Visual information. Tactile information: types and methods of obtaining. Tactile information for disabled people

Tactile information, according to many studies, has a direct impact on a person’s perception of a situation. Unpleasant sensations in the body or an uncomfortable posture can even affect our attitude towards the interlocutor, although neither one nor the other is directly related to him. About what tactile information means in Everyday life, what its sources and features are, will be discussed below.

Briefly about the main thing

Let us first dwell on the definition of the term “information”. Its most general interpretation is found in philosophy. Information is defined as one of the properties of the material world, which is essentially immaterial. It exists independently of our consciousness and is inherent in all objects of living and inanimate nature.

In physics, any changes in the state of a system occur with the transmission of a signal from one object to another. This is how heating and cooling, braking and movement occur, and so on. The collection of signals constitutes a message. The term “information” in physics generalizes the concepts of “message” and “signal”.

Types of information

There are many approaches to one of them is based on the way of perception. Based on this, information is divided into five types:

A person receives the vast majority of information about the world around him through vision. Hearing also plays a significant role. The last mentioned - tactile, olfactory and gustatory - constitute only a small percentage of information perceived by a person. In animals this ratio is somewhat different. It is known that tactile information plays a much more important role in the lives of many of them than vision.

Organs of touch

Despite the fact that the sense of touch, at first glance, plays a relatively small role in life, people are not able to do without it. A person receives tactile information through nerve endings located on the skin, in muscles and joints, and on the surface of mucous membranes. Receptors perceive temperature, touch, vibration, changes in body position, texture, and so on.

Information from nerve endings is transmitted through nerve fibers to the brain. There it is processed, and a signal is sent to the organs of the body, for example, to withdraw your hand from a hot object.

Biological meaning

What is the source of tactile information? The answer is very simple: everything that affects the corresponding receptors. Through the organs of touch we feel temperature, humidity, texture (the nature of the surface), and vibration. Receptors convey to us information about the position in space of the entire body or a specific part of it.

As already mentioned, despite the rather small percentage of information that we receive through touch, it is necessary for normal life person. Various disorders - loss of sensitivity, damage to nerve channels that transmit information from receptors to the brain, and others - lead to dangerous situations and the inability to navigate. A simple example: in the absence of tactile receptors, it is easy to get a severe burn, because it is through them that tactile information about the heating temperature of an object, on which, for example, a hand is placed, is transmitted to the brain. The organs of touch save us in the dark, when the eyes cannot tell what is ahead. Tactile receptors play an important role in the state of the body. They participate in the formation of the so-called muscle feeling, which plays an important role in the process of movement.

Touch in animals

For animals, tactile information has higher value than for a person. There are many examples of this. There are animals in which the sense of touch actually replaces vision. These include inhabitants of the deep sea, where light simply does not reach. The sense of touch helps the spider feel that its victim is already entangled in the “nets” placed.

Bees convey information about the location of a flower using a special dance that includes touching.

Animals that climb trees have excellent tactile receptors on the skin. Many representatives of the fauna have vibrissae - special organs of touch that can respond not only to touch, but also to air vibrations. In appearance they resemble hairs. The vibrissae, however, are distinguished by greater rigidity, length and thickness.

Development of tactile sense

IN modern society It is not difficult to find people with a more developed sense of touch. The sensitivity of some areas of the skin increases as a result of the characteristics of the profession. For example, for craftsmen who constantly deal with small details, the ability to distinguish tiny elements, cracks, etc. with your fingertips increases.

And of course, the sense of touch is heightened in people who are visually impaired or blind. Tactile information for the visually impaired compensates for the lack of visual information. The sense of touch develops especially strongly in deaf-blind people.

Braille

A person receives tactile information through touch. For deaf-blind people this is the only source of information about the world around them. People with visual impairments also have hearing, but our world is designed in such a way that the vast majority of information is transmitted and stored in the form of text. Today for reading and writing the blind and visually impaired people use Braille.

Louis Braille developed the tactile dotted font in 1824. The future French teacher was 15 years old at the time.

A little history

Methods of representing tactile information were not young Louis's favorite topic. The invention of the font was a logical consequence of the boy's blindness. Louis Braille injured his eyes with a saddle knife at the age of 3 and lost his sight by the age of five. At that time, there were many books in special institutions for visually impaired children. They were written using relief-linear writing. Its main disadvantage was its bulkiness, which did not allow one to fit a lot of information on one page.

During his studies, Braille learned about the existence of the “night alphabet” by Charles Barbier. A French officer developed it for military purposes: the font made it possible to read reports at night. Information was written on cardboard using piercing. Inspired by Barbier's invention, Louis Braille created his own dotted relief font.

