Matveychev information wars of the 21st century. Information wars of the 21st century: The States lost to Russia in cyberspace. What is information warfare

The briefing by the Russian Ministry of Defense on Turkish oil is the first salvo in a new format conflict.

Türkiye is the main buyer of oil produced by ISIS*. It also supplies the militants with weapons, ammunition and equipment purchased with the proceeds. Moreover, the illegal oil business is supervised by the family of Turkish President Recep Erdogan. Such conclusions were announced the day before during a briefing at the Russian Ministry of Defense. This was supported by more than convincing evidence: photo and video footage obtained using military space reconnaissance. Materials from the briefing in Russian and English are posted on the military department website.

The military has identified three main routes for transporting oil from Syria and Iraq to Turkey. This is the western route - it leads to the Turkish ports of Dertyol and Iskenderun on the Mediterranean coast, the northern - to the Batman oil refinery, located in Turkey 100 kilometers from the Syrian border, and the eastern - to a large transshipment base in the village of Cizre. The briefing speakers demonstrated routes for illegal oil supplies on a map.

Clusters of fuel tankers, including those disguised as cargo trucks, were also shown in front of checkpoints across the Syrian-Turkish border, as well as their places of “deployment” on Turkish territory. Photographs and videos taken from space, as well as from drones, were georeferenced to populated areas and commented in detail by representatives of the Ministry of Defense. The exact dates and times of the shooting, the number of fuel tankers and the approximate amount of oil they transported were given. From the information provided it is clear that we are talking about systematic intelligence work over several months.

More than intelligence

It was these pictures that President Putin showed at the summit in Antalya. Then he said that information about the financing of terrorists is not a secret. Obviously, this was the last warning to President Erdogan, which, judging by the subsequently shot down Su-24, had no effect. It was necessary to cover the topic on a larger scale, literally to a worldwide audience, which was realized. The work done made it possible to estimate the total volume of ISIS “exports” - $2 billion per year. Thanks to Russian air strikes, the amount of money received for oil sold was halved.

However, the most interesting for the audience was the political part of the speech by the speakers of the Ministry of Defense. Senior military officials did not limit themselves to providing facts about oil transit, but also added to them an accusation against the Erdogan family, his son and son-in-law, of controlling illegal operations in their own interests. At the same time, their remarks were sharp and figurative at the same time. “There is a single team of bandits and Turkish elites operating in the region to steal oil from their neighbors,” emphasized Russian Deputy Defense Minister Anatoly Antonov. “What a brilliant family business! Is this even possible anywhere else?” - the general asked rhetorically, calling those present “colleagues.”

In essence, this was a clear and verified answer to Erdogan, who promised to leave his post if evidence of his involvement in the ISIS oil business was presented. “Erdogan will not be able to escape responsibility even if he smears his face with stolen oil!” - Antonov promised, adding that the removal of the president from his post is the business of the Turkish people. At the same time, the general made a reservation that he does not believe that Erdogan will leave, but considers it his duty to provide all the factual information that his department has, with the expectation of using it in professional journalistic investigations. In conclusion, the speakers promised not to stop there and to present a continuation of the plot in the near future.

Information bomb

It is clear that the briefing held by the Ministry of Defense was the result of painstaking, long and carefully planned work. In terms of its scale, and, most importantly, its effect, it is comparable to the actual combat operations that the military department plans and carries out in Syria. Taking Erdogan at his word and putting his trump cards on the table at the right moment is worth a lot. We are dealing with a real political attack carried out by representatives of the department on Arbat.

The opposite side realized the power of this attack instantly. Erdogan, who is in Qatar (!), immediately declared that he was “out of business.” “Turkey has not yet lost its conscience to receive oil from a terrorist organization,” he said without blinking an eye. His performance was shown live on Turkish television. The US State Department, as usual, covered up its obstinate ally. At a briefing in Washington, Deputy Press Secretary Mark Toner said the government denies the involvement of the Turkish president and his family in illegal oil trade with militants. However, at the same time, in Brussels, his patron, John Kerry, said that Erdogan agreed with the US demand to completely close Turkey’s border with Syria.

Thus, the goal of the Russian information attack was achieved. Funding for ISIS will decline, and along with it, its military potential will diminish. All this, of course, is the result of a complex impact on the enemy. The military component remains extremely important. There's nowhere without her. However, the importance of competent presentation of information to the world community has increased by an order of magnitude. In fact, the Ministry of Defense has a new, additional function - media. And they are clearly aware of this. It is no wonder that the speakers at the briefing were the Deputy Minister of Defense and the Chief of the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff - the heart of the military department. It looks like this format will now become regular.

New life for SVR

Accustomed to the image of the intelligence officer played by Stirlitz, for a long time we perceived reconnaissance as some kind of secret mission. This was true, of course, in the era of closed borders and restrictions on information. It is not for nothing that “enemy voices” have become one of the most effective ways to destroy the USSR. By putting its opinions, views, assessments and conclusions into the skulls of the intelligentsia, and through it other people, the West managed to decompose the country from the inside without firing a single shot. The terrible “Satan” missiles, which the USSR had been preparing for so long, never flew anywhere. Even then, information weapons turned out to be more powerful than hardware. In any case, more effective in a real geopolitical battle.

The victorious West drew conclusions and continued its line in a form adapted to modern reality. “Enemy voices” remained, but from now on they began to focus not so much on the dissemination of information, but on the creation of unique content that meets the national interests of a particular power. Not long ago, this scheme became known thanks to the publication of a report by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British House of Commons. The report mentioned, in particular, the RBC-TV and Dozhd television channels, which, collaborating with the British Air Force, “deliver the information required by the British Foreign Ministry to the Russian audience.” Regardless of the financial aspects of such work, its effectiveness cannot be doubted. Russia's symmetrical response was the deployment of the Russia Today television channel. Recently he reached the 3 billion views mark on Youtube.

However, all these are experiments within the framework of pure journalism. As actions on the information front have shown, the Russian Ministry of Defense can achieve much more by extracting unique content using methods that only the state can afford. By publishing such information at the right time, it is possible to win wars before they start, destroying, for example, the reputation of the initiator of a potential military conflict. Or providing the position of your country with decisive support of world public opinion. But you never know, if revealed, there are many secrets that can significantly influence the balance of power in the world?!

Simply put, if previously the results of the SVR’s work were a state secret, now perhaps the tactics should be changed - some of these results should be made public. Approaching this from a military point of view - like a weapon. This approach will, of course, affect the formulation of tasks and methods of work, and in general will lead to a complete revision of the entire concept of foreign intelligence. However, in a rapidly changing world, this is precisely what is necessary. Generals usually prepare for the past war, but they need to prepare for the future. What the Ministry of Defense is doing now is a right step in the right direction.

