Guidelines and assignments. Key queries (words) Complex query consisting of several keywords

They say that the Internet has everything. In fact, this is not so. Materials for posting on the Internet are prepared by real people, and therefore you can only find there what they considered necessary to publish. However, the river is fed by streams, and thanks to their creativity, about two billion Web pages have already formed on the Internet today. As a result, cataloging the resources available on the web has become a major challenge. Despite the fact that thousands of organizations are working on the problem, it is not only not getting closer to being resolved, but is also becoming more acute. The percentage of cataloged resources is steadily falling. In recent years, this decline has become catastrophic. Thus, if in 1999 the percentage of cataloged resources was close to 40%, then in just one year it dropped to 25%.

The conclusion is simple: the Web space is filling up faster than it is being systematized.

Unfortunately, we have no reason to believe that anything will change for the better in the near future. As a result, searching for information on the Internet can be considered one of the most difficult tasks.

To search for information you are interested in, you need to point your browser to the address of the Web page on which it is located. This is the fastest and most reliable type of search. To quickly access the resource, just launch your browser and type the page address in the address bar.

Web page addresses are given in special reference books, printed publications, and are heard on popular radio stations and on TV screens.

If you don’t know the address, there are ways to find information on the Internet: search engines, which contain information about Internet resources.

Each search engine is a large database of keywords associated with the Web pages on which they were found. To search for a server address with the information you are interested in, you need to enter a keyword, several words or a phrase into the search engine field. Thus, you send a request to the search engine. The search results are displayed as a list of Web page addresses where these words were found.

Typically, search engines consist of three parts: robot, index and query processing program.

A robot (Spider, Robot or Bot) is a program that visits web pages and reads (in whole or in part) their content.

Search engine robots differ in their individual scheme for analyzing the content of a web page.

An index is a data storage that contains copies of all pages visited by robots.

Indexes in each search engine differ in the volume and method of organizing the stored information. The databases of leading search engines store information about tens of millions of documents, and their index volumes amount to hundreds of gigabytes. Indexes are periodically updated and supplemented, so the results of one search engine with the same query may differ if the search was carried out at different times.

A query processing program is a program that, in accordance with the user's request, “looks” through the index for the presence of the necessary information and returns links to the documents found.

The set of links at the output of the system is distributed by the program in descending order from the greatest degree of correspondence of the link to the request to the least.

In Russia, the most common search engines are:

Rambler (www.rambler.ru);
Yandex (www.yandex.ru);
Mail (www.mail.ru).

There are many more search engines abroad. The most popular are:

Alta Vista (www.altavista.com);
Fast Search (www.alltheweb.com);
Northern Light (www.northernlight.com).

Yandex is perhaps the best search engine on the Russian Internet. This database contains approximately 200,000 servers and up to 30 million documents, which the system scans within seconds. Using this system as an example, we will show how information search is carried out.

The search for information is specified by entering a keyword in a special frame and clicking the “Find” button to the right of the frame.

Search results appear within seconds, ranked by importance - the most important documents are placed at the top of the list. In this case, the rank of the found document is determined by where in the document the keyword is located (in the title of the document it is more important than in any other place) and the number of mentions of the keyword (the more mentions, the higher the rank).

Thus, the sites located at the top of the list are leading not from a content point of view, but practically, in relation to the frequency of mention of the keyword. In this regard, you should not limit yourself to viewing the first ten sites proposed by the search engine.

The content of the site can be indirectly assessed by its brief description placed by the Search System under the Site address. Some unscrupulous website authors, in order to increase the likelihood of their Web page appearing in the first places of the Search Engine, deliberately include meaningless repetitions of a keyword in the document. But as soon as the search engine detects such a “littered” document, it automatically excludes it from its database.

Even the ranked list of documents offered by a search engine in response to a key phrase or word can be almost endless. In this regard, Yandex (as well as other powerful Search Engines) provides the opportunity, within the first list, to select documents that more accurately reflect the purpose of the search, that is, to clarify or improve the search results. For example, for a keyword there is a list of 34,899 Web pages. After entering a qualifying keyword into the “Search Found” command, the list is reduced to 750 pages, and after entering another qualifying word into this command, this list is reduced to 130 Web pages.

Search directories are a systematic collection (selection) of links to other Internet resources. Links are organized as thematic rubricator, which represents a hierarchical structure, by moving through which you can find the necessary information.

