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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is one of the most famous and great writers in the world. During his lifetime he was recognized as a classic of Russian literature; his work paved a bridge between the flow of two centuries.

Tolstoy proved himself not just as a writer, he was an educator and humanist, thought about religion, and took a direct part in the defense of Sevastopol. The writer's legacy is so great, and his life itself is so ambiguous, that they continue to study him and try to understand him.

Tolstoy himself was a complex person, for which evidence is at least his family relationships. So numerous myths appear, both about Tolstoy’s personal qualities, his actions, and about his creativity and the ideas put into it. Many books have been written about the writer, but we will try to debunk at least the most popular myths about him.

Tolstoy's flight. It is a well-known fact that 10 days before his death, Tolstoy ran away from his home in Yasnaya Polyana. There are several versions about why the writer did this. They immediately began to say that this was how the elderly man tried to commit suicide. The communists developed the theory that Tolstoy expressed his protest against the tsarist regime in this way. In fact, the reasons for the writer’s flight from his native and beloved home were quite everyday. Three months earlier, he wrote a secret will, according to which he transferred all copyrights to his works not to his wife, Sofya Andreevna, but to his daughter Alexandra and his friend Chertkov. But the secret became clear - the wife learned about everything from the stolen diary. A scandal immediately broke out, and Tolstoy’s life became a real hell. His wife's hysterics prompted the writer to do something he had planned 25 years ago - to escape. During these difficult days, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he could no longer tolerate this and hated his wife. Sofya Andreevna herself, having learned about Lev Nikolaevich’s escape, became even more enraged - she ran to drown herself in the pond, beat herself in the chest with thick objects, tried to run somewhere and threatened to never let Tolstoy go anywhere in the future.

Tolstoy had a very angry wife. From the previous myth, it becomes clear to many that only his evil and eccentric wife is to blame for the death of a genius. In fact, Tolstoy’s family life was so complex that numerous studies are still trying to understand it today. And the wife herself felt unhappy in it. One of the chapters of her autobiography is called “Martyr and Martyr.” Little was known about Sofia Andreevna’s talents; she was completely in the shadow of her powerful husband. But the recent publication of her stories has made it possible to understand the depth of her sacrifice. And Natasha Rostova from War and Peace came to Tolstoy straight from his wife’s youthful manuscript. In addition, Sofya Andreevna received an excellent education, she knew a couple foreign languages and even translated her husband’s complex works herself. The energetic woman still managed to manage the entire household, the accounting of the estate, as well as sheathing and tying up the entire considerable family. Despite all the hardships, Tolstoy’s wife understood that she was living with a genius. After his death, she noted that for almost half a century of marriage, she could not understand what kind of person he was.

Tolstoy was excommunicated and anathematized. Indeed, in 1910 Tolstoy was buried without a funeral service, which gave rise to the myth of excommunication. But in the commemorative act of the Synod of 1901, the word “excommunication” is not present in principle. Church officials wrote that with his views and false teachings the writer had long ago placed himself outside the church and was no longer perceived by it as a member. But society understood the complex bureaucratic document with ornate language in its own way - everyone decided that it was the church that abandoned Tolstoy. And this story with the definition of the Synod was actually a political order. This is how Chief Prosecutor Pobedonostsev took revenge on the writer for his image of the man-machine in “Resurrection.”

Leo Tolstoy founded the Tolstoyan movement. The writer himself was very cautious, and sometimes even disgusted, towards those numerous associations of his followers and admirers. Even after escaping from Yasnaya Polyana, the Tolstoy community turned out to be not the place where Tolstoy wanted to find shelter.

Tolstoy was a teetotaler. As you know, in adulthood the writer gave up alcohol. But he did not understand the creation of temperance societies throughout the country. Why do people gather if they are not going to drink? After all, big companies mean drinking.

