Transformers was a reference book.
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Basic terms and definitions Transformer - a static electromagnetic device having at least two inductively coupled windings and intended for transformation by electromagnetic induction of one or more systems alternating currentto one or more other AC systems. Low power transformer
- a transformer with an output power of 4 kVA and below for single-phase, 5 kVA and below for three-phase networks. Electronic power supply transformer - low power transformer designed to convert voltage electrical networks
in voltages required to power electronic equipment. Signal transformer
- a low-power transformer designed for transmitting, converting and storing electrical signals. Pulse transformer
- a signal transformer designed for transmitting, generating, converting and storing pulse signals. Input transformer - signal transformer for matching the internal full electrical resistance signal source with the input impedance of a functional unit of electronic equipment. Output transformer - signal transformer for matching the output electrical impedance of the cascade, electronic equipment with impedance
loads. Nominal operating mode of the transformer (choke)
- mode in which the values of each parameter are equal to the nominal ones. Rated secondary voltage
- voltage at the terminals of the secondary winding when the winding is loaded with rated current with a power factor equal to 1, when a rated voltage is applied to the primary winding with a rated frequency. Nominal load resistance
- resistance for which the transformer is designed. Power transformer open circuit voltage
- the voltage on any open secondary winding at the rated frequency and voltage on the primary winding. Transformer rated power
- the sum of the powers of the secondary windings of a low-power transformer, in which the power of each winding is determined by the product of the rated current and the rated voltage. Overall or typical power of the transformer
- half the sum of the powers of all parts of the transformer windings.. The power of a part of the winding is the product of the greatest long-term permissible current in this part by the greatest long-term permissible voltage of this part.
Transformation ratio- the ratio of the number of turns of the secondary winding to the number of turns of the primary or the ratio of the voltage on the secondary winding to the voltage on the primary winding in no-load mode, without taking into account the voltage drop across the transformer.
Transformer losses - active power, consumed in the magnetic system, windings and other parts of the transformer when various modes work.
Classification of transformers and chokes
Small-sized transformers and chokes can be classified according to various criteria: functional purpose, operating frequency, electrical voltage, electrical diagram, as well as design features.Functional purpose. This classification characteristic characterizes the main functions performed by a transformer in an electrical circuit. According to this feature, small-sized transformers are divided into power supply, matching and pulse transformers.
Transformer operating frequency- one of the most important parameters, which determines a number of product characteristics, purpose and scope of possible application. On this basis, transformers can be classified into: transformers of low frequency (below 50 Hz), industrial frequency (50 Hz), high industrial frequency (400, 1000 Hz), high frequency (up to 10,000 Hz), high frequency(over 10,000 Hz).
Electrical voltage. Based on this criterion, transformers can be divided into isovoltage transformers, in which the voltage of any winding does not exceed. 1000 and high-voltage, in which the voltage of any winding can exceed 1000 V.
Electrical diagram. Based on this characteristic, transformers are divided into single-winding, double-winding and multi-winding.
Single winding transformer- an autotransformer in which between the primary (input) and secondary (output) windings, except electromagnetic communication There is also direct electric. Such a transformer does not have galvanic isolation.
Multi-winding transformer has one primary and one or more secondary windings. All windings of multi-winding transformers are not electrically connected to each other.
Design features. These are the main ones classification characteristics transformers, which are based on the design of the magnetic core, its configuration and manufacturing technology. The design of the magnetic circuit determines the design of the transformer, i.e. the name of the magnetic circuit determines the design feature of the transformer.
Structurally, the magnetic circuits of transformers and chokes are divided into armored, rod and toroidal (ring). Accordingly, transformers and chokes, depending on the design of the magnetic circuit used, are divided into armored, rod and toroidal.
The magnetic circuits of smoothing filter chokes differ from the magnetic cores of transformers in the presence of non-magnetic (air) gap, which makes it possible to achieve a significantly higher inductance at the same bias current, and also to significantly reduce the degree of change in the inductance of the inductor when the current in the winding changes. Almost the gap between the halves of the magnetic circuit is filled with an insulating (dielectric) gasket; at the same time its size is fixed.
Magnetic core armored transformer is running W-shape; all windings are located on the middle rod, i.e. the windings are partially covered (armored) by the magnetic circuit (Fig. 1, a). V. The symbol of such a transformer includes the letter “Ш”. Armored transformers are characterized by the following advantages: the presence of only one coil with windings compared to rod transformers, higher filling of the magnetic circuit window with winding wire (copper), partial protection from mechanical damage coils with yoke windings of the magnetic circuit.
Magnetic core core transformer is running U-shaped and has two rods with windings (Fig. 1, b). Each rod contains half the turns of the primary and half the turns of the secondary windings. They are connected to each other in series so that the magnetizing forces of these half-windings coincide in direction.
Rod transformers are less sensitive to external magnetic fields, since the signs of the EMF interference induced in the two coils of the transformer are equal in magnitude, but opposite in sign, and therefore cancel each other out. The symbol of such a transformer includes the letter “P”.
