Theoretical and educational aspects of library activities in higher education. Library and information activities - bachelor's degree (03/51/06) Management of library and information activities work
Description
As part of the training in the specialty “Library and Information Activities”, librarians of a new formation are trained, who receive technical, information and humanitarian training. Therefore, on the one hand, they study information systems, databases and the methodology of compiling electronic libraries, and on the other, the systematization of books, the history of foreign and Russian literature, the methodology of librarian activity, management of library activities and the theory of literature. Students learn:
- professionally search for the necessary information, ensure its storage and transmission;
- compile book catalogs and work with electronic information resources;
- create electronic archives and libraries;
- organize virtual multimedia exhibitions, websites and guides.
Who to work with
Bachelor's degree graduates in this specialty can find employment in libraries, museums, archives, scientific and technical information bodies, bookselling organizations, educational institutions or editorial and publishing companies, information centers and information and analytical departments, the media or any institutions working in the field of document communications. Young specialists can take the position of librarian, head of the information department, assistant, teacher, archivist, information librarian. Their responsibilities will include work with automated library and information systems, work on compiling catalogs and supplementing collections, logistics activities and management in library science.
Libraries, bibliography and bibliographic description
Libraries are one of the oldest public institutions that provide collection, storage and access to the knowledge accumulated by humanity, recorded in texts. The oldest books that have come down to us date back to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, and the libraries - to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Until the 20th century all elements of information culture were accumulated and comprehended in librarianship. Therefore, they often speak of this sphere of culture as information and library.
Over the millennia, the library has evolved By- variously carrying out its main functions - creating funds of documents (records, books, magazines) and serving the information needs of its readers. At first these were very closed libraries - palace, temple, monastery, university. Only in the 19th century. they began to become more open to a wider range of readers. Nowadays, the library as a public institution is undergoing major changes. With the spread of electronic information technologies, there is a noticeable redistribution of the balance between the main library functions and the very essence of these functions. Information services are brought to the fore, and the creation of funds is socialized. Reader service is increasingly focused on electronic media and the use of global networks, and the acquisition of literature is based on cooperation libraries (coordination of collections, acquisition of literature, especially journals, by library consortiums).
In the federal law of the Russian Federation on library science (dated December 29, 1994), a library is defined as “an information, cultural, educational institution that has an organized fund of replicated documents and provides them for temporary use to individuals and legal entities; a library can be an independent institution or a structural one division of an enterprise, institution, organization."
The typology of modern libraries is complex and constitutes a special branch of library science. Generally accepted division libraries into two types:
· public libraries,
· scientific and special libraries.
Libraries can be classified By for a variety of reasons:
· by occupation of readers (school, university, scientific institutions);
· by territory (urban, rural, district, regional);
· by type of property (state, public organizations, personal).
Since there can be many such bases of division, classifications corresponding to them can be created By as necessary. A special type are national libraries that exist in all developed countries of the world. The first such library was declared in 1800 by the National Library of France, the largest - the Library of Congress of the United States (100 million items). Most national libraries perform five main functions. They receive, on a legal deposit basis, and preserve all publications published in the country, publish the national bibliography, are the country's largest repository of foreign literature, serve all three branches of government (legislative, executive and judicial) and provide methodological guidance to librarianship in the country.
In Russia, three libraries are considered national: the Russian State Library (43 million items, the former State Library named after V.I. Lenin), the Russian National Library (33 million items, the former State Public Library named after M.E. Saltykov -Shchedrin) and the Presidential Library of the Russian Federation named after. B.N. Yeltsin. Not one of them performs all the listed functions, since the national bibliography is published by the All-Russian Book Chamber, we have a special All-Russian Library of Foreign Literature named after. M.I. Rudomino, but all branches of government have their own libraries.
According to the Federal Law “On Librarianship” (1994), a library is “an informational, cultural, educational institution that has an organized fund of replicated documents and provides them for temporary use to individuals and legal entities.” From this definition it is clear that functionally a library should consist of four main blocks: the library collection (books, magazines and other types of publications), readers (who use these publications), librarians (who carry out the work of the library) and material resources. technical support(book depositories, reading rooms, computers, communication lines and other technological means).
The main channel for the receipt of books in libraries is their purchase in bookstores using funds allocated from the budget, magazines - subscription to press agencies. Other sources of acquisition are book exchange with other libraries, donations from private collections, and for the largest and national libraries - legal deposit. The legal deposit system, which, as mentioned, arose in France back in the 18th century, is currently used mainly for state registration of all publications published on the territory of the state. It serves to record these publications, reflect them in the state bibliography and maintain book statistics. In our country, these functions are performed by the Russian Book Chamber.
The library acquisition department carries out this work in accordance with its acquisition profile and inventories the received literature. Then it goes to the processing department, where each copy of the book undergoes analytical and synthetic processing, i.e. bibliographic description and systematization, which are necessary for the book to be reflected in the alphabetical and systematic catalogs of the library. After this, it goes to the storage department, where it is determined place on the shelves of the book depository in accordance with the book arrangement system adopted in the library.