Let us give as an example the structure of the Yandex Internet search catalog.

This is a general-purpose directory, as it contains links to Internet resources in almost all possible areas. This catalog highlights the following Topics:

Business and Economics;
Society and Politics;
Science and education;
Computers and communications;
Directories and links;
Home and family;
Entertainment and recreation;
Culture and art.

Each subject includes many subsections , and they, in turn, contain headings etc.

Suppose you are preparing an event for Victory Day and want to find the words of Bulat Okudzhava’s famous military song “You hear the boots rattling” on the Internet. The search can be organized as follows:

Yandex > Catalog > Culture and art > Music > Author's song

This search method is quite fast and effective. At the end you are offered just a few links, among which there are links to sites with songs of famous bards. All that remains is to find the archive with the lyrics of B. Okudzhava’s songs on the website and select the desired text from it.

Another example. Suppose you are going to buy a mobile phone and want to compare the characteristics of devices from different companies. The search could be conducted according to the following catalog headings:.

Yandex > Catalog > Computers and communications > Mobile communications > Mobile phones

Having received a limited number of links, you can quickly view them and select a phone by examining the characteristics of the companies and modifications of the devices.

Most search engines have the ability to search by keyword. This is one of the most common types of search.

To search by keywords, you need to enter the word or several words you want to search in a special window and click on the Find button.

The search engine will find and display documents containing these words in its database. There may be many such documents, but many in this case do not necessarily mean good.

Let's conduct several experiments with any of the search engines. Let's assume that we decide to start an aquarium and we are interested in any information on this topic. At first glance, the simplest thing is to search for the word “aquarium”. Let's check this, for example, in the Yandex search engine. The search result will be a huge number of pages - a huge number of links. Moreover, if you look more closely, among them there will be sites that mention B. Grebenshchikov’s group “Aquarium”, shopping centers and informal associations with the same name, and much more that has nothing to do with aquarium fish.

It is not difficult to guess that such a search cannot satisfy even the most unassuming user. Too much time will have to be spent on selecting among all the proposed documents those that relate to the subject we need, and even more so on getting acquainted with their contents.

We can immediately conclude that searching by one word is usually impractical, because using one word it is very difficult to determine the topic that a document, web page or site is dedicated to. The exception is rare words and terms that are almost never used outside their thematic area.

Having a certain set of the most common terms in the desired area, you can use advanced search. In Fig. shows the advanced search window in the Yandex search engine. In this mode, the capabilities of the query language are implemented in the form of a form. A similar service, including dictionary filters, is offered by almost all search engines.

Let's try to clarify the search conditions and enter the phrase “aquarium fish”. The number of links will decrease by more than 20 times. This result suits us more, but still among the proposed links there may be, for example, Russian souvenir sets of match labels with images of fish, and collections of screensavers for the computer desktop, and catalogs of aquarium fish with photographs, and aquarium accessories stores. It is obvious that we should continue to move towards clarifying the search conditions.

In order to make the search more productive, all search engines have a special query language with its own syntax. These languages are similar in many ways. It is quite difficult to study them all, but any search engine has a help system that will allow you to master the desired language.

Here are a few simple rules for forming a query in the Yandex search engine.

Keywords in the query should be written in lowercase (small) letters.

This will ensure that all keywords are searched, not just those that start with a capital letter.

When searching, all forms of a word are taken into account according to the rules of the Russian language, regardless of the form of the word in the query.

For example, if the word “know” was specified in the query, then the words “we know”, “you know”, etc. will also satisfy the search condition.

To find a stable phrase, you should enclose the words in quotation marks.

For example, “porcelain dishes”.

To search by exact word form, you need to put an exclamation point before the word.

For example, to search for the word “September” in the genitive case, you would write “!September”.

To search within the same sentence, words in the query are separated by a space or an & sign.

For example, “adventure novel” or “adventure&romance”. Several words typed in a query, separated by spaces, mean that they all must be included in one sentence of the document being searched.

If you want only those documents that contain each word specified in the query to be selected, put a plus sign “+” in front of each of them. If, on the contrary, you want to exclude any words from the search result, put a minus “-” in front of this word. The signs “+” and “-” must be written separated by a space from the previous one and together with the next word.

For example, the query “Volga-car” will find documents that contain the word “Volga” and not the word “car”.

When searching for synonyms or words with similar meanings, you can put a vertical bar “|” between words.