* By decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2014, the “Islamic State” movement was recognized as a terrorist organization, its activities in Russia are prohibited.

Western experts began to plant fake pro-Russian interviews in order to later refute them and report that it was done by “Moscow propagandists”

On Sunday morning I posted the material without checking the source carefully enough, I confess, I relaxed on the occasion of the day off. Thanks to an attentive reader, the material did not last long. But if fake news appears, it means someone needs it...

I am returning the material with an explanation of what information cover operation this material was part of:

Former head of MI6 admits defeat to Putin in Russia's strategic fragmentation plan

The guardian: https://goo.gl/7pCH25

It was on these days 9 years ago that the five-day Georgian war took place. This war had significant political, economic and geopolitical consequences. To mark the occasion, former head of MI6 John Scarlett, in a special interview with TheGuardian, revealed some of the behind-the-scenes stories surrounding this issue, as well as the Rose Revolution in Georgia a few years later. According to him, the Rose Revolution was a joint effort between the CIA and MI6, and it had different goals.

He clarified: “It was assumed that after we brought Saakashvili to power, to implement a strategic plan for the fragmentation of Russia and its re-disintegration in three stages. The first step was the establishment of military and intelligence bases and the deployment of military and security officers in South Ossetia. At the second stage, radical Islamists were supposed to come to power in Dagestan, Chechnya, North Ossetia and Circassia. This part of the plan was followed by joint specific meetings between the CIA, MI6 and senior security officials from Turkey and Saudi Arabia. If Islamists retained political power in these regions, NATO forces could practically gain access to the northern mountains of the Caucasus region.

The third step, as expected, was expected to begin after the stabilization of military and PMC bases in Ukraine. It was planned that, as a result of the coordination of the efforts of the US and British security services, a fictitious quarrel would occur between Ukraine and Russia, and then, with the intervention of American and British NATO forces, the North Caucasus and all Russian shores along with the Black Sea would be taken under control. We believed that this stage of the operation would be completed with the official admission of Ukraine and Georgia to NATO membership, and practically Russia would face another collapse.”

John Scarlett continued: “The revolution in Georgia ended in victory [for the intelligence services], and Saakashvili came to power. He called for NATO membership, which was included in the agenda of the NATO summit under our mediation. However, unfortunately, the 2008 war in Georgia became Moscow's iron fist against our biggest strategic plan in the Caucasus. The CIA bases that supposedly wanted to be located in South Ossetia were inoperable in Tbilisi. On the other hand, the first steps were prepared for the second stage, but Putin’s next strike in Chechnya and scorched earth tactics disrupted all plans in the North Caucasus.

Although the crisis between Ukraine and Russia escalated in several stages, Putin dealt the third fatal blow to this strategic plan by integrating Crimea into Russia; And he disappointed us in [the possibility of implementing plans for] dividing Russia, and the operation was practically stopped.”

“I must admit that because of the two Georgian and Crimean wars, the most strategic plan of the US and UK to break up Russia over the last few years has ended in failure,” added the former head of MI6.

He said: “I understand there are big plans currently underway to revive this target. However, at that time, Yeltsin's passive approach in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus led us to hope for final victory. The Rose Revolution in Georgia and Ukraine was the result of Yeltsin’s inaction, but after Putin came to power, he, with his unpredictable personality, thwarted all our plans in the two Georgian and Crimean wars.”

“I now believe that although Putin, by intervening in Syria, tried to transfer military and security threats to Russia beyond the borders of this country, the Takfiri and ISIS forces can use the bee attack theory to incapacitate this strong bear,” he concluded. a former UK security official in his own words.

Translation: Addilyn Lambert

T.V.- The theory of "bee attack" or "bee swarm attack", is used, for example, in a coordinated attack by drones.

https://habrahabr.ru/post/104055/

Particle or Agent – Each bee in the swarm is considered as a particle or agent. All swarm particles act individually according to one governing principle: to accelerate towards the best personal and best overall position, constantly checking the value of the current position.

In our specific case, all new arrivals to the territory of the Russian Federation, paid and trained by Saudi Arabia so-called. “Islamic preachers”, all ISIS militants, carefully moved and accumulated by the CIA and NATO officers in the Pankisi Gorge in Georgia, pursue one goal - to destabilize Russia, provoke a military conflict with its neighbors with the aim of NATO countries entering the war and occupying the south of Russia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea coast.

Sir John Scarlett was Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee and Head of MI6 from (2004 to 2009)

« Involved in secrets» preparations by the US and UK intelligence services for the 2008 war with Russia, former Georgian President M. Saakashvili, feeling the support of foreign intelligence services behind his back, makes impartial statements and direct threats against the leadership of Ukraine.

https://ria.ru/world/20170812/1500250754.html

The former president of Georgia and ex-governor of the Odessa region gave the Ukrainian authorities an ultimatum: either his citizenship is returned to him, or they “will not find it enough.” Mikheil Saakashvili stated this in a telephone conversation with the deputy head of the administration of Petro Poroshenko, although in fact he was communicating with Russian pranksters.

...It follows from his words that he has already addressed the President of Ukraine in connection with the deprivation of citizenship.

“He still doesn’t know who he was dealing with. By the way, I wrote to him here: I say, you probably forgot who I am?! I have a lot of energy, a lot of connections, a big name. I will use all this for specific, specific purposes against these oligarchic types,” the former Odessa governor continued.

Saakashvili spoke to the pranksters from Hungary. Before that, he visited Lithuania and Poland.

Of course, M. Saakashvili’s actions already strongly resemble blackmail of his former masters, who apparently informed him of some of the details of the 2008 operation. Here we can only rejoice, let Mishiko speak as much as possible, preferably naming the names of his handlers from the CIA. The fact that only such countries as Poland, Lithuania and Hungary, where the CIA feels most at ease in Europe, now allows it into their territories, speaks of two things - firstly, Saakashvili, as a burnt agent, has already exhausted his resource, and, secondly, that these are not the best times for the CIA in Europe...

Well, Russia will be dealing with the consequences of coups d’etat in Georgia and Ukraine for a long time to come.

P.S. Due to the fact that M. Saakashvili, having found himself without a passport, is now forced to tour with concerts only in those countries where the positions of the CIA (and the Jesuits) are strong: these are Poland, Lithuania, Hungary and other countries of the former Warsaw bloc. Perhaps in the near future he will go on vacation to Croatia, where the positions of the CIA and the Jesuits are strong, and where Irina Berezhnaya, a promising and young Ukrainian politician, was recently killed by the secret services.

