What does information society mean? Report: Information society concepts, definitions, concepts. The emergence of electronic money handling has led to the emergence of information crime
Russian Institute of Management
Course work
in the discipline “Theory of State and Law” on the topic:
“Information society: concept and trends”
Is done by a student
_________________
reg. number _________________
Specialty: "Jurisprudence"
Moscow
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Main part. INFORMATION SOCIETY: CONCEPT AND TRENDS
2.1. Concept and essence of information
2.2. Development of ideas about information
2.3. The concept and essence of the information society
2.4. Causes and consequences of information revolutions
2.5. The emergence and main stages of development of the information society
2.6. Informatization of society at present
2.7. Information society and power
2.8. Computerization modern society
2.9.
3. CONCLUSION
4. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
1. INTRODUCTION
The information society is one of the theoretical models used to describe a qualitatively new stage of social development, which developed countries entered with the beginning of the information and computer revolution. The technological basis of society is not industrial, but information and telecommunication technologies (ITT).
The information society is a society in which: Information becomes the main economic resource, and the information sector comes out on top in terms of development rates, number of employees, share of capital investments, and share in GDP. ITT is becoming the main means of increasing production efficiency and strengthening competitiveness both in the domestic and global markets. There is a developed infrastructure that ensures the creation of sufficient information resources. This is primarily the education system and science.
There is a redistribution of resources in favor of science and education. In the United States, the so-called accumulated human capital is three times greater than the assets of all American corporations.
Intellectual property becomes the main form of ownership. IN competition For the world championship, a new factor appears - the level of development of information infrastructure and industry.
Information is becoming a subject of mass consumption. The information society provides any individual with access to any source of information. This is guaranteed by law (military and state secrets are also determined by law) and technical capabilities.
New criteria for assessing the level of development of society are emerging - the number of computers, the number of Internet connections, the number of mobile and fixed telephones, etc.
The legal foundations of the information society are being developed. A unified integrated information system is being formed based on technological convergence (merging telecommunications, computer-electronic, audiovisual equipment).
Unified national information systems are being created (in the USA - in the 80s, in Western Europe - in the 90s).
The information society is emerging as a global one and includes: the global “information economy”; a single global information space; global information infrastructure; emerging global legislative - legal system.
In the information society, business activity flows into the information and communication environment. A virtual economy, a virtual financial system, and the like are being formed, which raises the most important questions about the mechanisms of their regulation and connections with the real, “physical” economy.
2. Main part. INFORMATION SOCIETY: CONCEPT AND TRENDS
2.1. Concept and essence of information
Often the concept of “information” is used without thinking about the depth of its content, identifying the concepts of knowledge, data, information.
It is obvious that the “everyday” use of the term “information” is completely inappropriate when it comes to the theory or theories of information. Often in these theoretical constructions the term “information” is filled with different meanings, and, consequently, the theories themselves highlight only part of the facets of a certain system of knowledge, which can be called general theory information or "informology" - the science of the processes and tasks of transmission, distribution, processing and transformation of information.
The emergence of information science as a science can be dated back to the end of the 50s of our century, when the American engineer R. Hartley made an attempt to introduce a quantitative measure of information transmitted through communication channels.
The scientific definition of information is given quite simply if we assume that information is a dynamic object that does not exist in nature by itself, but is formed during the interaction of data and methods. It exists exactly as long as this interaction lasts, and the rest of the time it remains in the form of data.
The Soviet encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definition of information. Information (from the Latin informatio - “clarification”, “presentation”), originally - information transmitted by people orally, in writing or in other ways (through conventional signals, technical means, and so on); since the middle of the 20th century - a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton.
Information is one of the basic concepts of cybernetics in the section of information theory. In information theory, mathematical methods are used to study ways to measure the amount of information contained in any messages and transmit information.
Information is the product of the interaction of data and methods, considered in the context of this interaction.
Information appears in the process of communication with a specific object. Without communication with the object, obtaining information is almost impossible.
For example, in order to catch the necessary information from a newspaper, you need to read the newspaper itself and draw conclusions, that is, collect and process information. If we simply touch the newspaper, we will not receive the necessary information.
Communication - transmission of a message from one party to another (who with whom, through what, what is the content, effects of communication).
Communication can occur at several levels - between individuals, between social groups, within one society, between different societies.
Different signs in communication are endowed with different semantic meanings and are presented in the form of codes.
Much of modern communication is organized into institutions that appeal to mass audiences.
Communication is what is transmitted, these are forms of ownership, internal structure, the value of the organization, the reaction of the audience.
In our definition, it is important to clarify “…considered in the context of this interaction.” Here are some examples of why this is really important. It is known that books are data repositories. They are designed to obtain information by reading. But if you try different books by touch or taste, you can also get information.
Such methods will allow you to distinguish between books bound in leather, cardboard and paper. Of course, these are not the methods that were intended by the authors of the books, but they also provide information, although not complete.
Analyzing the information value of newspapers, magazines, and television programs, we can come to the conclusion that it depends both on the data and on the methods by which they are consumed. It’s one thing to carefully watch a TV movie, listening to every word, and quite another to watch it while talking on the phone.
2.2. Development of ideas about information
Despite the fact that the concept of information is very widely used in science and in everyday life, its strict scientific definition did not exist until recently. To this day, different scientific disciplines introduce this concept in different ways. There are three possible approaches here: anthropocentric, technocentric And non-deterministic.
The essence anthropocentric approach is that information is identified with information And facts, which theoretically can be obtained and assimilated, that is, transformed into knowledge. This approach is currently the most widely used. We can observe examples of it, in particular, in Russian legislation.
“Information means information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation”
(Federal Law No. 24-F3 No. “On information, informatization and information protection” dated January 25, 1995; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” No. 39 dated February 22, 1995)
The essence technocentric approach is that information is identified with data. This approach is very widespread in technical disciplines. For example, we often come across references to the fact that “information is transmitted over computer networks”, “information is processed by computers”, “information is stored in databases”. In all these cases, a substitution of concepts occurs.
The fact is that only data is transmitted over computer networks, computers process only data, and only data is stored in databases. Whether this data becomes information and, if so, what kind of information, depends not only on the data, but also on numerous hardware, software and natural methods.
We do not find in Russian legislation obvious signs technocentric approach, but they are available in the legislation of other states, for example Germany. In particular, concepts such as information, access to information, modification of information, about all cases when it comes to exploitation technical systems, are represented as data, data access, data modification.
Non-deterministic approach to the concept of information is also found quite widely. It consists of refusing to define information on the grounds that it is fundamental, such as matter and energy. In particular, we will not find a definition of information in the “Law on State Secrets” and in the “Law on Means mass media“, although this concept is used in both legal acts.
The lack of definition of the concept used is not at all an oversight of the legislator. In many cases, failure to define information can be considered traditional. For example, we will not find a definition of information in such a respected reference publication as the Encyclopedia Britannica. The definition can only be obtained indirectly through the article “Information Processing and Information Systems”, which states that “... this term is used in relation to facts and judgments received in everyday life from other living beings, from the media, from electronic databases data, as well as by observing environmental phenomena.”
Here both anthropocentric and technocentric approaches are mixed, after which the definition is reduced to the everyday level. At the same time, an extensive list of literature published over the past 50 years is provided, the analysis of which did not provide a direct definition.
2.3. The essence and concept of the information society
To begin with, it is necessary to understand exactly what a “post-industrial society” is.
The society in which we live at the beginning of the 21st century is called the information society.
The term " Information society"appeared in the USA in the theory of the same name in the 70s of the 20th century. This is what they began to call a society that had outgrown the industrial one.
In modern literature, many definitions of post-industrial society are given, but in my course work I chose, in my opinion, the most complete and accurate definition.
So, we can put an equal sign between post-industrial society and information society, because Modern post-industrial society cannot do without information technology in its daily activities.
Information society - the concept of a post-industrial society; a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which the main products of production are information and knowledge.
Postindustrial society, in turn, is a society in which the service sector has priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production.
In the social structure of post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector is increasing and new elites are being formed: technocrats, scientists.
The distinctive features of the information society are:
1.) increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society;
2.) increasing the share of information communications, products and services in the gross domestic product;
3.) creation of a global information space that provides:
a) effective information interaction between people;
b) their access to world information resources;
c) meeting their needs for information products and services.