For example, for the query “child | baby | baby" documents with any of these words will be found.

Instead of one word in a query, you can substitute an entire expression. To do this, you need to put it in brackets

For example, “(child | toddler | children | infant) + (care | parenting).”

The "~" (tilde) sign allows you to find documents with a sentence containing the first word but not the second.

For example, the query “books ~ store” will find all documents containing the word “books”, next to which (within the sentence) there is no word “store”.

If the operator is repeated once (for example, & or ~), the search is performed within the sentence. The double operator (&&,~~) specifies a search within a document.

For example, the query “cancer ~~ astrology” will find documents with the word “cancer” that are not related to astrology.

Let's return to the example with aquarium fish. After reading several documents offered by the search engine, it becomes clear that searching for information on the Internet should not begin with choosing aquarium fish. An aquarium is a complex biological system, the creation and maintenance of which requires special knowledge, time and serious investment.

Based on the information received, a person searching the Internet can radically change the strategy for further search by deciding to study specialized literature related to the issue under study.

To search for literature or full-text documents, the following query is possible:

After processing the request by the search engine, the result was very successful. Already the first links lead to the required documents.

Now you can summarize the search results, draw certain conclusions and decide on possible actions:

Stop further search, since for various reasons you are unable to maintain an aquarium.
Read the suggested articles and start setting up an aquarium.
Look for materials about hamsters or budgies.

What type of search is the fastest and most reliable?
Where can a user find web page addresses?
What is the main purpose of a search engine?
What parts does a search engine consist of?
What search engines do you know?
What is the technology for searching using the search engine's rubricator?
What is the technology for searching by keywords?
When should you specify + or - in the search criteria?
What search criteria in Yandex are specified by the following phrase:
(nanny|educator|governess)++(care|education|supervision) ?
What does doubling the sign (~~ or ++) mean when forming a complex query?

Exercise.

Task 1. Search through catalogues.

Using the search engine directory, find the following information (as directed by your teacher):

Lyrics of a song by a popular music group
Repertoire of the Mariinsky Theater for the current week
Features of the latest mobile phone model from a well-known company (of your choice)
Recipe for Ukrainian borscht with dumplings
Long-term weather forecast in your region (at least 10 days)
Photo of your favorite contemporary singer
Approximate cost of a multimedia computer (price list)
Information about vacancies for the position of secretary in your region or city
Horoscope of your zodiac sign for the current day

Based on the search results, make a written report in Word: present the material found, copied and formatted in the document. Submit your report to your teacher.

Task 2. Forming a request using the exact title or quote.

You know the exact title of the document, for example, “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization.” Formulate a query to search the Internet for the full text of a document.

Save the search result in your folder. Show it to your teacher.

Task 3. Formation of complex queries.

In any search engine, create a query to search for information about the Russian bath. Eliminate offers of services, advertising of bath accessories and other advertising. Focus your search on the effect of a Russian bath on the body.
Create a complex query to find information on caring for indoor cats. Exclude large cats (such as lions) from your search, as well as offers to buy, sell, photos for wallpaper, etc.
Formulate the text of the request and the search result in Word and present it to the teacher.

Task 4. Thematic search.

By all means known to you, search the Internet for information on the history of the development of computer technology. Perform your search in various areas: historical situation, technology, personalities. Present your search results in the form of a presentation. Use a multi-stage table of contents in the form of hyperlinks in your presentation.

The Direct Commander Query Language allows you to create complex criteria for selecting objects: impose various conditions on field values and combine them using logical operators.

The request is entered in the text filter line at the bottom of any Commander panel. A query using Boolean operators begins with a character = .

Making a request
Queries from multiple conditions
Query language operators

Making a request

A simple request consists of three parts:

Field Operator Meaning

For example, request title ~ crackers will show all ads that have the word “crackers” in the Title column.

Start typing with the symbol = . In this case, an icon appears in the input line. Field names and operators can be selected from pop-up tips.

When entering a value, please note:

If the query is not written correctly, the icon in the input line changes to and an error message appears.

Queries from multiple conditions

To create combined queries, you can use the operators & (logical AND) and | (logical OR).

The conditions in the query are executed strictly from left to right, but you can change the order using parentheses. Conditions enclosed in parentheses take precedence over the standard sequence.

Example 1

Words ~ matches | Words ~ sugar

This query selects phrases that contain the keyword “matches” or “sugar”.

