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World Wide Web. "World Wide Web" (WWW). History of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web(English) World Wide Web ) - a distributed system that provides access to

related documents located on different computers connected to the Internet. The World Wide Web is made up of millions of web servers. Most of the resources on the World Wide Web are hypertext. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages, united by a common theme, design, as well as interconnected links and usually located on the same web server, are called a website. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers. The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and the boom in Internet development. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that they are not the same thing. The word is also used to refer to the World Wide Web web(English) web) and abbreviation WWW.

Today, using the Internet has become commonplace. Going online is sometimes easier than getting up from the couch to turn on the TV because the remote control has disappeared somewhere again :). Why, many people don’t even watch TV anymore, because the Internet has everything they need, except that they don’t feed them... yet.

But who came up with what we use every day, hourly? You know? I had no idea until now. And the Internet invented it Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee. He's the one inventor of the World Wide Web and author of many other major developments in this area.

Timothy John Berners-Lee was born on June 8, 1955 in London, into an unusual family. His parents were mathematicians Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, who conducted research into the creation of one of the first computers, the Manchester Mark I.

It must be said that time itself was conducive to various kinds of technological breakthroughs in the field of IT technologies: a few years earlier, Vannevar Bush (a scientist from the USA) proposed the so-called hypertext. This is a unique phenomenon that represented an alternative to the usual linear structure of development, narrative, etc. and had a significant impact on many areas of life - from science to art.

And a few years after the birth of Tim Berners-Lee, Ted Nelson came up with a proposal to create a “documentary universe” where all the texts ever written by humanity would be linked together using what we would today call “cross-references.” . On the eve of the invention of the Internet, all these and many other events certainly created fertile ground and prompted corresponding reflections.

At the age of 12, his parents sent the boy to the Emanuel private school in the town of Wandsworth, where he showed interest in the exact sciences. After graduating from school, he entered college at Oxford, where, together with his comrades, he was caught in a hacker attack and for this they were deprived of the right to access educational computers. This unfortunate circumstance prompted Tim to independently assemble a computer based on the M6800 processor for the first time, with an ordinary TV instead of a monitor and a broken calculator instead of a keyboard.

Berners-Lee graduated from Oxford in 1976 with a degree in Physics, after which he began his career at Plessey Telecommunications Ltd. His area of ​​activity at that time was distributed transactions. After a couple of years, he moved to another company - DG Nash Ltd, where he developed software for printers. It was here that he first created some kind of analogue of the future operating system, capable of multitasking.

The next place of work was the European Nuclear Research Laboratory, located in Geneva (Switzerland). Here, as a software consultant, Berners-Lee wrote the Enquire program, which used the method of random associations. The principle of its operation, in many ways, was a help for the creation of the World Wide Web.

This was followed by three years as a systems architect and a research stint at CERN, where he developed a number of distributed systems for data acquisition. Here, in 1989, he first introduced a project based on hypertext - the founder of the modern Internet network. This project later became known as the World Wide Web. World Wide Web).

In a nutshell, its essence was as follows: the publication of hypertext documents that would be interconnected by hyperlinks. This made it much easier to find information, organize it and store it. It was originally intended that the project would be implemented on the CERN intranet for local research needs, such as modern alternative libraries and other data repositories. At the same time, downloading and accessing data was possible from any computer connected to the WWW.

Work on the project continued from 1991 to 1993 in the form of collecting user feedback, coordination and various improvements to the World Wide Web. In particular, the first versions of the URL protocols (as a special case of the URI), HTTP and HTML protocols were already proposed. The first World Wide Web hypertext-based web browser and WYSIWYG editor were also introduced.

In 1991, the very first website was launched, which had an address. Its content was introductory and supporting information regarding the World Wide Web: how to install a web server, how to connect to the Internet, how to use a web browser. There was also an online catalog with links to other sites.

Since 1994, Berners-Lee has headed the MIT Computer Science Laboratory (now the Computer Science Laboratory). artificial intelligence, jointly with the Massachusetts Institute) 3Com Founders Chair, where he serves as lead researcher.

In 1994, he founded the laboratory at the Laboratory, which to this day develops and implements standards for the Internet. In particular, the Consortium works to ensure stable and continuous development of the World Wide Web - in accordance with the latest user requirements and the level of technical progress.