The service sector involves mass services to the population. It was thanks to the emergence of such a sphere as a service sector that the emergence of a global information infrastructure took place, the users of which are the entire information society.
New information Technology are used in almost all areas of activity and have a huge impact on social reality, greatly changing it.
Philosophers associate the main change with the emergence of a new social structure - information infrastructure.
First of all, let’s define the concept of “information infrastructure”.
Information infrastructure is a set of means for processing and using information, integrated into computer and information networks. Toffler believes that information infrastructure will become the basis for the social and economic activities of the future, and will also allow anyone, at any time and in any place, to obtain all the information they are interested in.
Global information infrastructure (GII) is an information education that began to be formed in 1995 by a group of developed countries.
The global information infrastructure is being developed as a global information network for mass servicing of the planet's population based on the integration of global and regional information and telecommunication systems, as well as digital television and radio broadcasting systems, satellite systems and mobile communications.
So, the information revolution launched the process of building an information society. Some theorists (for example, Y. Masuda) predict its establishment in developed countries in the middle of the 21st century.
2.4. Causes and consequences of information revolutions
Until the 16th century, society’s activities were aimed at mastering matter, that is, understanding the properties of matter and making first primitive and then more complex tools.
Then, in the process of the formation of industrial society, the problem of mastering energy came to the fore - first thermal, then electrical, and finally, in the 20th century, nuclear. Mastery of energy made it possible to master the mass production of consumer values and, as a result, improve people’s living standards and change the nature of their work.
At the same time, people have always had a need to express and remember information about the world around them.
In the history of the development of civilizations, several information revolutions have occurred.
First revolution associated with the invention of writing. It became possible to disseminate knowledge and preserve it for transmission to subsequent generations.
Second revolution(mid-16th century) was caused by the invention of printing, which radically changed public culture.
Third revolution(late 19th century) was due to the invention of electricity. The telegraph, telephone, and radio appeared, making it possible to quickly transmit information.
Fourth revolution(70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention of the personal computer (PC).
The creation of personal computers was predetermined by the growing volumes of information, which are difficult to cope with using traditional technologies: paper and pen. This contradiction began to negatively affect the growth rate of scientific and technological progress (STP). They started talking about " information explosion", referring to the rapid growth of flows and volumes of information.
As a result, scientific and technological progress offered society a personal computer as a means for storing, processing and transmitting information.
2.5. The emergence and main stages of development of the information society
In the 80-90s, philosophers and sociologists developed the theory of the information society. This work combined the efforts of such well-known philosophers in the West as Yoshita Masuda, Zbigniew Brzezinski (some time ago a former adviser to the President of the United States), and J. Nasbitt.
But the theory of the information society of the American philosopher Alvin Toffler (b. 1928) is best known, since his acclaimed books “Future shock” (Shock from colliding with the future, 1971), “Ecospasm” (1975), “The Third Wave” (1980) we were transferred.
Toffler, like many other Western philosophers, criticized the shortcomings of industrial society, noted its crisis and signs of transition to new uniform existence, information society.
Toffler associates the transformation of society into an information society with the information revolution, which began in the second half of the twentieth century.
The information revolution, as Alvin Toffler notes, consists of two revolutions:
1) computer;
2) telecommunications.
The telecommunications revolution begins in the mid-70s and merges with the computer revolution. The computer revolution begins much earlier and proceeds in several stages.
First big stage covers the years 1930-1970, which is called the “zero cycle”. It begins with the creation of the first computers by the American physicist J. Atanasov and the German engineer K. Zuse.
At this stage, in 1951, the first commercial computer UNIVAC-1 was created (it weighed 30 tons, contained 18 thousand lamps and performed 5 thousand operations per second). Second significant stage The computer revolution begins with the creation of the first personal computers and their mass production.
The telecommunications revolution is associated with the creation
a) fiber optic technologies;
b) satellite technologies.
The confluence of computer and telecommunications technologies has created many new products and services in the market. The information and telecommunications industry has today become a key sector of the economy of developed countries.
Developed countries prefer to import consumer goods, but export products of the information industry, and earn national wealth from their sale.
Information technology is expensive, much more expensive than consumer goods, which ensures that developed countries continue to have a high standard of living, significantly higher than that of developing countries.
In addition, leadership in information technology gives them the opportunity to continue to claim political leadership in the world.
For example, the United States is one of the recognized leaders in world politics and controls more than 40% of the information technology trade market.
The United States has conserved its fossil resources and imports more goods than it exports, but it exports more services (especially in the field of information technology) than it imports.
The leadership in the field of informatization of the United States is understandable: 41% of all computers in the world are located there; 40% of families there own personal computers, and 20% own modems, that is, they are Internet users.
Thanks to the merger of the computer and telecommunication revolutions, it became possible to create information networks of enormous scale, even global ones. Through these networks it is possible to transmit, find and process the necessary information much faster.
2.6. Informatization of society at present
Until recently, no one imagined that humanity would be on the threshold of a new era in the development of civilization - the information era.
Currently happening active process informatization of society.
Informatization means the active implementation computer equipment and new information technologies in various areas of production, social and personal life of people.
The information society is a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.
Recently, a new category of culture has emerged - informational. This is due to the fact that in order to live and work in the information society, a person must be prepared to quickly perceive and process large amounts of information; he needs to master modern means, methods and technology of work.
In addition, in new living conditions, the degree of awareness of one person directly depends on the information acquired by other people. Therefore, it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but one must learn a technology for working with information when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. Thus, a person must have a certain level of culture to work with information.
Information culture- the ability to purposefully work with information and use computer information technology, modern tools and methods to receive, process and transmit it.
Being the most important component of culture as a whole, information culture is the product of a person’s diverse creative abilities.
Information culture is manifested in the following:
In specific skills in using various technical devices - from telephone to personal computer and computer networks;
The ability to use computer information technology in your work;
The ability to extract information from various sources- from periodicals to electronic communications;
The ability to present information in a clear manner and use it effectively;
Knowledge of analytical methods of information processing;
Ability to work with various types of information.
Information culture borrows and uses the achievements of many sciences: cybernetics, computer science, information theory, mathematics, database design theory and a number of other disciplines. An integral part of information culture is knowledge of information technology and the ability to apply it in practice.
Relatively recently, another new information technology has appeared - virtual reality.
Virtual reality (VR) is a highly developed form of computer simulation that allows the user to immerse themselves in an artificial world and directly act in it using special sensory devices that link their movements with audiovisual effects.
In this case, the user's visual, auditory, tactile and motor sensations are replaced by their imitation generated by a computer.
Characteristic features of virtual reality are:
- real-time modeling;
- imitation of the environment with a high degree of realism;
- the ability to influence the environment and have feedback.
A type of virtual reality can be called a computer game.
Computer game is a game built using the multimedia capabilities of a computer.
A computer game is determined by an algorithm that describes the process of playing it. Computer games are divided into business, educational, educational and entertainment.
In the book “The Third Wave” (under the name of which the information or post-industrial society appears here), Toffler, considering the emerging new characteristics of everyday life, notes that in the information society there is a revision of the basic principles of organizing the life of society (or, as he says, “a revision of the code of civilization ").
The civilization of industrial society was based on six principles:
1) synchronization;
2) specialization;
3) standardization;
4) concentration;
5) maximization;
6) centralization.
All of them collapse in the information society and are replaced by others that make up the features of the information society:
1) Synchronization. The mechanized rhythm of life, synchronized with the rhythms of production, is replaced by social rhythms - rhythms of activity not related to the production of things. Social activity itself becomes more diverse, and its rhythms also diversify.
The main types of social activities are those related to the production of information; in particular, the role of science and education, which feeds the development of new technologies, is greatly increasing.
2) Specialization. Information production is becoming a new way to create social wealth. This method is based not on physical strength, but on a person’s mental abilities, and they develop in the process of education.
New requirements are being placed on education in the information society, due to the fact that in production technology is now changing very quickly, new types of work are appearing, and old ones are disappearing completely. In this regard, there is a need to transfer labor resources from one industry to another.
Who can switch from one job to another faster? - Someone who is not a narrow specialist, but has a good fundamental education. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the labor market in the information society is its despecialization and high educational level.