Tolstoy fanatically adhered to his own principles. Ivan Bunin wrote in his book about Tolstoy that the genius himself was sometimes very cool about the tenets of his own teaching. One day, the writer with his family and close family friend Vladimir Chertkov (he was also the main follower of Tolstoy’s ideas) were eating on the terrace. It was a hot summer and mosquitoes were flying everywhere. One particularly annoying one sat on Chertkov’s bald head, where the writer killed him with the palm of his hand. Everyone laughed, and only the offended victim noted that Lev Nikolaevich took the life of a living creature, shaming him.

Tolstoy was a big womanizer. The writer’s sexual adventures are known from his own notes. Tolstoy said that in his youth he led a very bad life. But most of all he is confused by two events since then. The first is a relationship with a peasant woman before marriage, and the second is a crime with his aunt’s maid. Tolstoy seduced an innocent girl, who was then driven out of the yard. That same peasant woman was Aksinya Bazykina. Tolstoy wrote that he loved her as never before in his life. Two years before his marriage, the writer had a son, Timofey, who over the years became a huge man, like his father. In Yasnaya Polyana, everyone knew about the master’s illegitimate son, about the fact that he was a drunkard, and about his mother. Sofya Andreevna even went to look at her husband’s former passion, not finding anything interesting in her. And Tolstoy’s intimate stories are part of his diaries of his youth. He wrote about the voluptuousness that tormented him, about the desire for women. But something like this was commonplace for Russian nobles of that time. And remorse for their past relationships never tormented them. For Sofia Andreevna, the physical aspect of love was not at all important, unlike her husband. But she managed to give birth to Tolstoy 13 children, losing five. Lev Nikolaevich was her first and only man. And he was faithful to her throughout their 48 years of marriage.

Tolstoy preached asceticism. This myth appeared thanks to the writer’s thesis that a person needs little to live. But Tolstoy himself was not an ascetic - he simply welcomed a sense of proportion. Lev Nikolaevich himself thoroughly enjoyed life, he simply saw joy and light in simple things that were accessible to everyone.

Tolstoy was an opponent of medicine and science. The writer was not an obscurantist at all. On the contrary, he spoke about the fact that one should not return to the plow, about the inevitability of progress. At home Tolstoy had one of Edison's first phonographs and an electric pencil. And the writer rejoiced like a child at such achievements of science. Tolstoy was a very civilized man, understanding that humanity pays for progress with hundreds of thousands of lives. And the writer fundamentally did not accept such a development associated with violence and blood. Tolstoy was not cruel to human weaknesses; he was outraged that vices were justified by the doctors themselves.

Tolstoy hated art. Tolstoy understood art, he simply used his own criteria to evaluate it. And didn't he have the right to do this? It is difficult to disagree with the writer that a simple man is unlikely to understand Beethoven's symphonies. To untrained listeners, much of classical music sounds like torture. But there is also art that is excellently perceived by both simple rural residents and sophisticated gourmets.

Tolstoy was driven by pride. They say this is exactly what internal quality manifested itself in the author’s philosophy and even in everyday life. But should the non-stop search for truth be considered pride? Many people believe that it is much easier to join some teaching and serve it. But Tolstoy could not change himself. And in Everyday life the writer was very attentive - he taught his children mathematics, astronomy, and conducted physical education classes. When they were little, Tolstoy took children to the Samara province so that they learned and fell in love with nature better. It’s just that in the second half of his life the genius was preoccupied with a lot of things. This includes creativity, philosophy, and work with letters. So Tolstoy could not give himself, as before, to his family. But this was a conflict between creativity and family, and not a manifestation of pride.

Because of Tolstoy, a revolution occurred in Russia. This statement appeared thanks to Lenin’s article “Leo Tolstoy, as a mirror of the Russian revolution.” In fact, one person, be it Tolstoy or Lenin, simply cannot be to blame for the revolution. There were many reasons - the behavior of the intelligentsia, the church, the king and the court, the nobility. They gave it all old Russia Bolsheviks, including Tolstoy. They listened to his opinion as a thinker. But he denied both the state and the army. True, he was precisely against the revolution. The writer generally did a lot to soften morals, calling on people to be kinder and serve Christian values.