Example 2

Words ~ matches | Words ~ sugar & Rate > 1

This query selects phrases that simultaneously meet two conditions:

Have a search bid greater than 1.

Example 3

Words ~ matches | (Words ~ sugar & Rate > 1)

This query selects phrases that meet at least one of two conditions:

Query language operators

Depending on the field, DCQL uses the following types of statements.

Operator	Meaning	Example
~	Contains	= geotargeting ~ Austria


!~	Does not contain	= geotargeting!~ Austria

= Moderation!~ [Waiting]
=	Equal/same	= geotargeting = Australia
= Number =
!=	Not equal/does not match	= geotargeting!= Australia
= Number!=
>	More	= ctr > 0.5
<	Less	= ctr< 0.5
>=	Greater than or equal to	= Rate >= 1
<=	Less than or equal to	= Rate<= 1
&
\|

Operator	Meaning	Example	Result
~	Contains	= geotargeting ~ Austria	Selects ad groups that have “Australia” or “Austria” in the Geotargeting column
= \"Image name\" ~	Ads are selected that have a name containing the substring “black” or “white” in the Image Name column.
= Moderation ~ [Accepted; Draft]	Ads that have the value “Accepted” or “Draft” in the Moderation column are selected.
!~	Does not contain	= geotargeting!~ Austria	Ad groups are selected, except those with geotargeting “Australia” or “Austria”
= title!~ [matches crackers]	Ads are selected whose value in the Heading column does not contain the substrings “matches” and “crackers”
= Moderation!~ [Waiting]	Ads are selected that have any value other than “Pending” in the Moderation column.
=	Equal/same	= geotargeting = Australia	Only those groups that have the geotargeting “Australia” are selected
= Number =	Ads with numbers 111111 and 222222 are selected.
!=	Not equal/does not match	= geotargeting!= Australia	Groups are selected except those with geotargeting “Australia”
= Number!=	Ads with numbers other than 111111 and 222222 are selected.
>	More	= ctr > 0.5	Phrases with a CTR greater than 0.5 are selected
<	Less	= ctr< 0.5	Phrases with CTR less than 0.5 are selected
>=	Greater than or equal to	= Rate >= 1	Phrases are selected that have a search bid greater than or equal to 1
<=	Less than or equal to	= Rate<= 1	Phrases are selected that have a search bid less than or equal to 1
&	Logical "AND" in complex queries	= number ~ 123 & status = \"running shows\"	Ads are selected that contain the numbers 123 in the number and are in the “Impressions in Progress” state.
\|	Logical "OR" in complex queries	= name ~ matches \| name ~ sugar	Ads are selected whose title contains the word “matches” OR the word “sugar”

Attention.

Operators > , >= , < And <= can only be used for columns with numeric values.

Key query(key search; key words, keyword, key phrase, keyword) is a query (word, phrase or phrase) that a search engine user enters into the search bar, trying to find information (products) that most closely matches this query.

Search engines, accordingly, try to provide the user with information that most closely matches his request. For this purpose, special algorithms are developed, as a result of which the search engine tries to evaluate how relevant a particular page of sites indexed by the robot is to the entered query.

Types of Key Queries

All key queries that are part of the semantic core of a website or online store are divided into various groups. In turn, these groups are divided into:

Types of keywords by content:

Information Key Queries

These are requests of an informative nature, i.e. those queries that when entering into a search engine, users expect to find information of one kind or another. An example of information requests is “how to choose a TV”, “iPad-2 testing results”, “Moscow news”, etc.

Navigation keywords

These are queries entered into a search engine that users want to find an answer to questions like “How to find this?”, “Where could this be?”, “Which store to buy from?” as well as, for example, “manager vacancies”, “lawnmower.ru”, “weather”

Transactional keywords

this type of query is usually asked to a search engine when the user knows for sure and wants to buy a certain product, for example: “buy a gas heating boiler”, “buy a phone”

Common Key Queries

all other key queries that cannot be classified into any of the above categories are usually keywords consisting of one word, for example: “linoleum”, “car”, “new items”).