Considering Mikhail Nikolozovich’s addiction to stimulants and intemperance in his language, it is only a matter of time before he accidentally or intentionally exposes the organization that brought him to power, first in Georgia and then in Ukraine. It will be shown with all its giblets, with details and the names of the curators. It will show the world the underside of color revolutions in its most unsightly form... And all this against the backdrop of a scandal in the United States about “Russian interference in the elections.”

So, instead of denying that they did it, interested people from the intelligence services will begin to deny that they said it. The principle is simple - if you can’t silence a sensitive topic, talk about it by throwing in fake news, which can then be easily refuted. So, even if John Scarlett didn’t say this, he and his subordinates made and continue to make color revolutions. The operation to destabilize Russia through the destabilization of the Caucasus from the territory of Georgia was not completely stopped, but only suspended, and now resumed in full.

Original material: "Justice.No"

"InoPressa", 16.08.17 , “What is behind the fake article, the translation of which appeared in several Russian media?”

A few days ago, a link to an article appeared on social networks: “The former head of MI6 admitted defeat to Putin in the strategic plan of fragmenting Russia.” The article was disguised as a publication on the website of the British newspaper The Guardian, but was posted on another website. BuzzFeed News and The Times are wondering where the hoax came from and who might be behind it.

“How a fake disguised as an article in The Guardian newspaper got into the Russian press” is the title of the material in BuzzFeed News. “The completely falsified article, disguised as a publication in The Guardian and containing sensational claims attributed to the former head of British intelligence, was likely created as propaganda material for the Russian media,” journalists Craig Silverman and Jane Litvinenko write, citing opinions experts and details that BuzzFeed News itself managed to find out.

“After gathering additional information, BuzzFeed News also discovered that the fake article is linked to a series of other fabricated stories that are framed as if they came from media outlets such as Haaretz, The Atlantic and Al Jazeera. The fake articles used the same malicious technique of spoofed domains to deceive people, and all the articles were translated from English into Russian for the same Russian news blog,” the article states.

“All translations are signed with the name “Addilyn Lambert.” A person with a Facebook account under that name told BuzzFeed News in Russian via Facebook Messenger that she had translated the articles. But other than the fact that a person with this name is listed as a translator in numerous fake articles on Russian sites and that a Facebook account is maintained under this name, BuzzFeed News has not been able to fully confirm that Addilyn Lambert is a real person." , the authors write.

The article was disguised as a publication on the website of the British newspaper The Guardian, but was posted on another website

“What is clear is that someone or a group of people creates fake articles in English, which are presented as if they were published by major international media, and that these articles are almost immediately translated into Russian,” the publication continues.

The authors report: “The article, spoofed as The Guardian, was headlined: 'Former MI6 chief admits defeat to Putin in Russia's strategic fragmentation plan.' It began circulating on Twitter and Facebook on Sunday, thanks to a handful of accounts based in Russia. The webpage itself was a convincing copy of The Guardian's real website, and its URL in the word 'Guardian' had the 'i' deceptively substituted with a Turkish letter to make it appear genuine at first glance."

Washington Post columnist Anne Applebaum "pointed to the hoax as an example of the 'active measures' used by Russian intelligence or its proxies to disrupt adversaries. BuzzFeed News has been unable to establish any connections between this fake article or other similar materials and Russian intelligence, the authors write.

The fake article was picked up by REN-TV

Journalists tried to figure out who Addilyn Lambert was, who, as indicated on the website Pravosudija.net in Latin letters, translated the article. “BuzzFeed News correspondents found a Facebook account under the same name, which allegedly belongs to a young woman living in Germany. Her profile says that she studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. In an interview with BuzzFeed News, the person running the account said they had translated a fake article allegedly from The Guardian. BuzzFeed News was unable to verify that the account was run by a real woman with that name,” the article said.

Tatyana Volkova, who runs the blog Pravosudija.net, told BuzzFeed News: “Addilyn Lambert offered me her services through a feedback form. Some of her translations I post on my website, others I don’t, depending on [the article’s] policies and [my] resources.”

When Lambert was asked how she came across the fake Guardian article, she first said that a classmate had sent it, and then that a friend who worked at The Guardian had sent it. “But Lambert could not name the Guardian employee who, according to her, distributed a fake article designed to look like articles from the publication where he works. Lambert then provided BuzzFeed News with a highly dubious screenshot that allegedly showed the fake article being mentioned by the current British ambassador to Turkey. She claimed that she took the screenshot herself. This Twitter post is not on the Ambassador's timeline. Like the fake article, it contains clumsy language that would be unlikely to be used by a native English speaker, much less a British ambassador,” the authors write.

The publication concludes: “It appears that an almost certainly fake ‘tweet’ was inserted into the ambassador’s timeline in place of the actual ‘tweet’ containing the image.”

For her part, Lambert said: “It looks like The Guardian has two sites, a real one and a fake one, and they did it themselves,” and added: “Dirty politics!”

When reporters asked Lambert if she was the author of the fake Guardian article, she replied: “What kind of questions are these? It is an insult. A normal person could not write such an analytical article.”

The publication claims: “But the Guardian spoof is not the first time Lambert has taken a fake article in English and quickly translated it into Russian for Pravosudija.net. There are several other articles on her author page that are based on translations, and three of them are based on fake articles disguised as content from Haaretz, Al Jazeera and The Atlantic,” the article says.

“While the evidence suggests there is clearly a concerted effort to create convincing-looking fake articles purporting to be from English- and Arabic-language news sites, the content that is being fabricated lacks a coherent political focus. The fake Guardian article was clearly pro-Kremlin, but others could be interpreted as hostile to Russian government interests. Overall, it appears that the fake articles are designed to fuel international tensions,” the article said.

“Pro-Kremlin falsifiers 'posted online fake article allegedly from The Guardian' is a headline in The Times. Journalist Matthew Moore writes: “There are suspicions that pro-Kremlin specialists were behind the sophisticated “fake news” article claiming that MI6 had developed a plan to destabilize Russia.”

Expert Ben Nimmow, who works at the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensics Lab, says: "This combination of technical skill and linguistic incompetence is a hallmark of pro-Kremlin specialists, although it is unclear whether they are official specialists like a troll factory, or independent specialists." . The effort to imitate The Guardian site was quite clever, using a fake URL very similar to the real one and links to genuine articles. The [English] language was used much less skillfully, and there are errors typical of Russian speakers. The general idea is in harmony with the Kremlin's assertions about Western plans to fragment Russia, especially plans backed by the CIA. Mentions of Great Britain are less common, but are necessary since the sayings are attributed to Sir John Scarlett."