Toffler makes very interesting remarks about the new social role of knowledge. In an industrial society, wealth was expressed in the form of capital (money); in an information society, wealth takes on a new, intangible form - the form of symbolic capital, or information (knowledge). If the industrial society was a society of mass production of durable things, then the information society, according to Toffler, will be a society of mass production of knowledge.
Knowledge How capital differs radically from money capital: they:
a) inexhaustible;
b) available to an infinite number of users.
Even money, which was a unit of exchange in an industrial society, takes on the form of information in an information society and becomes electronic money - credit cards, which are used using a computer.
Electronic money is becoming increasingly widespread. In 1990, there were more than 187 million credit card holders in the world; today, thanks to Russia's inclusion in the global banking electronic network, their number has increased significantly.
Electronic money – this is, first of all, security during payments, as well as convenience, ensuring the speed of concluding a large transaction.
Over the past three decades, the term “electronic money” has become widespread, both in foreign and domestic economic practice. There are many scientific works devoted to certain aspects of the development of electronic money.
Electronic money refers to both non-cash money and cash. Initially, electronic money in domestic science was understood as new means of payment based on the use of computers.
One of the first to use the term “electronic money” was V.M. Usoskin. In Western circles, the so-called technological approach to the definition of electronic money prevails.
According to the definition of the well-known Bank for International Settlements, electronic money is stored value or prepaid products, where a record of the funds or value available to the consumer is stored on a technical device owned by the consumer.
Electronic money (E-money) - in a broad sense - is a form of organizing money circulation in an association of information networks.
In the narrow sense – digital money.
Digital money(Digital cash) - an electronic analogue of cash. Digital money can be purchased, it is stored electronically in special devices and is at the disposal of the buyer.
Smart cards or special computer systems are used as storage devices.
(Smart-card; Chip card; Integrated circuit card (IC) - a credit card with a built-in microprocessor, which has a high level of security and the ability to carry out multi-currency payments.
Cash cards are used to exchange electronic money for cash.
Cash card(Cash card) - a bank card used to receive cash from cash machines.
Non-cash payment for goods, works and services is carried out using a payment card.
(Charge card) - a plastic card that provides the person using it with the opportunity to make basic cash payments for goods or services.
There are also discount cards.
Discount card(Discount card) - a special card issued by a commercial organization that provides a discount on the price of a product.
Through discount cards:
- purchases are encouraged; or
- events are stimulated: marriage, anniversaries, etc.
There are other cards, but I have named the most frequently encountered ones.
3) Standardization. In the information society there is a tendency towards individualization in everything.
4) Concentration. The principle of concentration of production, which led to the concentration of the population in large cities, will be replaced in the information society by the principle of an optimal combination of large and small, because the main production - the production of knowledge - is not tied to sources of fossil resources.
Computers can be brought anywhere in the world, from anywhere you can enter the information network and become a participant in the production of knowledge (write a book, calculate a project, draw up a report, and so on).
5) Maximization. The principle of maximization, which determined the construction of giant plants and factories, huge research institutes, will be replaced (and has already begun to change) by the principle of creating temporary teams to solve special problems. These teams will be able to set their own convenient working hours.
6) Centralization. The principle of centralization will be replaced by the principle of decentralization and de-urbanization (from the Latin urbs - city) - a decrease in the role of cities in public life, since the need for the existence of huge cities (metropolises) disappears.
Toffler also notes that in the socio-political sphere and the field of international economics, information technologies open up completely unprecedented prospects.
Currently, all the prerequisites exist for:
1) creating a global economy (the first step in this direction was United Europe);
2) solutions to social problems.
Openness of information makes the individual stronger, and state power more dependent on citizens. Telecommunication networks create opportunities for the direct participation of all citizens in government, which avoids making important government decisions that ignore the interests of citizens or even their minorities.
Of course, all the optimistic forecasts made in the theory of the information society are preconditioned by a revision on the scale of all mankind of attitudes towards the goals and objectives of production.
Production must be put at the service of vital interests, and not war. It must be developed taking into account the costs global problems, all people in the information society should have a high level of environmental consciousness.
The main question, the solution of which will determine the development of production, should not be the question “how?”, but the question “why?”
It is believed that Western countries have already entered the information society; Russia, like all developing countries, is on its threshold.
In his other book, “Futurshock,” Toffler notes the already manifested features of the new society: the too rapid variability of life, the associated feeling of instability of everything that is happening, and notes the new problems caused by this, which he calls the word “futurshock.” “Transience, novelty and variety are characteristics of the future that shock us,” Toffler wrote. “Futurshock” literally means “shock from a collision with the future.” According to Toffler, it manifests itself in disruption of decision-making processes.
People can no longer use the recipes for life created by past generations; they have to create their own.
The changes taking place concern not only people’s production activities, but also their personal lives and human relationships. Permanent relationships (friends, family) become a luxury.
For example, the family has always been a shock absorber, an island of stability. But she, too, is changing, and no one can say what will happen to her tomorrow.
The family is being destroyed:
1) new technologies of birth - they change the attitude towards motherhood and fatherhood: mother and father may no longer be the only ones or unknown, or in general - only the mother (multi-mice, cloning);
2) mobility in pursuit of work;
3) increase in life expectancy: love fades due to unequal development.
Next, we will consider the interaction of the information society with another socially important political institution - government.
2.7. Information society and power
The management of the information society is carried out on the basis of authority by a system of government bodies.
Power is information and not speaking at all. It is those people who know how to listen effectively and are able to extract valuable information from what they hear that have power.
The famous English statesman and political figure F. Chesterfield said on this matter: “By listening to a person, we cultivate self-respect in him.”
One of the most meaningful classifications of power is its division according to resources:
- economic,
- social,
- spiritual-informational,
- coercive (political in the narrow sense).
Economic power- this is control over economic resources, ownership of values.
Social power involves the distribution of statuses, benefits, privileges.
Spiritual-informational power- this is power over people, exercised with the help of scientific knowledge and information (preparation of decisions, influence on consciousness, including manipulation).
Coercive power relies on power resources and means control over people through the threat or use of violence (a sign of political power).
As we see from the definition of spiritual-informational power, information is also a tool for managing the modern information society.
In the United States, back in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act was adopted. The essence of the law is given below.
Freedom of Information Act 1966 (FOIA) - in the USA - a law according to which all US federal departments must provide citizens with free access to all available information, except that relating to national defense, law enforcement, financial and personal documents.
Subsequently, new technologies appeared in the information sphere directly related to information, economics and other important areas of life.
Information sphere(Information sphere) according to the legislation of the Russian Federation - the sphere of activity of subjects related to the creation, transformation and consumption of information.
The information sphere requires an information environment.
Information environment(formation environment, iformation societies environment) - a set of technical and software means of storing, processing and transmitting information, as well as socio-economic and cultural conditions for the implementation of informatization processes.
In the information sphere, even electronic government, electronic taxes, Internet voting and much more have appeared.
Let's take a closer look at each of these technologies.
(Electronic government - e-Government) - a public administration system based on electronic means processing, transmission and dissemination of information.
Electronic taxes(Electronics taxes - e-Taxes) - technology for processing and transmitting tax applications online.
Internet voting(Internet vote) - voting using the Internet environment. With Internet voting, the voter receives an electronic ballot on a specific website and votes. The authenticity of the ballot is guaranteed through a digital signature.
In this regard, the government has made it easier for its fellow citizens to carry out certain actions prescribed by law, such as voting or paying taxes.
The emergence of electronic money handling has led to the emergence of information crime.
Information crime- illegal actions in the information sphere that violate the statutory rights of an individual, organization or state and cause them moral harm or material damage.
But how can we protect information from misuse and protect information from information crime?
For this purpose, special information legislation was developed.
Information legislation(Information legislation) - a set of laws, regulations and other forms of legal regulation in the field of circulation and production of information and the use of information technologies.
Such legislation also exists in the Russian Federation. An example is Federal Law No. 24-F3 No. “On information, informatization and information protection” dated January 25, 1995.
Just as Russian legislation stipulates individual freedom, so information legislation has its own individual freedom of information.
Information freedom of the individual- human right:
- receive information necessary for his life, professional activity and development;
- express your point of view regarding certain natural or social phenomena;
- transmit information to other people.