Tolstoy was an unbeliever, denied faith and taught this to others. Statements that Tolstoy was turning people away from the faith greatly irritated and offended him. On the contrary, he stated that the main thing in his works is the understanding that there is no life without faith in God. Tolstoy did not accept the form of faith that the church imposed. And there are many people who believe in God, but do not accept modern religious institutions. For them, Tolstoy’s quest is understood and not at all scary. Many people generally come to church after being immersed in the writer’s thoughts. This was especially common in Soviet times. Even before, Tolstoyans turned towards the church.

Tolstoy constantly taught everyone. Thanks to this deep-rooted myth, Tolstoy appears as a self-confident preacher, telling whom and how to live. But when studying the writer’s diaries, it becomes clear that he spent his whole life sorting himself out. So where could he teach others? Tolstoy expressed his thoughts, but never imposed them on anyone. Another thing is that a community of followers, Tolstoyans, formed around the writer, who tried to make the views of their leader absolute. But for the genius himself, his ideas were not fixed. He considered the presence of God absolute, and everything else was the result of trials, torment, and searches.

Tolstoy was a fanatical vegetarian. At a certain point in his life, the writer completely abandoned meat and fish, not wanting to eat the disfigured corpses of living beings. But his wife, taking care of him, added meat to his mushroom broth. Seeing this, Tolstoy was not angry, but only joked that he was ready to drink meat broth every day, if only his wife did not lie to him. Other people's beliefs, including in the choice of food, were above all else for the writer. At their house there were always those who ate meat, the same Sofya Andreevna. But there were no terrible quarrels over this.

To understand Tolstoy, it is enough to read his works and not study his personality. This myth prevents a real reading of Tolstoy's works. Without understanding how he lived, one cannot understand his work. There are writers who say everything in their texts. But Tolstoy can only be understood if you know his worldview, his personal traits, relationships with the state, church, and loved ones. Tolstoy's life is a fascinating novel in itself, which sometimes spilled over into paper form. An example of this is “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”. On the other hand, the writer’s work influenced his life, including his family life. So there is no escape from studying Tolstoy’s personality and interesting aspects of his biography.

Tolstoy's novels cannot be studied at school - they are simply incomprehensible to high school students. Modern schoolchildren generally find it difficult to read long works, and “War and Peace” is also filled with historical digressions. Give our high school students shortened versions of novels tailored to their intelligence. It’s difficult to say whether this is good or bad, but in any case they will at least get an idea of ​​Tolstoy’s work. Thinking that it is better to read Tolstoy after school is dangerous. After all, if you don’t start reading it at that age, then later the children will not want to immerse themselves in the writer’s work. So the school works proactively, deliberately teaching more complex and intelligent things than the child’s intellect can perceive. Perhaps later there will be a desire to return to this and understand it to the end. And without studying at school, such a “temptation” will definitely not appear.

Tolstoy's pedagogy has lost its relevance. Tolstoy the teacher is treated differently. His teaching ideas were perceived as the fun of a master who decided to teach children according to his original method. In fact spiritual development a child directly affects his intelligence. The soul develops the mind, and not vice versa. And Tolstoy’s pedagogy works in modern conditions. This is evidenced by the results of an experiment, during which 90% of children achieved excellent results. Children learn to read according to Tolstoy's ABC, which is built on many parables with their own secrets and archetypes of behavior that reveal human nature. Gradually the program becomes more complicated. A harmonious person with a strong moral principle emerges from the walls of the school. And today about a hundred schools in Russia practice this method.

A classic of Russian literature, Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 into the noble family of Nikolai Tolstoy and his wife Maria Nikolaevna. The father and mother of the future writer were nobles and belonged to revered families, so the family lived comfortably in their own Yasnaya Polyana estate, located in the Tula region.

Leo Tolstoy spent his childhood in the family estate. In these places he first saw the course of life of the working people, heard an abundance of old legends, parables, fairy tales, and here his first attraction to literature arose. Yasnaya Polyana is a place to which the writer returned at all stages of his life, drawing wisdom, beauty, and inspiration.

