Cloud theme and project problems. Research work on the topic “What types of clouds are there?” Viewing the contents of the document “protecting the project Clouds - white-maned horses”

All children at one age or another think that clouds can be touched. They really look like pieces of cotton wool floating on a blue plate of the sky. Fairy tales and cartoons contribute to the idea of a cloud as a solid body. Remember the song "White Boats"? And what about the magic clouds made from egg shells in “The Wizard’s Hat” by Tove Janson? It is difficult for small children to imagine the enormous distances that we see in the sky. That cloud, which seems to be within your reach, is actually located several kilometers away from us! The best way to show your child what clouds are and what the sky looks like is to fly on an airplane. An unforgettable experience when you emerge from the cloudy weather of the airport through the gray continuous clouds towards the sun! Unfortunately, this method of explanation - seeing the clouds up close with your own eyes - is not always available. At the same time, we can conduct a series of experiments and create our own project.

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Competition of scientific research works and creative projects of students

and students of municipal educational organizations.
Competition of creative projects among preschoolers
"I am a young researcher"

"CLOUDS - MYSTERIES"

Executor:

Domnina Yulia,

student of the senior group

MADO "Smile"

Supervisor:
Gulbis Tatyana Nikolaevna,

teacher of additional education MADOU "Smile"

Labytnangi
2015

annotation

This project was carried out with purpose: give the child an idea of what a cloud is, how it is formed and why clouds are different.

In the course of research activities, literature and Internet resources on this topic were studied, experiments and observations were carried out, and conclusions were drawn. Also during the project, a visual aid about clouds was created.

Introduction

In the evening, my mother and I watched the program “Good night, kids!” and they showed a cartoon there, and at the end of the cartoon there was a song about clouds - horses that you can ride. I wondered if it was really possible to ride on clouds, and why they don’t always look like horses?

The clouds are very high and far away. I like watching them. That cloud, which seems to be within your reach, is actually located several kilometers away from us! The best way to see what clouds are and what the sky looks like is to fly on an airplane. An unforgettable experience when you emerge from the cloudy weather of the airport through the gray continuous clouds towards the sun! Unfortunately, this method - to see the clouds up close with your own eyes - is not always available (I only flew on an airplane once).

But, nevertheless, we will be able to see the cloud nearby! Moreover, it is not difficult at all. For example, fog - what is not a cloud lying on the ground? On a foggy day, look closely at the air - it all consists of tiny droplets of water that float and swirl in the air. This means that clouds are many tiny droplets of water that have gathered together. These droplets can dry out under the rays of the sun, and then the cloud will “melt.” Or, on the contrary, they can begin to merge with each other and become larger. And the clouds are always different, they look like horses or pieces of fluffy cotton wool. The next day the clouds hang low and they are no longer white, but gray and look like layers of a pie, or as if an artist had smeared white paint high in the sky. Why are the clouds different?

I asked our teacher Tatyana Nikolaevna about this the next day. Tatyana Nikolaevna suggested that I find out everything myself, and she would help me.

We assumed (hypothesis) , that - clouds take different forms under the influence of weather conditions.

Our goal work is to study the relationship between weather conditions and the formation of clouds of various shapes.

To achieve the goal, the following were set tasks :

Study educational literature about the formation of clouds and their types.
View videos and photographs on this topic.
Conduct experimental activities and weather observations.
Create a cloud observing aid.

In our study we used the following methods:

Collection of information.
Observation, experimentation.
Analysis of the obtained weather diary data.
Development of a manual for observing clouds.

Theoretical part

Definition of "Cloud"

Clouds - weighted V atmosphere products condensation water vapor, visible on sky from the surface Earth .

Clouds are made up of tinydrops water or crystals ice (calledcloud elements). Drip cloud elements are observed when the air temperature in the cloud is above −10 C; from −10 to −15 C clouds have a mixed composition (droplets and crystals), and at temperatures in the cloud below −15 C they are crystalline.

As cloud elements become larger and their falling speed increases, they fall out of the clouds in the formprecipitation . As a rule, precipitation falls from clouds that, at least in some layer, have a mixed composition (cumulonimbus, nimbostratus, altostratus). Light drizzlingprecipitation (in the form of drizzle, snow grains or light fine snow) can fall from clouds of homogeneous composition (drip or crystalline) - stratus, stratocumulus.

When the sun heats the surface of the earth, moisture from the earth turns into a gaseous state and rises into the air. This process is called evaporation. Rising upward, the warm air saturated with moisture cools, and the steam turns into water droplets, together forming clouds. Water from clouds falls to the ground in the form of rain or snow. And then the water turns into steam again. This process is called the water cycle in nature.

Types of clouds

There are different types of clouds. On a gloomy rainy day, their dense gray layers hang low above the ground, preventing the sun's rays from breaking through. In summer, fancy “lambs” run after each other across the blue sky.

When determining the shape of clouds, first of all, their appearance and structure are taken into account. Clouds can be located in the form of separate masses or a continuous cover, their structure can be different, the lower surface can be smooth, dissected or torn. Clouds can be dense or thin, showing through the sky, stars, the Sun or the Moon. All of the above features characterize the shape or external structure of clouds. Depending on the height of the lower base, there are 3 tiers of clouds: upper, middle and lower.

Weather scientists (meteorologists) distinguish about ten types of clouds, which are derived from these three main types. In addition, occasionally you can still observe unusual types of clouds: pearlescent clouds (at an altitude of 20-25 km) and noctilucent clouds (at an altitude of 70-80 km).

Very roughly, all clouds can be divided into three main types according to their shape:

Spindrift clouds (as if someone had stretched thin long threads across the sky or made a few timid strokes of white paint);
Cumulus clouds (the most interesting clouds that float across the sky in huge white mountains that look like magical castles or fairy-tale animals);
Stratus clouds (the most boring clouds - they usually hang in autumn and winter, covering the entire sky with a gray veil).