Books can be placed on shelves By their contents according to some classification scheme, By their height (the so-called format arrangement), in order of receipt ( By inventory numbers) or By combinations of these features. Within each classification heading, books are arranged By alphabet of the names of their authors. To make the librarian's daily work easier By removing requested books from the shelf and placing them on place, the American librarian Charles Ketter (1837-1903) came up with a special sign, which is called by his name all over the world, and in our country by the author’s sign. It consists of the first letter of the author's surname and the number assigned to the following two- or three-letter combination. This sign is usually printed on the back of the title page of a book and is included in its library cipher and relieves the librarian of the need to observe strict alphabetical order when placing it on place in the book depository.
Along with the main book depository, many libraries create remote archival storage for rarely requested literature and auxiliary collections near the lending department for frequently requested publications. Large libraries that have valuable rare publications in their collections put them on microfilm for preservation purposes - for distribution to readers, and also because microfilm, unlike electronic storage, is tested for durability By at least for the last hundred and fifty years.
Magazines and other periodicals ( By analogies with English terminology called serial) are usually placed By their names, and inside each name - By years and numbers. There is also a purely chronological arrangement of periodicals - By years of manufacture, inside By names. Serial publications also include the so-called. continuing publications published irregularly (for example, works, scientific notes, etc.).
Service to readers in the library was traditionally carried out by issuing books for reading in the reading room or By the so-called subscription, i.e. for reading at home for a certain period of time. If the requested book was not in the library, it was obtained from another library By interlibrary loan. Due to the sharp increase in the cost of postal services, the necessary texts are now received By e-mail. Readers can, for a fee, order photocopies, microfilms of books and their fragments, translations of texts into foreign languages and other information services, for example, reference lists or bibliographic reviews By required topic.
The library has a bibliographic and/or reference and bibliographic department, which contains information navigation tools: bibliographic indexes, abstract journals, classification schemes, lists subject headings, thesauri, all kinds of card indexes that make it easier for the reader search necessary information. In modern libraries, these tools are available not only in traditional printed or card form, but also in electronic form, allowing search by a wider range of characteristics. Many libraries store electronic versions of regular books and magazines, actual electronic books and magazines that are not published in print, Database, as well as sound recordings and videos on magnetic media. Since such publications are called “media,” the libraries storing them are sometimes called media libraries.
The concept of an electronic library arose. It has not yet been established and includes national and international projects with government support (“ Memory world" UNESCO, "Library Universalis", Gutenberg project), commercial projects (BookSearch-Google, Internet Archive, "Moshkov Library"), as well as collections of electronic publications as part of traditional libraries (Russian State Library, US Library of Congress, National Library of France) and data banks of special publications (standards, patents, industrial catalogues). Almost all digital libraries are created first queue to improve access to publications of historical, cultural or scientific value.
The main problem when creating digital libraries is the uncertainty of their legal status. Three quarters of these libraries contain copyrighted material. Wherein, By According to UNESCO, two-thirds of these libraries believe that the right to digitize is given by the laws of the country, about half, however, enter into an agreement with the rights holders, and a fifth do not care about formalities. Other problems are related to the technology of their formation. After selecting books for the library, they need to be scanned. To do this, you need special equipment that allows you to automatically scan pages without having too harmful an effect on them. Then you have to worry about navigation By book, i.e. quickly searching for the required pages, ensuring that the resulting files have the same format. Only after these processes can you create a database with a management system ( DBMS), so that the library becomes available to readers through Internet.
Search necessary literature in the library is carried out By catalogs - alphabetical (if the reader knows the author and title of the desired book), systematic (if he is looking for literature By a specific branch of knowledge, discipline or section thereof), subject (if necessary information on to some subject, i.e. question or problem). Since domestic libraries usually do not have subject catalogs, they are often replaced by alphabetical subject catalogs pointer (key) to the systematic catalogue. In many libraries, card catalogs are being replaced by electronic ones, which allow search by a wider set of features.
As a rule, the reader looks for literature By on your topic, without knowing specific authors and titles. Therefore, the main tool for it is systematic catalog. It contains book descriptions By branches of knowledge, scientific disciplines and their sections. The composition and order of arrangement of these disciplines is determined by the classification scheme adopted in the library. Public libraries in Russia use the Library-Bibliographic Classification (BBK), created in the State Library of the USSR named after. V.I. Lenin half a century ago. Domestic scientific libraries are guided by the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), created at the beginning of the last century by the Belgian documentarian and creator of computer science Paul Otlet. This classification is based on the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), created by the outstanding American librarian Melville Dewey in the 70s. XIX century
The principle of this diagram of the arrangement of sciences is indicated in its title: the whole universe knowledge is divided into ten sections, each of them into ten subsections and so on until the very last divisions. This is convenient because every division denoted by an easy-to-remember decimal fraction (without zero or comma), understandable to speakers of any language. However, there is also a drawback to this principle, which is that already at the time of its creation, philosophers divided knowledge into a much larger number of sections, not to mention our time. So this classification does not reflect the current understanding of the structure of science, although it sections are constantly subject to revision and clarification.
