In what information system? Information systems and their place in our everyday life

An information system (IS) is any organized system for collecting, storing and transmitting information. More specifically, it is the creation of additional sources that people use to obtain, filter, and distribute data.

The definition of “information systems” is related to computer technology. In other words, it is a kind of complex that involves the work of people and computers, as a result of which information is processed or interpreted. The term is sometimes used in a more limited sense - to refer to the software needed to run a computer database, or as a definition of a computer component.

But the emphasis is usually on information systems, the definition of which includes the final surface layer - users, processors, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks. Any given IS aims to support operations, management and decision making.

The definition of an information system can be simply that of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) that different organizations use and the way in which people interact with these technologies to support business processes. Some researchers make a clear distinction between information and computer systems and business processes. ICs typically include a computer component, but are not directly related to them.

Information systems, the definition of which we will consider later in the article, differ from business processes in that they only help control the effectiveness of the latter.

Some scholars have argued for the benefits of IS as a specific type of work process. However, it is a system in which people or machines perform specific functions and activities, using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. While an information system is, as already mentioned, an intellectual complex whose activities are devoted to the collection, transmission, storage, search, processing and display of information.

Information system - what is it?

Thus, ISs are closely related to data transmission systems on the one hand and work process systems on the other. They represent a form of reciprocal communication in which data is represented and processed as a form of social memory. An information system (we discuss the basic concepts and definitions associated with it in the article) can also appear as a semi-official language that supports the creation of human decisions and actions. It is a major research area for organizational informatics.

Basic concepts, definitions, classification of information systems

There are different types of ICs, for example:

transaction processing;
decision support;
knowledge or learning management;
database management.

Crucial to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited. For example, processing large amounts of information, performing complex calculations and managing numerous simultaneous processes.

Information technology is a very important and malleable resource available to managers. Many companies today introduce the position of chief employee on these issues. The technical director can also serve in this role.

Equipment

The definition of “the essence of an information system” implies the presence of six components that must be combined to create it. And the first of them is equipment.

This term refers to technology. And it means the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all the associated hardware to support the operation. Among the auxiliary equipment needed to create an IC are input and output devices, data storage and communications.

Software

The next component is the software. This term refers to the computer programs and manuals (if any) that support them. There are computer applications, machine-readable instructions that direct the electrical circuitry within a system's hardware and cause it to function in such a way as to produce useful information from the data received.

Programs are usually stored on some machines, sometimes on removable media.

Data

Another component is data - facts that programs use to obtain useful information. Like programs, data is typically stored in machine-readable form on a disk or other storage device until the computer needs it.

Defining the concept of “information systems” is not possible without taking into account the presence of facts that are processed and systematized.

Procedures

Another component that defines the essence of the definition being described is procedures. This term refers to the policy that governs the operation of a computer system. These may be certain requirements and rules on the basis of which the IP operates and develops.

People

Every system also needs people if it is to be useful in any way. Moreover, people are often the most important element. And it is probably the component that most influences the success or failure of information systems. This includes not only users, but also those who operate and maintain computers, maintain data and networks, etc.

Feedback

Another component of the IS is feedback (although it is not necessary for operation).

As already noted, data is a kind of bridge between hardware and people. This means that the information we collect is only scattered information until it is systematized. At this stage, data becomes information and falls into the definition of an information system.

The use of information systems directly depends on their types.

Pyramid

Thus, the classic type of IP is often described in various textbooks. In the 80s, it was presented in the form of a pyramid, which reflected the hierarchy of the organization.

Typically, transaction processing systems were at the bottom of the pyramid, with management information systems just above that made decisions to support the system, and the model ended with executive IS at the top.

This pyramid model remains useful today because it pioneered a number of new technologies, but some of its components may not be relevant, although they fall under the modern information systems that we are trying to define. Examples of such IS may be the following:

data warehouses;
enterprise resource planning schemes;
expert;
search;
geographic information;
global information system;
office automation.