This shows the height of the levels above the Earth where clouds of a certain type are located.

Practical part

In order to confirm the correctness of our assumption, we have drawn up an action plan:

study literature;
select and conduct suitable experiments,
observe the weather, write a weather diary.

So, we started implementing our project. First, we learned how scientists define clouds. It turns out that clouds are made up of thousands of water droplets or pieces of ice, so small that we cannot see them, and so light that they can float in the air. This occurs when the sun heats the earth's surface. Moisture from the ground turns into a gaseous state and rises into the air. This process is called evaporation.

Rising upward, the warm air saturated with moisture cools, and the steam turns into water droplets, together forming clouds. Water from clouds falls to the ground as rain or snow. And then the water turns into steam again. This process is called the water cycle in nature.

We conducted an experiment with Tatyana Nikolaevna and created a “cloud” in the bank.

2.1. Experience No. 1. "Cloud in a Jar"

To carry out the experiment it is necessary:

Large glass jar, lid, hot water, pieces of ice.

We poured hot water into the jar and left it for a while. The water was then poured out, leaving some water at the bottom of the jar. They closed the jar with a lid, put pieces of ice on the lid and began to observe. A fog formed in the bank, very similar to a cloud. When the lid was removed, droplets of water collected on the back side. And so we observe the process of cloud formation.

What's going on? The remaining hot water began to evaporate and water droplets began to rise to the top. The ice cubes at the top cool the lid, and the water droplets rising to the top also cool and accumulate. This means that the water evaporates and rises to the top, and since it is cold at the top, the water droplets accumulate together and form a cloud. It was very interesting to observe when there was fog in the jar, and then droplets of water collected on the lid. This experiment can be done at home.

Then we created a “small Earth” using the “Bio-dome”, planted plants there, watered them and observed the water cycle for several days.

2.2. Experience No. 2. "The water cycle"

For this experiment we prepared:

Bio-dome device, soil, sand, pieces of moss, indoor plants, water.

Wonderful device “Bio-dome”! It's like our Earth, only very small! And we first covered this small Earth with soil and sand, then planted indoor flowers and watered the plants. And finally, we covered our little planet with a dome-sky. In order for our “planet” to receive warmth and light, we placed it near the window.

At first, the entire “Bio-dome” was covered in fog, very similar to a real cloud, then water vapor collected into droplets and flowed down like during rain. The air in the dome became transparent. After a few days, fog appeared again, and then “rain”. This is how we created a water cycle in nature on our little “planet”.

If the sun was shining brightly, then fog and rain appeared often. From which we can conclude that in clear weather evaporation occurs faster.

Clouds are always very different. To understand why they are different and whether it matters what the weather is like outside, we created a weather diary and noted in it every day whether it was clear or cloudy, whether there was wind, whether it was raining, and what kind of clouds formed that day.

2.3. Experience No. 3. "Weather and Cloud Observation"

To conduct this observation we needed:

Outdoor thermometer, weather vane, observation diary, frame with cloud samples.

Analyzing our entries in the weather diary, we noticed that on clear, quiet and frosty days the clouds were cumulus or high cirrus. In cloudy weather, when the sun is not visible at all, the clouds were layered. Often, wind or snow would blow along with stratus clouds, and the air would become warmer. This means that cumulus and cirrus clouds occur only in clear weather, but at the same time the air is cold. Stratus clouds bring snow and the air becomes warmer.

2.4. Making a visual aid - lapbook

In the process of observing clouds, we created a “Cloud Trap” that helps determine the type of cloud. To make it we needed:

Cardboard.
Ruler.
Photos of different types of clouds.
Glue.

First, you need to draw the cardboard into 9 identical squares, then cut out the central square - this will be a “window” into which the observed cloud is “caught.” Around the “window”, pictures with types of clouds and captions are pasted into squares. Our “cloud trap” is ready. With the help of such a “trap” you can quickly and conveniently determine the type of cloud.

Conclusion

Watching the clouds is very interesting. It turned out to be even more interesting to study them. Educational literature explains how clouds form, and with the help of experience you can create a cloud yourself. Clouds are a collection of water vapor. And that means you can’t ride it.

To understand why the clouds are always different, we observed the clouds and the weather for several days. And the result of the observation was recorded in a diary. Then they analyzed the records and concluded that the shape and appearance of the clouds depends on the weather. In clear and cold weather, cumulus and cirrus clouds predominate, and in warm and cloudy weather, stratus clouds predominate. Thus , we believe that our hypothesis was confirmed - indeed, the shape and types of clouds depend on the weather.

List of used literature

Earth. Complete encyclopedia / Ananyeva E.G., Mirnova S.S. –M.: Eksmo, 2007.
The big book "Why". lane from Italian by O.A. Zhivago - M.: “ROSMAN”, 2005.
Weather and climate. Fiona Watt, Frances Wilson. - M.: “ROSMEN”, 1997.
Scientific experiments. M.: Publishing Group “Content”, 2003.

Primary school in the modern world poses and solves a number of educational tasks. It is necessary to teach the child to independently acquire knowledge. Research activities come to the rescue, helping the teacher to discover and develop the abilities of children. Research is the process of searching for the unknown, it is a type of cognitive activity

“Project Clouds - white-maned horses of Churikov CLOUDS”

1.Abstract 3

2.Introduction 4

3.Research part 5

History of cloud studies 5

Birth of a Cloud 5

Types of clouds (Howard's classification) 6

Determining weather by clouds 7

Cloud movement 8

Experiment (getting a cloud at home) 8

Cloud Observation Results 9

4. Conclusion 10

5. List of used literature 11

6. Review 12

7 Appendix 13

Abstract

Objective of the project: studying the nature of clouds and identifying the reasons that influence the movement of clouds in space.

Research objectives:

Hypothesis:

Research methods: studying literature on the topic of work, analysis of collected information, practical work, classification, synthesis.