Library science is studied by the scientific discipline "library science", which in the "Nomenclature of Specialties of Scientific Workers" is included in the section "Documentary information" as a single specialty "Library science, bibliographic science and bibliology".
Bibliography is a multi-valued term covering bibliographic activity, its results in the form of bibliographic indexes, lists and databases and the special scientific and educational discipline of bibliographic science. In the ordinary mind, a bibliography is simply a list of references. But not everyone is like that list is bibliographic. In order to be able to say that about it, it must be possible to evaluate it, i.e. find out whether it meets certain criteria: is there anything missing in it, are there any unnecessary entries. And for this it must be stipulated what types of literature are reflected in it (for example, books, magazines, articles, etc.), in what language, for what time, By what sciences, subjects, questions, etc. So normal list The literature used in a coursework or dissertation, article or dissertation, strictly speaking, is not a bibliography, although it is often called that.
It is especially important in our time that bibliography is an integral part of any science and, taken together, an organic part of all science as a whole. It covers the preparatory stage of any scientific research, as if sums up the literature By subject of this study. This is the tool for preserving knowledge that forms its meaningful framework.
Bibliography in all its mentioned meanings, i.e. as a field of activity with its methodology, economics, sociology and science, it constitutes an important part of the information culture necessary for modern society. This is evidenced by fair complaints in address An increasingly cluttered Internet, and the imperfections of many of its search engines. Most chaotic and random technological innovations designed to improve the state of affairs do not take into account already known patterns in this field of knowledge, in other words, the achievements of information culture.
Bibliographic description is a specialized language that serves librarianship, bibliography, science, information activity. Its essence lies in the fact that the signs of a document (be it a manuscript, work print or electronic resource), necessary for its identification and for informing readers about it, are arranged in a certain order in the form of description elements. Place each element, the rules for filling it out and the signs in front of the elements are established by the relevant standards. This allows a person familiar with this language to more or less unambiguously describe each document, identify it in the text and determine the degree of its usefulness for their tasks.
This language has evolved over the centuries, becoming increasingly precise and reflecting changes in the documents themselves and their flow. To many, it seems like unnecessary formalism that can be completely dispensed with, but this is not so. By The director of the British Museum Library, Sir Antonio Panizzi, wrote well about this in his time in a letter to Earl Ellesmere, January 29, 1848: “As for people who do not see difficulties ... they laugh at the rules, at the methodology, at the principles, at the neatness, above consistency and other bibliographical nonsense, then one should listen to them no more than a blind man when he discusses the shortcomings of painting or the art of color in general.”
Bibliographic description (other names: book description, description of printed works) is a complex process that requires a long learning curve to master it professionally; it is fully accessible only to professional cataloguers, experienced librarians and bibliographers. For all other knowledge workers, it is enough to know the simplified rules of description that correspond to the recently adopted standard for bibliographic references. It establishes that documents that indicate no more than three authors are described under the names and initials of those authors.
Tarasova V.I. Political history of Latin America: textbook. for universities. - 2nd ed. - M.: Prospekt, 2006. - 305 p.
Documents with more than three authors or no authors listed are described under the title, i.e. the title of the document, and the initials and surname of the first author are indicated in the text of the description itself.
History of the Russian Book Chamber, 1917-1935 / R. A. Aigastov [and others]. - M.: Ros. book Chamber, 2006. - 447 p. - ISBN 5-901202-22-8.
Composite documents, i.e. published as part of other documents, for example, articles in a magazine or collection, are described in the same way as independently published ones, but after the sign two slashes // the publication in which they are included is indicated.
Adorno T. E. Towards the logic of social sciences // Issues. philosophy. - 1992. - No. 10. - P. 76-86.
Electronic resources are described in the same way as printed works, but with the addition of their update date (if indicated), email address and date of access to this resource at the time of its description.
Economic growth // New Russia: [bibliogr. decree] / state B. Berkhina, O. Kokovkina, S. Kann; Department of State Public Scientific and Technical Library SB RAS. Novosibirsk, . Update date: 03/06/2007. URL: http://http://www.prormetus.nsc.ru/ (date accessed 03/22/2007).
The order of the elements of a bibliographic description, which allows them to be identified when reading, the rules for filling them out, and the features of describing documents of different types, as already mentioned, are established by the standard. They are discussed in detail with examples in a separately published "Workshop" By search and bibliography of information resources."
Scientific information bodies and special libraries serve as the most important auxiliary institutions for science. These institutions are called upon to identify and collect information, analyze and process it into forms convenient for storage and subsequent retrieval, ensure its storage and distribution, including issuance By requests. However, while carrying out general functions, they solve different specific problems, with the help of specialists of different profiles and using different methods. These differences must be understood in order to better take advantage of the opportunities that information services and libraries provide. One such distinction, regarding information workers and librarians, was aptly articulated several decades ago by a group of leading American scientists in a report to the President of the United States:
“For a specialist overloaded with current work, it is much more important to get help from a qualified information scientist than to understand the huge amount of literature he received from information center. Qualified scientists working in information center and contributing to science constitute core such a center. It is they who turn a specialized information center into a research institution, and not into a technical library."