Features of Braille

As the name implies, raised dot font is written using dots. Braille used six dots arranged in two columns. There is also a font variant that uses eight dots, arranged four in a column. The first letters are written using upper and middle dots. For those following them, points are added according a certain order: first a dot is placed at the bottom right, then on the right and left, then on the right. Braille also allows you to depict numbers, various symbols of mathematical operations and notes.

The peculiarities of the invention of the French teacher are manifested both in the process of reading and during writing. Information recorded using a font is readable by raised dots. Accordingly, they need to be applied with reverse side leaf. In this case, reading occurs from left to right, as in the case of ordinary text. You have to write using Braille from right to left. The numbering of points in columns from top to bottom makes it easier to write. When written, they are arranged in reverse order.

Braille in its original form consists of 64 characters, one of which is a space. Eight-point allows you to write 256 different characters. Of course, this is a very small set. Often the limitations of a font are overcome by using double characters, which are a combination of two simple ones that separately have their own meaning. Moreover, the resulting symbols often have more than one meaning (sometimes up to ten).

Prevalence of the invention

Today, Braille is used all over the world. It is adapted for many languages, including Russian. In our country, book printing using the invention of the French typhlopedagogue began in 1885. There is a version of Braille for Chinese, as well as such rare languages ​​as Guarani, Tibetan and Dzongkha.

Braille's main achievement is that it created not just a way to write and read text for the blind, but made it quite convenient to use. Information written on the sheet according to certain rules can be easily read using the index finger of one or both hands. at the same time it is 150 words per minute. For comparison, a person with normal vision is able to read at a speed of 250 words in the same period of time.

Thus, tactile information for living beings is no less important than visual or auditory information. Mammals, insects and other representatives of the fauna use touch to navigate in space, establish contacts between individuals, learn about danger, and so on. A person has less developed tactile sensitivity, but its role in life is difficult to overestimate.

“Types and properties of information” - Properties of information. Auditory. Types of information. Adequacy. Property of information. Using skin. According to the way of perception. With the help of hearing. Human sense organs. With the help of language. By subjects of exchange. Consolidation of what has been learned. According to the form of presentation. Types and properties of information. Visual. Letter. Correspondence. Using the sense of smell. Entrance examination. With the help of vision.

“Types of information presentation” - Application of computer science and computer equipment. Number of equally probable events. The amount of information in the text. Language as a way of presenting information. Information. Properties of information. Semantic theory. Information society. Explanation. Presentation of information. Units of information measurement. Information processes.

“Basic types of information” - Visual information. Taste information. Knowledge. Information. Sound (auditory) information. The brain controls a person. We live in a world of information. Olfactory information. Review questions. Tactile information.

“Concept and types of information” - Types of information. Concept of information. Information processes. Source and receiver of information. Cybernetic model. Rules. Home computer. The boundary between information and knowledge. Philosophical concepts of information. A source of information. Data processing. Credibility. The concept of hereditary information.

“The concept of information and its types” - Summing up the lesson. Physical minute. Determine the type of information (by presentation method). We receive information from different sources. Types of information by presentation method. Determine the type of information the girl receives. Information. Types of information. Types of information (according to the method of perception). Divide these words by type of information received and fill out the table. What is information? List the measuring instruments known to you.

“Classification of information” - Information transmission channels. How we perceive information. Types of information according to the method of perception. Information. A person receives information through the senses. Fill out the table according to the sample. Types of information according to presentation form. Control questions. Transfer of information. Types of information according to its meaning. Concept of information.

“Amount of information” - Can be stored on the computer’s hard drive following types files. The collection of pixels forms the image on the screen. It is not practical to store books in a video file. If we scan with lower quality then the text will be readable. Objective way of measuring text information is the alphabetical approach.

“Visual illusions” - How many deer are there in the picture? Leshy or Baba Yaga? HOW MANY CUBES ARE THERE, 6 or 7? However human brain is not always able to cope with the analysis of the image obtained on the retina. Optical illusion. A visual illusion is a representation of a visible phenomenon or object that does not correspond to reality due to the structural features of our visual apparatus.

“Information and its types” - The sense of smell perception is called smell. Tactile information. What do you see in the picture? Visual information. We receive information from various sources. What information do we receive in the morning when the alarm clock rings? What is the taste like? Sound information. A person receives information through the senses.