Types of key queries by frequency of use per month:

High frequency queries— These are requests that have the highest frequency of demand among Internet users, i.e. These are queries that are entered into the search bar tens or even hundreds of thousands of times during the month. As a rule, these are keywords of fairly general concepts or, say, generalizing ones. For example: “car”, “air conditioners”, “buy a TV”.
Mid-frequency keywords- more specific keyword phrases that usually contain at least three words: “buy an LCD TV”, “how to promote a website”, “tour to Spain”. Such requests are made from several thousand to tens of thousands of times a month.
Low frequency queries are key words and phrases that are quite rarely used by Internet users: “buy Samsung LCD TV”, “best car TV”. The number of such requests per month may be less than a thousand.

Degree of competition for key queries:

Highly competitive, medium competitive and low competitive. This is determined by how significant, informative, high-quality and large sites, online stores or blogs are on the first page of search results for these queries. Also, competition for a specific request depends on the activity of the owners of these same sites, stores and blogs and on the actions they take to promote their resources.

The higher quality and more authoritative the sites that rank in the top 10 search results, from the search engine’s point of view, the higher the degree of competition of the entered search query. As you understand, the higher the competition, the more difficult it is to promote a site for such a request.

Geographical distribution of key queries:

Based on geography, search queries can be divided into “geo-dependent” and “geo-independent” queries. For example: “buy kiprich” or “dentistry Moscow” will most likely be tied to a specific area due to the economic feasibility of purchasing it or ordering a certain service by the user. But for a request like “download video,” geography has absolutely no meaning.

Selection of keywords for promotion

Selecting keywords to promote a website or online store is an important stage in promoting the entire resource. Selection of keywords (in other words, compiling a semantic core) is the process of compiling a list of keywords and (or) phrases that reveal in more detail the content of a website or online store.

Each of the requests should describe the content of a single page of the site as succinctly as possible, i.e. answer the question “What will the user find on this page?” By answering this question for yourself, you can edit the content of your online store page accordingly and achieve greater conversion when users visit your site.

How to choose the right keywords for an online store?

Online stores have some specifics when promoting them in search engine results. When selecting keywords to promote an online store, you should pay special attention to the following points:

Choose key queries and transactional phrases for your online store - after all, you are most interested in precisely those visitors who are ready to buy the product sold in your store and who carry out a targeted search on the Internet for this particular product
Try to use keywords that most accurately reflect the content of the page of your online store for which you are selecting them. You should not use the most high-frequency words and keywords - as this will only lead to unnecessary waste of the budget during subsequent promotion and will not necessarily lead to an increase in sales. These words are usually of an informational type and they will bring a large number of visitors to your site, but, as experience shows, there will not be a large number of sales.
Use only one or two key queries per promoted page. This will allow you to most accurately optimize the page content specifically for these requests.

A query language is a man-made programming language used to make queries in databases and information systems.

In general, such query methods can be classified depending on whether they are used for a database or for information retrieval. The difference is that requests to such services are made to obtain factual answers to the questions posed, while the search engine tries to find documents containing information related to the user's area of interest.

Database

Database query languages include the following examples:

QL - object-oriented, refers to the successor of Datalog.
Contextual Query Language (CQL) is a formal query representation language for information retrieval systems (such as web indexes or bibliographic catalogues).
CQLF (CODYASYL) - for CODASYL-TYPE databases.
Concept Oriented Query Language (COQL) - used in related models (com). It is based on construpt data modeling principles and uses operations such as projection and de-projection of multivariate analysis, analytical operations and inference.
DMX - used for models
Datalog is a deductive database query language.
Gellish English is a language that can be used to query Gellish English databases and allows for dialogue (queries and responses) and also serves for knowledge information modeling.
HTSQL - translates http requests to SQL.
ISBL - used for PRTV (one of the first relational database management systems).
LDAP is a query and directory services protocol that runs over TCP/IP.
MDX - required for OLAP databases.

Search engines

The search query language, in turn, is aimed at finding data in search engines. It differs in that queries often contain plain text or hypertext with additional syntax (such as “and”/“or”). It differs significantly from standard similar languages, which are governed by strict command syntax rules or contain positional parameters.

How are search queries classified?

There are three broad categories that cover most search queries: informational, navigational, and transactional. Although this classification has not been theoretically established, it has been empirically confirmed by the presence of actual queries in search engines.

Information queries are those that cover broad topics (such as a specific city or truck model) that can return thousands of relevant results.

Navigational queries are queries that search for a single site or web page on a specific topic (for example, YouTube).

Transactional - reflect the user's intention to perform a certain action, for example, purchase a car or book a ticket.