Thus, an information worker and a librarian are specialists in different fields. The first of them is a specialist in a certain field who participates in solving a problem and provides his team with information. A librarian, who may also have education and qualifications in one of the branches of knowledge, is a specialist who knows the methods of bibliographic control, navigates the huge flow of book and magazine products, understands the psychology of the reader and has the pedagogical skill of guiding his reading.
Final the tasks of the information service are to notify about new facts and ideas, to respond to factual queries, for example, what is known By this question, what properties does this an object, which objects have these properties, etc. Since today the answers to these questions are contained in scientific documents and databases, information services work with them and are often forced to give “documentary” answers instead of factual ones: what information is contained in certain documents, which documents contain the necessary information. Therefore, working with scientific documents is not the main activity information services, but only a means for obtaining the necessary information, its intellectual processing and provision to the consumer in a form convenient for use.
A library is a cultural, educational and scientific auxiliary institution that organizes the public use of printed and written works and is designed to help the reader in choosing books and guide his reading. Thus, libraries and information services have different final goals and objectives, although in many ways they work with the same scientific documents.
Another difference concerns the people targeted. activity these institutions. The information consumer turns to information workers for specific information. He has the right to demand from them an accurate and complete answer to a highly specialized request because they are required to monitor By documentary sources for the development of the areas they serve. In the library, the same person acts as a reader who, along with works that correspond to his current narrow interests, should be given books and articles to read that broaden his horizons, improve his qualifications, orient him in related fields, and satisfy his general scientific and broad social interests.
Finally, if we consider the work of these two types of institutions By-large, it should be noted that they work in different modes. Although this distinction is not fundamental, it is the prevailing practice and, By- Apparently, it is not accidental. Most information services operate in the mode of regular dissemination of scientific information. It corresponds to the regime of progressive development of science, periodic release of new publications, and the appearance of unpublished scientific documents.
Information bodies strive for the most complete acquaintance with new documents, carry out their analytical and synthetic processing, and then, in equal portions, bring their main content to the attention of consumers in the form of separate issues of periodically published abstract journals, reviews, express information or bibliographic indexes. At the same time, information services strive to ensure long-term storage of documents for the purpose of their subsequent retrieval and distribution to consumers By request.
Libraries primarily operate in the " request- answer." They accumulate printed and written works, reveal their contents and organize their storage in such a way as to then issue By readers' requests. True, almost every library or group libraries regularly inform readers about their new arrivals, but this activities on volume is significantly inferior to reader service By requests.
Dvorkina M. Ya. Library and information activities: theoretical foundations and features of development in the traditional and electronic environment / M. Ya. Dvorkina. M.: “FAIR Publishing House”, 2009. 256 p. (Special publishing project for libraries).
For the first time, library and information activities are comprehensively studied and an analysis of its evolution in the traditional and electronic environment is given. This activity is considered from the perspective of system-activity, evolutionary and synergetic approaches. Its essence, structure, types, technological and organizational issues, and innovative processes are characterized. Library and information activities are presented in the context of knowledge management.
The book is intended for librarians, library specialists, and can be used as a teaching aid when studying the disciplines “Introduction to the Specialty,” “Library Science: General Course,” and the special course “Library and Information Activities Theory: Technology, Organization.”
| Introduction Library and information activities as a scientific problem |
|
| Section 1. Fundamentals of theory, technology and organization of library and information activities | |
| 1.1 The essence and structure of library and information activities. Library and information activities among other types of human activities | 19 |
| 1.2 Types of library and information activities | 58 |
| 1.3 Technological processes. Methodology of library and information activities | 98 |
| 1.4. Organization of library and information activities | 108 |
| Section 2. Evolution of library and information activities | |
| 2.1 Main stages, trends and mechanisms for the development of library and information activities | 125 |
| 2.2 Features of library and information activities in the electronic environment | 160 |
| 2.3.Library and information activities and knowledge management | 205 |
| Conclusion | 220 |
| List of used literature | 232 |
| Suggested definitions of some terms | 339 |
| Subject index | 241 |
Introduction
Library and information activities for a scientific problem
The concept of “library activity” is widely used in professional literature. However, its definition is not in GOST 7.0-99 “Information and library activities, bibliography. Terms and definitions”, although the concept of “library activity” is present in the very name of GOST in the term “information and library activity”, and the concepts of “bibliographic activity” and “scientific information activity” are defined in the same GOST.