Object of study: clouds.

Subject of study: the origin of clouds and the reasons for their movement.

Novelty of the research: How many epithets, comparisons and beautiful words are devoted to these two concepts of sky and clouds. And really, what could be more beautiful? Every day you and I observe the sky, clouds and, you see, we don’t always notice this unique beauty above our heads. We get used to it, and it becomes commonplace and everyday things. But, perhaps, it’s still worth sometimes looking at the world with slightly different eyes and trying to notice, catch this magic of nature, feel its diversity and genius. After all, every time we will look at completely different landscapes, the sky, the clouds are never the same, they are not repeated, because time flows at its own measured rhythm, and with it everything around changes.

Main conclusions:

While working on the project, I learned that:

Clouds are formed as a result of various reasons, but the main reason is the activity of the Sun;

Clouds are very different in shape and internal state and therefore they are combined into groups.

Clouds form at different altitudes.

You can predict the weather by looking at the clouds.

Clouds move due to air flow, and they never stand still, because... In the upper layers of the atmosphere, air currents are constantly present.

Relevance of the topic: lies in the fact that the subject-content area of the project united all subjects studied in primary school and their interdependent connections.

Introduction.

Clouds are perhaps the most wonderful thing that nature has come up with. You can't touch them. But you can endlessly watch how their image changes, how they merge, spread and melt. We often think that clouds consist of something very light, but dense, and that if we step on them, we will not fail and fall to the ground, but will remain on their soft surface. These ideas are only enhanced by the numerous cartoons and fairy tales where characters ride on these celestial objects. But fairy tales are one thing, and reality is completely different. The beauty and whimsicality of clouds, unusual combinations of shapes and shades - all this has always attracted attention, aroused admiration, and awakened the imagination.

Let us recall from V.V. Mayakovsky:

Clouds floated across the sky.

Tuchek - four things:

From first to third - people,

The fourth was a camel.

To them, overwhelmed by curiosity,

A fifth one landed on the road;

From her into the blue bosom of the sky

The elephant ran after the elephant.

On a fine sunny day, the air seems clean and transparent. However, millions of tiny particles invisible to us float in it. A microscope is required to detect them. Smoke from chimneys, flower fingers, tiny salt crystals and road dust fill the air. When the sun's rays penetrate the window, these tiny particles can be seen with the naked eye. But what do they have to do with the weather? We already know that clouds consist of water droplets formed from water vapor lifted into the sky by heated air. At the top, the air cools and the steam condenses. But at the very beginning of this process, the droplets need tiny dust particles to which water molecules can stick. They are called condensation grains.

History of cloud studies

Clouds, clouds

Lush, white,

Tell the clouds

What were you made of?

Maybe you, clouds

Made from milk?

Maybe from chalk?

Maybe from cotton wool?

Maybe from white

Made from crumpled paper?

The first direct observers of clouds were balloonists and mountain climbers, who established the fact that all observed forms of clouds consist of liquid water particles or small ice crystals. When the observer is surrounded by a cloud on all sides, it is no different from ordinary fog observed near the earth's surface; that is, what to the observer below seemed like clouds hanging on the side of a mountain or at a certain height in the atmosphere, then to the observer caught in such a cloud seemed like fog. Clouds consisting of ice crystals form at high altitudes - both cirrus and cirrostratus - observations by balloonists have shown that these forms consist exclusively of water in a solid state. Myriads of ice crystals and needles, similar to those that are observed falling on quiet, frosty days in winter.

Nowadays aerologists fly mainly on airplanes. The aircraft allows research to be carried out where it is of greatest interest. In addition, an airplane can lift many different instruments (neither a radiosonde nor a rocket allows this) and perform a whole range of measurements and observations at once.

In order to study the Earth's cloud cover and study the formation and “evolution” of clouds, NASA launched two specialized satellites, CloudSat and CALIPSO, in 2006. In April 2007, NASA launched the AIM (The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite into polar orbit, designed to study noctilucent clouds.

Birth of a cloud.

Clouds are a collection of tiny droplets of water at a certain height. Evaporating, water becomes water vapor, which rises above the ground along with the rising warm air flow. But, rising upward, the water vapor begins to gradually cool. When cooled, part of the water vapor condenses and turns into water. Some of this water, formed from water vapor, freezes and turns into tiny ice crystals. These tiny ice crystals, tiny droplets of water and supercooled water vapor float in the air, just as tiny particles of dust float in the air; These tiny droplets of water floating in the air, tiny ice crystals and supercooled water vapor form the clouds that we see in the sky almost every day.

So, evaporating moisture under the influence of sunlight from land and ocean rises to the saturation limit. Helpers in the formation of clouds are air particles.

What are the conditions for cloud formation?

1. The action of solar energy.

2. Availability of mountains.

3 .Proximity of seas and oceans.

Types of clouds.

Clouds have different shapes and therefore have different names. We learned about this from the fairy tale “The Dispute of the Clouds” (Appendix 2) about different types of clouds and at what altitude they form. Have you ever seen a horse rushing across the sky, with its bushy tail spreading to the sides? Or golden stairs leading straight to heaven? What about a thin pen that writes with dawn-colored “ink”? Clouds can take on fantastic shapes, and all this is the result of the influence of water, air and our imagination.

In 1803 an English pharmacist Luke Howard , who had a hobby of observing the weather, classified clouds according to their shape. Clouds in the shape of clubs are called "cumulus". "layered"; "feathery" " are called high "ice" clouds with fancy curls. Meteorologists (scientists who study weather) still use Howard's classification.

Spindrift clouds. What did I learn about them during the observation process? Cirrus clouds are upper-level clouds; they form only at altitudes above 6 kilometers. This gentle clouds of white color, wavy or threadlike. Cirrus clouds never produce precipitation. But it is precisely these clouds that can tell you that in 12-36 hours the sky above you will be covered with solid clouds (nimbostratus clouds), which will bring with them heavy rains.

