flow of water, turn the device on and off? Faced with this, future owners of this miracle of technology should know at least a minimum of information about the principle of operation of a touch-sensitive water tap.

The device is a monolithic faucet without any valves or other methods of regulating the flow of water. The action is carried out thanks to photocells and sensors of ultrasonic and infrared signals. They are the ones who detect the presence of foreign objects near the tap. All signal receiving components are installed in the crane itself. The signal is received in the so-called sensitivity zone, which is different for each device. Average sensitivity is approximately 25 cm. This means that the sensor will work when an object approaches it at a distance of 25 cm or closer. To regulate the water temperature, the touch faucet has special valves.

The device is powered by removable batteries, which last for approximately 2 years. After this, you can simply replace the battery and the faucet will work again. One battery lasts approximately four thousand starts.

A sensor faucet is a good water saver that will not let you forget about the water being turned on. He will turn it off himself when the owner moves away from the washbasin.

How the device works

The touch tap is driven by an induction sensor and a control unit. The sensor creates a magnetic field that detects any object entering its boundaries. When an object moves in the zone sensitivity the control unit receives a signal about the need to supply water. When the magnetic field no longer detects movement, the power supply stops the water flow.

The water supply is controlled by a solenoid valve. When motion is detected, the magnetic field applies an electrical voltage that affects the solenoid valve core. During the lifting of the valve core and its membrane, water is supplied. If the batteries are discharged and the signals weaken, the water supply will stop.

Available in two types depending on the type of food. Some can be plugged directly into an outlet, while others require batteries. For safety reasons, it is better to use taps with batteries rather than those directly connected to the mains.

Principle of operation

Installation steps

Advantages and disadvantages

Like any thing, sensory designs have advantages, but they are not without disadvantages. For better visualization the characteristic can be presented in the form of a table.

As you can see, the advantages of sensor nozzles for saving water are much greater than the disadvantages. If we talk about the frequency of breakdowns, which was not included in the table, it is worth noting that touch-sensitive taps break down no more often than conventional faucets and if the tap breaks down, it will need to be repaired.

Types of sensor taps for water

According to its type, the water-economy is available in a variety of variants. According to the purpose of the design there are:

• kitchen spouts with a swivel spout, for example for a sink;
• for urinals - built-in or external;
• for toilets that supply water after and for a certain time.

With swivel spout

For urinals

By appearance they distinguish the following types taps:

• with built-in sensor and many functions and settings;
• simple non-contact models with backlight.

Also, mixers are divided depending on the length of the gander, taking into account the type of sensor, and so on.

With sensor

When choosing a water supply device, you should pay attention to following features favorite model:

• possibility to make settings for at will(for example, you can adjust the sensitivity zone);
• adjustment of the supply time (water is supplied a few seconds after you raise your hands, which eliminates cases of accidental supply);
• possibility of temperature adjustment;
• the strength of the material from which the mixer is made;
• appearance and harmony with the overall interior.

After purchasing the mixer, its installation does not cause problems. Most units are attached to a water connection in a standard way, so there are no difficulties. The mixer setup and rules of use are described in detail in the manual for the specific model.

Alternative option

The disadvantages of touch taps described above are tolerable, but undesirable. So that the housewife does not have to experience inconvenience with the supply of water and its temperature, American craftsmen offer alternatives to touch taps - touch nozzles. These attachments operate in a similar way to taps, but they are attached to the gander itself, screwing into the thread. The advantages of such a nozzle are obvious:

• by easily dismantling the nozzle, you can get a faucet that is familiar in everyday life;
• the price of nozzles is significantly lower than that of taps;
• the work of the nozzle comes from ordinary elements nutrition;
• many models have the same functional settings, as the crane;
• The attachment allows you to completely disable the sensor function.

Touch attachment

The only thing that can stop you from purchasing a nozzle is the appearance of the faucet after its installation. Often the attachments look a little rough, as they do not fit into the overall style of the room. However, with most positive characteristics of this device, many housewives neglect aesthetics, choosing, first of all, savings family budget. And this is an important advantage of water supply devices - real benefits and savings.

Video

Photo

Based on the difference in how information is entered, screen sensors are divided into two types: resistive screens and capacitive ones.

Resistive type

Resistive type - a screen that responds to pressure from almost any hard object. As a rule, phones with this sensor come with a stylus - a special stick.

What can be attributed to the advantages of such a display: price! they are so inexpensive to produce and fill an extremely large niche.

