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Information technologies in education. The role of the latest information technologies in modern science. Features of computerization of scientific knowledge

2) A certain set of tools - technical devices, equipment, laboratory equipment, etc. – used in scientific activities. Currently, this component of science is acquiring great importance. The degree of equipment of scientific work determines the degree of its effectiveness.

3) The set of methods used to obtain knowledge.

4) A special way of organizing scientific activity. Science is, in modern conditions, a very complex social institution, which includes three main components: research (production of new knowledge); applications (bringing new knowledge to its practical use); training of scientific personnel. All these components of science are organized in the form of relevant institutions: universities, institutes, academies, research institutes, design bureaus, laboratories, etc.

Thus, each scientist, starting scientific research, receives at his disposal the factual material accumulated during the development of his scientific field - the results of observations and experiments; results of generalization of factual material, expressed in relevant theories, laws and principles; scientific assumptions based on facts, hypotheses that need further testing; general theoretical, philosophical interpretation of principles and laws discovered by science; worldview; appropriate methodology and technical equipment. All these sides and facets of science exist in close connection with each other.

1.3 The role of information technology in science and education

At the present stage of development of society, information technologies (IT) are beginning to play an increasingly important role, mediating and shaping the interaction of people, receiving and exchanging information. The scientific literature highlights the main characteristics of information technologies, among which the following can be noted: the transfer of information in a short time to different points - storage of a large amount of information, its transmission to any distance in a limited time, the possibility of interactive communications and integration with other software products.

The sphere of science and education has undergone a significant introduction of information technology into the process of its activities. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become a widespread practice in both schools and higher education institutions. Personal computers, interactive whiteboards, and online learning are elements of a common, unified, global network. Information technologies in science and education contribute to the automation and efficiency of the educational and cognitive process by accelerating the processing and transmission of information and the implementation of labor-intensive tasks.

One can also find a number of similarities in the field of scientific activity and education, the automation of which through the use of new information technologies significantly speeds up the educational process. Recently, the amount of scientific and educational information has increased significantly in volume. Storing such information in paper form seems to be a difficult task and is also environmentally unsafe, while information technology is a convenient way that reduces the cost of natural resources and facilitates the convenience of storing scientific and educational information. The collection and processing of information, large amounts of data thanks to information technology is also automated, facilitated by Internet search programs, the latest developed software packages for information processing, databases in libraries and many other information technologies that reduce the labor intensity of working with information for both the humanities and technical specialties. When preparing scientific papers in the field of natural sciences, there is no need to make calculations manually; mathematical, chemical and other formulas containing several stages of calculations are solved much faster thanks to engineering programs, as well as through the use of specialized information editors (MathCad). Visualization of scientific data is possible thanks to graphic editors, among which are CorelDRAW, mathematical modeling is implemented using the AutoCAD program, the transfer of educational documents is simplified through the use of printers, scanners, and the Adobe software package is actively used in the editing of documents and photographic images, as well as in their recognition. The leaders in use are FineReader and Adobe Photoshop.

Ever-increasing amounts of scientific and technical information are freely available. However, education and training are required to know how to access this information and how to use it effectively to realize the potential benefits it can provide for the benefit of society as a whole.

At the same time, IT is essential to scientific research itself: it enables scientists to carry out basic and applied research, collaborate and form scientific international consortia, conduct experiments, collate data, coordinate laboratory activities and share results with colleagues and the public. The information, digital world is both the result of scientific activity and the main factor for further research and educational activities. Information technologies largely determine what future knowledge about the world will be like, how it will be created and used 10.

In scientific activities, information technologies help to accelerate both theoretical developments and applied research. In the theoretical aspect, information technologies are necessary for:

    Data analysis and mathematical calculations, compiling spreadsheets (Excel, Statistica, SPSS);

    Graphic modeling;

    Automated translation (PROMT);

    Text recognising;

    Decision systems.

At the stage of processing the results of scientific research, the greatest use is made of software that allows performing mathematical calculations using probability theory, error theory, mathematical statistics, vector and raster image analysis, significantly simplifying the research process and making its results more accurate and clearly presented in the form of diagrams, infographics and other tools.

Processing of research information, which is most often presented in tabular form, is also very effectively performed using spreadsheet processors. Spreadsheets are used at all stages of the study.

Public presentation of the work done is an integral part of the learning process, which is facilitated by presentations and presentations. Information technologies help prepare illustrative material, as well as qualitatively improve both the process and the result of preparation. It is impossible to overestimate new information and technical capabilities in the educational process.