Cumulus clouds you are all very familiar with. But how can one forget how on clear summer days these clouds appeared in the sky at noon, slowly floated somewhere and each time disappeared somewhere in the evening, only to appear again the next day at noon. Such cumulus clouds, which on clear days of summer appear only in the late morning hours, definitely indicated that the sky would be clear both in the evening and at night, that there would definitely be no rain: neither in the evening, nor at night, and if it rained For some reason it gathers, its first drops will fall to the ground only in the morning. It’s not for nothing that such cumulus clouds have another name - fair weather cumulus clouds. These are individual clouds with a flat base and a dome-shaped top. So, on clear summer days, these clouds of bizarre shapes appear in the sky during the day, slowly float somewhere, and every time in the evening they disappear somewhere, only to appear again the next day.

Stratus clouds- This monotonous gray layer of clouds, which gives the entire sky the same gloomy, overcast look. These are low level clouds and when they thicken they can bring rain, but this rain will not be as heavy as the rain brought by nimbostratus clouds.

So: 1. These clouds give the whole sky a gloomy, overcast look

2. Once thickened, they can bring rain.

I also learned that there are rare types of clouds: mother-of-pearl, jellyfish, silver, mushroom, striped, squall, lenticular.

Determining weather from clouds.

Finding out what the weather is like outside is quite easy. Sometimes a quick glance at the sky can provide more information than a detailed weather forecast. Overhead there will be either boundless blue or black thunderclouds, clearly indicating impending bad weather. There are never exactly identical “pictures” in the sky, except when it is clear and cloudless: the appearance of clouds and their differences depend on the conditions under which and how they were formed.

Movement of clouds.

The movement of clouds in different directions can be observed in cases where they are not continuous, are located at different levels, and the wind at different heights has a different direction. Clouds in the air move along the air flow, and it changes with height, sometimes not very noticeably, and sometimes by a very significant angle, easily recorded visually, without any instruments. (Experience) Open the door slightly and leave a lit candle on the threshold of the classroom. The flame will lean towards the classroom. Cold air comes from the corridor below. Let's raise the candle to the top. The flame will deviate towards the corridor. This is warm air leaving the room. In nature, air is constantly moving.

Experiment.

And the most important thing, what I have been striving for all this time, is “creating” my own home artificial cloud.

Cloud cover plays a very important role for the Earth: in winter and at night, clouds prevent a decrease in the temperature of the earth's surface and the ground layer of air, since they block the outflow of heat from the lower layers of the atmosphere in space, and in summer and during the day, clouds weaken the heating of the earth's surface, since water drops in them , like lenses, reflect part of the sun's rays. Clouds also moderate the climate within continents.

Cloud Observation Results.

Based on my observations, I came to the conclusion that:

More stratus clouds predominated.

In autumn, with the arrival of stratus clouds, it becomes cold and precipitation occurs.

In winter, stratus clouds bring warming temperatures and snow.

In winter, on clear, sunny days, the temperature drops. (in December there was a mark of up to - 42 degrees)

All types of clouds were observed during the observed period.

Clouds change throughout the day : There were fewer stratus and cirrus clouds by lunchtime, and more cumulus clouds.

7. There were days when there were no cloud systems in the sky.

Conclusion

How many epithets, comparisons and beautiful words are devoted to these two concepts of sky and clouds. And really, what could be more beautiful? Every day you and I observe the sky, clouds and, you see, we don’t always notice this unique beauty above our heads. We get used to it, of course, it’s easy to get used to good things, and they become commonplace and everyday things. But, perhaps, it’s still worth sometimes looking at the world with slightly different eyes and trying to notice, catch this magic of nature, feel its diversity and genius. After all, every time we will look at completely different landscapes, the sky, the clouds are never the same, they are not repeated, because time flows at its own measured rhythm, and with it everything around changes.

While working on the project, I learned that the history of studying and observing clouds begins with balloonists, who ascended in hot air balloons, and the observation of people while climbing mountains, continues today. In the lesson of learning about the world, we got acquainted with the water cycle in nature, and also learned that water comes in three states: liquid, solid and gaseous, and water particles can be called travelers. Clouds are a collection of tiny droplets of water at a certain height. Evaporating, water becomes steam, which rises above the ground; at altitude, the water vapor cools and part of the steam, when cooled, turns into water or into ice crystals. The smallest ice crystals and supercooled water vapor form the clouds that we see in the sky almost every day.

In addition, clouds have different shapes and therefore have different names. 1803 English pharmacist Luke Howard "cumulus". Clouds that look like blankets he called "layered"; "feathery"

Also, while working on the project, I kept a cloud observation diary, based on which I made certain conclusions. While working on the project, I became more attentive and observant, and began to notice everything beautiful more often. Because only a person who has learned to notice the beautiful, kind, wonderful things next to him can feel all the boundlessness and perfection of the nature around us and the genius of the creations of our Mother Earth.

List of used literature

Latynova N.V. Tales of the Earth. Series “Through play - to perfection” - M.: “Liszt”. 1999.

Aimagambetova K.A., Idilova T.S., Khadzhieva B.L.. Knowledge of the world - Almaty: 2011.

Melchakov L.F., Skatkin M.N. Natural history – M.: Education, 1987.

Wonderful planet Earth, from the series: Explore our world, encyclopedia for children - M.: 2001.

General ed. Yastrebtseva E.N., Bykhovsky Ya.S. Learning for the Future (Powered by Microsoft): A Study Guide. - M.: Russian edition, 2004.

Internet – source ru. wikipedia. org clouds

Review

project to understand the world of a 4th grade student

Churikova Natalia

“Clouds are white-maned horses”

In her project, Churikova Natalya deeply studies the nature of clouds. He begins the project by putting forward a hypothesis and throughout the entire project he looks for and finds confirmation of his assumption.

