Pressure 1 pascal. Natural gems. Multiples and submultiples

In SI, the pascal is also a unit of measurement for mechanical stress, elastic modulus, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, yield strength, proportionality limit, tensile strength, shear strength, sound pressure, osmotic pressure, volatility (fugacity).

In accordance with general rules In SI concerning derived units named after scientists, the name of the unit pascal is written with a lowercase letter, and its designation with a capital letter. This spelling of the notation is also preserved in the notation of other derived units formed using pascal. For example, the designation for the unit of dynamic viscosity is written as Pa·.

Multiples and submultiples

Decimal multiples and submultiples formed using standard SI prefixes.

Comparison with other pressure units

In practice, approximate values ​​are used: 1 atm = 0.1 MPa and 1 MPa = 10 atm. 1 mm of water column is approximately equal to 10 Pa, 1 is equal to approximately 133 Pa.

Normal atmospheric pressure is considered to be 760 mmHg, or 101,325 Pa (101 kPa).

The dimension of the pressure unit (N/m 2) coincides with the dimension of the energy density unit (J/m 3), but from the point of view of physics, these units are not equivalent, since they describe different physical properties. In this regard, it is incorrect to use Pascals to measure energy density, and write pressure as J/m 3.

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Notes

1. // Physical encyclopedia / D. M. Alekseev, A. M. Baldin, A. M. Bonch-Bruevich, A. S. Borovik-Romanov, B. K. Vainshtein, S. V. Vonsovsky, A. V. Gaponov -Grekhov, S. S. Gershtein, I. I. Gurevich, A. A. Gusev, M. A. Elyashevich, M. E. Zhabotinsky, D. N. Zubarev, B. B. Kadomtsev, I. S. Shapiro , D. V. Shirkov; under general ed. A. M. Prokhorova. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1992. - T. 3. - P. 549-550. - 672 s. - 48,000 copies.
2. Dengub V. M., Smirnov V. G. Units of quantities. Dictionary reference book. - M.: Standards Publishing House, 1990. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-7050-0118-5.
3. / Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. - Paris, 2006. - P. 156. - 180 p. - ISBN 92-822-2213-6.(English)

Links

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Pascal (symbol: Pa) is a unit of pressure (mechanical stress) in SI. Pascal is equal to the pressure (mechanical stress) caused by a force equal to one newton, uniformly distributed over a surface normal to it... ... Wikipedia

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Instructions

Recalculate the original pressure value (Pa), if it is given in megapascals (mPa). As you know, there are 1,000,000 pascals in one megapascal. Let's say you need to convert to 3 megapascals, it will be: 3 mPa * 1,000,000 = 3,000,000 Pa.

You will need

• Calculator.

Instructions

First you need to understand those units of pressure that are between pascal and megapascal. 1 (MPa) contains 1000 Kilopascals (KPa), 10000 Hectopascals (GPa), 1000000 Decapascals (DaPa) and 10000000 Pascals. This means that in order to convert , you need to raise 10 Pa to the power “6” or multiply 1 Pa by 10 seven times.

In the first step, it became clear that the direct action was to move from small pressure units to larger ones. Now, to do the opposite, you will need to multiply the existing value in megapascals by 10 seven times. In other words, 1 MPa = 10,000,000 Pa.

For simplicity and clarity, we can consider: in an industrial propane cylinder the pressure is 9.4 MPa. How many Pascals will this same pressure be?
The solution to this problem requires the above method: 9.4 MPa * 10000000 = 94000000 Pa. (94 Pascals).
Answer: in an industrial cylinder the pressure on its walls is 94,000,000 Pa.

Video on the topic

note

It is worth noting that much more often it is not the classical unit of pressure that is used, but the so-called “atmosphere” (atm). 1 atm = 0.1 MPa and 1 MPa = 10 atm. For the example discussed above, another answer will be valid: the propane pressure of the cylinder wall is 94 atm.

It is also possible to use other units, such as:
- 1 bar = 100000 Pa
- 1 mmHg (millimeter of mercury) = 133.332 Pa
- 1 m of water. Art. (meter of water column) = 9806.65 Pa

Helpful advice

Pressure is denoted by the letter P. Based on the information given above, the formula for finding pressure will look like this:
P = F/S, where F is the force on the area S.
Pascal is a unit of measurement used in the SI system. In the CGS system ("Centimeter-Gram-Second"), pressure is measured in g/(cm*s²).

Sources:

• how to convert from megapascals to pascals

More precisely, in kilogram-force, force is measured in the MKGSS system (abbreviation for “Meter, KiloGram-Force, Second”). This set of standards for units of measurement is rarely used today, as it has been supplanted by another international system - SI. It uses a different unit for measuring force, called Newtons, so sometimes you have to resort to converting values ​​from kilogram-force to Newtons and their derivatives.