5-12-2015, 04:00

Briefing by the Russian Ministry of Defense on Turkish oil - the first salvo in a new format conflict

More than intelligence

Information bomb

New life for SVR

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What are the theory, strategy and tactics of information wars of the 21st century? How can you use “soft power” to conquer the planet? Who is the elite, how does it differ from other layers of society and what role does it play in the state? What is geopolitics, what are the main geopolitical concepts of the past and present? Why was the USSR's entry into space the best step in world geopolitics? What is conservatism and why is it so important for modern society? This book is based on a series of lectures by the famous Russian political scientist Oleg Matveychev. In simple colloquial language, she talks about the most complex and interesting phenomena that shape our world.

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The given introductory fragment of the book Information wars of the 21st century. “Soft power” against the atomic bomb (O. A. Matveychev, 2016) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Information wars

What is information warfare?

Hello! Today we are starting a course of six lectures concerning information wars and methods of fighting in these information wars, how these information wars are carried out, who is leading them, how you can resist information influence in them, and how to conduct this information influence yourself.

The first lecture in this series gives an idea of the concept of “information war” and the meaning of information wars in history.

We often, in journalism, or in general, for ourselves, believe that information wars are something completely different from a real war. There is a war with tanks, with guns, with explosions, with killed people, with wounded people, and so on. That is, something that we are accustomed to from films, from some chronicles. And an information war is something going on in newspapers, somewhere far away, and generally bloodless and not as scary as a real war. In fact, this idea that information warfare is not a real war is deeply erroneous. In fact, any war in itself, in its essence and its goals, is, first of all, an information war. That is, the situation is not that there are real, hot wars, and somewhere on the sidelines there is a cold war, as some kind of additional weight, or accompaniment, something secondary. In fact, the essence of even a hot war, a real war with dead and wounded, the essence of this war is an information war. What's behind this statement? That the impact that a hot war, a real war, wants to have on a person, on a state, on a country, is the impact, first of all, on the will and consciousness of the side with which they are fighting.

Why fight at all? Why does one king, sovereign fight with another king, or one state with another state? Just like that, people have nothing to do, they take and destroy each other’s population? Of course not. War arises where there is some kind of war of ambitions. That is, for example, one says that this land is mine, and the other says that it is his. And some dispute arises. Disagreement arises over territories, or over economic issues, or over political issues. Previously, they could fight over religious issues. Yes and now too. Even over marriages they could fight because someone married the wrong person. There could be any reason. But the point is that one says: “No, I’m stronger, I’m right.” And the other one says: “No, I’m right.” So, war is a way to prove to another person, or another people, or group of people, some elite, that they are wrong, or that they are weaker. Here we are stronger, we will carry out our point of view. That is, war is a way to influence the consciousness of the enemy and the will of the enemy. Consciousness and will are the key things. And the killing of civilians, clashes of troops, these battles, and so on, are only a means of influencing consciousness and will. No more. This is a means, not an end. Because if some person, or some ruler, some army had a way to influence the will and consciousness of the enemy in some other way than by introducing an army, introducing troops, then they would probably use a different method that's what they would do. If the will of the enemy is so defeated that he is ready to surrender... So you say that this territory is mine. And he says: “That’s it, I give up. Take it." What's the point of waging some kind of additional war with him? That's it, he's ready. If we have such a means, then no hot war is needed. Do you need to waste your energy? Is it necessary for some troops to die in the fight for some ambitions, for some speeches, if the enemy has already surrendered?

Or do you have a way to somehow influence him so that he gives up. Therefore, of course, they would have used this tool if they had it. Or let's imagine that there is such a wonderful remedy, a magic wand. You waved it, and the enemy took it and killed himself. For many, this would also be a great solution. Many wars in history would not have happened if someone had such a magic wand. And many fairy tales tell us that such kind of magic wands existed in dreams. The fairy tales themselves embodied such dreams.

Or, let's say we have a means of making the enemy work for us. That is, it’s one thing that he kills himself there or gives up, that is, there is simply clean territory left. Imagine, the enemy with all his enormous strength, with all his capabilities, he begins to work completely for your state, for the distant contender. This is also beautiful and wonderful, this is also an effect on the will.

Or imagine that the enemy is so amazed by your miracle weapon that he goes and dies in the fight for you, goes with your other enemies to fight and fight. That is, you are not sending your people to death, and you are not wasting your resources, not your economy, for example, but the enemy is coming and doing all this. Would any ruler in history with ambitions refuse such funds? And indeed, all rulers in history were looking for this remedy. They understood that a direct impact on consciousness, a direct impact on the will, is the most important. The best strategists in history, they acted directly in this way. Many examples can be given. For example, the famous Chinese stratagems. When an adviser is in one besieged city, enemy troops approach him, but there is no strength to defend his city. Then the adviser comes up with a trick: “Open the city gates and let the sweepers sweep the streets.” When the enemy approached, he saw that the city gates were open. And then the enemy had to think that something was wrong here, most likely there was some kind of trap here.

After this, the army, after thinking, turned around and left. What was used here, what is the essence of the trick? The essence of the trick is the impact on the consciousness of this enemy. If you know how to influence information in such a way, if you somehow shape the consciousness of your enemy, then sometimes you can do without bloody casualties and without all kinds of assaults.

Therefore, information warfare often leads to the goal directly, without purely military hot actions. And secondly, the effect of information warfare is much higher, greater than the effect of purely military actions.