In 1999, Berners-Lee's famous book entitled "" was published. It describes in detail the process of working on a key project in the author’s life, discusses the prospects for the development of the Internet and Internet technologies, and outlines a number of essential principles. Among them:

— the importance of web 2.0, the direct participation of users in the creation and editing of website content (a striking example of Wikipedia and social networks);
— close relationship of all resources with each other through cross-references in combination with equal positions of each of them;
— moral responsibility of scientists introducing certain IT technologies.

Since 2004, Berners-Lee has been a professor at the University of Southampton, where he works on the project semantic web. It is a new version of the World Wide Web, where all data is suitable for processing using special programs. This is a kind of “add-on”, suggesting that each resource will have not only regular text “for people”, but also specially encoded content that is understandable to the computer.

His second book, Crossing the Semantic Web: Unlocking the Full Potential of the World Wide Web, was published in 2005.

On currently Tim Berners-Lee holds the title of Knight Commander from Queen Elizabeth II, is a Distinguished Member of the British Computer Society, a Foreign Fellow of the US National Academy of Sciences, and many others. His work has been recognized with numerous awards, including the Order of Merit, a place in the list of “100 Greatest Minds of the Century” according to Time Magazine (1999), the Quadriga Award in the Knowledge Network category (2005), and the M.S. Gorbachev Award in the category “Perestroika” - “The Man Who Changed the World” (2011), etc.

Unlike many of his successful brethren, like, or, Berners-Lee was never distinguished by a particular desire to monetize and receive excess profits from his projects and inventions. His manner of communication is characterized as a “rapid stream of thought,” accompanied by rare digressions and self-irony. In a word, there are all the signs of a genius living in his own, “virtual” world, which, at the same time, has had a colossal impact on the world today.

Structure and principles of the World Wide Web

Graphic representation of information on the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the hard drive protocol and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More complex web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or parts thereof) on the World Wide Web, uniform English resource identifiers are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). To determine the location of resources on the network, uniform English resource locators are used. Uniform Resource Locator). Such URL locators combine URI identification technology and the English domain name system. Domain Name System) - domain name (or directly. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Internet is hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web it is traditionally used language English HyperText Markup Language), hypertext markup language. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout; the markup master is called a webmaster or webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed in a file; such an HTML file is the most common resource on the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is called a “web page.” A collection of web pages makes up a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help World Wide Web users easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology.

World Wide Web Technologies

In general, we can conclude that the World Wide Web stands at " three pillars": HTTP, HTML and URL. Although in Lately HTML started somewhat losing ground and giving way to more modern markup technologies: XML. XML eXtensible Markup Language) is positioned as a foundation for other markup languages. To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to specify uniform styles design for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the English resource designation system. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular concept for the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is a concept of a network in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that is understandable to a computer.. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented wisely, the Semantic Web has the potential to spark a revolution on the Internet. To create a computer-readable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF (English) format. Resource Description Framework ), which is based on the syntax of English. RDF Schema) and English Protocol And RDF Query Language ) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for quick access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the originator of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In the year he worked in France. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, Geneva (Switzerland), he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. "Enquire", can be loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web.

Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. To the ways active display information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very arbitrary. So, say, a blog or guest book can be considered a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is in the purpose, approach and positioning one product or another.

Some information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

Organizations involved in the development of the World Wide Web and the Internet in general

Links

  • Berners-Lee's famous book "Weaving the Web: The Origins and Future of the World Wide Web" online in English

Literature

  • Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Fristik, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). " Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http://1.1". Request For Comments 2616. Information Sciences Institute.
  • Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (December 15, 2004). " Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One". Version 20041215. W3C.
  • Polo, Luciano World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices(2003). Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "World Wide Web" is in other dictionaries:

    World-Wide Web

    World wide web- Ne doit pas être confondu avec Internet. Le World Wide Web, littéralement la “toile (d’araignée) mondiale”, communément appelé le Web, parfois la Toile ou le WWW, est un système hypertexte public fonctionnant sur Internet et qui … Wikipédia en Français

    World Wide Web- ˌWorld ˌWide ˈWeb written abbreviation WWW noun the World Wide Web COMPUTING a system that allows computer users to easily find information that is available on the Internet, by providing links from one document to other documents, and to files… … Financial and business terms

"World Wide Web" (WWW)

"World Wide Web" (WWW - World Wide Web) is the most popular and interesting Internet service, popular and convenient tool working with information. The most common name for a computer on the Internet today is www; more than half of the Internet data flow comes from WWW. The number of WWW servers today cannot be estimated accurately, but according to some estimates there are more than 30 million. The growth rate of WWW is even higher than that of the Internet itself.