Information here means any information other than that which constitutes a state secret of the country.
In order to raise cultural professional users in your country, it is necessary to instill in them computer literacy.
Computer literacy(Computer literacy) implies possession of a sufficient set of knowledge and skills to work on a computer.
To achieve these goals, currently in educational institutions, including secondary educational institutions, subjects of information technology have been introduced, where future potential information users are taught various computer programs, shells, and the like.
2.8. Computerization of modern society
The process of development of the information society begins with its computerization.
Computerization(Computerization) is the process of introducing computers that provide automation of information processes and technologies in various spheres of human activity.
The goal of computerization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
Along with computerization, there is a more private concept of home computerization.
Home computerization(Home computerisation) - the process of equipping households with computer devices. In the Russian Federation, home computerization is an element of the state informatization policy, aimed at meeting the needs of the population for information and knowledge directly at home.
It can satisfy needs thanks to special search engines.
(Information retrieval system) - a system that performs the following functions:
Storing large amounts of information;
- quickly search for the required information;
- adding, deleting and changing stored information;
- displaying information in a form convenient for humans.
There are:
- automated (computerized);
- bibliographic (reference);
- interactive (online);
- documentary and factographic information retrieval systems.
(Search engine) - on the Internet - a special website on which a user, upon a given request, can receive links to sites that match this request.
Search system consists of three components:
-1- search robot;
-2- system index;
-3- programs that:
a) processes the user request,
b) finds documents in the index that meet the query criteria,
c) displays a list of found documents in descending order of relevance.
Just as society can be divided into different groups (subcultures) based on interests, so in the information society there is a division into different subcultures.
Subculture(Subculture, from Latin Sub - under + Cultura - education) - a system of values, behavior patterns, life style of a social group, which is an independent holistic formation within the framework of the dominant culture.
Subculture arises as a positive or negative reaction to the dominant culture and social structure among various social strata and age groups.
Along with the division of society, the reverse process also occurs - merger. There is a merger in the information society information groups into one community using the network, i.e. society is becoming networked.
Network society(Network society) - a society in which a significant part of information interactions is carried out using information networks. Moreover, the composition of this society is constantly updated with new users.
The main factor increasing the number of users is, of course, the information need of the population of the entire planet.
Information need(Information need) - a need that arises when the goal facing the user in the course of his professional activities or in his social and everyday practice cannot be achieved without the use of additional information.
Additional information in this context refers to the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web (World Wide Web - WWW, Web) is the main service on the Internet that allows you to access information on any servers connected to the network. The World Wide Web is organized on the principles of a hypermedia.
Under hyperenvironment(Hypermedia) refers to the technology of presenting information in the form of relatively small blocks associated with each other.
Of course, the World Wide Web allows you to access any information on any servers connected to the network. But in order to obtain information using the web, you need a device with Internet access.
(Internet) - global information network, parts of which are logically interconnected with each other through a single address space based on the TCP/IP protocol.
The Internet consists of many interconnected computer networks and provides remote access to computers, e-mail, bulletin boards, databases and discussion groups.
By device we mean a computer.
(Electronic computer - computer, Computer) V in a broad sense of this word - programmable electronic device, capable of processing data and performing calculations, as well as performing other symbol manipulation tasks.
There are two main classes of computers:
- digital computers (computers) that process data in the form of numeric binary codes;
- analog computers that process continuously changing physical quantities that are analogues of calculated quantities.
In a narrower (personal) sense Personal Computer (PC, Personal computer - PC) - a universal computer intended for individual use.
Typically, personal computers are designed based on the principle of open architecture and are based on microprocessors.
Home computer(Home computer) - a household personal computer intended for use in homes and aimed at non-professional users.
A computer is a thing that has a certain value. Therefore, in order to join the information society, you need to purchase a computer.
Any computer consists of two components:
1). ;
2).
(Hardware)- a complex of electronic, electrical and mechanical devices, included in the system or network.
Hardware includes:
- computers and logical devices;
- external devices and diagnostic equipment;
- power equipment, batteries and accumulators.
(Software) - a set of programs:
- providing data processing or transmission;
- intended for repeated use and application by different users.
By type of functions performed software divided into system, applied and instrumental.
Software - according to GOST 19781-90 - a set of programs for an information processing system and program documents necessary for their operation.
Both hardware and software are interconnected. One doesn't work without the other. Each “chain element” is necessary and performs its own functions.
The process of acquiring computers by the population is directly related to the social inequality of modern society.
2.9. Information inequality of modern society
(Social inequality) is a form of social differentiation in which individuals, social groups, strata, classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.
Let's look at three main social classes:
1). Rich (i.e. elite);
2). Middle class;
3). Poor.
All these three social classes constitute the concept of society in the broad sense of the word.
Society(Society) - a collection of people:
- united by historically established forms of their interrelation and interaction in order to satisfy their needs;
- characterized by:
1) stability;
2) integrity;
3) self-development;
4) the presence of special social values and norms that determine their behavior.
Society is a human community, the specifics of which are the relationships of people to each other. Society is a product of human interaction.
Society is an integral system of social institutions that perform the functions of regulating economic, political, legal, moral and other relations.
According to many scientists, philosophers, political scientists and political figures, the basis of society was unanimously recognized as the average classical activity. middle class _______________________________________________middle class.
It is the middle class that subtly senses any changes in the state and is able to change the situation if necessary.
Middle class(Middle class) - a class that occupies an intermediate position between the main classes in the system of social stratification.
The middle class is characterized by heterogeneity of position, contradictory interests, consciousness and political behavior.
There is an old middle class and a new middle class.
Old middle class- medium and small owners: small entrepreneurs, traders, artisans, representatives of liberal professions, small and medium-sized farmers, owners of small manufacturing firms.
New middle class- employees, managers, engineers, professional mental workers, etc., who do not own the means of production and live by selling their labor.
Next, compare the ratio of the rich, middle class and poor in the Russian Federation and the United States. Since this ratio is constantly changing, we will study the general appearance of the picture.
Since purchasing a computer and learning to work on it as a professional requires constant study and retraining, because scientific progress does not stand still, the conclusion follows that joining the information society is mainly possible only for the rich and middle class.
In connection with the above, let us analyze the situation.
The structure of US society is usually depicted as a quadrangle.
Table No. 1 shows that the middle class forms the basis of American society and makes up approximately 40% of the entire society, while the poor and rich each make up 30% of the entire US society.
Based on these data, we can conclude that the middle class (40%) and the rich (30%) can actually become an information society at the moment.
In total, 70% of US citizens come out. It should be noted that the figure is very high.
The structure of society in the Russian Federation is usually depicted as a pyramid.
Table No. 2 shows the ratio of classes in modern society in our country. It is clear to the naked eye that the basis of society in Russia is made up of classes such as the middle and poor classes. So, the poor are 45%, the middle class is 45%, the remaining 10% is the elite.
It follows from this that no more than 55% of the total population of the Russian Federation (45% of the middle class + 10% of the rich) can consider themselves an information society.
Let's compare the indicators obtained during the analysis process.
The information society in the USA makes up 70% of citizens, while in Russia this society can be characterized by 55% of citizens of the Russian Federation.
Next, we will calculate the amount of information society in the USA and the Russian Federation in specific figures, since the number of people in the countries we are comparing is unequal.
According to Table No. 3 about Let us determine what part of the total population can be considered information-intensive in these countries. For each of the countries we compare, we take the population as a basis (according to data for 2006) - 100%.
We find that the number of information society in the Russian Federation is about 80 million people (145 >< 0,55 = 79,75).
In the USA, the number of information society is much higher and amounts to approximately 190 million people (271 >< 0,7 = 189,7).
So, there is more than two times more information society in the USA (2.38) than in Russia.
The negative result was primarily influenced by two factors (problems):
1. Decrease in population (in 2006, the permanent population of Russia decreased by 561.2 thousand people, or by 0.39%.);
2. Half of the country's population lives below the poverty line.
Regarding the first problem, in recent years the Government of the Russian Federation has been actively trying to avoid a crisis in the country caused by these two problems. Various social programs are being created, including material incentives (maternity capital) for mothers for having a second child.
It is not yet possible to monitor changes in the population and their social qualitative component; the above social programs were introduced recently.