Computer ICs

A computer information system is created using computer technology to perform some or all of its planned tasks. Its main components are:

A piece of hardware that includes a monitor, processor, printer, and keyboard that work together to receive, process, and display data and information.
Software - programs that allow hardware to process data.
Databases, which are a repository of related files or tables containing relevant data.
Networks are a connecting system that allows a variety of computers to share resources.
Procedures, which are a set of commands designed to combine the above components for the purpose of processing information.

Information systems, the definition of which is presented in the article, classify the first four components (hardware, software, databases and networks) into one complex, which is known as an information technology platform.

IT workers can then use them to create information systems that monitor security controls, risks, and data management. These activities are known as information technology services.

Information systems development

Information technology departments in large organizations tend to have a strong influence on the development, use, and application of information technology. A number of techniques and processes can be used to develop and use IS. Many developers now use an engineering approach called the software life cycle (SDLC), which is a systematic process for developing an information system through stages that occur in a specific sequence.

IS may be developed within the organization or by an external source. This agreement can be achieved by outsourcing certain components or the entire system. A technologically implemented environment for recording, storing and distributing linguistic expressions, for drawing conclusions from such expressions - all this includes the concept of “information systems”.

Terms and definitions related to IP are quite complex and do not have a narrow focus, so they can be used in almost any field. But there are also specific areas of their application.

Geographic Information Systems: Definition

Examples of narrower classifications are geographic information systems (GIS) and earth information systems. They allow for the collection, storage, analysis and graphical visualization of spatial data. Their development is carried out in several stages, which include:

Problems of recognition and specification.
Collection of information.
Specification requirements for the new system.
System design.
System architecture.
Implementation.
Review and maintenance.

Academic discipline

The field of study of the concept of IS covers various topics, including systems analysis and design, computer networks, information security, database management and decision support systems.

The definition of “classification of information systems” currently does not have a uniform interpretation. It involves some data management operations, with practical and theoretical solutions to the problems of their collection and analysis. Depending on the field of activity, this may include means of improving the productivity of business applications, software programming and implementation, e-commerce, the use of electronic media, data mining and decision support.

Information systems (the definition of this concept was given earlier) serve to combine economics and computer science. They are a field for the study of computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, software and hardware designs, applications, and their impact on society. Many modern scholars have discussed the nature and foundations of information systems, which have their roots in other reference disciplines - such as computer science, engineering, mathematics, management, cybernetics, etc.

IS can also be defined as a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that work together to produce quality information. They are directly related to information technology, computer science and business. The study of theory and practice related to social and technological phenomena that determine their development, use and impact on human life is an area of interest for those who study information systems.

The definition that this article focused on is also used to describe the organizational function that applies this knowledge to industry, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. They often come down to interactions between algorithmic processes and technologies.

The field of IS study includes the study of theory and practice related to the social and technological phenomena that shape the development, use, and impact of information systems in organizations and society. In a broad sense, the term "information systems" refers to the scientific field of study that examines the strategic, managerial and operational activities involved in the collection, processing, storage, dissemination and use of information and related technologies in society and organizations.

The term information systems is also used to describe the organizational function that applies this knowledge to industry, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. IS is often reduced to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technologies. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is a technology that various organizations use for their own purposes.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Information system and its types……………………………………………...3

2. Composition of automated information systems……………………………9

3. Technological process of information processing…………………………….16

4. The role of information technology in the design, operation and modification of information systems………………………………………………………20

5. CASE technologies…………………………………………………………………...22

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...28

List of references………………………………………………………………..29

Introduction

The 21st century, which marks the beginning of the third millennium, has challenged humanity in the form of pervasive international communications, the World Wide Web, the Internet, and the emergence of a virtual economy. And who today can say with complete confidence that, leaving the 21st century. will not bring humanity a more serious threat in the form of the emergence of “machine (i.e., electronic) intelligence” and a “human-machine” economy? XXI century provides us with an opportunity to look at the development of the economy since its inception, and also to take an intelligent look at the future of the economy and humanity.