The student is assigned a key role in the educational-cognitive process, while the task of education is to master the necessary information on the discipline being studied, the subject of training. However, it is necessary not only to provide information, but also to ensure its memorization and develop the skill of using the received material in everyday practice, which is significantly facilitated by information technology. The two main ways of acquiring knowledge are declarative and procedural. In the first case, computer textbooks, tests, testing programs, educational audio materials and videos are used, in the second case - simulation models, game programs for students.

For teachers, IT in education can be used to resolve issues of preparing lecture material, electronic textbooks, creating information and methodological support for the courses being studied, preparing demonstration tools to support classes, and automating testing of students' knowledge.

The currently existing means of computer and telecommunication technologies in the field of education make it possible to implement almost the entire training cycle from lectures to assessments. The use of computer technology in education makes it possible to improve the quality of education, create new teaching tools, means of effective interaction between teacher and student, and accelerate the transfer of knowledge. The use of educational IT is an effective method for systems of self-education, continuing education, as well as for systems of advanced training and retraining of personnel. The main advantages that the use of IT in education provides over traditional learning are as follows.

  • General

    General

    The course "Computer technologies in science and education" is intended for master's students in the direction 020100.68 Chemistry. Upon completion of the course, skills should be developed in using modern methods of searching and processing scientific information using specialized software and Internet resources, as well as using computer technologies in the pedagogical process.

  • Information and society

    Information and society

  • Computer networks. Classification and topologies

    Classification and topologies of computer networks

    The concept of a computer network. Classification of networks by area covered

    Computer network(computer network, data network) - a communication system between computers and/or computer equipment (servers, routers and other equipment). Various physical phenomena can be used to transmit information, usually various types of electrical signals or electromagnetic radiation.

    Based on the size of the area covered, networks are divided into the following:

    • Personal Area Network (PAN)
    • Local network (LAN, Local Area Network)
    • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
    • Wide Area Network (WAN)

    a) Personal network(English Personal Area Network, PAN) is a network built “around” a person. These networks are designed to unite all the user’s personal electronic devices (phones, pocket personal computers, smartphones, laptops, headsets, etc.). The standards for such networks currently include Bluetooth (Zigbee, Piconet).

    b) Local computing network(LAN, local network, slang local area network; English Local Area Network, LAN) - a computer network that usually covers a relatively small area or a small group of buildings (house, office, company, institute). There are also local networks, the nodes of which are geographically separated over distances of more than 12,500 km (space stations and orbital centers). Despite such distances, such networks are still classified as local.

    c) City computer network(Metropolitan area network, MAN) (from the English “network of a large city”) - unites computers within the city, is a network smaller in size than a WAN, but larger than a LAN.

    d) Wide Area Network, WAN (Wide Area Network, WAN) is a computer network covering large areas and including tens and hundreds of thousands of computers.

    Network topology

    All computers on the local network are connected by communication lines. The geometric location of communication lines relative to network nodes and the physical connection of nodes to the network is called physical topology. Depending on the topology, networks are distinguished: bus, ring, star, hierarchical and arbitrary structures.

    There are physical and logical topologies. Logical and physical network topologies are independent of each other. Physical topology is the geometry of the network, and logical topology determines the directions of data flows between network nodes and methods of data transmission.

    Currently, the following physical topologies are used in local networks:

    • physical "bus" (bus);
    • physical “star” (star);
    • physical “ring” (ring);
    • physical "star" and logical "ring" (Token Ring).

    Bus topology

    Networks with a bus topology use a linear monochannel (coaxial cable) for data transmission, at the ends of which terminating resistors (terminators) are installed. Each computer is connected to a coaxial cable using a T-connector (T - connector). Data from the transmitting network node is transmitted along the bus in both directions, reflected from the terminal terminators. Terminators prevent signals from being reflected, i.e. are used to cancel signals that reach the ends of a data link. Thus, information arrives at all nodes, but is received only by the node to which it is intended. In a logical bus topology, the data transmission medium is shared and simultaneously by all PCs on the network, and signals from the PCs are distributed simultaneously in all directions along the transmission medium. Since the transmission of signals in the topology, the physical bus is broadcast, i.e. signals propagate simultaneously in all directions, then the logical topology of this local network is a logical bus.

    Figure 1 – Bus-type network topology

    This topology is used in local networks with Ethernet architecture (classes 10Base-5 and 10Base-2 for thick and thin coaxial cable, respectively).

    Advantages of bus topology networks:

    • the failure of one of the nodes does not affect the operation of the network as a whole;
    • the network is easy to set up and configure;
    • The network is resistant to failures of individual nodes.