To accomplish the task, literature on the topic of the work was studied, analysis of the collected information, practical work (an experiment was carried out, experience, keeping an observation diary), classification, synthesis.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the subject-content area of the project united all subjects studied in primary school and their interdependent connections.

On a fine sunny day, the air seems clean and transparent. However, millions of tiny particles invisible to us float in it. A microscope is required to detect them. Smoke from chimneys, flower fingers, tiny salt crystals and road dust fill the air. When the sun's rays penetrate the window, these tiny particles can be seen with the naked eye. Do they have anything to do with the weather? Clouds are made up of water droplets formed from water vapor lifted into the sky by heated air. At the top, the air cools and the steam condenses. But at the very beginning of this process, the droplets need tiny dust particles to which water molecules can stick. They are called condensation grains.

Clouds pierced by the sun's rays appear white, but often cloudy skies appear overcast and gray. This means that the clouds are so dense and multi-layered that they block the path of the sun’s rays. The cloud may appear completely black if it contains many particles of dust or soot, which most often happens over industrial areas.

This work will find practical application and will be an additional and visual material for lessons in learning about the world when studying the topic “The air envelope of the earth,” which is of interest to students.

Head: Soprovich E. V.

Annex 1

Fairy tale "The Journey of Water"

The Sun looked at the Earth and reflected from the water surface with thousands of cheerful bunnies. It warmed up more strongly, pierced the depths of the sea with arrow-rays, but the water did not allow its light to reach the bottom, absorbed it and left it in its thickness, and kept its depths dark and cold. But the little curious droplets did not want to spend their whole lives in blue melancholy, they wanted to see the world, fly around, look around it, so that the words of the Wizard would be fulfilled: “Dear sun, help us,” the droplets prayed. The Sun heard them, warmed them more strongly, the particles-molecules opened their embrace, in which they were tightly squeezing each other, and rose in a light transparent vapor above the surface of their father-ocean. A light breeze picked them up and carried them over the waves. The sister-particles rose higher and higher, and they became colder and more frightened. They reached out to each other, clung to each other, consolidated themselves into small, tiny droplets and sparkled in the rays of the Sun with pure white light - the first clouds appeared in the sky. They ran into the clearing in the blue heights, now rising, now descending to the very ground. And the Sun shone brightly, and more and more new clouds appeared in the sky, they united into menacing clouds, and the droplets in them became droplets and could no longer stay in the air - Mother Earth called, pulled them towards her. The cloud tensed, darkened, growled, swirled and suddenly flashed with a bright flash - lightning tore the skies with a crash, and drops of the first shower splashed onto the ground. They drummed merrily on stones and hard clay, on loose sand, penetrating into every hole, into every crack. And there was not a drop of grief in this rain, the water spilled onto the ground clean, bright. It twisted into streams and collected into rivers, filled depressions and became lakes. The lakes overflowed, and the river again rushed to the ocean, carrying small pebbles, sand and clay as gifts to its father.

And so the huge water carousel began to spin and spin: light, transparent steam rose from the water surface, became fog or clouds, they flew away to unknown lands and shed drops of rain there, the droplets collected in rivers and streams and returned to the ocean again.

The renewed planet was unrecognizable. It shone in the rays of the Sun as a bright blue star, and upon closer examination, white whirlwinds of clouds, dark blue spaces of seas and oceans, yellow, brown, gray land, cut through by blue veins of rivers, became visible. And the whole planet lived, breathed, and was constantly changing.

Appendix 2

Fairy tale "Cloud dispute"

Once upon a time, many years ago, there lived the Kingdom of the Clouds. And three brothers lived in it - Cirrus, Stratus and Cumulus clouds. And then one day, no one knows why, they started an argument.

“We are the most beautiful of all, we are taller than everyone! - Cumulus clouds shouted. – We appear at an altitude of 2-3 km, and our tops grow to 6-8. We are the most beautiful of all! We are made up of droplets of water and ice. We resemble huge mountains.”

“No,” Cirrus cried. - We are the most beautiful of all! We are the ones above everyone else! We climb 8–10 km. The sky is visible through us and the rays of the Sun pass through, and we ourselves resemble lace.”

“But we can cover the entire sky,” the Stratus clouds objected, “and nothing will be visible through us!”

Queen Atmosphere heard this argument, became angry and ordered her servants, the Winds, to blow the Clouds in different directions. Since then, the Cloud brothers have never appeared in the sky together! So, what did you learn from the fairy tale?

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“protection of the project Clouds - white-maned horses”

Hello! I would like to present to your attention the project “Clouds are white-maned horses!”

Clouds are perhaps the most wonderful thing that nature has come up with. You can't touch them. But you can endlessly watch how their images change, how they merge, spread and melt. We often think that clouds consist of something very light, but dense, and that if we step on them, we will not fail and fall to the ground, but will remain on their soft surface. These ideas are only enhanced by the numerous cartoons and fairy tales where characters ride on these celestial objects. And on a windless day, not a single leaf moves, and for some reason the clouds in the sky do not stand still, but float. Why? After all, there is no wind, why are the clouds floating?

It was these observations that made me take up this research work.

So I decided study the nature of clouds and identify the reasons that influence the movement of clouds in space.

I had tasks ahead of me

find out how clouds appear and what they are made of;

find out what types of clouds exist;

try to create your own little cloud at home;

figure out why the clouds float;

I put forward a hypothesis: Perhaps clouds are floating across the sky because the Earth rotates on its axis; let's say, because the wind helps with this. What if the clouds float for the whole world to see?

Having studied the literature and information from reference books, as well as from learning about the world on this topic, I came to the following conclusions:

The first cloud observers were balloonists and people climbing mountains. When the observer is surrounded by a cloud on all sides, it is no different from ordinary fog. I wonder why?