Using communication means, you can, without leaving your home, manage production lines or the financial and commercial activities of an enterprise, maintain accounting records, study remotely at an educational institution, read books in the library, buy goods, make banking and stock exchange transactions. and other financial transactions, etc. Appearance at the end of the 20th century. information technology has led to the emergence of the most profitable business - the interactive business.

We can say with complete confidence that in the middle of the 21st century. The leaders of the world economy and international trade will be those countries that will have high technology and knowledge-intensive industries. This means that the export of Russian oil, minerals, trade in weapons and heavy engineering products by Russian companies will take one of the last places in international trade and will no longer generate the income that Russia had at the end of the 20th century. .

In a market economy, the approach to management is radically changing, from functional to business-oriented, and the role of information technology is radically changing. A focus on business process-based management provides a competitive advantage for an organization in highly competitive environments, and business process-based management cannot be effectively implemented without the use of information technologies and systems.

1. Information system and its types.

Information system- is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of processing information. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

In the legal and regulatory sense, an information system is defined as “an organizationally ordered set of documents (an array of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes” [RF Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated February 20, 1995, No. 24-FZ].

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be conventionally represented as consisting of the following blocks:
entering information from external or internal sources;
processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
outputting information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

In general, information systems are determined by the following properties:
1) any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;
2) the information system is dynamic and developing;
3) when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

4) the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;

5) the information system should be perceived as a human-machine information processing system.

The introduction of information systems can contribute to:
obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods; freeing workers from routine work due to its automation; ensuring the reliability of information; improving the structure of information flows (including the document flow system); providing consumers with unique services; reducing costs for the production of products and services (including information).

The type of information system depends on whose interests it serves and at what level of management. Based on the nature of presentation and logical organization of stored information, information systems are divided into factual, documentary and geoinformation systems.

Factual Information Systems accumulate and store data in the form of multiple instances of one or several types of structural elements (information objects). Each of these instances or some combination of them reflects information on a fact or event separately from all other information and facts.

In documentary (documented) information systems A single element of information is a document that is not divided into smaller elements, and information during input (input document), as a rule, is not structured, or is structured in a limited form. For the entered document, some formalized positions can be set (date of production, artist, subject).

In geographic information systems the data is organized in the form of separate information objects (with a certain set of details) linked to a common electronic topographical basis (electronic map). Geographic information systems are used for information support in those subject areas in which the structure of information objects and processes has a spatial-geographical component (transport routes, utilities).

In Fig. 1.1 presents the classification of information systems according to the characteristics of their functional subsystems.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of information systems according to functional criteria.

In the economic practice of industrial and commercial facilities, the typical types of activities that determine the functional attribute of the classification of information systems are production, marketing, financial, and personnel activities.

Classification of information systems by management levels
Highlight:
operational (operational) level information systems – accounting, bank deposits, order processing, ticket registration, salary payments; information system for specialists – office automation, knowledge processing (including expert systems);
tactical level information systems (middle management) – monitoring, administration, control, decision making;
strategic information systems – formulation of goals, strategic planning.

Operational (operational) level information systems
The operational level information system supports executive specialists by processing data on transactions and events (invoices, invoices, salaries, loans, flow of raw materials). The purpose of the information system at this level is to respond to queries about the current status and monitor the flow of transactions in the company, which corresponds to operational management. To cope with this, the information system must be easily accessible, continuously available and provide accurate information. The operational level information system is the link between the company and the external environment.

Information systems of specialists. Information systems at this level help specialists working with data, increase the productivity and productivity of engineers and designers. The task of such information systems is to integrate new information into the organization and assist in the processing of paper documents.
Office automation information systems Due to their simplicity and versatility, they are actively used by employees of any organizational level. They are most often used by semi-skilled workers: accountants, secretaries, and clerks. The main goal is data processing, increasing the efficiency of their work and simplifying clerical work.

These systems perform the following functions: word processing on computers using various word processors; production of high-quality printed products; archiving of documents;
electronic calendars and notebooks for maintaining business information; email and audiomail; video and teleconferences.