We often say, they write in our journalism, that Russia, the Soviet Union, lost the Cold War. And it doesn’t seem to be as scary as if we lost the First World War, the Second or something else. Then there would have been many killed, many wounded, cities destroyed. But in fact, let's go to the Russian outback and see, just drive 200 kilometers from Moscow and you will see villages where people do not live. There are stoves from houses, there are destroyed cowsheds, destroyed farms, exactly the same as we once saw in chronicles, for example, of the Second World War. The fascists marched through Belarus, through Ukraine, and military chronicles show us what was left after them. And now we see the same destroyed buildings, destroyed factories, destroyed farms. We can see them now. Only no fascists passed through our Vologda, or Arkhangelsk, or Kurgan, Siberian, or Ural villages. Although all this can be seen there. How did it happen? Who destroyed all these farms, cowsheds, factories on the outskirts of our cities, right now. It was the people themselves who destroyed it. In the same village, the so-called former collective farmers, who for some reason decided that they would live better without the collective farm, began to live worse. And then they began to steal building materials from these farms, former collective farms. First they pulled out the glass, then they took away all the wood, the roof, then they began to take away the bricks and in the end what happened was what happened. And the same thing happened with other objects. So these people, who at first stole everything, and then did not see any further meaning in life, then they also began to drink more than they drank before. And as a result, we also had a population decline on average of 700 thousand people a year throughout the 90s. And if we count all this, then this far exceeds the sacrifices of our people that our Russian Empire lost in the First World War, much more than we lost in the Civil War. And then the question arises, what was worse, this loss in the Cold War, or those hot, so-called wars? It seems that no one died like that, it seems that there were no murders, there was no genocide. But in fact, the population died as much as from any other war, and even more. And all this only says that the results of any cold war are much greater. And here’s the thing: after a hot war, we can mobilize, we can take it and start building the country, rebuilding it. And after the Cold War, we still cannot mobilize, we still do not understand what happened to us. The devastation seems to continue because it is devastation in the minds. Remember how in the famous movie “Heart of a Dog,” Professor Preobrazhensky said, when he was told that the lights were going out in the house because there was devastation in the country, he replied that the devastation was in people’s heads. What if we all sing songs instead of doing our own thing, if we ourselves litter, if we ourselves walk past the toilet and not to the toilet, then the toilet will become devastated. This devastation in the minds is actually generated by the influence of information; it is the main result of this very cold war. And the main goal of information wars is information bombs that will destroy consciousness, that will destroy will. The goal is to sow chaos in people's heads. It is there that campaigns, special operations are carried out, in various information media, the media or in some other way, in order to ensure that a person has the values that he has in his head. The vision of the past is destroyed, the vision of the future, the symbols that make people one people, are destroyed. Some kind of hierarchies, structures, an understanding of some order, how to act, how not to act. These things are destroyed with the help of information influence, and the same devastation in the minds arises, which already leads to devastation in life.

There have always been a lot of means for waging information wars, at all times. I just gave an example of how a cunning Chinese strategist deceived an entire army. There were other ways. They produced fake documents, for example. We are all familiar with the “Donation of Constantine” in the Middle Ages, which Catholics used to justify their right to rule over others. Or various other false documents were produced. All kinds of spies acted through false denunciations and slander. Intercepted letters purportedly from one king to another, or from one general to another. And these people then received rubles on their heads for betraying someone. There was a lot of everything. And we probably won’t remember everything now, we won’t tell you. History is a very big thing. It makes sense to look at our recent history. At least take the 20th century and look at some episodes of information impact. Moreover, the 20th century was largely a century of information wars, and the 21st century is generally moving towards pure information wars.

Well, the 20th century. Take the First World War and the preparations for it. Russia, as you know, was in an alliance with England and France, it was the Entente. And our enemy in the First World War was Germany and Austria-Hungary, two empires. And one of the major special operations that concerned our country, which concerns us now, and we constantly remember this and constantly talk about it. This is an impact on the residents of Western Ukraine, turning a large number of people into opponents of Russia. What happened, what happened in Western Ukraine at the end of the 19th century? It was the center of Russian patriotism. All the people who lived in Lviv and around called themselves Russians. The word Ukrainian was used not as a nationality, but as a resident of a certain territory, the outskirts. Ukrainian is from the outskirts. It was the same name as a Uralian, a Siberian, that is, a person, a resident of a certain region, and not a certain nationality. And people by nationality considered themselves Russian. And they very strongly resisted the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of which they were part. They dreamed of uniting with Russia, they dreamed of being with their Orthodox brothers. True, there was a division there: some were Orthodox, some were Uniate Catholics. But at least they dreamed of being together with the Slavs. And the people who came there said that Russian people should learn patriotism from their Lvov brothers, from the residents of Western Ukraine. This is how you should love Russia, they said. Count Bobrinsky, for example, spoke in the State Duma and said that all of us Russians should learn Russian patriotism from the residents of Western Ukraine. This is where the most important voters for the Maidan are. Only a hundred years have passed since then. What was the Austro-Hungarian Empire doing then? She came up with a project to transform the inhabitants of these territories into a separate nation. The nation of Ukrainians. A huge amount of money was spent on this project. Professor Grushevsky was specially discharged from Kyiv, he was given a department, and a special department of Ukrainian history was opened in Lvov. He immediately wrote several volumes of the so-called “Ukrainian history,” where he simply took all of Russian history, and where the word “Russian” was, he wrote “Ukrainian.” There was a Russian prince Vladimir, he became the Ukrainian prince Volodymyr. And so on and so forth. This is how a whole huge Ukrainian history arose. It's the same with language. There was, of course, a folk language, like everyone else. Siberian villages spoke one language, Don villages spoke another, the Russian North spoke a third. There have always been dialectal features. And of course, those residents also had dialectal characteristics. But they took it as a basis, declared it the Ukrainian language, and when they realized that this Ukrainian language lacked a huge number of words, for example, scientific terminology and others, they simply stupidly took it from Polish. Not from a close Russian, but from a Polish one. And thus they expanded the language to its full extent. The same information special operation was carried out. Not to mention the fact that young people were trained in special camps and were instilled with hatred of the Russian Empire. And then these people, when hostilities actually began, were configured accordingly and simply began to kill those who continued to call themselves Russian. But even in the 30s, half of the inhabitants of Western Ukraine continued to call themselves Russians. Now there are only a few percent of such people left. The question is, where did they go? These are the same people, their descendants. It’s just that their passports, their national identity has changed. Now there is the center of the largest Russophobic anti-Russian movement, in this very place. Here you go, a special operation. All this is reflected in our lives now. The result of an operation that was performed 100 years ago. See more about this in my book “American Lard.”

World War. All against all Larina Elena Sergeevna

ELECTRONIC WAR OF THE XXI CENTURY. Public review of the classified report “Electronic Warfare in the Information Age” prepared by the Old Crow Association

ELECTRONIC WAR OF THE XXI CENTURY.

Public review of the classified report “Electronic Warfare in the Information Age” prepared by the Old Crow Association

In the 21st century, the diplomatic, informational, military, economic and law enforcement components of national power will operate in a global environment characterized by socio-economic complexity, uncertainty and dynamism. In the new global digital environment, the prosperity and security of nations will largely depend on securing strategic advantage and national security strength in the use of "electromagnetic spectrum technologies" (ECT). ESTs operate across and regardless of geopolitical boundaries. This creates new opportunities and creates additional risks for their use in the fields of commerce, governance, security and military affairs within individual states, their communities and the global scale as a whole. Therefore, when using ECT, it is necessary to ensure not only their flexibility and reliability, but also the mandatory availability of their regulation by US government authorities. Our country must ensure undeniable superiority in EST in order to ensure our own freedom of action and completely exclude such freedom for our potential and actual opponents. When using ECT for both civilian and military purposes, it is necessary to ensure full integration of traditional technologies and ECT in all domains (battlefields) and operational environments of confrontation and conflict.