    Disadvantages of bus topology networks:

    • a cable break can affect the operation of the entire network;
    • limited cable length and number of workstations;
    • difficult to identify connection defects

    Star topology

    In a network built using a star topology, each workstation is connected by a cable (twisted pair) to a hub or hub. The hub provides a parallel connection between PCs and thus all computers connected to the network can communicate with each other.

    Figure 2 – Star network topology

    Data from the network transmitting station is transmitted through the hub along all communication lines to all PCs. Information arrives at all workstations, but is received only by those stations for which it is intended. Since signal transmission in the physical star topology is broadcast, i.e. Since signals from the PC propagate simultaneously in all directions, the logical topology of this local network is a logical bus.

    This topology is used in local networks with 10Base-T Ethernet architecture.

    Advantages of star topology networks:

    • easy to connect a new PC;
    • there is the possibility of centralized management;
    • The network is resistant to failures of individual PCs and to interruptions in the connection of individual PCs.

    Disadvantages of star topology networks:

    • hub failure affects the operation of the entire network;
    • high cable consumption;

    Ring topology

    In a network with a ring topology, all nodes are connected by communication channels into a continuous ring (not necessarily a circle) through which data is transmitted. The output of one PC is connected to the input of another PC. Having started the movement from one point, the data ultimately ends up at its beginning. Data in a ring always moves in the same direction.

    Figure 3 – Ring network topology

    The receiving workstation recognizes and receives only the message addressed to it. A network with a physical ring topology uses token access, which grants a station the right to use the ring in a specific order. The logical topology of this network is a logical ring.

    This network is very easy to create and configure. The main disadvantage of ring topology networks is that damage to the communication line in one place or PC failure leads to the inoperability of the entire network.

    As a rule, the “ring” topology is not used in its pure form due to its unreliability, therefore, in practice, various modifications of the ring topology are used.

    Token Ring Topology

    This topology is based on the star physical ring topology. In this topology, all workstations are connected to a central hub (Token Ring) like a physical star topology. A central hub is an intelligent device that, using jumpers, provides a serial connection between the output of one station and the input of another station.

    In other words, with the help of a hub, each station is connected to only two other stations (previous and subsequent stations). Thus, workstations are connected by a cable loop through which data packets are transmitted from one station to another and each station relays these sent packets. Each workstation has a transceiver device for this purpose, which allows you to control the passage of data in the network. Physically, such a network is built according to the “star” type of topology.

    The hub creates a primary (main) and backup ring. If a break occurs in the main ring, it can be bypassed by using the backup ring, since a four-core cable is used. A failure of a station or a break in the communication line of a workstation will not result in a network failure as in a ring topology, because the hub will disconnect the faulty station and close the data transmission ring.

    Figure 4 – Token Ring network topology

    In a Token Ring architecture, a token is passed from node to node along a logical ring created by a central hub. Such token transmission is carried out in a fixed direction (the direction of movement of the token and data packets is represented in the figure by blue arrows). A station holding a token can send data to another station.

    To transmit data, workstations must first wait for a free token to arrive. The token contains the address of the station that sent the token, as well as the address of the station to which it is intended. After this, the sender passes the token to the next station in the network so that it can send its data.

    One of the network nodes (usually a file server is used for this) creates a token that is sent to the network ring. This node acts as an active monitor that ensures that the marker is not lost or destroyed.

    Advantages of Token Ring topology networks:

    • the topology provides equal access to all workstations;
    • high reliability, since the network is resistant to failures of individual stations and to interruptions in the connection of individual stations.

    Disadvantages of Token Ring topology networks: high cable consumption and, accordingly, expensive wiring of communication lines.

    Physical transmission medium

    Historically, the first Ethernet technology networks were created on coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.5 inches. Subsequently, other physical layer specifications for the Ethernet standard were defined, allowing the use of various data transmission media as a common bus. The CSMA/CD access method and all Ethernet timing parameters remain the same for any physical media specification.

    The physical specifications of Ethernet technology today include the following data transmission media:

    10Base-5- coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.5 inches, called "thick" coax. Has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms. The maximum segment length is 500 meters (without repeaters).

    10Base-2- coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.25 inches, called "thin" coax. Has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms. The maximum segment length is 185 meters (without repeaters).

    10Base-T- cable based on unshielded twisted pair (Unshielded Twisted Pair, UTP). Forms a star topology with a hub. The distance between the hub and the end node is no more than 100 m.

    10Base-F- fiber optic cable. The topology is similar to the twisted pair standard. There are several variants of this specification - FOIRL, 10Base-FL, 10Base-FB.

    The number 10 denotes the bit rate of these standards - 10 Mb/s, and the word Base - the method of transmission on a single base frequency of 10 MHz (as opposed to standards that use several carrier frequencies, which are called broadband).