Search engines often support a fourth type of query, which is much less commonly used. These are so-called connection requests, containing a report on the connectivity of the indexed web graph (the number of links to a particular URL, or how many pages are indexed from a particular domain).

How is information searched?

Interesting characteristics regarding web search have become known:

The average search query length was 2.4 words.

About half of users made one request, and just under a third of users made three or more unique requests back to back.
Almost half of users only viewed the first one or two pages of results.
Less than 5% of users use advanced search capabilities (for example, selecting specific categories or searching in search).

Features of custom actions

The study also found that 19% of queries contained a geographic term (e.g., names, zip codes, geographic features, etc.). It is also worth noting that in addition to short queries (that is, with several terms), there were often predictable patterns in which users changed their search phrases.

It was also found that 33% of requests from the same user are repeated, and in 87% of cases the user will click on the same result. This suggests that many users use repeat queries to revise or re-find information.

Frequency distributions of requests

In addition, experts confirmed that the frequency distributions of queries correspond to a power law. That is, a small part of the keywords are observed in the largest list of queries (for example, more than 100 million), and they are the most frequently used. The remaining phrases within the same topics are used less frequently and more individually. This phenomenon is called the Pareto principle (or the "80-20 rule"), and it has allowed search engines to use optimization techniques such as indexing or database partitioning, caching and preloading, and has also made it possible to improve the search engine's query language.

In recent years, it has been found that the average length of queries has been steadily increasing over time. Thus, the average query in English has become longer. To this end, Google introduced an update called "Hummingbird" (in August 2013), which is capable of processing long search phrases with non-protocol, "colloquial" query language (like "where's the nearest coffee shop?").

For longer requests, their processing is used - they are divided into phrases formulated in standard language, and responses to different parts are displayed separately.

Structured queries

Search engines that support both syntax use more advanced query languages. A user searching for documents covering multiple topics or facets can describe each of them by the logical characteristic of the word. At its core, a logical query language is a collection of certain phrases and punctuation marks.

What is advanced search?

The query language of Yandex and Google is capable of performing a more narrowly targeted search if certain conditions are met. Advanced search can search by part of the page title or title prefix, as well as specific categories and lists of names. It can also limit searches to pages that contain certain words in the title or are in certain topic groups. When used correctly, the query language can process parameters that are orders of magnitude more complex than the superficial results of most search engines, including user-specified words with variable endings and similar spellings. When you present advanced search results, a link to the relevant sections of the page will be displayed.

It is also possible to search for all pages containing a specific phrase, while with a standard query, search engines cannot stop at any discussion page. In many cases, the query language can lead to any page located in the noindex tags.

In some cases, a correctly formed query allows you to find information containing a number of special characters and letters of other alphabets (Chinese characters, for example).

How are query language characters read?

Upper and lower case, as well as some (umlauts and accents) are not taken into account in the search. For example, a search for the keyword Citroen will not find pages containing the word "Citroen". But some ligatures correspond to individual letters. For example, a search for "aeroskobing" will easily find pages containing "Ereskobing" (AE = Æ).

Many non-alphanumeric characters are constantly ignored. For example, it is impossible to find information for a query containing the string |L| (a letter between two vertical bars), although this character is used in some conversion patterns. The results will only contain data from “LT”. Some characters and phrases are treated differently: a query for "credit (Finance)" will display entries with the words "credit" and "finance", ignoring the parentheses, even if there is an entry with the exact name "credit (Finance)".

There are many functions that can be used using a query language.

Syntax

The query language of Yandex and Google may use some punctuation marks to refine the search. An example is the curly braces - ((search)). The phrase contained in them will be searched in its entirety, without changes.

The phrase in allows you to determine the search object. For example, a word in quotation marks will be recognized as being used in a figurative sense or as a fictional character, without quotation marks - as information of a more documentary nature.

Additionally, all major search engines support the "-" symbol for logical "not" and also and/or. The exception is terms that cannot be prefixed with a hyphen or dash.

Inexact search phrase matches are marked with ~. For example, if you don't remember the exact wording of a term or name, you can enter it in the search bar with the specified symbol and you will be able to get results that are as similar as possible.

Custom Search Options

There are also search parameters such as intitle and incategory. They are filters displayed separated by a colon, in the form "filter: query string". The query string can contain the term or phrase you are looking for, or part or the entire page title.

The "intitle: query" function gives priority in search results based on the title, but also shows regular results based on the content of the title. Several of these filters can be used simultaneously. How to use this opportunity?