Despite his noble origin, Tolstoy had to learn the bitterness of orphanhood from childhood, because the future writer’s mother died when the boy was only two years old. His father passed away not much later, when Leo was seven years old. The grandmother first took custody of the children, and after her death, Aunt Palageya Yushkova, who took the four children of the Tolstoy family with her to Kazan.

Growing up

The six years of living in Kazan became the informal years of the writer’s growing up, because during this time his character and worldview were formed. In 1844, Leo Tolstoy entered Kazan University, first to the eastern department, then, not finding himself in the study of Arabic and Turkish, to the Faculty of Law.

The writer did not show significant interest in studying law, but he understood the need to obtain a diploma. After passing the external exams, in 1847 Lev Nikolaevich received the long-awaited document and returned to Yasnaya Polyana, and then to Moscow, where he began to engage in literary creativity.

Military service

Not having time to finish two planned stories, in the spring of 1851 Tolstoy went to the Caucasus with his brother Nikolai and began military service. The young writer takes part in military operations of the Russian army and is among the defenders Crimean peninsula, liberates his native land from Turkish and Anglo-French troops. Years of service gave Leo Tolstoy invaluable experience, knowledge of the life of ordinary soldiers and citizens, their characters, heroism, and aspirations.

The years of service are vividly reflected in Tolstoy’s stories “Cossacks”, “Hadji Murat”, as well as in the stories “Demoted”, “Cutting Wood”, “Raid”.

Literary and social activities

Returning to St. Petersburg in 1855, Leo Tolstoy was already well-known in literary circles. Remembering the respectful attitude towards serfs in his father’s house, the writer strongly supports the abolition of serfdom, clarifying this question in the stories “Polikushka”, “Morning of the Landowner”, etc.

In an effort to see the world, in 1857 Lev Nikolaevich went on a trip abroad, visiting the countries of Western Europe. Getting acquainted with the cultural traditions of peoples, a master of words records information in his memory in order to later display the most important points in his creativity.

Actively engaged in social activities, Tolstoy opens a school in Yasnaya Polyana. The writer strongly criticizes corporal punishment, which was widely practiced at that time in educational institutions Europe and Russia. In order to improve the educational system, Lev Nikolaevich publishes a pedagogical magazine called “Yasnaya Polyana”, and in the early 70s he compiled several textbooks for primary schoolchildren, including “Arithmetic”, “ABC”, “Books for Reading”. These developments were effectively used in teaching several more generations of children.

Personal life and creativity

In 1862, the writer cast his lot with the daughter of doctor Andrei Bers, Sophia. The young family settled in Yasnaya Polyana, where Sofya Andreevna diligently tried to provide an atmosphere for her husband’s literary work. At this time, Leo Tolstoy was actively working on creating the epic “War and Peace”, and also, reflecting life in Russia after the reform, wrote the novel “Anna Karenina”.

In the 80s, Tolstoy moved with his family to Moscow, seeking to educate his growing children. Observing the hungry life of ordinary people, Lev Nikolaevich contributes to the discovery of about 200 free tables for those in need. Also at this time, the writer published a number of topical articles about the famine, strongly condemning the policies of the rulers.

The period of literature of the 80-90s includes: the story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, the drama “The Power of Darkness”, the comedy “Fruits of Enlightenment”, the novel “Sunday”. For his strong attitude against religion and autocracy, Leo Tolstoy was excommunicated from the church.

last years of life

In 1901 - 1902 the writer became seriously ill. For the purpose of a speedy recovery, the doctor strongly recommends a trip to Crimea, where Leo Tolstoy spends six months. The prose writer's last trip to Moscow took place in 1909.

Beginning in 1881, the writer sought to leave Yasnaya Polyana and retire, but stayed, not wanting to hurt his wife and children. On October 28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy nevertheless decided to take a conscious step and live the rest of his years in a simple hut, refusing all honors.