In the lesson of learning about the world, we got acquainted with the water cycle in nature, and also learned that water comes in three states: liquid, solid and gaseous, and water particles can be called travelers. Clouds are a collection of tiny droplets of water at a certain height. Evaporating, water becomes steam, which rises above the ground; at altitude, the water vapor cools and part of the steam, when cooled, turns into water or into ice crystals.

The smallest ice crystals and supercooled water vapor form the clouds that we see in the sky almost every day.

Clouds can take on fantastic shapes, and all this is the result of the influence of water, air and our imagination.

Clouds have different shapes and therefore have different names. I learned about this from the fairy tale “The Dispute of the Clouds.”

In 1803, an English pharmacist Luke Howard , who had a hobby of observing the weather, divided the clouds according to their outlines. Clouds in the shape of clubs are called "cumulus".

Clouds that look like blankets he called "layered";

"feathery" " are called high "ice" clouds with fancy curls. Weather scientists still use Howard's classification.

What did I learn about clouds from observing? There are never exactly the same pictures in the sky, except when it is clear and cloudless.

CIRVOUS CLOUDS are delicate white clouds that are wavy and filamentous. Cirrus clouds never produce precipitation

CUMULUS CLOUDS are individual clouds with a flat base and a dome-shaped top, these are clouds of bizarre shape. On clear summer days, these clouds of unusual shapes appear in the sky during the day, slowly float somewhere and each time disappear in the evening, only to appear again the next day.

LATROUS CLOUDS are a uniform gray layer of clouds that gives the entire sky an equally gloomy, cloudy appearance. Having thickened, they can bring various precipitations.

But it turns out there are still rare types of clouds

Watching the clouds, I thought: “Really, why do clouds float across the sky?” And I learned that the wind has different directions at different altitudes. I received this proof by conducting an experiment in class.

They placed a lit candle on the threshold of the classroom and opened the door. The flame leaned towards the classroom. Cold air comes from the corridor below. Let's raise the candle to the top. The flame deviates towards the corridor. This is warm air leaving the room. In nature, air is constantly moving. This means that the movement of clouds is influenced by the wind.

And the most important thing, what I have been striving for all this time, I wanted to create my own home cloud. To do this, here's what I did:

We poured hot water into a clean, transparent plastic bottle.
They let her stand quietly for a few seconds.
We poured about half of the water out of the bottle.
Place a piece of ice in the neck of the bottle.
Set the bottle on a dark background.
The ice in the neck of the bottle cooled the water vapor and thereby caused the formation of a misty cloud of tiny water droplets.
Hooray! Drops began to flow down the walls of the bottle. We got not only a cloud, but also real rain!

My experiment worked.

I also kept a diary while working on the project.

Cloud observations were carried out from September to April. Based on these data, I came to the conclusion that:

In the autumn-winter period, the sky was dominated by a greater number of stratus clouds.

I also noticed that in the fall, with the appearance of stratus clouds, it became colder and precipitation began to fall.

And in winter, stratus clouds brought not only warming, but also snowfall.

In winter, on clear, sunny days, a decrease in temperature was observed. (so in December it dropped to - 42 degrees)

During the observed period, I saw all types of clouds in the sky.

I also noticed that during the day the location of the clouds in the sky changes : There are fewer stratus and cirrus clouds by lunchtime, but more cumulus clouds.

Cumulus clouds occur only during the day.

There were days when there were no cloud systems in the sky

So, while working on the project, I came to the main conclusions:

1. Clouds form at different heights.

2. Clouds come in different shapes.

3. You can predict the weather using clouds.

4. Clouds move due to air flow, and they never stand still, because... In the upper layers of the atmosphere, air currents are constantly present.

5. And most importantly, I realized that I had learned so little about the nature of clouds; that they contain so many interesting things and that my research is just the first step to the “clouds”.

Studying the world of clouds, I became more attentive and observant, and began to notice everything beautiful more often. Because only a person who has learned to notice the beautiful, the kind, the wonderful next to him can feel all the boundlessness and perfection of the nature that surrounds us and the genius of the creations of our Mother Earth.

TROITSKY DISTRICT COMMITTEE

ALTAI REGION IN EDUCATION

MKOU "PETROVSKAYA SECONDARY EDUCATION SCHOOL"

The amazing world of clouds

INFORMATION AND RESEARCH PROJECT

Completed by: Anton Lukin, 3rd grade student,

Tolmachev Egor, 3rd grade student.

Head: Nadezhda Viktorovna Pryakhina,

Primary school teacher

2014

Introduction

I. Description of research methods

II. Research results

2.1.What are clouds made of?

(experience: cloud formation at home)

2.2. Conditions for cloud formation;

Types of clouds and their influence on the weather;

2.4 The importance of clouds in nature;

2.5.Works of painting;

2.6. Poets about clouds.

Conclusion

Bibliography;

Application.

Maintaining

One day, while walking down the street, we saw clouds that were not similar to each other floating across the sky.

Their whimsical shapes sparked our imagination. We began to look at the clouds and imagine animals, faces of people and other objects in them.

And we were interested in the question: “What are clouds?” How are they formed? Why are they so different? We decided to find the answers to these questions ourselves.

Thus, the idea of creating a project about clouds arose.

We have set ourselves a goal:find out what clouds are made of and the reasons for their formation.

The object of our research was clouds.

We assumed: clouds are made of water.

Tasks:

1. Find out what clouds are made of

2. Find out how clouds form

3. Find out the conditions for cloud formation

4. Find out why clouds have different shapes

5.Study the main types of clouds and their influence on the weather

6. Find out the meaning of clouds in nature

7. Find out in which works of painting artists describe the natural phenomenon - clouds

8. Find out which poets use the lyrical image of clouds in their poems.

Having set a goal and defined tasks, we drew up an action plan and distributed responsibilities among ourselves. The result of our work was this project.

I. Description of research methods

The research was carried out in the fall and winter of 2013.