In the terminological dictionary “Library Science” (RSL, 1997), library activity is considered as “an area of socio-humanitarian activity to meet the information, cultural and educational needs of the population through libraries.” Here the definition of the term “library activity” is given through broader activities, which shows its focus on meeting a number of needs of the population (which, by the way, are also satisfied by many other institutions: educational institutions, theaters, cinemas, museums, etc.), but not reveals, at least in general terms, as the library does, what the specifics of this activity are. But in the same dictionary there is another term “library work”, the definition of which shows the specificity: “the implementation of various technological processes (acquisition, processing and storage of documents, maintaining catalogues, databases and data banks, various forms of service, etc.) in the library " Since Russian language dictionaries consider the concepts of “activity” and “work” almost as synonyms, we will refer the definition of “library work” to the concept of “library activity”.
The Library Encyclopedia (2007) presents an article by I.V. Lukashov about library activities, where the latter is considered in a broad sense as “any individual or public initiatives, actions to create libraries and organize their work” and in professional terms as “the work of a librarian to form a network of libraries, library collections, other information resources and present them library users." The author characterizes research, scientific and methodological work, and library and bibliographic education as auxiliary areas of library activity. The encyclopedia also has a definition of the concept of “library work”, which refers to the term “library activity”, repeating information about the types of activities and processes set out in the article by I.V. Lukashova, and additionally considering library work as library work.
An analysis of the literature indicates that, despite the presence of a significant number of works on individual types and aspects of library activity, there is no research into it as a whole. The history of library science has developed in such a way that there is a huge interest in general theoretical issues of activity in psychology (especially in the 1960-1970s), philosophy (1980s), a reflection of this interest in bibliographic science (monograph by M.G. Vokhrysheva “Bibliographic activity : structure and efficiency (1989), N.A. Slyadneva “Bibliography in the system of the Universe of human activity: experience of system-activity analysis” (1993)), did not find a response in library science. Library science, in a general theoretical sense, focused on objects documents, readers, common to this science and related sciences (let’s call this direction of research the elemental, or object, approach), and studied activity characteristics at the level of specific disciplines the formation of a library collection, analytical and synthetic processing of documents , reader services (previously the term “work with readers” was used), library management (now library management), library work with children, library services for the disabled, etc.
How does library activity differ from other types of activity? This question was not raised theoretically. In 1995 V.P. Leonov tried to present all library processes in one work (the so-called process approach in library science), but their common features and differences were not identified, moreover, the process is not identical to activity, which will be discussed below.
Meanwhile, a holistic vision of library activities is of great importance for the profession. It allows you to get a general idea of the library profession, makes it possible to identify it and distinguish what is another type of activity. Today this is relevant primarily because new types of activities arise in libraries related to automation and the introduction of modern information technologies. A holistic vision of library activities is necessary to manage the diversity of its types, organizational structures, develop their classification, and answer the question of maintaining or changing the essence of this activity in connection with technological and sociocultural changes. Thus, a holistic view of library activities can act as a method for assessing the future of the library.
An analysis of library and information activities as a whole is also necessary because the state educational standard specifies the specialty “Library and information activities,” but this concept is not disclosed.
The methodological basis of this work is the system-activity approach, which is most adequate when studying the structure of activity and the interrelations of its elements. This refers to different views on the activity approach, which was formed in the second half of the twentieth century. , and his criticism. So, unlike psychologists L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontyeva, S.L. Rubinshteina, G.P. Shchedrovitsky emphasized that “in the real world... activity and action can and should exist only together with thinking and communication. Hence... the expression “mental activity”, which... should replace and supplant the expression “activity” both in research and in practical organization.” One cannot but agree that activity exists together with thinking and communication, but for the purposes of studying the structure and elements of specific activity, in a number of cases it is necessary to abstract from this. P.G. Shchedrovitsky, in contrast to the psychological view of activity, drew attention to the fact that “human social activity should be considered not as an attribute of an individual person, but as an initial universal integrity, much broader than the “people” themselves... Every person, when he is born , is faced with an already established activity that is continuously taking place around him and next to him...” This book takes into account the psychological approach to activity and at the same time it is considered not as an attribute of an individual person, but as an attribute of a certain professional group, i.e. as a professional activity that is included in universal human activity through goals, norms, means, technology, operating conditions.
An evolutionary approach is also used here, which allows “to study social evolution from the point of view of the historical sequence of development, in which later achievements depend on earlier ones,” and the purpose of which, according to B.A. Semyonovker, “to establish the emergence of a new phenomenon and the path of its development up to the present time.” The evolutionary approach also allows us to overcome the lack of “psychological theories of S.L. Rubinstein and A.N. Leontyev”, in which, according to V.S. Lazarev, “the activity is not defined as developing,” and this makes it possible to trace changes in the elements of library and information activities.
When analyzing the evolution of library and information activities as a self-developing system and its organization, a synergetic approach associated with a systems approach is used. The comparative research method, methods of terminological analysis, and elements of organization theory are also used.