Magnetic core toroidal transformer is running round shape, as a rule, by winding tape or from pressed material. The symbol for such a transformer includes the letter “O”.
Toroidal transformers are characterized by the following advantages: lower magnetic resistance, minimal external leakage flux, insensitivity to external magnetic fields, regardless of their direction. However, the technology for manufacturing windings with a completely closed magnetic circuit is very complex, and the cooling conditions for the windings are the most unfavorable compared to other transformers. Toroidal transformers are used, as a rule, at higher frequencies.
Picture 1. Geometric dimensions of magic ducts of armor (a) and rod (b) structures.
Depending on the type magnetic material(sheet or tape) and magnetic core manufacturing technologies, transformers and chokes are divided into plate (laminated) and tape (twisted). Lamellar magnetic cores are assembled from individual plates end-to-end or overlapping. When assembling end-to-end, all plates are placed together and positioned equally; The magnetic circuit consists of two parts that are connected together. When assembled end-to-end, the assembly and disassembly of the transformer is easier. When assembling with an overlap, the plates are alternated so that adjacent plates have cuts with different sides core. Overlapping assembly reduces the magnetic resistance of the magnetic core, but complicates the assembly and disassembly of the transformer.
Armor and rod tape magnetic cores are made, as a rule, from cold-rolled steel and are assembled end-to-end from two separate horseshoe-shaped halves.
Compared to plate magnetic cores, tape magnetic cores allow magnetic induction to be 20-30% higher, there are fewer losses in them, the filling of the volume of the magnetic core with windings is higher, and the efficiency of the transformer is higher.
Magnetic cores for transformers and chokes are manufactured in several types, the main ones being the following:
SHL- armored belt, with the least weight;
ShLM- armored belt, with reduced copper consumption;
SHLO- armored tape, with increased window width;
SHLI- armored belt, with the smallest volume;
ShLR- armored belt, lowest cost;
PL- rod tape;
PLV- rod tape, with the smallest mass;
PLM- rod strip, with reduced copper consumption;
PLR- rod tape, lowest cost;
OL- toroidal tape, with the smallest mass.
Symbols of transformers and chokes
The full symbol of a product consists of letters of the Russian alphabet indicating its type, followed by numbers or separate groups numbers characterizing its main parameters. The symbol of some categories of products may end with letters of the Russian alphabet, indicating the type of their execution, depending on the climatic zone during operation.Product types are listed below.
T- power transformer;
TA- power transformer for anode circuits;
TN- power transformer for incandescent circuits;
TAN- power transformer for anode-heat circuits;
CCI- power transformer for devices based on semiconductor devices;
TP- power transformer with fins for cooling;
TS- power transformer for household radio equipment;
TT- toroidal power transformer;
TVT- input transformer for transistor devices;
THAT- output (terminal) transformer for transistor devices;
T- matching transformer;
TM- matching transformer, low-power;
TI- pulse transformer, miniature;
TIM- pulse transformer, miniature, low-power;
D1-D274- Unified, low-frequency chokes;
D, Dr- filter chokes for household radio equipment.
Name: Household transformers radio-electronic equipment. Directory
Sidorov I.N., Skornyakov S.V.
Publisher: Radio and communications, Hotline- Telecom
Year: 1999
Pages: 336
ISBN: 5-256-01474-9
Format: DJVU
Size: 14.7 MB
Language: Russian
Series: Mass radio library. Vol. 1233
The electromagnetic parameters and design dimensions of small-sized power transformers power supply for household electronic equipment, transformers operating in pulse mode, horizontal and vertical scanning transformers for televisions, matching transformers, output transformers audio frequency radio receiving and sound reproducing equipment.
The issues of operating transformers under external influences are considered. The information necessary for repairing transformers is given. The electromagnetic materials used are described.
This publication (the first published in 1994) is supplemented with information about signal transformers on ferrite magnetic cores.
For a wide range of radio amateurs.