We used the following methods: studying literature and Internet resources about clouds: formation conditions, types of clouds, the meaning of clouds in nature.

For this purpose, printed publications were studied: the encyclopedia “I know the world”, a reader on the world around us, an encyclopedia for the curious, an encyclopedia of the world around us, various sites on the topic being studied.

To find out what the cloud consists of, we used the method of observation through experiment.

To do this, we took a three-liter jar, poured hot water into it, placed a saucer with several ice cubes on the jar and observed the water vapor for several minutes.

Having studied the material on the topic, we summarized and made a conclusion.

II.Results of the study

II. 1. What are clouds made of?

From the scientific article in the encyclopedia we learned:“The cloud is made up of tiny droplets of water and ice crystals. The tiny droplets of water that make up the clouds merge into larger droplets, and the cloud darkens. Gradually the drops become heavier and fall out in the form of rain" (1)

To test our assumption and statement from a scientific article,

we conducted the experiment.

Boiling water was poured into a three-liter jar. Close the lid with ice cubes on it. The warm air inside the jar began to rise and cool. The water vapor contained in it began to condense, forming a cloud. This experiment showed us that the cloud is made of water. (Annex 1)

II. 2. Conditions for cloud formation

We found that for clouds to form in nature, the following conditions are necessary:

1. Effect of solar energy.

2. Availability of mountains.

3. Proximity of seas and oceans. (4)

II.3. How clouds form

The sun heats the surface of the Earth, warms the water in the oceans, seas, rivers, in every puddle. Water evaporates and turns into light water vapor. He rises up. And there, far from Earth, it is cold. Therefore, the steam cools and turns into tiny water droplets or ice crystals. We observe the accumulation of such droplets and crystals from the ground in the form of clouds.(2)

II. 4. Why do clouds have different shapes?

The thing is that they form at different heights and at different temperatures. So each cloud has its own shape. Yes, and she is fickle. After all, the wind drives clouds across the sky. They move and end up either in a warmer or a colder zone. Where it is warm, water evaporates, and where it is cold, water vapor cools even more and turns into water droplets. This is why the clouds are so different from each other. (4)

II. 5. Main types of clouds and their influence on the weather

We found out that clouds vary in shape, they are

Spindrift clouds
Stratus clouds
Cumulus clouds
Rain clouds

Spindrift clouds

Cirrus clouds - form at altitudes above 6 kilometers. These are delicate clouds of white color, wavy or thread-like. Cirrus clouds never produce precipitation. But it is precisely these clouds that can suggest that in 12-36 hours the sky will be covered with continuous clouds, which will bring with them heavy rains.

Stratus clouds

Stratus clouds are a uniform gray layer of clouds that gives the entire sky the same gloomy, overcast appearance. These clouds may bring rain, but the rain will not be as heavy.

Cumulus clouds

Cumulus clouds are very familiar to all of us.

On clear summer days, these clouds appear in the sky by noon, slowly float somewhere and disappear by evening.

These cumulus clouds have another name - fair weather cumulus clouds.

Rain clouds

Rain clouds are dark gray in color, located at an altitude of 3-4 km, and rain down torrential rain, thunderstorms, and hail on the ground.(1)

II. 5 .The importance of clouds in nature

In nature, clouds play a very important role; they are the main source of moisture for the earth, serve as reliable protection from hypothermia in winter, and protect from the hot, scorching rays of the Sun in summer.(3)

II.6. Clouds - in paintings

We learned that many artists described the unique beauty of clouds in their paintings. For example, I. Levitan painted the famous painting “Cloud”, Ivan Shishkin - “Cloudy Day”,Arkhip Kuindzhi - “Cloud”, I. Aivazovsky - “Cloud over the Sea”. (5.2.) (Appendix 2, 3)

II.7. Poets about clouds

Clouds are a well-known lyrical image; many poets use it in their works, for example, A. Fet “Castle in the Air”V. Bryusov. “Clouds”, N. Aseev “Looking into the skies” (5.3.) (Appendix 4)

II.8. conclusions

Thus, during the work on the project, our hypothesis that clouds consist of water was confirmed.

It was found that:

For the formation of clouds, the action of solar energy and the proximity of seas, oceans, lakes, and rivers are necessary;

Clouds are very different in shape and internal state and therefore they are combined into groups;

Clouds can be used to predict the weather;

Clouds are the main source of moisture and protect all life on Earth from overheating;

Artists in their paintings described the beauty of a natural phenomenon - clouds; many poets use clouds as a lyrical image.

Studying the world of clouds, we became more attentive and observant, and began to notice everything beautiful more often.

Literature

1. D. Clark, K. Twist, K. Hare, T. Hare “Encyclopedia of the world around us.” Moscow "Swallowtail" 2005
2. T.A. Frolov Encyclopedia for the curious (ed.) Publisher: Makhaon ISBN: 5-18-000904-9 Year 2007
3.V.N.Markin “I explore the world.” Publishing house "AST" 1988

4. O. N. Fedotova, G.V. , Trofimova, S.A. Trofimov.The world around us (Reader). M.: Akademkniga/Textbook.2012 G.

5. Internet resources

5.1. gdekakpochemu. ru› tags/oblaka/

5.2. http://aria-art.ru/0/O/Oblako/1.html

Annex 1

The cloud is made of water

Appendix 2

Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi.
Cloud.

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin.
Cloudy day.

Appendix 3

Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
Cloud.

Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovski.
Clouds over the sea.

Appendix 4

Air city

Over there at dawn stretched out

A whimsical chorus of clouds:
Everything seems to be roofs and walls,

Yes, a row of golden domes.

It's like my city is white,
My city is familiar, dear,

High in the pink sky
Above the dark, sleeping earth.

And this whole city is airy
Slowly sailing north...
There's someone beckoning there -
Yes, it doesn’t give me wings to fly!