The use of a system-activity approach made it possible to consider the elements of library and information activities and their types in a separate library and the organizational structure of library and information activities in the library industry, its place in the system of other types of activities. Analysis of the types and subtypes of library and information activities and their comparison with other types of human activity makes it possible to see their commonality, the universality of a number of subtypes of library and information activities. In this regard, N. Wiener’s statement is interesting: “... every organism is held together by the presence of means of acquiring, using, storing and transmitting information.” That is why there is a need for information, and in particular, library and information activities in any institution. Therefore, Yu.N. is right. Stolyarov, who formulated the law that “the library is an obligatory component of any social institution that has specialized documented knowledge.”
Let us analyze the basic terms associated with the concept of “library and information activities”.
The term "traditional" in relation to library and information activities refers to activities associated with handwritten and printed documents.
Let us consider the relationship between the concepts of “library science” and “library activity”, “library technology”, “library process” as the most important categories of library science.
The terminological dictionary “Librarianship” (1997) gives definitions of the three named terms.
Library science is defined as “a branch of information, cultural, educational and educational activities, including the creation and development of a network of libraries, the formation and use of their funds, the organization of library, information and reference bibliographic services to the population, the training of library personnel, scientific and methodological support for the work of libraries” . In the “Library Encyclopedia” (2007) in the article by Yu.A. Grikhanov defines librarianship as a branch of professional activity that ensures the creation and development of libraries as a social system, the main goals of which are the preservation and transmission to new generations of the intellectual achievements of mankind, reflected in the document (information) flow and the organization of public use of document (information) resources of libraries. The author of the article includes library networks, library collections, library personnel, the system of library services to the population, library management, research and scientific and methodological work as the main components of library science. In this part Yu.A. Grikhanov completely repeats the content of the text from the definition of librarianship given in the terminological dictionary. If we compare the definitions of “library science” and “library activity” (according to the most complete article by I.V. Lukashov), then there are noticeable intersections in terms of the formation of a network, library collection, service, research, scientific and methodological work, training of library personnel, which the dictionary and encyclopedia refer to librarianship, and I.V. Lukashov to library activities.
GOST 7.0-99 “Information and library activities, bibliography. Terms and definitions” librarianship is defined as “the field of activity in organizing library services.”
In the textbook V.V. Skvortsov “General Library Science” (in 2 parts, 1996-1997) the term “library science” is defined as “an area of professional work, the purpose of which is to satisfy the information needs of society with the help of information resources concentrated in libraries, as well as a set of libraries operating in one or another territory. In the legal sense, librarianship is a branch of information, cultural, educational and educational activities, the tasks of which are the creation and development of a network of libraries, the formation and processing of their funds, the organization of library, information and reference bibliographic services to library users, the training of library workers, scientific and methodological support for the development of libraries. Librarianship is a field of research and applications of library science."
V.V. Skvortsov expands the concept of “library science”, combining to a certain extent the definitions of “library science” and “library activity” from the terminological dictionary.
Without specifically considering the term “library activity,” the author, however, when revealing the object of library science, names the elements of this activity: the subject of labor, the subject of labor, the intermediary of labor.
A somewhat broader idea of library activities (without using this term) is given in § 2.2.2.2 of the second part of N.S.’s textbook. Kartashov “General Theory of Librarianship”, which examines the “process of library activity”. The author characterizes this process as the activity of creating library services and products, as a single process, including main and auxiliary (supporting) and management activities. N.S. Kartashov includes library activities in librarianship and distinguishes three types of activities.
The analysis shows that in library science, when using the terms “library science” and “library activity,” there is no clarity regarding the relationship between the content of these concepts.
What is the difference between the concepts under consideration?
The term “library science” arose long before the term “library activity”. Let us note that the latter appeared in the terminological dictionary of 1997, but was not yet in the dictionary of 1986.
The term “library science” was formed similarly to the terms “book science” and “mining” when there was a need to find a general concept to express a variety of problems related to libraries. It is no coincidence that the materials of the library congress (1911) were called “Proceedings of the First All-Russian Congress on Library Science,” and A.R. Voynich-Syanozhentsky called his report at this congress “Library science as a special independent specialty and librarians as a separate group among other specialists.” Even earlier, at the end of the 19th century, a book by E.V. Balobanova “Library Science”.
Materials on librarianship at the First Library Congress included a wide range of issues: about different types of libraries, their problems, organization of a network of libraries, professional training of librarians, library press, i.e., in modern terms, they covered the work (activities) of libraries and the entire infrastructure, associated with this activity. This meaning of the concept has largely been preserved to this day. It is no coincidence that the word “industry” is used when defining it.
Library science, in my opinion, is a branch of culture and information, including a system of libraries, library collections, other information, intellectual, material and technical resources of libraries, infrastructure (library science, special educational institutions, library printing). It may be advisable to replace the term “library science” with the term “library industry”. S.A. Basov proposes, as a replacement for the terms “library” and “library science,” to use the concept that, in his opinion, generalizes, “library social institution.” It includes practice, education, science, communications, management. However, in professional literature the library itself is understood as a social institution (for example, according to N.V. Zhadko, Yu.P. Melentyeva), and at the same time it is also considered as an institution (“Library Encyclopedia”, p. 139). It seems that using the concept “library” in two meanings is quite acceptable. But if you accept S.A.’s offer. Basov, the concept of “library” as an institution will be difficult to substantiate.