Unfortunately, regarding the second social problem, the question remains open, despite the fact that our country currently occupies a leading position in terms of prices, ahead of New York, Tokyo and London.
3. CONCLUSION
It is obvious that we are currently entering the information era, where the main product will be information in its various manifestations.
Receiving undeniable benefits, such as the availability of information, its rapid dissemination, free exchange of data between people, etc., one cannot fail to take into account the increased and changed requirements for a person as a member of society.
During the transition to the information society, in addition to solving the problems described above, it is necessary to prepare a person for the rapid perception and processing of large volumes of information, mastering modern means, methods and technology of work. In addition, new working conditions create a dependence of one person's awareness on the information acquired by other people.
Nowadays it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but we need to learn a technology for working with information in which decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. This suggests that a person must have a certain level of culture in handling information.
It should be noted that the problem of informatization of society is being discussed more and more widely by scientists today. Since obtaining information about what is happening in the country and in the world no longer requires direct communication between people, a person will be increasingly isolated from society and subject to the illusion of independence from it.
It is necessary to cultivate a sense of responsibility of each person for what is happening in the world, achieving a clear understanding of the interdependence of all people. This task applies primarily to the education system and the media.
The nature of changes in social structure predicted by scientists under the influence of informatization in the above areas is as follows:
The number of social groups will increase, which will naturally lead to a decrease in their average size. Modern information technologies provide a real opportunity to more accurately and quickly take into account people's interests.
The qualitative parameters of social groups will improve in terms of such parameters as level of education, intelligence, etc.
New percentages between social groups distinguished in society according to various criteria will probably look like this:
1) the proportion of people engaged in intellectual work - intellectuals - will increase.
The emergence of a special class of “intellectuals” is predicted. For those who do not want or cannot work intellectually, work is expected in the field of information services, which, as previously noted, should account for more than 50% of the employment structure in the information society, or in the field of material production.
2) the number of working people will increase. Older people will be able to continue working even after retirement, as the working age bar will rise (the body ages before the brain).
The pyramidal socio-economic structure will increasingly give way to a network-like (mosaic) structure. The network structure more closely matches the new one information technology.
American researchers note that “the convergence of changing social and personal values with new technology and energy-economic needs makes the formation of a mosaic society essentially inevitable.”
One of the highest places in the hierarchy of values (along with innovation) is the autonomy of the individual, which is generally not characteristic of traditional society.
Personality is realized only through belonging to a specific corporation, being an element in a strictly specific system corporate connections. If a person is not included in any corporation, he is not a person.
In a technogenic civilization, a special type of personal autonomy arises: a person can change his corporate connections, since he is not rigidly attached to them, he can and is capable of building his relationships with people very flexibly, immersing himself in different social communities, in different cultural traditions.
Modern science and technical creativity are drawing fundamentally new types of objects into the field of human activity, the development of which requires new strategies. We are talking about objects that are self-developing systems characterized by synergistic effects. Their development is always accompanied by the passage of the system through special states of instability, when small random impacts can lead to the emergence of new structures, new levels of organization of the system, which affect already established levels and transform them.
For free orientation in the information flow, a person must have information culture as one of the components of general culture. The growing force of the flow of information exchange between people has given rise to a new type of culture in which everything is subordinated to the need for classification, unification for the purpose of greatest compression and increased efficiency in transmission from person to person, whether personally or through the media.
There is a problem of human life and activity in a new society, the form of its existence. Will he live in the “Electronic Cottage” as some futurologists predicted, or will the form of life not change dramatically.
Philosopher Alvin Toffler, for example, predicts the birth of the “prosumer” - consumer and producer rolled into one.
During the “first wave,” most people consumed what they produced themselves. You can call them “consumers”. The Industrial Revolution separated the functions of production and consumption, thereby giving birth to the producer and the consumer.
Currently, the boundary separating producer from consumer is becoming less and less clear. The importance of the “prosumer” is growing... In a word, there is a return to society of the “prosumer”, who was the dominant figure in the society of the “first wave”. Of course, this will be a “prosumer”, equipped with modern technology, working in an electronic cottage and leading a modern lifestyle.”
Everyone will have to rethink their position in life as an individual; it is clear that there will be a redistribution of life values.
Our future largely depends on the direction in which modern society directs the development of scientific and technological progress.
4. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST:
1. Lecture notes from a RIU teacher in the discipline “Theory of State and Law”
2. Lecture notes from the RIU teacher in the discipline “Philosophy”
3. Komarov S.A., Malko A.V., Theory of state and law: Educational manual. - M.: NORM, 2003
4. “Introduction to philosophy. Part I", under general. ed. I. T. Frolova, M.: Politizdat, 1989
5. Toffler O. The Third Wave. In the journal: USA - economics, politics, ideology. No. 7-11 for 1982.
6. Modern Western philosophy. Dictionary. M.: Political publishing house. literature, 2001
7. Romanina V.V., Klimenko A.V. Theory of state and law: Methodological manual. - M.: INFRA-M, 2002
8. Morozova L.A. Theory of state and law: Refresher course in questions and answers. - M.: NORM, 2003
9. “Soviet encyclopedic dictionary”, A.M. Prokhorov, M.S. Gilyarov, E.M. Zhukov, M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981
10. Protasov V.N. Theory of State and Law: A Guide for Passing Exams, 2nd ed. - M., 2004
11. Nersesyants V.S. Theory of law and state: A short training course. - M.: NORM, 2001
12. Chervonyuk V.I. Theory of state and law: Textbook. - M.: INFRA - M, 2006
Tutoring
Need help studying a topic?
Our specialists will advise or provide tutoring services on topics that interest you.
Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
4. The concept of the information society. Main features and development trends.
Information society- this is a stage in the development of modern civilization, characterized by an increasing role of information and knowledge in the life of society, an increasing share of information and communication technologies, information products and services in the gross domestic product, the creation of a global information infrastructure that ensures effective information interaction between people, their access to information and satisfying their social and personal needs for information products and services.
Distinctive features:
increasing the role of information, knowledge and information technologies in the life of society;
an increase in the number of people employed in information technology, communications and the production of information products and services, an increase in their share in the gross domestic product;
the growing informatization of society using telephony, radio, television, the Internet, as well as traditional and electronic media;
creation of a global information space that ensures: (a) effective information interaction between people, (b) their access to global information resources and (c) satisfaction of their needs for information products and services;
development of electronic democracy, information economy, electronic state, electronic government, digital markets, electronic social and economic networks;
Development trends.
First trend- this is the formation of a new historical type of civil property - intellectual property, which is at the same time the public property of the entire population of the planet.
Intellectual property, unlike material objects, by its nature is not alienated either from its creator or from the one who uses it. Consequently, this property is both individual and social, i.e., the common property of citizens.
Next trend- this is a restructuring of labor motivation (for example, in cyberspace everyone can act simultaneously as a producer of information, a publisher and a distributor).
Next, it should be noted radical change in social differentiation the information society itself, dividing it not into classes, but into weakly differentiated information communities. And this is primarily due to access to knowledge and a variety of information for wide sections of the planet's population.
Now knowledge is not the prerogative of the rich, noble, successful. The boundaries between traditional classes are gradually being blurred
Next trend- this is the broad participation of sections of the population in the processes of preparation, adoption and implementation of management decisions, as well as in control over their implementation. For example, this primarily concerns electronic voting in elections to local authorities.
In general we can conclude, which in their totality and in a generalized form are observed two interrelated trends development of the information society. The first consists of civil socialization economic structures and private property relations, in limiting government power. Socialization does not lead to the destruction of capital, but to a change in its character, giving it certain social and civilized forms. This limits and suppresses his egoistic traits. And this process in one form or another (“cooperative”, “joint-stock”) has taken its proper place in most developed countries. The second trend is individualization economic and social processes, filling them with diverse personal content (people are increasingly staying at home, working from home).
1. Concept, prerequisites for the emergence and theories of the information society
2. Features of the information society and its contradictions.
Since the mid-60s, Western sociologists and social philosophers (D. Bell, D. Riesman, O. Toffler, A. Touraine, etc.) have been actively discussing the issue of the entry of the most developed countries into a qualitatively different stage of social development, characterized by them as a “post-industrial” or “information” society. A number of factors contributed to these conversations.