A query like “intitle: airport name” will return all articles containing the name of the airport in the title. If you formulate it as “parking intitle: airport name,” then you will get articles with the name of the airport in the title and mentioning parking in the text.

Search using the “incategory: Category” filter works on the principle of initially displaying articles belonging to a specific group or list of pages. For example, a search query like “Temples incategory: History” will return results on the topic of temple history. This function can also be used as an advanced function by specifying various parameters.

Here are a few simple rules for forming a query in the Yandex search engine.

Keywords in the query should be written in lowercase (small) letters.

This will ensure that all keywords are searched, not just those that start with a capital letter.

When searching, all forms of a word are taken into account according to the rules of the Russian language, regardless of the form of the word in the query.

For example, if the word “know” was specified in the query, then the words “we know”, “you know”, etc. will also satisfy the search condition.

To find a stable phrase, you should enclose the words in quotation marks.

For example, “porcelain dishes”.

To search by exact word form, you need to put an exclamation point before the word.

For example, to search for the word “September” in the genitive case, you would write “!September”.

To search within the same sentence, words in the query are separated by a space or an & sign.

For example, “adventure novel” or “adventure&romance”. Several words typed in a query, separated by spaces, mean that they all must be included in one sentence of the document being searched.

For example, the query “Volga-car” will find documents that contain the word “Volga” and not the word “car”.

When searching for synonyms or words with similar meanings, you can put a vertical bar “|” between words.

For example, for the query “child | baby | baby" documents with any of these words will be found.

Instead of one word in a query, you can substitute an entire expression. To do this, you need to put it in brackets

For example, “(child | toddler | children | infant) + (care | parenting).”

The "~" (tilde) sign allows you to find documents with a sentence containing the first word but not the second.

For example, the query “books ~ store” will find all documents containing the word “books”, next to which (within the sentence) there is no word “store”.

If the operator is repeated once (for example, & or ~), the search is performed within the sentence. The double operator (&&,~~) specifies a search within a document.

For example, the query “cancer ~~ astrology” will find documents with the word “cancer” that are not related to astrology.

Based on the information received, a person searching the Internet can radically change the strategy for further search by deciding to study specialized literature related to the issue under study.

To search for literature or full-text documents, the following query is possible:

After processing the request by the search engine, the result was very successful. Already the first links lead to the required documents.

Now you can summarize the search results, draw certain conclusions and decide on possible actions:

Stop further search, since for various reasons you are unable to maintain an aquarium.
Read the suggested articles and start setting up an aquarium.
Look for materials about hamsters or budgies.

Questions.

1. What type of search is the fastest and most reliable?

2. Where can a user find Web page addresses?

3. What is the main purpose of a search engine?

4. What parts does a search engine consist of?

5. What search engines do you know?

6. What is the technology for searching using the search engine's rubricator?

7. What is the technology for searching by keywords?

8. When should you specify + or - in the search criteria?

9. What search criteria in Yandex are specified by the following phrase:

(nanny|educator|governess)++(care|education|supervision)?

10. What does doubling the sign (~~ or ++) mean when forming a complex query?

Exercise.

Task 1. Search through catalogues.

Using the search engine directory, find the following information (as directed by your teacher):

1. Lyrics of a song by a popular music group

2. Repertoire of the Mariinsky Theater for the current week

3. Characteristics of the latest mobile phone model from a well-known company (of your choice)

4. Recipe for Ukrainian borscht with dumplings

5. Long-term weather forecast in your region (at least 10 days)

6. Photo of your favorite contemporary singer

7. Approximate cost of a multimedia computer (price list)

8. Information about vacancies for the position of secretary in your region or city

9. Horoscope of your zodiac sign for the current day

Based on the search results, make a written report in Word: present the material found, copied and formatted in the document. Submit your report to your teacher.

Task 2. Forming a request using the exact title or quote.

Save the search result in your folder. Show it to your teacher.

Task 3. Formation of complex queries.

In any search engine, create a query to search for information about the Russian bath. Eliminate offers of services, advertising of bath accessories and other advertising. Focus your search on the effect of a Russian bath on the body.
Create a complex query to find information on caring for indoor cats. Exclude large cats (such as lions) from your search, as well as offers to buy, sell, photos for wallpaper, etc.
Formulate the text of the request and the search result in Word and present it to the teacher.

Task 4. Thematic search.