An unexpected illness on the road becomes an obstacle to the writer’s plans and he spends his last seven days of life in the house of the station master. The day of death of the outstanding literary and public figure was November 20, 1910.

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich(August 28, 1828, Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province - November 7, 1910, Astapovo station (now Lev Tolstoy station) of the Ryazan-Ural railway) - count, Russian writer.

Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of ​​“her spiritual appearance”: some of his mother’s traits (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection and even portrait resemblance Tolstoy gave Princess Marya Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya (“War and Peace”) Tolstoy’s father, a participant in the Patriotic War, who was remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting (served as the prototype for Nikolai Rostov), ​​also died early (1837). studied by a distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family legends, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, and were reflected. in the autobiographical story “Childhood”.

Kazan University

When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages ​​of the Faculty of Philosophy, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and home circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), “practical medicine,” languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and “achieve the highest degree of excellence in music and painting.”

"The stormy life of adolescence"

After a summer in the village, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable terms for the serfs (this attempt is depicted in the story “The Morning of the Landowner,” 1857), in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy He went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university. His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, he devoted himself passionately to music, he intended to start an official career, he dreamed of joining a horse guards regiment as a cadet. Religious sentiments, reaching the point of asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, and trips to the gypsies. In the family he was considered “the most trifling fellow,” and he was able to repay the debts he incurred then only many years later. However, it was precisely these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.

"War and Freedom"

In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in military operations (at first voluntarily, then he was recruited). The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person in an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story “Cossacks” (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories “Raid” (1853), “Cutting Wood” (1855), as well as in the later story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904, published in 1912). Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this “wild land, in which the two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically combined.” In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L.N.; together with the later stories “Adolescence”, 1852-54, and “Youth”, 1855 -57, compiled an autobiographical trilogy). Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition.

Crimean campaign

In 1854 Tolstoy received an appointment to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy was captivated by new impressions and literary plans (he was planning, among other things, to publish a magazine for soldiers); here he began writing a series of “Sevastopol stories”, which were soon published and had enormous success (even Alexander II read the essay “Sevastopol in December” ). Tolstoy's first works amazed literary critics with the boldness of his psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the “dialectics of the soul” (N. G. Chernyshevsky). Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to discern in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of “founding a new religion” - “the religion of Christ, but purified of faith and mystery, a practical religion.”

Among writers and abroad

In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov). Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of the Literary Fund, became involved in the disputes and conflicts of writers, but felt like a stranger in this environment, which he described in detail later in “Confession” (1879-82): “These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself.” In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 he went abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana.

Folk school

In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe. Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw A.I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which generally did not satisfy the writer. Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be “the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching. In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana” with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as those compiled by him in the early 1870s. "ABC" and "New ABC". In 1862, in the absence of Tolstoy, a search was carried out in Yasnaya Polyana (they were looking for a secret printing house).

"War and Peace" (1863-69)

In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding, he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household concerns. However, already in the autumn of 1863 he was captured by a new literary idea, which for a long time was called "One Thousand Eight Hundred and Five". The time of creation of the novel was a period of spiritual elation, family happiness and calm, solitary work. Tolstoy read memoirs and correspondence of people of the Alexander era (including materials from Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, traveled to the Borodino field, moving forward in his work slowly, through many editions (his wife helped him a lot in copying manuscripts, refuting this friends joked that she was still so young, as if she were playing with dolls), and only at the beginning of 1865 he published the first part of “War and Peace” in the “Russian Bulletin”. The novel was read avidly, evoked many responses, striking with its combination of a broad epic canvas with subtle psychological analysis, with a living picture of private life, organically inscribed in history. Heated debate provoked the subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history. Reproaches were voiced that the writer “entrusted” the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of ​​a novel about Patriotic War was really a response to the problems that worried Russian post-reform society. Tolstoy himself characterized his plan as an attempt to “write the history of the people” and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature (“will not fit any form, no novel, no story, no poem, no history”).