Firstly, everyone then was impressed by the rapid development of science and technology, as mentioned above.
Secondly, in the mid-70s there was a global energy crisis. Oil-producing countries did not want to sell the contents of their subsoil to the West for next to nothing and raised prices. As a result, Western industry is faced with the urgent need to implement energy-efficient solutions in production and construction, as well as to increase product profitability. Having overcome this crisis, Western countries have entered a new technological stage.
Thirdly, just in the early 70s, the old financial system (it was called Bretton Woods) collapsed. As a result of the introduction of floating exchange rates, the dollar began to prevail in all international payments and began to play the role of world money. Thus, the West received almost limitless possibilities for expansion. And for any expansion that combines economic and political aspects, appropriate ideological support is needed.
Well, fourthly, by this time the USSR had so lost its development momentum that no opposition was expected on its part.
Information society is a term used to designate current state industrially developed countries, associated with the new role of information in all aspects of their life, a qualitatively new level (scope) of production, processing and dissemination of information.
Information society - a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge
There are two approaches that interpret the historical place of the information society differently. The first approach, expressed by Jürgen Habermas, E. Giddens, considers the information society as a phase of industrial society.
The second approach, voiced by D. Bell and Alvin Toffler, fixes the information society as a completely new stage following the industrial society (the second wave, according to Toffler).
Prerequisites for the formation of the information society:
Features of the information society:
Intellectual and creative labor displaces the labor of the individual directly involved in the production process;
Development of the service sector;
The main thing becomes work aimed at receiving, processing, storing, transforming and using information.
Creativity takes on primary importance in motivating work activity;
Creation of new needs and values, new economic sectors and market segments.
Changes in employment;
The problem of the information crisis has been solved, i.e. the contradiction between the information avalanche and information hunger is resolved;
The priority of information is ensured compared to other resources;
The main form of development will be the information economy;
The basis of society will be the automated generation, storage, processing and use of knowledge using the latest information technology and technology;
Information technology will become global in nature, covering all areas of human social activity;
The information unity of the entire human civilization is being formed;
With the help of computer science, every person has free access to the information resources of the entire civilization;
Humanistic principles of social management and environmental impact have been implemented.
Except positive points Dangerous trends are also predicted:
- the increasing influence of the media on society;
- information technology can destroy the privacy of people and organizations;
- there is a problem of selecting high-quality and reliable information;
- many people will find it difficult to adapt to the information society environment. There is a danger of a gap between the "information elite" (people involved in the development of information technologies) and consumers.
Theories of the information society:
Jurgen Habermas German philosopher and sociologist
According to Professor W. Martin, the information society is understood as a “developed post-industrial society” that arose primarily in the West. In his opinion, it is no coincidence that the information society is establishing itself primarily in those countries - Japan, the USA and Western Europe - in which a post-industrial society was formed in the 60s and 70s.
William Martin made an attempt to identify and formulate the main characteristics of the information society according to the following criteria.
- Technological: the key factor is information technology, which is widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life.
- Social: information acts as an important stimulator of changes in the quality of life, “information consciousness” is formed and established with wide access to information.
- Economic: Information is a key factor in the economy as a resource, service, commodity, source of added value and employment.
- Political: freedom of information leading to a political process characterized by increasing participation and consensus among different classes and social strata of the population.
- Cultural: recognition of the cultural value of information by promoting the establishment of information values in the interests of the development of the individual and society as a whole.
At the same time, Martin especially emphasizes the idea that communication is “a key element of the information society.”
D. Bell: Defines the information society through the changes taking place in real society
A new social order based on telecommunications
The revolution in the organization and processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role, is unfolding simultaneously with the emergence of a post-industrial society.
Three aspects of post-industrial society are particularly important for understanding the telecommunications revolution:
1) transition from an industrial to a service society;
2) the critical importance of codified theoretical knowledge for the implementation of technological innovation;
3) transformation of the new “intelligent technology” into a key tool for system analysis and decision-making theory.”
Alvin Toffler “The Third Wave” is an American sociologist and futurologist, he studied in detail the response of society to this phenomenon and the changes occurring in society
According to Toffler, the development of science and technology occurs in spurts, or more precisely, in waves. Since the mid-50s, industrial production began to acquire new features. In many areas of technology, a variety of types of equipment, product samples, and types of services are increasingly being discovered. The specialization of labor is becoming increasingly fragmented. Organizational forms of management are expanding. The volume of publications is increasing. According to the scientist, all this led to extreme fragmentation of economic indicators, which led to the emergence of computer science.
Studying the information age worker, Toffler notes that he is more independent, more resourceful, that he is no longer an appendage of a machine. However information age unemployment is inherent, and the problem of unemployment becomes not so much a quantitative problem as a qualitative one. It's no longer just a matter of how many jobs there are, but what types of jobs are, where, when, and who can fill them. Today's economy is extremely dynamic, industries that are experiencing depression coexist next to prosperous ones, and this makes it difficult to solve the problem of unemployment. And unemployment itself is now more diverse in its origin.
His main works contain the thesis that humanity is moving to a new technological revolution, that is, the first wave (agrarian civilization) and the second (industrial civilization) are being replaced by a new one, leading to the creation of a super-industrial civilization.
The “third wave” brings with it a truly new way of life based on diversified, renewable energy sources; on production methods that render most factory assembly lines obsolete; on some new (“non-nuclear”) family; at a new institute that could be called an “electronic cottage”; on the radically transformed schools and corporations of the future. The emerging civilization brings with it a new code of conduct and takes us beyond the concentration of energy, money and power.”
T. Stoneier INFORMATION WEALTH: PROFILE OF POST-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY
There are three main ways in which a country can increase its national wealth: 1) constant accumulation of capital, 2) military conquests and territorial additions, 3) exploitation new technology, which converts “non-resources” into resources. Due to the high level of technology development in the post-industrial economy, the conversion of non-resources into resources has become the main principle of creating new wealth. information exchange leads to cooperation. Information is therefore a resource that can be shared without regret.
A. Touraine: French sociologist
“...the concept of a post-industrial society... - here investments are made at a different level than in an industrial society, that is, in the production of means of production. The organization of labor affects only the relations of workers among themselves, and therefore the level at which production operates. Post-industrial society operates more globally at the management level, that is, in the production mechanism as a whole. This action takes two main forms. Firstly, it is innovation, that is, the ability to produce new products, in particular, as a result of investments in science and technology; secondly, management itself, that is, the ability to use complex information and communication systems.
It is important to recognize that post-industrial society is one in which all elements economic system are affected by the actions of society on itself. These actions do not always take the form of conscious will embodied in an individual or even a group of people. This is why such a society should be called a programmable society, a designation that clearly indicates its ability to create models for managing production, organization, distribution and consumption; Therefore, this kind of society appears at the operational level not as a result of natural laws or specific cultural characteristics, but rather as the result of production, through the action of society on itself, its own systems of social action.”
History of the concept
The term “information society” owes its name to the professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yu. Hayashi, whose term was used in the works of F. Machlup (1962) and T. Umesao (1963), which appeared almost simultaneously in Japan and the USA. The theory of the “information society” was developed by such famous authors as M. Porat, Y. Massoud, T. Stoner, R. Karz and others; to one degree or another, it received support from those researchers who focused not so much on the progress of information technologies themselves, but on the formation of a technological, or technetronic (technetronic - from the Greek techne), society, or designated modern society, starting from the increased or growing role of knowledge, as “the knowledgeable society”, “knowledge society” or “knowledge-value society”. Today, there are dozens of concepts proposed to designate individual, sometimes even completely unimportant, features of modern society, which for one reason or another are nevertheless called its fundamental characteristics. Thus, in contrast to the first approach to terminological designations, the second leads, in essence, to the rejection of generalizing concepts and limits the researchers professing it to the study of relatively specific issues.
Since 1992, Western countries have also begun to use the term; for example, the concept of “national global information infrastructure” was introduced in the United States after the famous conference of the National scientific foundation and the famous report of B. Clinton and A. Gore. The concept of “information society” emerged from the work of the European Commission Expert Group on Information Society Programmes, led by Martin Bangemann, one of Europe's most respected experts on the information society; information highways and superhighways - in Canadian, British and American publications.