Information systems for knowledge processing, including expert systems, absorb the knowledge necessary for engineers, lawyers, scientists when developing or creating a new product. Their job is to create new information and new knowledge.

Tactical level information systems (middle level)
The main functions of these information systems are: comparison of current indicators with past indicators; drawing up periodic reports for a certain time (rather than issuing reports on current events, as at the operational level); providing access to archival information, etc.

Decision support systems serve semi-structured tasks, the results of which are difficult to predict in advance (they have a more powerful analytical apparatus with several models). Information is obtained from management and operational information systems. Characteristics of decision support systems:
provide solutions to problems whose development is difficult to predict;
equipped with sophisticated modeling and analysis tools;
allow you to easily change the formulation of the problems being solved and the input data;
are flexible and easily adapt to changing conditions several times a day; have technology that is as user-oriented as possible.

Strategic information systems.Strategic Information System- a computer information system that provides decision support for the implementation of long-term strategic development goals of the organization. There are situations when the new quality of information systems forced to change not only the structure, but also the profile of companies, promoting their prosperity. However, in this case, an undesirable psychological situation may arise associated with the automation of certain functions and types of work, since this may put some of the workers in a difficult situation.

There are about 100 state information systems in the Russian Federation, they are divided into federal and regional. An organization operating any of these systems is required to comply with security requirements for the data processed within it. Depending on the classification, different information systems are subject to different requirements, for non-compliance with which sanctions are applied - from a fine to more serious measures.

The operation of all information systems in the Russian Federation is determined by the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ (as amended on July 21, 2014) “On information, information technologies and information protection” (July 27, 2006). Article 14 of this law provides a detailed description of GIS. Operators of state information systems in which restricted access information is processed (not containing information constituting a state secret) are subject to the requirements set out in Order No. 17 of the FSTEC of Russia dated February 11, 2013 “On approval of requirements for the protection of information that does not constitute a state secret contained in state information systems."

Let us recall that an operator is a citizen or legal entity engaged in the operation of an information system, including the processing of information contained in its databases.

If an organization is connected to a state information system, then FSTEC Order No. 17 obliges the system to be certified, and only certified information security tools (with valid FSTEC or FSB certificates) must be used to protect information.

There are often cases when the operator of an information system mistakenly classifies it as a GIS, when it is not one. As a result, excessive security measures are applied to the system. For example, if by mistake the operator of a personal data information system classified it as state-owned, he will have to comply with more stringent requirements for the security of the information being processed than required by law. Meanwhile, the requirements for the protection of personal data information systems, which are regulated by FSTEC Order No. 21, are less stringent and do not require certification of the system.

In practice, it is not always clear whether the system to which you need to connect is state-owned, and, therefore, what measures to build information security need to be taken. Nevertheless, the plan of inspections by regulatory authorities is growing, and fines are systematically increasing.

How to distinguish GIS from non-GIS

A state information system is created when it is necessary to ensure:

implementation of powers of government agencies;
information exchange between government agencies;
achieving other goals established by federal laws.

You can understand that an information system belongs to the state using the following algorithm:

Find out if there is a legislative act requiring the creation of an information system.
Check the availability of the system in the Register of Federal State Information Systems. Similar registers exist at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation.
Pay attention to the purpose of the system. An indirect sign of classifying a system as a GIS will be a description of the powers that it implements. For example, each administration of the Republic of Bashkortostan has its own charter, which also describes the powers of local government bodies. The IS “Registration of citizens in need of residential premises on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan” was created to implement such powers of administrations as “adopting and organizing the implementation of plans and programs for the comprehensive socio-economic development of the municipal region”, and is a GIS.

If the system involves the exchange of information between government agencies, it is also highly likely to be state-owned (for example, an interdepartmental electronic document management system).

This is GIS. What to do?

FSTEC Order 17 prescribes the following measures to protect information for GIS operators:

developing requirements for the protection of information contained in the information system;
development of an information security system for an information system;
implementation of the information security system of the information system;
certification of the information system according to information security requirements (hereinafter referred to as ISPD certification) and its commissioning;
ensuring the protection of information during the operation of a certified information system;
ensuring the protection of information during decommissioning of a certified information system or after a decision is made to terminate information processing.