One more important advantage is that they are very resistant to contamination. To put it quite simply, if you see (at least somehow) the buttons, then they work!

Regarding the disadvantages, it is worth noting that the light conductivity is not very high.

There are two types of resistive screens: four-wire and five-wire

Capacitive type

Capacitive type - the same as in resistive type, There are two types of capacitive screens - surface capacitive type, and projected capacitive type.

Surface capacitive type: the screen uses the principle of alternating current electric current high capacity item.

Sensor capacitive type This is a glass panel covered with a layer of conductor. Electrodes located at the corners of the screen feed it AC voltage. When a person touches with a finger or any other leading object, a flow of current occurs. The current in all corners of the screen is recorded by special sensors and transmitted to the controller, which calculates the coordinates of the touch point.

The capacitive type of screen is more reliable (designed for 200 million touches on one point versus 35 million), does not allow liquids to pass through and is resistant to non-conductive contaminants. Another advantage of this type is that the screen transparency is 90%.

Now about the disadvantages - the screen will not work when you are wearing a glove, this is the first drawback. The second disadvantage is that multi-touch is not possible on it.

Projected capacitive type: A grid of electrodes is applied inside the screen. Together with the human body, these electrodes create a capacitor.

The features of this type include: advantages - screen transparency is about 90%, unusually wide range temperatures, many screens can be operated even while wearing gloves. Multitouch appeared here. And finally, these screens are very durable.

The disadvantages include the price of such a sensor and the complexity of production.

Therefore, if you are choosing which touch screen to get a phone with, I personally advise you to get a projected capacitive type.

Application

Touch screens are used in payment terminals, information kiosks, trade automation equipment, pocket computers, mobile phones, game consoles, operator panels in industry.

Advantages and disadvantages of handheld devices

Advantages

• Simplicity of the interface.
• The device can combine small dimensions and a large screen.
• Speed ​​dialing in a relaxed environment.
• Seriously expanding multimedia capabilities apparatus.

Flaws

Advantages and disadvantages of stationary devices

Advantages

In information and vending machines, operator panels and other devices that do not have active input, touch screens have proven to be very convenient way human-machine interaction. Advantages:

• Increased reliability.
• Resistance to harsh external influences (including vandalism), dust and moisture resistance.

Flaws

These disadvantages prevent the use only touch screen in devices with which a person works for hours. However, in a well-designed device, the touch screen may not be the only input device - for example, at a cashier's workplace, the touch screen may be used to quick selection product, and the keyboard is for entering numbers.

How touch screens work

There are many different types touch screens that operate on different physical principles.

Resistive touch screens

Four-wire screen

Operating principle of 4-wire resistive touch screen

A resistive touch screen consists of a glass panel and a flexible plastic membrane. A resistive coating is applied to both the panel and the membrane. The space between the glass and the membrane is filled with micro-insulators, which are evenly distributed over the active area of ​​the screen and reliably isolate conductive surfaces. When the screen is pressed, the panel and membrane are closed, and the controller, using an analog-to-digital converter, registers the change in resistance and converts it into touch coordinates (X and Y). IN general outline The reading algorithm is as follows:

1. A voltage of +5V is applied to the upper electrode, and the lower one is grounded. The left and right are short-circuited, and the voltage on them is checked. This voltage corresponds to the Y-coordinate of the screen.
2. Similarly, +5V and ground are supplied to the left and right electrodes, and the X-coordinate is read from the top and bottom.

There are also eight-wire touch screens. They improve tracking accuracy, but do not improve reliability.

Five-wire screen

The five-wire screen is more reliable due to the fact that the resistive coating on the membrane is replaced by a conductive one (the 5-wire screen continues to work even with a cut through membrane). The rear glass has a resistive coating with four electrodes at the corners.

Initially, all four electrodes are grounded, and the membrane is “pulled up” by a resistor to +5V. The voltage level across the membrane is constantly monitored by an analog-to-digital converter. When nothing is touching the touch screen, the voltage is 5V.

As soon as the screen is pressed, the microprocessor detects the change in membrane voltage and begins to calculate the coordinates of the touch as follows:

1. A voltage of +5V is applied to the two right electrodes, the left ones are grounded. The voltage on the screen corresponds to the X-coordinate.
2. The Y-coordinate is read by connecting both upper electrodes to +5V and to ground both lower ones.