Afanasy Fet

CLOUDS

The clouds have set again
Your sails.
They directed their run into the swell of heaven,

White rooks.
Quietly, smoothly, without effort,
Into the distance without shores
A friendly flotilla came out
Fairytale swimmers...

Bryusov V.Ya.

Like ice clouds, like ice clouds
like broken ice clouds,
and the blue is far, and the blue is high,
behind them is a deep blue;

Clouds are flying like broken ice,
spring crushed ice,
and the blue shines through, high, distant,
through their slow flight;

Elena Babicheva
Research work “On the road with the clouds”

Research

By road with clouds

Executor: Farmagey Anton Nikolaevich

Supervisor: Babicheva Elena Leonidovna

MADOU "Enchantress",

Teacher speech therapist

annotation

I, Farmagey Anton, I am 6 years old, a pupil of the preparatory group of kindergarten "Enchantress". I would like to present the result of my project - research in the form of an electronic presentation of the project "By road with clouds» .

Search project research"By road with clouds» , aimed at solving the problem of educational conditions clouds.

nature clouds clouds

My goal work: find out how they are formed clouds.

To do this, I studied various information from encyclopedias, the Internet, and magazines. Elena Leonidovna and I also experimentally tested our hypothesis about how they are formed. clouds.

At the end work my manager and I prepared and conducted a presentation and designed the album for topic: "By road with clouds» .

conclusions:

clouds are not soft clouds may vary. Clouds may consist of water droplets or small ice crystals. The higher they are above the ground, the more ice crystals they contain.

Introduction…. ….…. 4

Description work....….…5

Conclusions…. ….….…. 6

Bibliography…. …. ….8

Application

Introduction

I love looking at the sky, observing phenomena nature: rainbow, stars, and especially beyond clouds. There are days that are clear and sunny, the sky is blue, and people float across it. clouds, which constantly change shape. After all, they are probably soft and pleasant to the touch. Where did they come from? I tried to find an answer to this question.

Hypothesis: The clouds are soft and fluffy, they are lighter than air. That's why they are so high above the ground.

Target work: find out how they are formed clouds.

Tasks:

Learn what they are clouds;

Find out what they are made of clouds;

Determine the conditions of education empirically clouds;

Create an album of observations;

Prepare a presentation.

Item research: education clouds.

An object research: cloud.

Methods and techniques:

observation;

experiment;

reading books, encyclopedias;

modeling;

searching for information on the Internet.

Description work

The relevance of this project is that by studying natural phenomena, the child naturally receives scientific ideas, which in the future will help not only to be successful in school, but also, by observing these phenomena, to predict changes in the weather.

The project includes three main stages.

Stage 1. Preparatory.

Statement of the question, goals research;

Collection of material (reviewing books, magazines, encyclopedias, searching on Internet sites) and him treatment;

Selection of materials for research(jar, saucer, ice, hot water);

At the preparatory stage of my research, I found out, What:

1. There are different types of clouds: cirrus, cumulus, stratus. Shape or appearance clouds depend on altitude, at which it was formed and the temperature at which it occurred.

2. Clouds formed at different heights.

3. There are water clouds, icy, mixed, as at different temperatures and at different altitudes clouds may consist of different particles.

Clouds form then, when moist air rises up from the surface of the Earth and cools and the steam turns into droplets of water and tiny pieces of ice that make up clouds. And in the sky clouds, meeting each other, they increase in size, become heavy and fall to the ground in the form of rain.

If we experimentally create conditions for the interaction of steam and cold air, then we can get cloud.

Stage 2. Basic.

Study: education clouds.

For education clouds, I pour some hot water into a jar and place a metal cup filled with ice on top of it. Water vapor inside the jar rises and cools against a cup of ice, forming cloud from small droplets of water. Drops began to flow down the walls of the jar. We got real rain.

Conclusion: The ice in the cup cooled the water vapor and thereby caused the formation of foggy clouds of water droplets. Tiny droplets of water rise into the air and combine there. Formed cloud. When water droplets clouds become too heavy, they fall to the ground as rain. This is how the water cycle works in nature (Data research are entered into the observation album)

3rd stage: Final.

At the end work my leader and I prepared and conducted a presentation for the guys in my group and designed an album for topic: "By road with clouds» . I asked my peers how they are formed clouds? Why are they white? What makes them move? I received some interesting answers. The guys told me that clouds are formed from fog, and fog is white, that’s why white clouds. And only Alina said that she should move the wind makes the clouds. Then I demonstrated an experiment that gave us all the answer to the question of what they are formed from. clouds.

conclusions: During work over the project I learned a lot of new and interesting things about clouds, the conditions of their education. Through experience, I determined the conditions of education clouds, introduced the guys to my research and designed the album together with Elena Leonidovna. Thus, all the tasks set by me were completed.

My hypothesis was not confirmed. It turned out that clouds are not soft, fluffy and cuddly. At different temperatures the composition clouds may vary. Clouds may consist of water droplets or small crystals. By the way, these are exactly clouds cloud below -15 °C cloud consists entirely of crystals that turn into snowflakes. Moreover, it turns out that at different temperatures the composition clouds may vary. Clouds consist of water droplets if the air temperature exceeds -10 °C. These are ordinary rain clouds. If it is lower than that, but higher than -15 °C, then the composition clouds come in like droplets, and small crystals. By the way, these are exactly clouds They send us sleet or sleet. At a temperature of cloud below

15 °C cloud consists entirely of crystals that turn into snowflakes.

List of used literature:

1. Z. Aust. Weather – M: 1998.

2. Children's encyclopedia: Weather and climate. Great Britain, 1996

3."Want to know everything!": Large illustrated encyclopedia / trans. from English A. Zykova, K. Molkova, O. Ozerova. – M.: Eksmo, 2007.

4.http://brembola.pereslavl.info/a3.htm "How are they formed clouds» .