Organizations that are connected to government information systems must perform the following actions:

1. Classify IP and identify security threats.

IP classification is carried out in accordance with clause 14.2 17 of the FSTEC order.

Threats to information security are determined based on the results

assessing the capabilities of violators;
analysis of possible information system vulnerabilities;
analysis (or modeling) of possible ways to implement threats to information security;
assessing the consequences of violating information security properties (confidentiality, integrity, availability).

2. Generate requirements for the information processing system.

System requirements must contain:

the purpose and objectives of ensuring information security in the information system;
information system security class;
a list of regulatory legal acts, methodological documents and national standards that the information system must comply with;
list of information system protection objects;
requirements for measures and means of information protection used in the information system.

3. Develop an information security system for the information system.

To do this you need to do:

designing an information security system for an information system;
development of operational documentation for the information security system of the information system;
prototyping and testing of the information security system of the information system.

4. Implement the information security system of the information system, namely:

installation and configuration of information security tools in the information system;
development of documents defining the rules and procedures implemented by the operator to ensure the protection of information in the information system during its operation (hereinafter referred to as organizational and administrative documents on information protection);
implementation of organizational measures to protect information;
preliminary tests of the information security system of the information system;
trial operation of the information security system;
checking the constructed information security system for vulnerability;
acceptance tests of the information security system of the information system.

5. Certify ISPDn:

conduct certification tests;
receive a certificate of conformity.

There is a widespread belief that in order to pass an inspection by regulatory authorities, it is enough to have organizational and administrative documents, so GIS operators often neglect to implement security measures. Indeed, Roskomnadzor pays close attention to documents and the implementation of organizational and administrative measures to protect personal data in the organization. However, if questions arise, specialists from FSTEC and the FSB may be involved in the inspection. At the same time, FSTEC looks very carefully at the composition of technical information protection and checks the correctness of the threat model, and the FSB checks the implementation of requirements regarding the use of cryptographic information protection means.

Oleg Necheukhin, information systems protection expert, Kontur-Security

10. Information systems

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

2. Basic principles of IS development

3. Classification of information systems.

4. Systems of classification and coding of economic information.

IP classes: MR I, MRP II, ERP

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

Information- this is some information, knowledge about objects and processes of the real world. Economic information is usually displayed in the form of documents.

Document - is a material medium of information that has legal force and is drawn up in the prescribed manner.

System is a complex of interconnected means acting as a single whole. Each system is characterized by structure, input and output flows, purpose and limitations, and the law of operation.

System covers a complex of interrelated elements that act as a single whole in achieving set goals.

Each system includes components

1. The structure of the system is the set of elements of the system and the relationships between them.

2. Functions of each element of the system

3. Input and output of each element and the system as a whole.

4. Goals and limitations of the system and its individual elements (achievements: reducing costs and increasing profits)

Each system has the properties of divisibility and integrity.

IP ensures the collection, storage, and processing of information about the facility, supplying employees of various ranks with information for the implementation of management functions.

EIS is system, functioning which consists in collecting, storing, processing and disseminating information about the activities of any economic entity in the real world.

EIS are designed to solve problems of data processing, office automation, searching for information and individual tasks based on artificial intelligence methods (from lectures).

Information system (IS) is a software and hardware complex designed for automated collection, storage, processing and delivery of information. Typically, information systems deal with large volumes of information that have a fairly complex structure. Classic examples of information systems are banking systems, transport ticketing systems, etc.

IS always specializes in information from a certain area of the real world: economics, technology, medicine, etc. The part of the real world displayed in the IC is called subject area . Therefore, economic IP is IP whose subject area is economics. In this sense, it acts as an information model of the subject area.

Any management system for an economic object has its own information system, called an economic information system.

Economic Information System (EIS) - these are a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.