In the sphere of national security, the main military-strategic goal is to ensure strategic superiority through the use of ECT to unconditionally achieve American national goals in all areas while completely suppressing the enemy’s ability to realize his own goals. In this regard, it is critical to prepare U.S. military and civilian personnel engaged in various types of confrontations and involved in conflicts to fully and effectively use ECT in complex and congested operational and operational environments. As part of the EST mission, ensuring full integration of electronic attack, electronic defense, control of the entire electromagnetic spectrum and infrastructures supporting electronic warfare and confrontation is key. As part of the ECT mission, it is necessary to synchronize the conduct of combat operations, both in cyberspace and on other battlefields, with the organization of command and control of troops and their infrastructure, personnel work and resource support for combat operations and the effective development of infrastructure. The absence of geopolitical and natural boundaries for the use of ECT allows active operations using ECT to be carried out almost anywhere, regardless of existing state borders. Taking into account the fact that the speed of electromagnetic pulse transmission is very close to the speed of light, these operations can be carried out in real time and carried out on a scale of any dimension - from fractions of a millisecond to days and weeks. Beyond the use of cyber weapons themselves, the use of ECT allows unit commanders of all branches of the armed forces to make decisions quickly. Based on sufficient information, carry out operations efficiently and with lightning speed and ensure their effectiveness through the advantage of tempo and awareness. The widespread use of ECT, along with the creation of new opportunities, also implies the emergence of new challenges. For example, the use of homemade remote electronically controlled explosive devices on the battlefields in Iraq and Afghanistan required government efforts to establish international control over certain types and types of ECT and the possibilities for their military use.

The main goal is to ensure, through the use of ECT, superiority for the United States on all battlefields, in all areas of confrontation. Solving this problem requires the development of fundamentally new doctrines and the use of all the latest achievements of science, technology and management.

The United States Armed Forces must have an undeniable advantage when conducting combat operations on land, in the air, at sea, in space, and in cyberspace. This must be ensured both through complete superiority in offensive actions and the ability of the American armed forces on all battlefields and in all areas of confrontation to suppress the possibility of counteraction from the enemy in carrying out not only offensive, but also defensive actions. EST plays a key role both in the conduct of combat operations and in conducting reconnaissance operations, exercising command and control of troops, ensuring sustainable logistics and resource supply.

The principles outlined above should become a strategic position constantly in the focus of politicians and military personnel, not only when developing strategic concepts, but also operational doctrines, operational plans and specific decisions. The mission of strategic superiority must be achieved through:

Maintaining strategic and operational initiatives in all phases and stages of military action cycles, including the Boyd cycle;

Integrating ECT capabilities across the spectrum of military operations;

Creating a dominant superiority capability for operations in cyberspace;

Creating a sustainable, effective risk management system for operations using ECT as a key tool.

To ensure victory in 21st century conflicts across all battlefields and domains of warfare involving ECT, the interactions between cyber weapons, ECT, and information operations must be properly defined.

1. Electromagnetic Operational Domain. Electronic warfare occurs in the global electromagnetic environment, which is used to achieve physical, informational and cognitive effects. Although electronic warfare occurs in the electromagnetic environment, it produces effects not only within that environment but also in other environments, including traditional battlefields and adversarial domains.

2. Electromagnetic Environment as a global environment. In the electromagnetic environment, as well as in other environments, opponents try to secure an advantage for themselves in order to achieve success on all battlefields. The electromagnetic environment is used both for the use of cyber weapons and for performing various types of combat, management and other communication functions on traditional battlefields to achieve superiority. The electromagnetic environment provides fundamentally new opportunities to achieve excellence using the latest technologies and developments.

The expansion of operations into the electromagnetic environment increases the importance of technology in the overall mix of factors that ensure the success of military operations. The electromagnetic environment provides a dramatic increase in the tempo of military operations and a reduction in the duration of the military cycle, not only in cyberspace, but also in combat operations on land, in the air, at sea and in space. Since the electromagnetic environment has no physical boundaries, it is impossible to establish any geopolitical boundaries in it. In accordance with this, actions in the electromagnetic environment are determined by different factors than on other battlefields and cannot be regulated by international treaties and agreements recognized for these fields. Since the electromagnetic environment is unified, its use within the framework of active offensive operations cannot be limited by any national borders.

3. Electronic warfare, cyberspace and the electromagnetic operational domain. The concept of Joint Operations 3.0 includes battlefields or domains such as land, air, sea, space and information environment in the operating environment. The National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations formalized the concept of “cyberspace,” defined as “the area characterized by the use of information technology and the electromagnetic environment to store, exchange, and modify data through electronic network communications based on software and physical infrastructure.” As international attention to cybersecurity issues has increased, the US Department of Defense has deepened and refined its understanding of cyberspace. Currently, cyberspace is characterized as “a global information environment consisting of interconnected and interconnected information technology infrastructures in complex networks, including the Internet, other telecommunication networks, computer systems, software solutions of various levels and types, embedded processors, controllers, etc. ." The information environment itself is now defined as “a set of systems, organizations and individuals involved in the collection, processing, analysis, synthesis, influence and dissemination of information.” In its original definition of cyberspace, the Pentagon focused on the issue of data transfer between information systems. However, the characterization of space through a transmission medium is not a specific definition of this special domain. In principle, the medium for transmitting information can be sea, air, etc. Therefore, it is more correct to supplement the definition of cyberspace by introducing the term “electromagnetic environment.” The electromagnetic environment is a medium for the movement of data between networked electronic systems and devices using software. Cyberspace and the electromagnetic environment have a common feature associated with the inclusion of various types of electronic systems. However, the electromagnetic environment and cyberspace are very different. Cyberspace requires networks connecting various types of electronic systems. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment includes any electronic system that operates based on the use of the physical laws of the electromagnetic field. In other words, the electromagnetic environment and cyberspace are constantly interacting with each other. At the same time, cyberspace focuses on the use of information technologies and related infrastructures to create an effect in the information space, and the electromagnetic environment includes not only information, but also direct physical influences based on the laws of physics regarding the electromagnetic field. In this regard, the electromagnetic domain includes the use of electromagnetic energy to create physical, informational and cognitive effects on all battlefields and in all areas of confrontation.