Instructions

Determine the precision with which you need to convert the original value to . Kilogram-force is defined in the MKGSS system as the force with which it is necessary to act on a body weighing one

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1 pascal [Pa] = 0.001 kilonewton per square meter. meter [kN/m²]

Initial value

Converted value

pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per square meter meter newton per square meter centimeter newton per square meter millimeter kilonewton per square meter meter bar millibar microbar dyne per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per square meter. meter kilogram-force per square meter centimeter kilogram-force per square meter. millimeter gram-force per square meter centimeter ton-force (kor.) per sq. ft ton-force (kor.) per sq. inch ton-force (long) per sq. ft ton-force (long) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf per sq. ft lbf per sq. inch psi poundal per sq. foot torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water. column (4°C) mm water. column (4°C) inch water. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls on square meter barium pieze (barium) Planck pressure meter of sea water foot of sea water (at 15°C) meter of water. column (4°C)

More about pressure

General information

In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting on a unit surface area. If two equal forces act on one larger and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if someone who wears stilettos steps on your foot than someone who wears sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife onto a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of ​​the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut that vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a dull knife, then most likely the vegetable will not cut, since the surface area of ​​the knife is now larger, which means less pressure.

In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.

Relative pressure

Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and is what is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments Often, although not always, it is the relative pressure that is shown.

Atmosphere pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. Changes in atmospheric pressure affect weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure changes. Low blood pressure causes problems of varying severity in humans and animals, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because the atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take necessary measures precautions so as not to get sick due to the fact that the body is not used to this low pressure. Climbers, for example, can suffer from altitude sickness, which is associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema and extreme mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drink plenty of fluids, and rise to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than by transport. It's also good to eat a large number of carbohydrates, and rest well, especially if the uphill climb happened quickly. These measures will allow the body to get used to the oxygen deficiency caused by low atmospheric pressure. If you follow these recommendations, your body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and breathing rate.

First medical aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where the atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably to an altitude lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Medicines and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized using a foot pump. A patient with altitude sickness is placed in a chamber in which the pressure corresponding to a lower altitude is maintained. Such a chamber is used only for providing first aid, after which the patient must be lowered below.

Some athletes use low pressure to improve circulation. Typically, this requires training to take place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which, in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this purpose, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure in the entire bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.

Spacesuits

Pilots and astronauts have to work in low-pressure environments, so they wear spacesuits that compensate for the low pressure environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude-compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in technology and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure- this is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or the highest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during a heartbeat. Measuring instruments blood pressure called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.

The Pythagorean mug is an interesting vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, and specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug there is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer and ends in a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inside bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet cistern. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid flows into the second half of the tube and flows out due to hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then you can safely use the mug.

Pressure in geology

Pressure is an important concept in geology. Without pressure, the formation of gemstones, both natural and artificial, is impossible. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which primarily form in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remains. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. Temperature increases by 25°C for every kilometer below earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50–80 °C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation environment, natural gas may form instead of oil.

Natural gemstones

The formation of gemstones is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main components this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface thanks to magma. Some diamonds fall to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they formed on planets similar to Earth.

Synthetic gemstones

The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and is gaining popularity in Lately. Some buyers prefer natural gems, but artificial stones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with human rights violations, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.

One of the technologies for growing diamonds in laboratory conditions is the method of growing crystals at high blood pressure And high temperature. IN special devices The carbon is heated to 1000 °C and subjected to pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. From it a new diamond grows. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those of natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method used to grow them. Compared to natural diamonds, which are often clear, most man-made diamonds are colored.

Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.

Some companies offer services for creating memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are refined until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown from it. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as mementos of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a large percentage financially secure citizens, for example in the USA and Japan.

Method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature

The method of growing crystals under high pressure and high temperature is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but recently this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Various presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most complex of them is the cubic press. It is used primarily to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Pressure- this is a quantity that is equal to the force acting strictly perpendicular to a unit surface area. Calculated using the formula: P = F/S. International system calculus involves measuring such a value in pascals (1 Pa is equal to a force of 1 newton per area of ​​1 square meter, N/m2). But since this is a fairly low pressure, measurements are often indicated in kPa or MPa. In various industries it is customary to use their own number systems, in the automotive, pressure can be measured: in bars, atmospheres, kilograms of force per cm² (technical atmosphere), mega pascals or psi(psi).

For quick translation units of measurement should be guided by the following relationship of values ​​to each other:

1 MPa = 10 bar;

100 kPa = 1 bar;

1 bar ≈ 1 atm;

3 atm = 44 psi;

1 PSI ≈ 0.07 kgf/cm²;

1 kgf/cm² = 1 at.

Why do you need a pressure unit conversion calculator?

The online calculator will allow you to quickly and accurately convert values ​​from one pressure measurement unit to another. This conversion can be useful to car owners when measuring compression in the engine, checking the pressure in the fuel line, inflating tires to the required value (very often it is necessary convert PSI to atmospheres or MPa to bar when checking pressure), filling the air conditioner with freon. Since the scale on the pressure gauge may be in one number system, and in the instructions in a completely different one, there is often a need to convert bars into kilograms, megapascals, kilograms of force per square centimeter, technical or physical atmospheres. Or, if you need a result in the English numeral system, then pound-force per square inch (lbf in²), in order to exactly correspond to the required instructions.

How to use an online calculator

In order to use the instant conversion of one pressure value to another and find out how much bar will be in MPa, kgf/cm², atm or psi you need:

1. In the left list, select the unit of measurement with which you want to convert;
2. In the right list, set the unit to which the conversion will be performed;
3. Immediately after entering a number in any of the two fields, the “result” appears. So you can convert from one value to another and vice versa.

For example, the number 25 was entered into the first field, then depending on the selected unit, you will calculate how many bars, atmospheres, megapascals, kilograms of force produced per cm² or pound-force per square inch. When this same value was put in another (right) field, the calculator will calculate the inverse ratio of the selected physical quantities pressure.