Table of contents
Preface
Introduction
Symbols of design dimensions and electromagnetic parameters
Chapter first. General information
1.1 Classification
1.2. Basic terms and definitions
1.3. Winding wires
1.4. Electromagnetic materials
1.5. Terms of Use. Standardized requirements
Chapter two. Magnetic cores of household electronic transformers
2.1. Magnetic cores type Ш
2.2. Tape magnetic cores type ShL
2.3. Magnetic cores type P
2.4. Magnetic cores type PL
Chapter three. Low power transformers for power supply semiconductor devices
3.1. Transformers type TIP with power supply frequency 50 Hz
3.2. Transformers type TPP with a power supply frequency of 400 Hz
3.3. Transformers type TP with a power supply frequency of 1000 Hz
Chapter Four. Matching transformers
4.1. Matching transformers type TOT
4.2. Low-frequency matching transformers type TOL
4.3. Input matching transformers TVL type
4.4. Input transformers type TVT
4.5. Low-frequency matching transformers type TM
4.6. Matching transformers type T
4.7. Matching transformers type TNChZ
Chapter Five. Single-phase power transformers with reduced copper consumption at a frequency of 50 Hz
5.1. Transformers with reduced copper consumption anode
5.2. Transformers with reduced copper consumption are cheeky
5.3. Transformers with reduced copper consumption are cheeky, highly stable
5.4. Transformers with reduced copper consumption anode-heat type TAN
5.5. Power transformers with reduced copper consumption type T
Chapter six. Pulse transformers
6.1. Pulse transformers type MMTI, MMTIa
6.2. Pulse transformers type TIM miniature
6.3. Pulse transformers type TI
Chapter seven. Power transformers for television receivers
7.1. Power transformers type TC
7.2. Pulse power transformers
Chapter eight. Signal output transformers
8.1. Transformers signal output audio frequency
8.2. Line scan output transformers
Chapter Nine. Transformers unified at a frequency of 50 Hz
9.1. Anode power transformers
9.2. Filament power transformers
9.3. Anode-glow power transformers
Chapter ten. Signal transformers on ferrite magnetic cores type KV
10.1. Ferrite magnetic cores type KV
102. Signal transformers on ferrite magnetic cores type KV
Unified power transformers are designed for power supplies for household radio and television equipment and are designed for connection to an alternating current network with a voltage of 110, 127 and 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. The range of their powers is wide, and extends from units to hundreds of watts.
Main technical characteristics.
Power transformers provide voltage to the filament circuits of radio tubes and picture tubes, as well as rectifiers for power supplies of various household television and radio equipment.
Multifunctionality of power transformers, various circuit diagrams and the designs of televisions in which they are used have led to their wide variety in electrical and design data.
In accordance with the current regulatory and technical documentation, the symbols of transformers consist of the following elements:
- the first element - the letter T - transformer;
- the second - the letter C - power (ST - power transformer);
- third - a two or three-digit number indicating the power of the transformer;
- fourth and fifth - number and letter - optional elements indicating the development number and design features.
For example. TS-250-2 - power transformer, with a secondary power of 250 W, 2 - serial number of development - the second. TSA-250-2 - means that the windings of the transformer are made of aluminum wire, TSSh - on an Ш-shaped core.
Depending on the design, vehicle magnetic cores are divided into rod (U-shaped) and armored (W-shaped).
Armored magnetic circuits can also be of a widened type and are designated УШ.
The most widely used are rod and armored tape detachable magnetic cores, consisting of two or four C-shaped cores.
They are designated "PLR a*b" and "SLR a*b", where: P - rod; Ш - armored; L - tape; P - indicates the preference for using a transformer of minimal cost; a is the nominal size of the magnetic circuit according to the thickness of the winding; b - the nominal size of the magnetic circuit along the width of the tape.
Example symbol: PLR 21*45.
Walking through the radio market of the glorious city of Simferopol and encountering ruins of factory transformers on the shelves, I suddenly realized that I knew nothing about the parameters of this abundance.
I desperately need information for transformers such as TAN, TN, TA, TPP, OSM, TVK, TS, TNVS, TP, TPG and TPK. There were really a lot of transformers and affordable prices
, but which one of them was “closest in spirit” to me, I didn’t know. I didn’t want to take it at random, I was sorry for the money. The seller also had no information about the windings.
Download for your health:Latest version. Information has been added, new sections have been added, including output transformers of factory lamp equipment, etc.
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My name is Igor, I'm 45, I'm a Siberian and an avid amateur electronics engineer. I came up with, created and have been maintaining this wonderful site since 2006.
Good! The freebie is over. If you want files and useful articles, help me!
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Thank you for your attention!
Igor Kotov, editor-in-chief of Datagor magazine
Vladimir (voevoda)
Ukraine, Zaporozhye region, village. Chkalovo
family:
wife Natalya and three children
education:
MSPU - teacher of chemistry, computer science and ecology.
ZBKS is the director of the choir.
Job:
School - computer science teacher. Chain of stores "Comp" yuterniy vsesvit" - manager, warehouse manager, deputy manager. Boarding school - teacher. Education department - methodologist. OJSC "Ukrtelecom" - computer systems engineer.
hobby:
In the fifth grade, my father “immersed” me in the world of radio engineering. But I didn’t dive deep))), so superficially, color music in a mafon, running tracks on LEDs, flashing lights in a car for my brother, like police ones. Tape recorders, speakers - in short, everything at low frequencies. When I studied at the university, I serviced “multimedia” devices throughout the dorm. At this stage it all ended... but no, when I bought my first car - Tavria, then I learned about car wiring. I studied it all, knew where which wiring was responsible for what.)))
But he returned to the world on par with auto wiring low frequencies- I started collecting tube amplifiers, which I still continue to do. I'm learning microcontrollers little by little.