4, Relationship between the electromagnetic environment and networks. Network systems in the electromagnetic environment provide transmission, storage and processing of data. These network systems are used synonymously with cyberspace as defined by the National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations. This environment provides the physical basis necessary for carrying out any combat operations involving both influence on information and physical objects, including not only their changes under the influence of information, but also through direct physical influence. This environment is the physical basis of the information environment and enables the interaction between electronic warfare and cyberspace operations. Operations in cyberspace cannot be conducted except in an electromagnetic network environment.

5. Electronic warfare and information operations. Information operations is currently defined by the United States Joint Operations Doctrine as “integrated activities utilizing the capabilities of the electromagnetic environment, computer networks, psychological operations, stratagems and security measures, and aimed at influencing, disrupting and destroying physical and human objects, as well as systems for making and executing decisions.” It seems that this definition is not suitable for practical use, since it confuses goals and means, causes and consequences, factors and aspects of action. As a result of this definition, information operations coincide with the understanding of the electromagnetic environment and operations in computer systems.

In practice, it is useful to distinguish between electronic warfare and information operations. It makes sense to understand information operations as any operations aimed at influencing the adoption of certain decisions by a person or an automated system by influencing, disrupting, damaging or intercepting control of decision-making systems that are both human and automated. Pathways to influence such systems may include impacts on the physical, digital and cognitive components of decision-making systems. At the same time, information operations may not affect electromagnetic space. In this regard, the electromagnetic operating environment, information operations and electronic warfare are not three sides of the same thing, and not three spheres of some common whole, but three definitions formulated on completely different grounds. The electromagnetic operating environment is a characteristic derived from the conceptual series of physics. The electromagnetic environment is associated with physical characteristics and represents the scope of the laws of electromagnetism. Information operations concern the impact on any decision-making systems, i.e., systems for choosing from alternatives, regardless of whether they are carried out by people or by machines based on developed algorithms. The definition of electronic warfare is closely related to the term electromagnetic operational environment and represents confrontation and violent actions in this environment.

Electronic warfare can be implemented through defensive and offensive information operations, and can go far beyond them in cases where the laws of electromagnetism are used to create technical means of destruction or disruption of the functioning of any physical objects, including humans.

A clear understanding of the differences and similarities between the electromagnetic operating environment, electronic warfare, and information operations enables practical implementation of the electromagnetic environment to achieve military objectives. Such understanding should form the basis for the development of operational plans, military risk management systems, and systems for assessing potential and actual threats.

In the information age, we can predict a constant increase in the scale and intensity of operations in the electromagnetic environment. At the same time, this environment will increasingly influence other environments of warfare. It should be borne in mind that in the future the dependence of all components of military power on the electromagnetic environment will increase. Accordingly, we must be prepared for the fact that the enemy will also highly appreciate the capabilities and prospects of this environment and through it will threaten our national interests. Additionally, it must be borne in mind that the electromagnetic environment is a single one, not delimited, as in usual spaces, into the military and civilian spheres. Accordingly, the armed forces must be prepared for threats from this environment not only as a result of targeted actions by the enemy, but also as a result of various types of information man-made disasters, failures and emergencies in this environment.

The military-strategic goal is to unconditionally ensure strategic superiority in all domains. Electronic warfare is a critical component of achieving this kind of superiority. Electronic warfare and weapons can be divided into passive, non-lethal and lethal or potentially lethal actions and weapons using the electromagnetic environment and its effects. Electronic weapons are a critical component of the power at the Joint Operations Command's disposal.

In the 21st century, doctrinal developments in the field of electronic weapons and warfare should be based on six fundamental principles:

The electromagnetic spectrum is part of the physical space, which, one way or another, interacts with all battlefields and spheres of confrontation;

Electronic weapons create physical, informational and cognitive effects based on the use of electromagnetic effects;

Electronic warfare includes four elements: electronic attack, electronic defense, electronic combat support, and control of the electromagnetic environment;

Electronic control systems use electromagnetic effects to ensure freedom and effective conduct of actions on all battlefields in all areas of confrontation;

Electronic warfare and cyber operations are conducted using electronic systems and in the electromagnetic spectrum, but are fundamentally different from each other: electronic warfare is conducted in the electromagnetic environment, while cyber operations are carried out in the information space;

Electronic weapons are used in information operations to influence, disrupt, alter, and destroy human and automated decision-making systems and protect their own systems.

The fundamental principles of electronic warfare of the 21st century are based on the following basic definitions:

1. Electromagnetic control. Electromagnetic control is the management and coordination of proprietary systems operating in the electromagnetic environment and performing or supporting operations in all domains.

2. Electronic attacks. These are attacks that are carried out using electromagnetic energy. They can be aimed at various types of physical objects, telecommunication networks and computer devices, decision support systems and directly at people. Electronic attacks can use not only information systems, but also various types of destructive and transmitting devices such as lasers, electromagnetic pulse transmission units, etc.

3. Electronic protection. Electronic defense includes actions to protect personnel and equipment from the effects of weapons that use the electromagnetic environment, including not only information weapons, but also physical devices that use electromagnetic effects for the purpose of physical destruction and property damage.

4. Electronic support. Electronic support means include a variety of systems, devices and operations for searching for definitions, identification, localization in time and space of various types of electromagnetic weapons. They also include instruments using electromagnetic principles for reconnaissance, targeting, planning and interaction during operations on all battlefields and in all areas of confrontation. The differences between reconnaissance and electronic support are that reconnaissance can also be carried out outside the electromagnetic environment. In turn, electronic support in its functions goes far beyond reconnaissance, performing other functions related to the preparation, management and support of combat operations on all battlefields and all areas of confrontation.

Combat teams. These teams must bring together units from different branches of the military to integrate their combat capabilities to jointly conduct military operations. Integrated combat teams must be interdepartmental, integrated, combined and ensure American dominance in all regions at all times.

Risk management in electronic warfare. In the risk management system for electronic warfare operations, three types of risks should be distinguished. Firstly, these are direct risks associated With enemy threats from the electromagnetic environment. Secondly, indirect risks associated with various types of failures and malfunctions of military and infrastructure systems that use the electromagnetic environment for their activities. Third, the risks associated with threats arising in other domains and on other battlefields that affect the effectiveness of offensive and defensive actions within the framework of electronic warfare in the electromagnetic environment.

Investments. IN Currently, unfortunately, there is no understanding that the electromagnetic environment, defensive and offensive operations in it, offensive and defensive weapons using the electromagnetic environment and its effects are of decisive and increasing importance for national security in all its aspects, including primarily military and economic security of the country. IN As a result of this underestimation, development research and development and their practical implementation in the field of electronic weapons have not yet been carried out on the proper scale and depth. This is partly due to serious gaps in planning, management and analysis of this area. However, the main reason lies in insufficient funding for research and development of weapons using electromagnetic >ffskts at the expense of the state budget.