“Visual analyzer” - The cavity between the iris and the lens is called rear camera eyes. What is indicated by numbers 1 - 15? To correct vision, glasses with diverging lenses are used. Maximum amount rods are located on the periphery of the eye. Where is the layer of pigment cells located in the retina? Change in the curvature of the lens: The ciliary muscle is relaxed at the top, contracted at the bottom.

“Types of information” - Types of information. Taste information. Auditory, visual, tactile information. Tactile information. Type of information. Visual information. Auditory information. Sense organs. Olfactory information. Visual, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, sound information. Visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory.

“The concept of information” - Perception of information Properties of information. 1. What is information. What is information? 3. Properties of information. Full. Current. The concept of information. Information about the object. Useful. Understandable. 2. Perception of information. Reliable.

Goals:

• familiarizing students with the concept of information and types of information (according to the way it is perceived);
• development of students’ logical thinking, memory, attention, as well as interest in the subject “Informatics”;
• work to improve students' oral speech;
• achieving conscious mastery of the material by students.

Lesson type: lesson of learning new material.

Student age: 3rd grade (first year of computer science education)

Lesson equipment:

• multimedia projector;
• presentation ( Annex 1 )
• cards with answers to riddles;
• information windmills

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment

2. Check homework

Dear Guys!
On schedule exactly on time
We are starting our lesson!
We are waiting for you all to open it.
Good luck to work!

– Guys, to check how you have mastered the components of a computer, let’s solve riddles.

1. Like a brave captain,
And the screen on it is lit.
He breathes a bright rainbow,
And the computer writes on it
And he draws without hesitation
All kinds of pictures.
On top of the whole car
Located… (display)

2. Modest gray bun,
Long thin wire
Well, on the box -
Two or three buttons.
There is a bunny in the zoo
The computer has... (mouse)

3. Jump and jump on the keys -
Be-re-gi no-go-tok!
One or two, and you're done -
Tapped out the word!
This is where your fingers get exercise!
This is... (keyboard).

4. Near the display – main block:
Electric current runs there
To the most important microcircuits.
This block is called... (system)

-What word is left? (Information)

3. Tasks leading to the study of a new topic(Annex 1 )

- “Information. Types of information" is the topic of our lesson today.
- What does this word mean?

(The teacher listens to the students’ answers and makes a generalization.)

Information is information about the world around us.
Information can be obtained different ways. Our senses help us receive information.
During all tasks, you must carefully monitor what is happening and what you are doing. This will allow you to draw conclusions.

Exercise 1

-Tell about the object without touching it. (Ball, candy, watch...)

Task 2

- Close your eyes. Talk about an item without seeing it. (Lemon, sugar, candy...)
– Which body helped you obtain the information?

Task 3

– You don’t see or hear. Tell us about the subject. (In your hands there is a bag, a leaf from a flower, a candy wrapper...)
– Which body helped you obtain the information?

Task 4

– You don’t see, you don’t hear, you don’t touch with your hands. Tell us about the subject. (Perfume, air freshener...)
– Which body helped you obtain the information?

Task 5

- You do not see. What sounds did you hear? (Walked around the classroom, the door creaked...)
– Which body helped you obtain the information?

- Well done! We completed all tasks well.
– What did you and I do while exploring all the objects and substances?
– Collected information using the senses.
– How many sense organs does a person have? (5)
– What are these sense organs? (Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin.)

– A person receives information using 5 senses. Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin.
Was the same information received?

4. Learning new material

– Remember, with the help of which sense organ did we receive information about the object lying on the table? (Using the eyes)

– With the help of the eyes, a person receives visual information about the world around him.
– Give examples when a person receives visual information. (Reads a book, looks at each other, looks at the drawings...)

– Information received through the eyes is called visual or visual.
Vision helps to distinguish the colors of objects, their sizes, shapes, recognize whether they are far or close, moving or stationary. Thanks to vision, we read books, watch TV shows, and admire the beauty of nature. Eyes are like windows to the world. Take care of your eyesight.
– What organ allowed us to identify sounds? (Ears).