WWW is a worldwide information repository in which information objects are linked by a hypertext structure. Hypertext is primarily a system of cross-referenced documents, a way of presenting information using links between documents. Since the WWW system allows these documents to include not only texts, but also graphics, sound and video, a hypertext document has become a hypermedia document.

A little WWW history. The World Wide Web (WWW) is one of the most important components World Wide Web. And she has her own story.

This is interesting. The European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) is located in Switzerland. In 1980, a man named Tim Bernes-Lee, who was then working at CERN, began developing a project for a global computer network that would provide physicists around the world with access to various information. It took nine years. In 1989, after many years of technical experiments, Mr. Tim proposed a specific option, which was the beginning of the World Wide Web, or WWW for short.

Over time, many realized that they could use such services different people, not only physicists. WWW began to grow rapidly. Many people helped her in this: some developed hardware, others created software that developed WWW, and others improved communication lines. All this allowed it to become what it is now - the "World Wide Web".

Principles of client and server operation. WWW works on the client-server principle, or more precisely, client-servers: there are many servers that, at the client’s request, return to him a hypermedia document - a document consisting of parts with a diverse representation of information (text, sound, graphics, three-dimensional objects, etc.). ), in which each element can be a link to another document or part of it. Links in WWW documents are organized in such a way that each information resource on the global Internet is uniquely addressed, and the document that you are reading at the moment is able to link both to other documents on the same server and to documents (and in general to Internet resources ) on other computers on the Internet. Moreover, the user does not notice this and works with the entire information space of the Internet as a single whole.

WWW links point not only to documents specific to the WWW itself, but also to other services and informational resources Internet. Moreover, most WWW client programs (browsers, navigators) not only understand such links, but are also client programs for the corresponding services: FTP, gopher, Usenet network news, Email etc. Thus, software WWW are universal for various services Internet, and the WWW information system itself plays an integrating role.

Let's list some terms used on the WWW.

The first term - html - is a set of control sequences of commands contained in an html document and defining the actions that the viewer (browser) should perform when loading this document. This means that each page is a regular text file containing text that is visible to everyone, and some instructions for the program that are invisible to people in the form of links to other pages, images, servers. Thus, questionnaires and registration cards are filled out, and sociological surveys are conducted.

The second term is URL (uniform resource locator - a universal pointer to a resource). This is what those links to information resources on the Internet are called.

Another term is http (hypertext transfer protocol). This is the name of the protocol by which the client and WWW server interact.

WWW is a direct access service that requires a full Internet connection and, moreover, often requires fast communication lines if the documents you are reading contain a lot of graphics or other non-text information.

The rapid development of the Internet, which began in the early 90s, is largely due to the emergence of new WWW technology. This technology is based on hypertext technology, which has been extended to all computers connected to the Internet.

When using hypertext technology, the text is structured and link words are highlighted in it. When a link is activated (for example, using the mouse), a transition occurs to the text fragment specified in the link or to another document. So, we could convert our text into hypertext by highlighting the words “hypertext technology” in the first paragraph and recording that when this link is activated, a transition will occur to the beginning of the second paragraph.

WWW technology allows you to navigate not only within the source document, but also to any document located on a given computer and, most importantly, to any document on any computer currently connected to the Internet. Documents implemented using WWW technology are called Web pages.

Structuring documents and creating Web pages is carried out using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). Text editor Word allows you to save documents as Web pages. Web pages are viewed using special browser viewing programs. Currently, the most common browsers are Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera.

If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can download one of the browsers and go on a journey through the World Wide Web. First, you need to download a Web page from one of the Internet servers, then find the link and activate it. As a result, a Web page will be loaded from another Internet server, which may be located in another part of the world. In turn, you can activate the link on this Web page, the next Web page will load, etc.

The Internet is growing at a very fast pace, and you can find necessary information among tens of millions of documents it becomes increasingly difficult. To search for information, special search servers are used, which contain accurate and constantly updated information about the content of tens of millions of Web pages.

When talking about the Internet, they often mean the World Wide Web. However, it is important to understand that these are not the same thing.

Structure and principles

The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a computer program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically generating documents in response to an HTTP request using templates and scripts.

To view information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Internet is hypertext.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is traditionally used to create, store and display hypertext on the World Wide Web. The work of creating (marking up) hypertext documents is called layout, it is done by a webmaster or a separate markup specialist - a layout designer. After HTML markup, the resulting document is saved into a file, and such HTML files are the main type of resources on the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is called a “web page.” A collection of web pages makes up a website.