The information system is an information service system for employees of management services and performs technological functions for the accumulation, storage, transmission and processing of information. It develops, is formed and functions in accordance with the regulations determined by the methods and structure of management activities adopted at a specific economic entity, and implements the goals and objectives facing it.

IP structure

The most common division of EIS subsystems is the separation of supporting and functional parts. The functional part is actually a model of the facility management system. In relation to control systems, a sign of structuring can be the functions of object management, according to which the EIS consists of functional subsystems. The supporting part of the EIS consists of information, technical, software, organizational, legal and other types of support.

Regardless of the characteristics, any EIS consists of functional and supporting parts. The functional part is determined by the set of tasks to be solved, identified by certain types of activities of various economic entities (by function).

The supporting part is a set of interconnected means of a certain type that ensure the functioning of the system as a whole or its individual elements. The supporting subsystems include: information support of IO, technical support of TO, mathematical support of MO, legal support of Prav.O, software software, organizational support of Org.O, technological support of Tech.O

IO is a set of a unified system for classifying and encoding information, unified documentation systems, information flow diagrams circulating in organizations, as well as a methodology for constructing a database. IO is divided into extra-machine and intra-machine.

A non-machine unified documentation system, as well as a classification and coding system for accounting information.

In-machine – documents and arrays of documents located in computer memory in the form of libraries, archives, databases, knowledge bases.

TO is a set of technical means intended for the operation of an IS, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

Tech.O - focused on the selected information technology for entering, registering, transferring, processing and issuing effective information. (centralized, distributed, decentralized)

Software – includes: general system and special software products, as well as technical documentation (OS, shells, programs...)

Mat.O. – a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the IS, as well as the functioning of a complex of technical means.

Org.O is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and with each other in the process of development and operation of IS.

Right. – a set of legal norms that determine the creation of legal status and functioning of IP, regulating the procedure for obtaining the transformation and use of information. (from lectures)

The structure of information includes the following concepts: information space, subject area, object, object instance, object properties, interaction of objects and interaction properties. To describe a subject area means to list objects and the relationships between them, and then describe them with attributes and constituent units of information.

The structure of economic information is quite complex and can include various combinations of information sets that have a certain content. An information set is understood as a group of data characterizing an object, process, or operation. Based on their structural composition, information sets can be divided into:

requisites,

indicators,

What is an information system? We are talking about a set of tools for collecting, storing and distributing data. In this case, any system that provides such functions can be considered similar. If we talk more deeply about the meaning of the concept, then this can be called the creation of sources used in the future to obtain data, filter them and popularize them.

Definition

In this article we will take a closer look at what an information system is. This concept is directly related to computer nuances. Otherwise, such a system can be called a complex, which implies the mutual work of people and technology, as a result of which information is processed and changes its appearance.

The term can also be used in a more limited sense. Often this is the name of the software that is necessary for the correct operation of databases. However, when answering the question of what an information system is, a person means a complex that includes a superficial layer. This can be a collection of users, processors, communication networks, and so on. Moreover, any of the information systems is necessary in order to support the correct operation of all operations, as well as to manage decisions. Revealing in more detail what an information system is, it must be said that these are communication technologies used by many organizations. This is also the name given to the ways in which people interact with PCs and other types of devices while working in business. At the moment, many researchers clearly divide information and computer systems among themselves. As a rule, the former are not directly related to technology, but include many components of computer technology.

General concept

This article will discuss the information support system, which differs from business processes. As a rule, their differences lie in the fact that such a complex does not help to manage the latter, but only to monitor the effectiveness of their work. Many information systems are referred to as a special type of functional process. However, we are still talking not about one function, but about a complex within which people or equipment perform certain options using certain resources. It should be noted once again that the information system is based on work that allows you to collect data, transmit it, store, search, process, and also display the received files as much as possible.

What is this - IS?

Analyzing the nuances described above, an information system is one that is closely connected with many complexes. The latter allow you to connect data from two parties and their work processes at once. It is a form of interconnection. Within its limits, data is provided and processed as much as possible. As a rule, in such a complex information is considered social memory. The system described can also be thought of as a semi-official language that is capable of supporting all human activities. It is a basic direction in organizational informatics.