Peculiarities

Resistive touch screens are cheap and resistant to contamination. Resistive screens respond to touch with any smooth, hard object: a hand (bare or gloved), a stylus, credit card, mediator. They are used wherever vandalism and low temperatures are not excluded: for automation of industrial processes, in medicine, in the service sector (POS terminals), in personal electronics (PDA). The best samples provide an accuracy of 4096x4096 pixels.

The disadvantages of resistive screens are low light transmission (no more than 85% for 5-wire models and even lower for 4-wire models), low durability (no more than 35 million clicks per point) and insufficient resistance to vandalism (the film is easy to cut).

Matrix touch screens

Design and operating principle

The design is similar to resistive, but simplified to the limit. Horizontal conductors are applied to the glass, and vertical conductors are applied to the membrane.

When you touch the screen, the conductors touch. The controller determines which conductors are shorted and transmits the corresponding coordinates to the microprocessor.

Peculiarities

They have very low accuracy. Interface elements have to be specially positioned taking into account the cells of the matrix screen. The only advantage is simplicity, cheapness and unpretentiousness. Typically matrix screens are queried row by row (similar to a button matrix); this allows you to set up multi-touch. They are gradually being replaced by resistive ones.

Capacitive touch screens

Design and operating principle

A capacitive (or surface capacitive) screen takes advantage of the fact that a high-capacity object conducts alternating current.

A capacitive touch screen is a glass panel coated with a transparent resistive material (usually an alloy of indium oxide and tin oxide). Electrodes located at the corners of the screen apply a small alternating voltage (the same for all corners) to the conductive layer. When you touch the screen with your finger or other conductive object, current leaks. Moreover, the closer the finger is to the electrode, the lower the screen resistance, which means the greater the current. The current in all four corners is recorded by sensors and transmitted to the controller, which calculates the coordinates of the touch point.

In earlier models of capacitive screens, direct current was used - this simplified the design, but bad contact the user with the ground led to failures.

Capacitive touch screens are reliable, about 200 million clicks (about 6 and a half years of clicks with an interval of one second), do not leak liquids and tolerate non-conductive contaminants very well. Transparency at 90%. However, the conductive coating located directly on the outer surface is still vulnerable. Therefore, capacitive screens are widely used in machines only installed in a weather-protected room. They do not respond to a gloved hand.

It is worth noting that due to differences in terminology, surface- and projected-capacitive screens are often confused. According to the classification used in this article, the screen of, for example, an iPhone is projective capacitive, but not capacitive.

Projected capacitive touch screens

Design and operating principle

On inside The screen is covered with a grid of electrodes. The electrode together with the human body forms a capacitor; the electronics measures the capacitance of this capacitor (supplies a current pulse and measures the voltage).

Peculiarities

The transparency of such screens is up to 90%, temperature Range extremely wide. Very durable (the bottleneck is the complex electronics that process clicks). PESE can use glass up to 18 mm thick, which leads to extreme vandal resistance. They do not react to non-conductive contaminants; conductive contaminants are easily suppressed using software methods. Therefore, projected capacitive touch screens are widely used in personal electronics and in vending machines, including those installed on the street.

It is worth noting that due to differences in terminology, surface- and projected-capacitive screens are often confused. According to the classification used in this article, the iPhone screen (the founder of the “technology boom”, approximately 2007) is projected capacitive.

Touch screens based on surface acoustic waves

Design and operating principle

The screen is a glass panel with piezoelectric transducers (PETs) located in the corners. At the edges of the panel there are reflective and receiving sensors. The operating principle of such a screen is as follows. A special controller generates a high-frequency electrical signal and sends it to the probe. The probe converts this signal into a surfactant, and the reflective sensors reflect it accordingly. These reflected waves are received by the corresponding sensors and sent to the probe. The probes, in turn, receive the reflected waves and convert them into an electrical signal, which is then analyzed by the controller. When you touch the screen with your finger, some of the energy from the acoustic waves is absorbed. The receivers record this change, and the microcontroller calculates the position of the touch point. Reacts to touch with an object capable of absorbing the wave (finger, gloved hand, porous rubber).