"Anna Karenina" (1873-77)

In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his press pedagogical views, Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of his contemporary society, building a composition on the juxtaposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of the young landowner Konstantin Levin, close to the writer himself both in his lifestyle, and in his beliefs, and in his psychological picture . The beginning of his work coincided with his fascination with Pushkin’s prose: Tolstoy strove for simplicity of style, for an external non-judgmental tone, paving the way for the new style of the 1880s, especially for folk stories. Only tendentious criticism interpreted the novel as a love story. The meaning of the existence of the “educated class” and the deep truth of peasant life - this range of questions, close to Levin and alien to most of the heroes even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, primarily for F. M. Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated “Anna Karenin" in "A Writer's Diary". “Family thought” (the main thought in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin’s merciless self-exposures, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis that Tolstoy himself experienced in the 1880s, but which matured during the work on the novel .

Turning point (1880s)

The course of the revolution taking place in Tolstoy’s mind was reflected in artistic creativity, first of all, in the experiences of the heroes, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives. These characters occupy a central place in the stories “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), “The Kreutzer Sonata” (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), “Father Sergius” (1890-98, published in 1912), the drama “ Living Corpse" (1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story "After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911). Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of ​​his spiritual drama: painting pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a pointed form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to himself and to society, criticized all state institutions, going so far as to deny science, art, and court , marriage, achievements of civilization. The writer’s new worldview is reflected in “Confession” (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles “On the Census in Moscow” (1882), “So what should we do?” (1882-86, published in full in 1906), “On Hunger” (1891, published on English language in 1892, in Russian - in 1954), “What is art?” (1897-98), “Slavery of Our Time” (1900, fully published in Russia in 1917), “On Shakespeare and Drama” (1906), “I Can’t Be Silent” (1908).

Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of ​​Christianity as a moral teaching, and he interpreted the ethical ideas of Christianity in a humanistic manner as the basis of the universal brotherhood of man. This set of problems involved an analysis of the Gospel and critical study of theological works, which were the subject of Tolstoy’s religious and philosophical treatises “A Study of Dogmatic Theology” (1879-80), “The Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels” (1880-81), “What is My Faith” ( 1884), “The Kingdom of God is within you” (1893). A stormy reaction in society accompanied Tolstoy's calls for direct and immediate adherence to Christian commandments.

In particular, his preaching of non-resistance to evil through violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of works of art- the drama “The Power of Darkness, or The Claw Got Stuck, All the Birds Are Lost” (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified, “artless” manner. Along with the congenial works of V. M. Garshin, N. S. Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the publishing house “Posrednik”, founded by V. G. Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of the “Mediator” as “an expression in artistic images of the teachings of Christ,” “so that this book can be read to an old man, a woman, a child, and so that both of them become interested, are touched and feel kinder.”

As part of a new worldview and ideas about Christianity, Tolstoy opposed Christian dogma and criticized the rapprochement of the church with the state, which led him to complete separation from the Orthodox Church. In 1901, the reaction of the Synod followed: the internationally recognized writer and preacher was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public outcry.

"Resurrection" (1889-99)

Tolstoy's last novel embodied the entire range of problems that worried him during the turning point. The main character, Dmitry Nekhlyudov, spiritually close to the author, goes through the path of moral purification, leading him to active good. The narrative is built on a system of emphatically evaluative oppositions that expose the unreasonableness of social order(the beauty of nature and deceit social world, the truth of peasant life and the falsehood that dominates the life of the educated strata of society). The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy - a frank, highlighted “tendency” (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), harsh criticism, a satirical principle - appeared clearly in the novel.

Care and death

The turning point years radically changed the writer’s personal biography, resulting in a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (Tolstoy’s proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). The personal drama Tolstoy experienced was reflected in his diary entries.

Late autumn 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal physician D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The journey turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. All of Russia followed reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already gained worldwide fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker and preacher of a new faith. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale.

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In 1828, on August 26, in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, the future great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy was born. The family was well-born - his ancestor was a noble nobleman who received the title of count for his services to Tsar Peter. The mother was from the ancient noble family of the Volkonskys. Belonging to a privileged layer of society influenced the behavior and thoughts of the writer throughout his life. short biography Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich does not fully reveal the entire history of the ancient family.