At the end of the 20th century. The terms information society and informatization have firmly taken their place, not only in the vocabulary of information specialists, but also in the vocabulary of politicians, economists, teachers and scientists. In most cases, this concept was associated with the development of information technologies and telecommunications, which make it possible, on the platform of civil society (or at least its declared principles), to make a new evolutionary leap and worthily enter the next, 21st century as an information society or its initial stage.
It should be noted that a number of Western and domestic political scientists and political economists are inclined to draw a sharp line separating the concept of the information society from post-industrialism. However, although the concept of the information society is intended to replace the theory of post-industrial society, its supporters repeat and further develop a number of the most important provisions of technocracy and traditional futurology.
It is symptomatic that a number of leading researchers who formulated the theory of post-industrial society, such as D. Bell, currently act as supporters of the concept of the information society. For Bell himself, the concept of the information society became a kind of new stage in the development of the theory of post-industrial society. As Bell stated, "a revolution in the organization and processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role, is developing in the context of what I have called post-industrial society."
According to Professor W. Martin, the information society is understood as a “developed post-industrial society” that arose primarily in the West. In his opinion, it is no coincidence that the information society is establishing itself primarily in those countries - Japan, the USA and Western Europe - in which a post-industrial society was formed in the 60s and 70s.
W. Martin made an attempt to identify and formulate the main characteristics of the information society according to the following criteria.
- Technological: the key factor is information technology, which is widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life.
- Social: information acts as an important stimulator of changes in the quality of life, “information consciousness” is formed and established with wide access to information.
- Economic: Information is a key factor in the economy as a resource, service, commodity, source of added value and employment.
- Political: freedom of information leading to a political process characterized by increasing participation and consensus among different classes and social strata of the population.
- Cultural: recognition of the cultural value of information by promoting the establishment of information values in the interests of the development of the individual and society as a whole.
At the same time, Martin emphasizes the idea that communication is “a key element of the information society.”
Martin notes that when talking about the information society, it should not be taken in a literal sense, but rather considered as a guideline, a trend of change in modern Western society. According to him, in general this model is focused on the future, but in developed capitalist countries it is already possible to name a number of changes caused by information technology that confirm the concept of the information society.
Among these changes, Martin lists the following:
- structural changes in the economy, especially in the distribution of labor; increased awareness of the importance of information and information technology;
- growing awareness of the need for computer literacy;
- widespread use of computers and information technology;
- development of computerization and informatization of society and education;
- government support for the development of computer microelectronic technology and telecommunications.
- widespread - computer viruses and malware Worldwide.
In light of these changes, Martin believes, “the information society can be defined as a society in which the quality of life, as well as the prospects for social change and economic development, increasingly dependent on information and its exploitation. In such a society, living standards, forms of work and leisure, the education system and the market are significantly influenced by advances in the field of information and knowledge.”
In an expanded and detailed form, the concept of the information society (taking into account the fact that it almost fully includes the theory of post-industrial society developed by him in the late 60s - early 70s) is proposed by D. Bell. As Bell argues, “In the coming century, the emergence of a new order based on telecommunications is of decisive importance for economic and social life, for the way knowledge is produced, and for the nature of human work. The revolution in the organization and processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role, is unfolding simultaneously with the emergence of post-industrial society.” Moreover, Bell believes that three aspects of post-industrial society are especially important for understanding this revolution. This refers to the transition from an industrial society to a service society, the determining importance of codified scientific knowledge for the implementation of technological innovations and the transformation of a new “intelligent technology” into a key tool for system analysis and decision-making theory.
A qualitatively new aspect was the ability to manage large complexes of organizations and the production of systems that require coordination of the activities of hundreds of thousands and even millions of people. There has been and continues to be a rapid development of new scientific directions, such as information theory, computer science, cybernetics, decision theory, game theory, etc., that is, directions related specifically to the problems of organizational sets.
One of the extremely unpleasant aspects of the informatization of society is the loss of stability in the information society. Due to the increasing importance of information, small groups can have a significant impact on all people. Such influence, for example, can be exercised through terrorism, actively covered by the media. Modern terrorism is one of the consequences of a decrease in the stability of society as it becomes computerized.
Returning the sustainability of the information society can be achieved through strengthening accounting policies. One of the new areas for strengthening people accounting policies is biometrics. Biometrics deals with the creation of machines capable of independently recognizing people. After the events of September 11, 2001, at the initiative of the United States, active use international passports with biometric identification of people using automatic machines when crossing state borders.
The second most important area of strengthening accounting policies in the information society is the massive use of cryptography. An example would be a SIM card in a cell phone, it contains cryptographic protection accounting for payments by subscribers for a digital communication channel leased from an operator. Cell phones are digital; it was the transition to digital that made it possible to provide everyone with communication channels, but without cryptography in SIM cards, cellular communications could not become widespread. Operators cellular communication would not be able to reliably control the presence of money in the subscriber’s account and operations to withdraw money for using the communication channel.
Russia
Several stages can be distinguished in the activities of government authorities in developing and implementing state policy in the field of development of the information society in Russia. The first (1991-1994) laid the foundations in the field of informatization. The second stage (1994-1998) was characterized by a change in priorities from informatization to the development of information policy. The third stage, which continues to this day, is the stage of policy formation in the field of building an information society. In 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia 2002-2010.” , which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the information society in Russian regions.
In order to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of personal biometric data, Russia was the first developed country to begin creating a special package of national standards: GOST R 52633.0-2006 (put into effect); GOST R 52633.1-2009 (put into effect), GOST R 52633.2 (passed public discussion); GOST R 52633.3 GOST R 52633.4 (developed, preparing for public discussion); GOST R 52633.5 (developed, preparing for public discussion).
Since other countries do not yet have national standards for converting a person’s biometrics into his personal cryptographic key, presumably the standards of the GOST R 52633 .xx package will be used in the future as the basis for corresponding international standards. In this regard, it is interesting to note that the existing international biometric standards were originally created as US national standards.
Belarus
In 2010, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus approved the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Belarus until 2015 and the plan of priority measures for its implementation for 2010 (the development of the information society is one of the national priorities and is a national task). The formation of the foundations of the information society has been completed, the legal basis for informatization has been laid. In the period until 2015 in the Republic of Belarus, according to the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Republic of Belarus, until 2015, work on the creation and development of the basic components of information and communication infrastructure for the development of the state system for the provision of electronic services (electronic government) must be completed. It will include a national information system, integrating state information resources for the purpose of providing electronic services; a unified secure environment for information interaction; state public key management system; an identification system for individuals and legal entities, as well as a payment gateway in integration with a unified settlement information space through which payment transactions will be carried out. According to the informatization plan for the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2015, it can be assumed that by 2015, every university will have broadband access to the Internet. The strategy for the development of the information society in the country provides for an increase in broadband Internet access ports to 3 million by 2015 (about 530,000 today), the number of mobile Internet access users will reach 7 million (about 1.6 million today). Today, more than 87% of Belarusian schools have some form of Internet access, and more than 21% have broadband access.
CIS countries
In the CIS countries, the information society is implemented on the basis of an interstate network of information and marketing centers (IMC network), which is a project similar to the “Digital Agenda for Europe” (Digital Agenda for Europe), presented by the European Commission as a strategy for ensuring economic growth of the European Union V digital age and distribution digital technologies among all walks of life.
Literature
- Abdeev R. F. Philosophy of information civilization / Editors: E. S. Ivashkina, V. G. Detkova. - M.: VLADOS, 1994. - P. 96-97. - 336 p. - 20,000 copies.
- - ISBN 5-87065-012-7
- Varakin L. E. Global information society: Development criteria and socio-economic aspects. -M.: International. acad. communications, 2001. - 43 p., ill.
- Vartanova E. L. Finnish model at the turn of the century: Inform. society and media of Finland in Europe. perspective. : Publishing house Mosk. University, 1999. - 287 p.
- Voronina T.P. Information society: essence, features, problems. - M., 1995. - 111 p. Korotkov A. V., Kristalny B. V., Kurnosov I. N. State policy Russian Federation
- in the field of information society development. // Under scientific ed. A. V. Korotkova. - M.: Train LLC, 2007. ISBN 978-5-903652-01-3. - 472 s.