The hypertext of web pages contains hyperlinks. Hyperlinks help World Wide Web users easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. To determine the location of resources on the World Wide Web, uniform resource locators URL (English Uniform Resource Locator) are used. For example, the full URL home page The Russian section of Wikipedia looks like this: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_page. Such URL locators combine URI identification technology (English Uniform Resource Identifier) ​​and the DNS domain name system (English Domain Name System). Domain name (in in this case ru.wikipedia.org) in the URL designates a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server. URL current page usually seen in address bar browser, although many modern browsers prefer to show only the domain name of the current site by default.

Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the resource naming system URN (Uniform Resource Name).

A popular concept for the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable to computers. The Semantic Web is a concept of a network in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web opens up access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented wisely, the Semantic Web has the potential to spark a revolution on the Internet. To create a computer-readable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF (English) format. Resource Description Framework), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to identify resources. New products in this area are RDFS (eng. RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for fast access to RDF data.

Story

Main article: History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Caillot are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the originator of HTTP, URI/URL, and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (French). conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire, CERN) software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that for his own needs he wrote the Enquire program, which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.

As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first web server, called "httpd", and the world's first hypertext web browser, called "WorldWideWeb". This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (short for English). what are you see is what you get - what you see is what you get), its development began in October 1990, and was completed in December of the same year. The program ran in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread across the Internet in the summer of 1991.

Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube computer at this time in order to understand what the features of its architecture are, and then gives it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Thanks to perfection software system"NeXT cube" Tim wrote a prototype illustrating the main concepts of the project in a few months. It was an impressive result: the prototype offered users, among other things, such advanced capabilities as WYSIWYG browsing/authoring!... During one of the sessions joint discussions project in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I tried to find a “catching” name for created system. The only thing I insisted on was that the name should not once again be taken from the same Greek mythology. Tim suggested "world wide web". I immediately really liked everything about this name, but it’s hard to pronounce in French.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991, on the first web server, available at http://info.cern.ch/, (). The resource defined the concept “ World Wide Web", contained instructions for installing a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because Tim Berners-Lee later posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photograph to appear on the World Wide Web was of the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Berners-Lee asked the band leader for scanned photographs after the CERN hardronic festival.

But still theoretical basis The web was founded much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945, Vannaver Bush developed the concept of Memex - mechanical aids for “extending human memory”. Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and, ideally, all his knowledge that can be formal description) and which provides the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition to human memory. Bush also predicted comprehensive indexing of text and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the necessary information. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

Since 1994, the main work on the development of the World Wide Web has been undertaken by the World Wide Web Consortium (English: world wide web consortium, abbreviated as W3C), founded and still led by Tim Berners-Lee. This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technology standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. W3C Mission: “Unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web by establishing protocols and principles to ensure the long-term development of the Web.” Two other major goals of the consortium are to ensure full “internationalization of the Web” and to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.

The W3C develops uniform principles and standards for the Internet (called “recommendations”, English W3C recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers. This ensures compatibility between software products and equipment various companies, which makes the World Wide Web more perfect, universal and convenient. All recommendations of the World Wide Web consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.

Development prospects

Currently, there are two directions in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and the social web.

  • The Semantic Web involves improving the coherence and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
  • The social web relies on users to organize the information available on the network.

In the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other formats, web channels, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semanticized sections of the Wikipedia category tree help users consciously navigate the information space, however, very soft requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile atlases of Knowledge may be of interest.

There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web.

Ways to actively display information

Information presented online may be available:

  • read-only (“passive”);
  • for reading and adding/changing (“active”).

Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web include:

This division is very arbitrary. So, say, a blog or guest book can be considered a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

Some information from websites can also be accessed through speech. India has already begun testing a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

Safety

Spreading

Between 2005 and 2010, the number of web users doubled to reach two billion. According to early research in 1999, most existing websites were not indexed correctly search engines, and the web network itself turned out to be larger than expected. As of 2001, more than 550 million web documents had already been created, most of which, however, were located within the invisible network. As of 2002, more than 2 billion web pages were created, 56.4% of all Internet content was in English, followed by German (7.7%), French (5.6%) and Japanese (4. 9 %). According to research conducted at the end of January 2005, more than 11.5 billion web pages were identified in 75 different languages ​​and were indexed in open network. And according to data for March 2009, the number of pages increased to 25.21 billion. On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hiai announced that Google's search engine had detected more than a billion unique URLs.

Monument

see also

Notes

  1. "Web like" next step“(NextStep) the personal computing revolution.”
  2. LHC: The first band on the web
  3. IBM developed voice Internet
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