Serene life in Yasnaya Polyana

The writer's childhood was quite prosperous, despite the fact that he lost his mother early. Thanks to family stories, he preserved her bright image in his memory. A short biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy indicates that his father was the embodiment of beauty and strength for the writer. He instilled in the boy a love of hound hunting, which was later described in detail in the novel War and Peace.

He also had a close relationship with his older brother Nikolenka - he taught little Levushka different games and told him interesting stories. Tolstoy's first story, “Childhood,” contains many autobiographical memories of the writer’s childhood years.

Youth

A serene, joyful stay in Yasnaya Polyana was interrupted due to the death of his father. In 1837, the family was taken under the care of an aunt. In this city, according to a short biography of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, the writer spent his youth. Here he entered the university in 1844 - first at the Faculty of Philosophy and then at the Faculty of Law. True, studies attracted him little; the student preferred various amusements and revelries.

In this biography of Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich characterizes him as a person who disdainfully treated people of the lower, non-aristocratic class. He denied history as a science - in his eyes it had no practical use. The writer retained the sharpness of his judgments throughout his life.

As a landowner

In 1847, without graduating from university, Tolstoy decides to return to Yasnaya Polyana and try to improve the life of his serfs. Reality sharply diverged from the writer’s ideas. The peasants did not understand the master’s intentions, and a short biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy describes his management experience as unsuccessful (the writer shared it in his story “The Morning of the Landowner”), as a result of which he leaves his estate.

The path to becoming a writer

The next few years spent in St. Petersburg and Moscow were not in vain for the future great prose writer. From 1847 to 1852, diaries were kept in which Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy carefully verified all his thoughts and reflections. A short biography tells that during his service in the Caucasus, work was being carried out in parallel on the story “Childhood”, which will be published a little later in the magazine “Sovremennik”. This marked the beginning of the further creative path of the great Russian writer.

Ahead of the writer lies the creation of his great works "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", but for now he is honing his style, publishing in Sovremennik and basking in favorable reviews from critics.

Later years of creativity

In 1855, Tolstoy came to St. Petersburg for a short time, but literally a couple of months later he left it and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, opening a school there for peasant children. In 1862 he married Sophia Bers and was very happy in the first years.

In 1863-1869, the novel “War and Peace” was written and revised, which bore little resemblance to the classic version. It lacks traditional key elements of the time. Or rather, they are present, but are not key.

1877 - Tolstoy completed the novel Anna Karenina, in which the technique of internal monologue is repeatedly used.

Since the second half of the 60s, Tolstoy has been going through an experience that was only overcome at the turn of the 1870s and 80s by completely rethinking his previous life. Then Tolstoy appears - his wife categorically did not accept his new views. The ideas of the late Tolstoy are similar to socialist teachings, the only difference being that he was an opponent of the revolution.

In 1896-1904, Tolstoy completed the story, which was published after his death, which occurred in November 1910 at the Astapovo station on the Ryazan-Ural road.

The land of Russia has given humanity a whole scattering of talented writers. In many parts of the world, people know and love the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. V. Gogol and many other Russian authors. This publication sets itself the task of general outline describe the life and creative path of the wonderful writer L.N. Tolstoy as one of the most outstanding Russians, who covered himself and the Fatherland with worldwide fame with his works.

Childhood

In 1828, or more precisely, on August 28, in the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana (at that time Tula province), the fourth child in the family was born, who was named Leo. Despite the quick loss of his mother - she died when he was not yet two years old - he will carry her image throughout his life and uses it in the War and Peace trilogy as Princess Volkonskaya. Tolstoy lost his father before he reached the age of nine, and it would seem that he would perceive these years as a personal tragedy. However, raised by relatives who gave him love and a new family, the writer considered his childhood years the happiest. This was reflected in his novel “Childhood”.