- Martin W. J. Information society (Abstract) // Theory and practice of social and scientific information. Quarterly / USSR Academy of Sciences. INION; Editorial board: Vinogradov V. A. (chief editor) and others - M., 1990. - No. 3. - P. 115-123.
- Tuzovsky, I. D. Bright tomorrow? Dystopia of futurology and futurology of dystopias. - Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk State Academy. culture and arts, 2009. - 312 p.
Notes
Webster F. Theories of the information society. - M.: Aspect Press, 2004. - 400
see also
- Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the development of the information society in the Russian Federation
Links
- , 2000
- Basil Lvoff Media and information society
- Kostina A.V. Trends in the development of the culture of the information society: analysis of modern information and post-industrial concepts // Electronic journal"Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2009. - No. 4 - Culturology.
- Pogorsky E.K. The role of youth in the formation of the information society // Information humanitarian portal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2012. - No. 2 (March - April) (archived in WebCite).
- Pogorsky E.K. The formation of the information society in the Russian Federation: dialogue between citizens and local governments // Scientific works of Moscow University for the Humanities. - 2011.
- Skorodumova O. B. Domestic approaches to the interpretation of the information society: post-industrialist, synergetic and postmodern paradigms // Electronic journal "
Bibliographic description:
Nesterov A.K. Information society [ Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website
The formation and development of the information society is global in nature, while the main features and features of the information society were formed in the first decade of the 21st century. IN to a large extent This process contributes to the emergence of new economic incentives, growth points, the development of social order, and the intensification of intercultural interaction.
Information society concept
It is logical that the foundation of the information society is information. Conceptually, information is already an independent value; in many cases it can be evaluated and acquired, which puts it on the same level as material values and energy. In a number of cases, information becomes one of the resources for the functioning of enterprises and organizations, and a factor of progress.
The main factor for creating complex conditions for the development of the information society was the emergence of the Internet, which made it possible to form a unified global information and communication environment and a common cyberspace.
The information society is a phase of the development of human civilization in which the value, role and importance of information and knowledge sharply increases.
The concept of the information society represents it as a special nature, a superstructure over the modern social structure when information, knowledge and information technologies intensively penetrate and are introduced into all spheres of society.
Modern information society
The modern information society has the following features:
- Increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society.
- Intensive development of information technologies and communications.
- Increasing the share of information technology sector products in the GDP structure.
- The existence of a global information space.
- Effective information interaction between people and social groups.
- Improving access to information.
- The existence of a variety of information products and services.
The modern information society is characterized by the following aspects.
Firstly, the role of information and knowledge in the life of society continues to strengthen, while the information saturation of economic, economic, financial, managerial, commercial, and production spheres of activity is also increasing significantly. For many areas of activity, information and knowledge become the most important resource socio-economic development. Similarly, new points of economic growth are associated exclusively with information, knowledge, their implementation and implementation in traditional areas.
Secondly, the information technology industry forms a special sector of the economy, which is one of the most dynamic and rapidly developing.
Thirdly, information, information services, and individual knowledge are objects of consumption; they can be acquired, sold, or transferred for temporary use. At the same time, in a number of cases, stable market structures have already emerged, for example, information and communication technologies, telecommunications and the service sector for these markets.
Fourthly, models of social, economic, managerial, financial, and production organization are partially transformed, becoming wider, and increasing their flexibility through the use of information technology.
The main trend is that the role of information is consistently growing, the search for new knowledge is intensifying. Information and knowledge come forward important factor production and economic growth. Economic success is increasingly determined by the availability of information, the use of innovation and continuous development.
Development of the information society
The development of the information society can be divided into 3 stages:
- 1950-1980 – The emergence of a close connection between science, technical developments and production. A sharp increase in production dynamics, the formation of prerequisites for the emergence of modern high-tech technologies.
- 1980-2000 – Globalization of socio-economic relations, intensification of international relations and complication of world economic processes. Reducing the number of purely local socio-economic events and processes.
- 2000-2020 – Significant complication of all spheres of human activity, the formation of a complex global economic system. Simultaneous strengthening of integration processes in the economic sphere, the desires of individual states to preserve their economic, political and cultural sovereignty. The emergence of new integration unions: BRICS, EAEU, SCO.
Modern and further development information society is associated with the creation and implementation of new information and communication technologies in all spheres of human activity. All this will require a serious and profound restructuring of modern society.
Main directions of development of the information society:
- E-commerce
- Telemedicine
- Distance education
- Robotization
- Digital economy
- Electronic services
- Remote receiving public services
The development of the information society at its current level is determined by increased requirements for adaptation to the sharply increased pace of changes in the economy, production, technology, etc. The consequence of this is the simultaneous strengthening of integration trends at the local, national and international levels, while the trends towards sovereignty and self-sufficiency at the same levels are growing.
The development of the information society is a set of processes affecting changes in government, society, economic system, technology, production and the lives of individuals in the context of increasing the role of information and knowledge.
The development of the information society, having significant potential for improving the quality of life of the entire human community and each individual, expands opportunities for individuals and entrepreneurs, creates the prerequisites for further increasing production efficiency, saving resources and focuses on an innovative type of development. Associated with this is the possibility of access to the information resources of human civilization for literally every person, as well as the possibility of communication between very remote points of our planet.
Information society in the Russian Federation
The main areas in which the most obvious development of the information society in the Russian Federation is taking place:
- Remote receipt of government services. This includes most government services that can be obtained through the website https://www.gosuslugi.ru
- Distance learning. Including through webinars, video lectures, broadcasts, lectures. Many universities have implemented a system for remote downloading of completed work, remote completion of knowledge tests, and remote recording of academic progress. Partial distance learning is implemented in schools.
- Finance and banks. All banks have Internet banking and client banking.
- Social interaction. The most significant example is the spread electronic signature both for legal entities and individuals.
- Telemedicine. Electronic registration at the clinic, video conferences of medical specialists, etc.
- Remote work via the Internet.
- Tax administration.
- Interaction with executive authorities. Online reception of citizens' appeals.
- Transportation. Electronic tickets for plane, train. Taxi services (here you can forget about “Around the city inexpensively!!!” like a bad dream).
- And many other areas.
The further development of the information society in the Russian Federation is associated with the construction of a digital economy and robotization. In turn, this places the following demands on society:
- Increasing requirements for professional qualifications.
- Increasing requirements for the level of education.
- Changing the educational structure of society.
- Changing the nature of work.
At the moment, there is already a predominance of intellectual, skilled labor, requiring special skills and knowledge, in the social structure. Accordingly, receiving an education is no longer sufficient; it is necessary to skillfully apply the acquired knowledge and use the information.
The information society of the Russian Federation is also characterized by increased requirements for the production of services, especially those related to the receipt, extraction, processing, storage, transformation and use of information.
The structure of the information society of the Russian Federation is shown in the figure.
Structure of the information society of the Russian Federation
Problems of the information society
Let us list the main problems of the information society.
- Globalization leads to the erosion of the national sovereignty of individual states, economic and political boundaries, which is aggravated by the formation of global conglomerates in the field of communications, production, information, etc.
- The acceleration of the pace of industrialization and the intensification of interaction between different states leads not only to the mutual exchange of cultural achievements, but also creates conditions for cultural aggression on the part of a number of countries. Together with the unification of cultures, this exacerbates the danger of individual peoples losing their cultural, national, linguistic identity, and also leads to the imposition of a cult of consumption on humanity, which only meets the interests of transnational corporations.
- Increasing globalization of the economy and production may adversely affect the state of the environment and policies for its protection.
- There is an attack (in the long term with complete destruction) of the right to work and social protection.
- The widespread spread of the so-called “screen” or “reference” culture in the conditions of the inevitable collision of such a virtual culture with objective reality creates significant psychological and social problems for people.
- In conditions of increasing information, increasing volumes of information received, it becomes more difficult for people to control its content and protect themselves from excess information.
- Possibilities for the free dissemination of information create threats to the transmission of information dangerous to society, and the problem of the security of personal data arises.
Separately, mention should be made of the problem of information inequality, when some people find themselves cut off from information, both for objective reasons and for subjective reasons. As a result, society is divided into those who use the information environment and those who do not. At the same time, many people, especially older generations, deliberately classify all information technologies as an exclusion zone and do not want to get involved with them. This may lead to the fact that in the relatively near future such people may find themselves left out of social processes as a whole.