Basic concepts, definitions, classification of information systems

At the moment, there are several management information systems. Among them, support for making various decisions or actions, as well as transaction processing, should be highlighted. There are also special systems that allow you to manage training or acquired knowledge and databases. When creating any information complex, we take into account the technologies that are necessary in order to complete tasks that are beyond the capabilities of the human brain. For example, to perform complex calculations or control many processes at once. It is for such purposes that such complexes are created. At the moment, information technology is a fairly important resource that is maximally accessible to any manager. Today, a large number of companies are introducing vacancies based on working with such systems. Often a technical director is appointed to this position.

Equipment

To ensure the security of information systems, you must work with the right equipment. There are currently six main components that must be combined to create such an entity. Equipment is one of them. This term is all about technology. We are talking about the presence of a computer, which is often called a central processor in the professional sphere. It is also necessary to purchase all the equipment that allows you to support the operation of this equipment. Among the auxiliary or additional equipment, one should highlight a device that allows data storage, communication with other components, and also provides input-output of parameters.

Software

The unified information system runs on special software equipment. This is what allows for correct functionality. At the same time, special guidelines are often created that make it possible to maintain the correct operation of the software. At the moment, there are a large number of computer utilities, as well as machine-readable instructions that function without human intervention. Thus, they allow the hardware parts of the system to operate using electrical circuits. As a result, the computer produces useful data from just the analyzed mass of files. The received information is usually located on some devices, and the use of removable media is also allowed.

Data

Speaking about an automated information system, it is necessary to talk about data. They are directly used by her. It is this information that is needed to obtain useful files. As mentioned above, they are stored on special media until it becomes beneficial for the computer to use certain information. It should be noted that the complex will not be able to work without taking into account the availability of received facts, which as a result are then processed and systematized.

Procedures

Of course, it is necessary to add, when talking about an automated information system, about procedures. They are also important in the term being described. This refers to a policy that completely distributes the functionality of a computer system. Moreover, these can be either requirements or a rule. With their help, the information system will function and develop as quickly as possible.

People

The state information system and any others need people, because such complexes are created precisely to ensure maximum performance and convenience for consumers. Often they are the most significant element of development. It should be noted that it is the users who completely influence the resulting success or failure. It should be said that this item should include not only users, but also those who work and maintain the equipment, and also the information system itself in general.

Feedback

Any private or public information system must have feedback. This component is not the main one, but it is quite important. It was already said above that information is considered a kind of connector between a computer and people. Thus, all the data that is collected as a result of work is information, and scattered until the PC itself systematizes it. It is at this stage that all information becomes useful and falls under the definition of IP.

Pyramid

A pyramid is a unified information system of the classical type. As a rule, this is what is presented in programming textbooks. In the eighties, it was drawn in the form of a regular pyramid, which made it possible to fully indicate the hierarchy of each component. It should be noted that at the very bottom were the systems processed in the transaction. A little higher was the IS control, necessary to maintain the high-quality operation of the complex, and in the upper part was the model of the executive base.

This type of image is useful even today. A large number of new technologies have been formulated on the basis of the pyramid, but it should be noted that due to the development of technology, some components of this system may no longer be entirely relevant.

Computer ICs

Computer information systems are required in order to handle some planned tasks.

Such complexes have basic components. As a rule, this is a hardware part. It includes a processor, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on.

In addition, it is necessary to have programs that allow you to process the data.

Networks are often needed to connect the system and the computers used.

A working structure of procedures, which are the commands needed to process information, should be fully provided.

The functionality of the databases also needs to be guaranteed. They will store the resulting tables with important files.

At the moment, the described systems that we are talking about now work with the first four components. They are combined into one complex. It is called an information technology platform.

Information systems development

Information systems are developed within the framework of the work of any organizations, or through external sources. Often these components influence the development of large companies, allowing for the maximum use of information technology. If we talk about methods and processes, a large number of instructions have now been developed, which makes it possible to effectively use such a system.