Peculiarities

Main dignity screen on surface acoustic waves (SAW) is the ability to track not only the coordinates of a point, but also the force of pressing (here, rather, the ability to accurately determine the radius or area of ​​pressing), due to the fact that the degree of absorption of acoustic waves depends on the pressure at the point of contact ( the screen does not bend under finger pressure and is not deformed, so the pressing force does not entail qualitative changes in the controller’s processing of data on the coordinates of the impact, which only records the area that overlaps the path of the acoustic pulses). This device has very high transparency since the light from the imaging device passes through glass that does not contain resistive or conductive coatings. In some cases, glass is not used at all to combat glare, and emitters, receivers and reflectors are attached directly to the screen of the display device. Despite the complexity of the design, these screens are quite durable. According to, for example, the American company Tyco Electronics and the Taiwanese company GeneralTouch, they can withstand up to 50 million touches at one point, which exceeds the life of a 5-wire resistive screen. Surfactant screens are used mainly in slot machines, in protected help systems And educational institutions. As a rule, surfactant screens are divided into regular ones - 3 mm thick, and vandal-resistant ones - 6 mm. The latter can withstand a blow from the fist of an average man or a drop of a metal ball weighing 0.5 kg from a height of 1.3 meters (according to Elo Touch Systems). The market offers options for connecting to a computer both via the RS232 interface and via USB interface. On this moment The most popular are controllers for surfactant touch screens that support both types of connection - combo (data from Elo Touch Systems).

Main disadvantage surfactant-based screens may malfunction in the presence of vibration or when exposed to acoustic noise, as well as when the screen is dirty. Any foreign object, placed on the screen (for example, chewing gum), completely blocks its operation. Besides, this technology requires contact with an object that necessarily absorbs acoustic waves - that is, for example, a plastic bank card is not applicable in this case.

The accuracy of these screens is higher than matrix ones, but lower than traditional capacitive ones. As a rule, they are not used for drawing and entering text.

Infrared touch screens

The principle of operation of the infrared touch panel is simple - the grid formed by horizontal and vertical infrared rays is interrupted when any object touches the monitor. The controller determines the location where the beam was interrupted.

Peculiarities

Infrared touch screens are sensitive to contamination and are therefore used where image quality is important, for example, in e-books. Due to its simplicity and maintainability, the scheme is popular with the military. Intercom keypads are often made on this principle. This type screen is used in mobile phones Neonode company.

Optical touch screens

The glass panel is equipped with infrared illumination. At the glass-air boundary, total internal reflection is obtained; at the glass-foreign object boundary, light is scattered. All that remains is to capture the scattering pattern; for this there are two technologies:

Peculiarities

They allow you to distinguish hand presses from presses with any objects, there is a multi-touch. Large touch surfaces are possible, up to and including a chalkboard.

Strain gauge touch screens

React to screen deformation. The accuracy of strain gauge screens is low, but they are highly resistant to vandalism. The application is similar to projected capacitive ones: ATMs, ticket machines and other devices located on the street.

DST touch screens

Main article: Dispersive Signal Technology

The DST (Dispersiv́e Signal Technology) touch screen responds to glass deformation. It is possible to press the screen with your hand or any object. Distinctive feature is high speed reactions and the ability to work in conditions where the screen is heavily soiled.

Induction touch screens

An inductive touch screen is a graphics tablet with a built-in screen. Such screens only respond to a special pen.

They are used when a reaction to pressing with a pen (and not a hand) is required: art tablets high-end class, some tablet PC models.

Pivot table

1 Supported with limitations.
2 If you only need a glass panel, without any transparent conductive films - roughly 95%. If you don’t even need it (you can use the standard screen covering) - conditionally 100%
3 High - up to a pixel (accurately tracks a sharp pen). Medium - up to several pixels (enough for finger clicks). Low - large screen blocks (drawing is impossible, very large interface elements are required).
4 Limited by electronics reliability
5 Limited by sensor contamination
6 Ogran - equipment limited access(personal electronics, industrial equipment). Placed - general access in a secured area. Street - general access to the street.
7 Software emulation, processes a maximum of 2 clicks.

see also

• Touchphone

In the movie “Die Hard,” Bruce Willis’s character examines with great interest the technological innovation of that time - touchpad for visitors in Nakatomi Plaza.

Links

• Replacing the touchscreen Instructions for replacing touchscreens

Notes

1. Touch Screen - History of the Touch Screen Computer Interface
2. Company history from Elographics to Elo TouchSystems, 1971 - present - Elo TouchSystems - Tyco Electronics
3. HP History: 1980s (English)
4. IN resistive screens there is feedback when pressed - this makes working with your hands more comfortable. In addition, in some phones, a successful press is confirmed by vibration. But such feedback, of course, is not enough to distinguish one interface element from another by touch.
5. Mukhin I. A.