Doctrine. IN The National Security Doctrine and other conceptual documents of the armed forces pay completely insufficient attention to the electromagnetic environment, as a decisive environment for armed conflicts and violent confrontations. IN These documents still defend the erroneous idea of the role of information interaction as an integrating element, and not a decisive factor in the organization and control of combat operations, etc. There is a complete lack of understanding of the importance of intelligence and various kinds of infrastructural factors for conducting offensive and defensive operations within the framework of electronic warfare. In fact, the integrating domain for modern national security is the electromagnetic environment, which is used for both traditional warfare and the vast majority of information operations.

Increasing the ability to conduct electronic warfare and increasing its effectiveness. Conducting operations during electronic warfare presupposes, as on other battlefields, joint coordinated actions, harmonizing strategy and tactics. Misunderstanding of the specifics of the electromagnetic environment and, accordingly, the similarities and differences between electronic warfare and information operations has not only theoretical, but also practical significance. The experience of Iraq and Afghanistan has shown that military leaders do not yet fully understand the capabilities of electronic warfare, reducing it only to information operations. At the same time, the experience of these same military companies has shown that specific military operations of electronic warfare, which distinguish it from other types of military operations, provide a significant not only tactical, but also strategic effect.

Necessary conditions for using the potential of the electromagnetic environment. Civilian leaders and military commanders must make efforts to ensure the effectiveness of electronic warfare operations. These efforts must include ongoing training of personnel both directly involved in offensive and defensive electronic warfare operations and those indirectly involved in these operations.

Personnel work. The most important condition for conducting effective offensive and defensive electronic warfare operations is to increase the professional level, coherence and controllability of military and civilian personnel involved in military operations in the electromagnetic environment. Taking into account the complex nature of operations in modern warfare, increasing the professional level and improving the combat skills required in electronic warfare should concern not only those directly involved in defensive and offensive operations in electronic warfare, but also military and civilian personnel of all branches of our armed forces countries, as well as allies.

Leadership development. The command staff of units directly involved in electronic warfare in the electromagnetic environment must have the ability to integrate the efforts of all units not only directly involved in electronic warfare, but also using the electromagnetic environment for traditional military operations on all battlefields, information operations, command and control complex military missions, etc. Commanders of units directly involved in electronic warfare must develop strategic and operational skills based on knowledge, experience and training.

Standardization. To effectively conduct electronic warfare, it is necessary to develop in detail and consolidate in the relevant mandatory documents a unified terminology, organizational, technical and other standards and conditions that ensure the precise fulfillment of their combat missions by units.

Development of the doctrine of electronic warfare. The current definition of electronic warfare contained in the US Joint Doctrine US JP3-13.1 understands it as “various actions involving the use of electromagnetic or direct energy effects in the electromagnetic environment for offensive and defensive purposes.” Approximately the same definitions are used abroad. However, this definition does not highlight the decisive importance of the electromagnetic environment for the implementation of offensive and defensive operations, special support and reconnaissance operations during electronic warfare, etc. As a rule, instead of a clear, physically meaningful term “electromagnetic environment,” a metaphorical term is used "Cyberspace". This, in our opinion, in practice leads to an underestimation of physical technologies due to an excessive exaggeration of the role of information technologies. This has a detrimental effect on the combat capabilities of our army. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop the Doctrine of Electronic Warfare, based on identifying not cyberspace as a separate domain or battlefield, as at present, but the electromagnetic environment.

Development of the doctrine of information operations. Information operations are carried out in the information environment across the entire spectrum of military operations, including combat, as well as other, including auxiliary operations. Information is the result of the transmission, processing, manipulation and organization of data in order to transform it into knowledge necessary for participants in military operations. In addition, information operations aim to create a distorted picture of the integrated environment for an adversary by influencing, altering, disrupting, and destroying human and automated decision-making systems. Information operations plays an extremely important role in the overall integrated strategy and, like electronic warfare, uses computer and telecommunications networks.

For all their similarities, electronic warfare, information operations, and cyberspace operations are fundamentally different types of military activity. Electronic warfare occurs entirely in an electromagnetic operational environment and is the practical, instrumental use of electromagnetic energy to achieve physical, informational, and cognitive effects. In this regard, we tend to believe that it is the electromagnetic environment, and not cyberspace, that is the fifth battlefield or domain, along with land, sea, air and space. Cyberspace, a term currently used in American military doctrine, is an information environment. However, cyberspace and the electromagnetic operating environment or domain share the same basic understanding. This is immersion in the electromagnetic environment. In practice, electronic warfare can be elements of information operations in terms of the impact on the physical parameters of technical devices and humans, considered as sources of processing, storage and transmission of information.

Electromagnetic battlefield. The electromagnetic battlefield is the natural electromagnetic environment, as well as man-made electromagnetic military and civil communications, any devices, mechanisms, etc. that use electromagnetic principles in their work. In order to make the difference between the information environment and the electromagnetic environment more clear, let us explain. The information environment includes, for example, printed publications, photographs, even paintings. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment should include not only weapon systems using electromagnetic principles or radars, but also, for example, refrigerators or irons.

Electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire frequency range of electromagnetic radiation - from zero to infinity. This spectrum is divided into zones ranging from ultra-low “short” radio frequencies to X-ray and gamma radiation.

Electromagnetic environment. The electromagnetic environment is the resulting definition that combines all types and frequencies of electromagnetic oscillations. In fact, the electromagnetic environment is the military equivalent of the physical term "electromagnetic field". Accordingly, the electromagnetic environment, unlike other environments and domains such as land, air, sea, space, permeates and embraces the entire universe.

Electronic warfare. Electronic warfare is defined as any offensive or defensive action in the course of forcibly coercing or destroying an enemy that uses electromagnetic effects. Traditionally, electronic warfare has three main components—electronic attack, electronic defense, and electronic warfare support operations.

Electromagnetic operational domain. Electronic warfare is fought in the electromagnetic operational environment, which is the electronic warfare battlefield. The electromagnetic operational domain can be defined as the field of operations of offensive, defensive, and support weapons, ranging from intelligence to communications, that use electromagnetic energy to produce physical, informational, and cognitive effects.

Network electromagnetic domain. This definition covers electronic devices, telecommunications networks and the electromagnetic environment used to store, exchange, process or destroy data. We propose to use this term to replace the term "cyberspace" currently used in the National Military Strategy and the National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations.

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