For this study, it is important that the concept of “library science” is not synonymous with the concept of “library activity”; it is much broader. “Library activity” will be preliminarily defined as a complex of different types of work that ensures that the library (as an institution) fulfills its main functions and mission to society.
The concept of “function,” according to the “Concise Philosophical Encyclopedia” (1994), is defined by the meanings duty, range of activity. The concept of “mission” comes from a Latin word translated as “to send.” According to S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, the concept of “mission” has many meanings, among which the most suitable for defining the mission of a library is “responsible task, assignment.”
The mission of the library is a responsible task, an “assignment” to the library as a social institution given by society. It seems that each specific society existing at a specific time gives a “commission” to the library. Therefore, at different times and in different societies, the library may have a special mission.
At the same time, the library (as an institution not only social, but also sociocultural) has a mission determined by the nature of the development of civilization (civilizational mission). Through this mission, the library is connected both with the situation of a particular society and with the world cultural process as a whole; it reflects the stages of the spiritual quest of humanity. So, in the 19th century. first half of the 20th century. the library's mission was to educate broad sections of the people (the beginning of this period can be considered the Renaissance). The librarian considered himself an educator.
Scientific, technical, environmental, cultural changes, global crisis phenomena of the 20th century. led to a change in the library's mission. Anti-totalitarian ideas, ideas of intellectual freedom determined the new civilizational mission of the library ensuring free access for users to the world's information resources (“information for all”). The formulation “mission of the library” was brought into librarianship from the non-library environment. Today, the librarian is increasingly aware of himself as a mediator in the world of information, contributing to the humanization of this world.
Now we will try to identify the relationship between the concepts of “library activity” and “library technology”.
In the terminological dictionary "Library Science" the concept of "library technology" is defined as "a set of library processes and operations, as well as techniques, methods and means of their implementation, aimed at creating and preserving library products and performing library services." The relationship between the concepts of “library activity” and “library technology” is not shown in the dictionary. In the article by E.G. Astapovich in the “Library Encyclopedia” library technology is considered as a complex of technological processes aimed at implementing the tasks of library activities, as well as the methodology of library and information production, modern knowledge about the essence of library technological processes, patterns and principles of their development. The article emphasizes that library technology is a way to streamline the system of organizing library activities and the social development of the library. From this definition it follows that library activity sets the tasks of library technology, that this concept is broader than “library technology”.
V.P. Leonov in the book “Library and bibliographic processes in the system of scientific communications” understands library and bibliographic activity “not as a set of fixed objects and objects, but as a set of processes.” He includes processes in the structure of library activities, i.e., in his opinion, the concept of “library activity” is broader than the concept of “library process”, which can be correlated with the concept of “library technology”, although the latter is not used in the book, but the processes are separated into constituent elements and substages.
In the works of I.S. Pilko “Library technology: a general course”, “Information and library technologies: a textbook” (2006) and her doctoral dissertation, the concept of “library activity” is seen as broader than “library technology”.
In this work, the concept of “library activity” is also considered as a broader concept than “library technology” (the relationship between these concepts will be discussed in more depth below). In addition, library activity is presented here as a type of information activity and is therefore called “library and information activity.”
Sup>8 Grigoryan, G. G. Reflections on museum work in the Old House on New Square. Publications and speeches (1988-2005) / G. G. Grigoryan. M.: MGF “Knowledge”, 2005. P. 253.
9 Stolyarov, Yu. N. What is a library? (about its essence and initial functions) / Yu. N. Stolyarov // Stolyarov, Yu. N. Library Science. Favorites. 19602000. M.: Pashkov House, 2001. P. 264.
10 See chronological parts (non-literate society, handwritten information, printed information, technogenic information) in the book: Semenovker, B. A. Evolution of information activity: Non-literate society / B. A. Semenovker; Ross. state b-ka. M.: Pashkov House, 2007. P. 12.
11 Librarianship: terminal. dictionary / Russian state b-ka. M., 1997. P. 22.
12 GOST 7.0-99 “Information and library activities, bibliography. Terms and Definitions". P. 3.
13 Kartashov, N. S. General library science: textbook / N. S. Kartashov, V. V. Skvortsov. Part 1. M., 1996. P. 78.
14 Ibid. P. 27.
15 Kartashov, N. S. General library science: textbook / N. S. Kartashov, V. V. Skvortsov. Part 2. M., 1997. P. 2930.
16 Basov, S. A. Library and democracy: first introduction to the problem / S. A. Basov; [Petersburg. bib. o-vo]. St. Petersburg, 2006. P. 1416.