– With the help of the ears, a person receives auditory information: hears speech, music, noise.
– Give examples when a person receives information using his ears. (Students' answers)

– It is especially important for us to hear other people’s speech. After all, with the help of words we convey our thoughts and knowledge to each other. We also need the wonderful sounds of nature and music. These sounds are part of the beauty that surrounds us. Noise can not only disturb, but also carry useful information - for example, the noise of an engine tells us that a car is approaching and we need to be more careful. remember, that loud noise, sharp sounds, loud music spoil hearing and have a bad effect on the entire body. Rest in silence often.
– What organ allowed us to smell? (Nose)

– With the help of the nose, a person receives olfactory information: he senses the smells of the surrounding world.
– Give examples when a person receives information through the nose. (Students' answers)

– Many pleasant smells bring us joy: the smell of flowers, the smell of a coniferous forest. Some smells seem to warn of danger, for example, a gas leak from a gas stove or that food is spoiled and should not be eaten! Conversely, the pleasant smell of food stimulates appetite. When you have a runny nose, you have trouble smelling. We must protect ourselves from colds!
– Which organ allowed us to determine the sweet or sour taste of an object? (Language).

– With the help of the tongue, a person receives taste information: bitter, salty, sweet or sour.
– Give examples when a person receives taste information. (Students' answers)

– There are special taste buds on the tongue. Thanks to them, a person distinguishes the taste of food. A person eats tasty food with appetite. Sometimes we know by taste that food is spoiled and cannot be eaten. Food that is too hot burns the tongue and we hardly feel its taste. The food should not be very hot!
– Which organ allowed us to determine whether an object was smooth or rough? (Leather)

– With the help of the skin (especially on the fingertips), a person receives tactile or tactile information.
Give examples of when a person receives tactile or tactile information. (Students' answers)

– With the help of the skin, a person learns what an object feels like - warm or cold, smooth or rough, soft or hard. Even with your eyes closed or in the dark, you can touch information about the size and shape of an object.
– Skin is an organ of touch. Try not to injure the skin, avoid burns and frostbite!

– What types of information do you know?

5. Physical education minute

– Now let’s play a game: I name the word, and you determine what type of information it can be attributed to. If the information is visual, we close our eyes; if it is auditory, we cover our ears with our palms; if we receive the information in the form of smell, we close our nose; if we taste it, we cover our mouth; if we recognize it with our skin, we clap our hands.
Ringing, hot, smoke, sweet, music, prickly, hot, wet, bitter, green, rough, radio, sticky, gasoline, lemonade, frost.
- Well done. Sit down.

6. Consolidation of the studied material

Quest “Information Windmill”

The mill is responsible for processing information. The mechanism broke down and all the views got mixed up. Our task is to determine which pictures are suitable for this mill.

7. Summing up the lesson

– What types of information have we studied?
– Does information help us in life?

8. Homework

Review the types of information learned in the lesson. Draw a person of any profession and tell what types of information he will use.

2 Nature has endowed man with five senses so that he can perceive information. Visual information about an object can be obtained without even touching it. When it is light, a person primarily perceives and uses visual information. Secondly, sound (auditory). Sound information also plays a big role in human life. Especially in the dark. So, in a dark room we listen to all sounds and receive information using our hearing organs. By the smell you can tell from afar what is being prepared in the kitchen: cabbage soup or buckwheat porridge. Even blindfolded, olfactory information allows a person to distinguish a rose from a lily of the valley without touching them. We receive tactile information only by touching an object. By touching, we can find out what kind of object it is: hot, like a stove, or cold, like snow, smooth, like ice, or rough, like a cat’s tongue. Taste information also cannot be obtained from a distance. For example, the taste of food can be recognized using the tongue when you put it in your mouth.

3 To convey information to each other about their feelings, people gave them their own names. For example, food tastes sweet, sour, salty, bitter. The smell can also be sweet, bitter or sour. They also say about smells: persistent, weak, strong, sharp. Smells can be pleasant or unpleasant. Describing perception visual information, people use words: bright, colorful, big and others. Sounds can be sharp, loud, melodic, high, low. Human skin perceives heat or cold, softness, hardness, roughness or smoothness of objects, the thorniness of rose thorns, and much more. Hence the names of tactile sensations: soft, hard, hot, cold. A person receives information through the senses. Sense organs are eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin. Why does a person need several sense organs? Let's look at a few examples from life. Mom prepared dinner for Petya and Nastya. She cooked porridge for Petya and dumplings for Nastya and put the plates on the table. Suddenly the lights in the house went out. But the children were not confused and each found their plate by smell. After tasting the food, they realized that they were not mistaken. In this example, the children could not use the organ of vision (eyes), but the organs of smell (nose) and taste (tongue) came to their aid.