It’s interesting, but Leo began transferring his thoughts and feelings onto paper as a child. One of the first attempts at writing by the future literary classic was the short story “The Kremlin,” written under the impression of a visit to the Moscow Kremlin.

Adolescence and youth

Having received a magnificent elementary education(he was taught by excellent teachers from France and Germany) and having moved with his family to Kazan, young Tolstoy entered Kazan University in 1844. I wasn't interested in studying. Less than two years later, he, allegedly due to health reasons, quits his studies and returns to the family estate with the idea of ​​finishing his studies in absentia.

Having experienced all the delights of unsuccessful management, which is then reflected in the story “The Morning of the Landowner,” Lev moves first to Moscow, and later to St. Petersburg with the hope of getting a diploma at the university. The search for oneself during this period led to amazing metamorphoses. Preparation for exams, the desire to become a military man, religious asceticism, suddenly giving way to revelry and revelry - this is not a complete list of his activities at this time. But it is precisely at this stage of life that a serious desire arises.

Adulthood

Heeding the advice of his older brother, Tolstoy became a cadet and went to serve in the Caucasus in 1851. Here he takes part in hostilities, becomes close to the inhabitants of the Cossack village and realizes the enormous difference between noble life and everyday reality. During this period, he wrote the story “Childhood,” which was published under a pseudonym and brought his first success. Having expanded his autobiography into a trilogy with the stories “Adolescence” and “Youth,” Tolstoy gained recognition among writers and readers.

Participating in the defense of Sevastopol (1854), Tolstoy was awarded not only an order and medals, but also new experiences that became the basis of the “Sevastopol stories.” This collection finally convinced critics of his talent.

After the war

Having finished his military adventures in 1855, Tolstoy returned to St. Petersburg, where he immediately became a member of the Sovremennik circle. He finds himself in the company of people such as Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Nekrasov and others. But social life did not please him and, having been abroad and finally breaking with the army, he returned to Yasnaya Polyana. Here in 1859, Tolstoy, mindful of the contrast between the common people and the nobles, opened a school for peasant children. With his assistance, 20 more such schools were created in the surrounding area.

"War and Peace"

After the wedding with the 18-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sophia Bers, in 1862, the couple returned to Yasnaya Polyana, where they indulged in the joys of family life and household chores. But a year later Tolstoy became interested in the new idea. A trip to the Borodino field, work in the archives, a painstaking study of the correspondence of people from the era of Alexander I and the elation of family happiness led to the publication of the first part of the novel “War and Peace” in 1865. Full version The trilogy was published in 1869 and still causes admiration and controversy regarding the novel.

"Anna Karenina"

The landmark novel, known throughout the world, was the result of a deep analysis of the lives of Tolstoy’s contemporaries and was published in 1877. In this decade, the writer lived in Yasnaya Polyana, teaching peasant children and defending his own views on pedagogy through the press. Family life, viewed through a social lens, illustrates the full range of human emotions. Despite not the best, to put it mildly, relations between the writers, even F.M. admired the work. Dostoevsky.

Broken soul

Contemplating social inequality around him, he now views the dogmas of Christianity as an incentive to humanity and justice. Tolstoy, understanding the role of God in people's lives, continues to expose the corruption of his servants. This period of complete denial of the established way of life explains the criticism of the church and state institutions. It got to the point where he questioned art, denied science, marriage, and much more. He was eventually officially excommunicated in 1901 and also displeased the authorities. This period of the writer’s life gave the world many sharp, sometimes controversial, works. The result of understanding the author’s views was his last novel, “Sunday.”

Care

Due to disagreements in the family and not understood by secular society, Tolstoy decided to leave Yasnaya Polyana, but after getting off the train due to deteriorating health, he died at a small, godforsaken station. This happened in the fall of 1910, and next to him was only his doctor, who turned out to be powerless against the writer’s illness.

L.N. Tolstoy was one of the first who dared to describe human life without embellishment. His heroes had all, sometimes unsightly, feelings, desires and character traits. Therefore, they remain relevant today, and his works have rightfully entered the heritage of world literature.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy brief information.