17 Librarianship: terminal. dictionary / Russian state b-ka. M., 1997. P. 21.
18 Leonov, V. P. Library and bibliographic processes in the system of scientific communications / V. P. Leonov; Ross. acad. Sciences, B-ka Ros. acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1995. P. 56.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Tambov State University named after. G.R.Derzhavina
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION ACTIVITIES
Collection of training programs and teaching materials
specialty 071201
Tambov - 2005
Approved by the Department of Library and Information Activities of Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin on April 7, 2005, protocol No. 5
Editor-compiler: Borisov B.V., candidate of pedagogical sciences, professor
Reviewers: Skvortsov V.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor
Marcheva O.B., candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor
| Introduction | |
| General professional disciplines | |
| Computer science | |
| Social communications | |
| Documentation | |
| General library science | |
| General bibliographic science | |
| Analytical and synthetic processing of information | |
| Information Technology | |
| Special disciplines | |
| Qualification “Referent-analyst of information resources” | |
| Informational resources | |
| Information and analytical technologies | |
| Text analytics | |
| Information and analytical products and services | |
| Organization of information and analytical activities | |
| Intelligent information systems | |
| Qualification "Information Resources Manager" | |
| Management of library and information activities | |
| Marketing of library and information activities | |
| Library Management | |
| Economics of library and information activities | |
| Innovative and methodological work of libraries | |
| Documentation support for management | |
| Practice | |
| Final state certification |
INTRODUCTION
Specialty 071201 “Library and Information Activities” was approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No. 181 dated January 24, 2002 and, in accordance with the “All-Russian Classifier of Educational Specialties” (OK 009-2003), is included in the enlarged group of specialties 070000 “Culture and Art” in direction 071200 “Library and information resources”.
The state educational standard for higher professional education in specialty 071201 “Library and information activities” was approved on February 13, 2003 and is a second generation standard. Of the four qualifications offered by the standard at Tambov State University. G.R. Derzhavin are implementing two:
Referent-analyst of information resources;
Information resources manager.
Qualification characteristics of graduates depend on the chosen qualification.
Qualification “Referent-analyst of information resources”.
The area of professional activity of the reviewer-analyst as a certified specialist of the highest qualification is information and bibliographic science and practice.
The main areas of application of the reviewer-analyst are information centers, specialized libraries or information and analytical departments for various purposes, government bodies, law enforcement agencies, economic, banking, tax institutions, educational institutions, public organizations, associations and unions, enterprises of various legal forms, in various sectors of the country's economy.
The main objects of a graduate's professional activity are document and information resources of society, various groups of information consumers.
The main tasks of the professional activity of a reviewer-analyst are to assess the current state and identify trends in the development of an object based on the analysis and synthesis of known information about the object, the creation of information products and services of an analytical nature.
The main types of professional activity of the graduate are analytical and synthetic processing of information, creation and maintenance of databases, information modeling of objects, information support of professional activity processes, management of information resources of various institutions.
Production and practical, including management,
Methodical,
Expert consulting,
Research.
Qualification "Information resources manager".
The area of professional activity of the graduate as a certified specialist of the highest qualification is the theory and practice of managing library and information activities.
The main objects of professional activity of the graduate are management of information and library services; acquisition and organization of funds, bibliographic activities of libraries; structural divisions and library staff.
The main tasks of the professional activity of an information resources manager are strategic, tactical and operational management of personnel, structural divisions of a library and information institution and areas of library and information work.
A graduate, in accordance with general professional and special training, can carry out professional activities in the following main areas:
Production and practical, including management;
Expert-consulting;
Research.
Graduates of both qualifications are prepared to continue their education in graduate school in the specialty 05.25.03 “library science, bibliography and bibliology.”
This collection includes training programs for disciplines of the federal component of the general professional (GP) and special (SD) cycles of disciplines, practice programs and the structure of the final state certification.
The program of each academic discipline includes the following sections:
Organizational and methodological section;
Distribution of course hours by topics and types of work;
Final control form;
Educational and methodological support for the course.
GENERAL PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINES
OPD.F.01 INFORMATICS
I. Organizational and methodological section
1.1 The purpose of the course is to familiarize yourself with the basic concepts of the information society and master new information technologies.
1.2 Course objectives:
Get acquainted with the basic concepts of computer science;
Study the theoretical foundations of modern computer technologies;
Master new information technologies based on the use of computer technology.
1.3 Place of the course in the graduate’s professional training.
The course belongs to the cycle of general professional disciplines of the federal component.
1.4 Requirements for the level of mastery of the course content.
The student must know:
Basic concepts of computer science;
History of the development of information technology;
Current state of information technology.
The student must be able to:
Use modern information technologies;
Apply computer technologies in practical activities.
II . Course content
1. Course Sections
Section 1. Basic concepts in computer science
Section 2. Technical basis of informatization
Section 3. Software
2. Topics and summary
Section 1. Basic concepts in computer science
Topic 1. Information
Types of information, its properties, measurement of information, coding of information. Signals, data, number systems, units of information.
Topic 2. Informatization
Information society. Informatization processes. Creation of information infrastructure. Improving the information culture of society members.
Topic 3. Information systems
Structure, life cycle, principles of functioning of information systems. Classification of information systems. Information retrieval languages. Indexing systems.
Topic 4. Information processing