4 Another example. One winter, Vanya went for a walk. The children were making a snow woman in the yard and Vanya was with them. Vanya’s grandmother was preparing dinner in the kitchen and admiring the snow woman from the window. She wanted to praise the children, but knew that the children would not hear her through the glass. The grandmother tried to express her feelings with signs, but the children did not understand her. Visual information alone was not enough. One more example. Olya was left at home alone. Someone knocked the door. “Who’s there?” asked Olya. “It’s me,” they answered behind the door. Olya didn’t recognize whose voice it was and didn’t want to open it. And behind the door stood her aunt, mother’s sister. Thus, only one audio information sometimes it's not enough. Having also received visual information, the girl would be able to make the right decision to open the door to her aunt.

5 What do these examples remind us of? About what to accept the right decision ensuring, first of all, our safety, we need information different types perceived through different senses. In some cases we cannot do without vision, in others without hearing. At the same time, we can often use, for example, smell instead of vision to make decisions. A person makes a decision using different types of information: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile. The main thing that we must understand and remember is 1. Nature has endowed man with five senses so that he can perceive different types of information. 2. To make the right decision, a person needs several senses: eyes, ears, tongue, skin, nose.

6 SOURCES AND RECEIVER OF INFORMATION To understand what a source of information is and what a receiver of information is, let's consider an example. Andrey and Sergey met after the holidays. The boys took turns telling each other how they spent the summer. When Andrei spoke, he was a source of information for Sergei, who listened and understood him. Then Andrei listened to Sergei with interest. Now he was a receiver of information, and Sergei was a source of information for him. Thus, during communication, people take turns acting either as a source or as a receiver of information. During communication between two people, the person who is telling something is the source of information, and the one who listens and understands is the receiver of information.

7 A book for those who can read can serve as a source of information. There are different types of books: textbooks, problem books, reference books, encyclopedias, fiction and others. Textbooks are sources of information for schoolchildren and students, that is, for all people who study. The book is a source of information for the person reading it. A person reading a book is a receiver of information. In reference books and encyclopedias you can find necessary information about objects and phenomena. The reference books provide brief information. Encyclopedias give more details with illustrations (drawings or diagrams). Let's look at an example. Grandma reads fairy tales to little Sasha, because he himself doesn’t know how to read yet. Sasha really loves fairy tales in verse written by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. But most of all he likes “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish.”

8 Let us consider carefully who in this example is the source of information and who is the receiver. A book is not a source of information for a boy, since he does not read it. His grandmother reads a book to him. Thus, the book is a source of information for the grandmother, and the grandmother is a receiver of information. Grandmother is a source of information for Sasha, Sasha is a receiver of information. While reading a fairy tale, the grandmother perceives visual information (text in the book). Sasha listens to his grandmother’s speech and perceives information by ear, that is, he receives auditory information. Sasha and grandmother receive different types of information because they have different sources of information: for grandmother, the source of information is a book, and for Sasha, grandmother. An interesting and important fact is that, although from different sources, both the grandmother and the grandson perceive the same information: about the old man, the Goldfish and the greedy old woman.

9 The same information can be obtained from different sources. Nature is a source of information for the person observing it. A person can receive information from sources such as the sun, stars, sky and clouds, mountains, trees, rivers and lakes, animals, birds and fish. What a person sees is the source of visual information. The one he hears is the source of sound information. Lemon can be a source of visual, olfactory, gustatory or tactile information. The stars in the sky are a source of visual information only. A nightingale that sings in the park is a source of sound information for those who hear it. And a beautiful but prickly rose can be a source of visual, olfactory, and tactile information.

10 Here is a sparrow bathing in a puddle after the rain and chirping joyfully. He is a source of information for observers various types. By watching a bird, we receive both visual and audio information. A thundering waterfall, rustling leaves, a singing nightingale, a howling wind - all these can be natural, that is, natural sources of information. Natural phenomena can be sources of information. Anything created by human hands can be an artificial source of information. So, mother’s perfume is an artificial source of smell for the one who smells it, in contrast to flowers, berries and fruits, which in this case are sources of natural smells. A picture with the sea depicted on it is an artificial source of visual information for the one looking at the picture, in contrast to the real sea, which is a natural source of visual information.

11 Various sounding devices, such as a ringing bell, a humming vacuum cleaner, a rattling tram, a radio, a gramophone, a tape recorder, a computer, can be artificial sources sound information. TV, newspapers, books, and computers can be artificial sources of information for humans. Man-made devices can be sources of information. It is not always possible to distinguish from which source we receive information, artificial or natural. For example, it is difficult to determine whether we hear natural or artificial sounds if the singing of birds or the voice of a person is recorded on magnetic tape and then reproduced using a tape recorder.

12 The main thing that we must understand and remember is 1. We receive information from sources of information (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory). 2. Sources of information can be natural (natural) and artificial (man-made).