    Network protocols and their structure

    Let's start with the fact that a protocol is simply an established “language” for programs to communicate. In general, what is data forwarding? A sequence of "bits" - zeros or ones - is sent along the cable. But why does this stream reach the target computer and what is it going to do with this stream? Naturally, there must be some rules for generating data, and these rules are described by standard protocols.

    About protocols it is also usually said that there are layers of nesting of network protocols. What does this mean? Firstly, there is the so-called physical level. This is just a list of definitions of what the network cable should be, the thickness of the cores, and so on. Let's say now the cable is working. Then data packets can be sent over it. But which computer will accept the packet? The so-called link layer is used here - the packet header indicates the physical address of the computer - a certain number hardwired into the network card (not an IP address, but a MAC address).

    Figure 1 – Package structure

    Data Link Layer = Ethernet Layer. As you can see, the packet contains some Ethertype parameter that specifies the type of the packet. The data itself depends on this type, and its content is already at the network layer. The two most common protocols are: ARP, which is responsible for converting IP addresses to MAC addresses; and the most significant protocol is IP. Here is the structure of an IP packet (details of the “Data” field in the previous figure)

    Figure 2 – Details of the “Data” package

    All data transferred over IP is already sent to a specific IP address (this does not interfere with sending broadcast requests to all computers on the local network - just specify a special IP address, for example, 192.168.255.255). The IP protocol also has variations - a number indicating the protocol type is transmitted in the packet in a prescribed format. For example, one type of protocol subordinate to IP is ICMP, which is used by the ping command to check whether a computer is responding.

    But the most common are the following two types: TCP - Transmission Control Protocol and UDP - universal datagram protocol (by the way, we have already risen to the transport level). The difference between these protocols is this: the TCP protocol is said to be “reliable,” that is, during the data exchange process, a constant check is made: did the packet reach the target? But the UDP protocol does not provide for any control - they sent a datagram and forgot about it. When is this needed? Very simple, for example, when listening to Internet radio. If there was a failure and the packet did not reach you on time, it is no longer needed - interference just slipped through - and you listen further. Here is the structure of a TCP packet (details of the “data” field from the previous figure).

    Figure 3 – Details of the “Data” field

    As we can see, the packet indicates the port number to which the packet was sent. Typically, the port number determines the type of protocol at the application level - which application this data is sent to. However, nothing prohibits the use of non-standard ports for your services - it will simply be less convenient for users. The most well-known protocols are http (browsing pages on the Internet), pop3 (receiving mail). In order not to repeat myself, I will refer you to the list of standard ports. The data itself received by the application is embedded in a TCP packet (the “data” field).

    Thus, we have obtained a kind of hierarchy of nesting of packages. An Ethernet packet contains an IP packet, a TPC or UDP packet, and inside it is data intended for a specific application.

  • Information technologies in scientific activities

    The fruitful development of pedagogical science can only occur under the condition of a creative rethinking of the theoretical and practical experience accumulated by it, i.e. in the process of research activities. It is known that research is based primarily on specific facts that can only be obtained through experiments. The current trend in the field of research is to increase the quality and quantity of analysis of information received during research.

    The rapidly developing process of informatization of all spheres of society makes it possible to raise the organization and quality of research work to a new level.

    We can conditionally highlight five stages of constructing a research logic.

    The first stage is the accumulation of knowledge and facts:

    - choosing a problem and research topic,

    Justification of its relevance and level of development;

    Familiarization with the theory and history of the issue and the study of scientific achievements in this and related fields;

    Studying the practical experience of educational institutions and the best teachers;

    Definition of the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the study.

    To review the state of the problem under consideration, a young scientist usually went to the library and there searched the literature on the issue of interest. Often, finding articles (and even more so, conference proceedings) on the required topic in the collections of large libraries is not an easy task, it is labor-intensive and does not always give the desired result.

    Studying the available literature makes it possible to find out which aspects of the problem have already been sufficiently studied, which scientific discussions are ongoing, what is outdated, and which issues have not yet been studied. At this stage, we see several possibilities for using information technology:

    1. for literature search:

    a) in the electronic catalog of the real university library, as well as ordering literature through the internal network of libraries;

    b) on the Internet using browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, etc., various search engines (Yandex.ru, Rambler.ru, Mail.ru, Aport.ru, Google.ru, Metabot.ru, Search.com, Yahoo .com, Lycos.com, etc.).

    Today, electronic versions of many Russian newspapers and magazines devoted to issues of upbringing and education, a database of abstracts, dissertations, coursework and diploma works, encyclopedias, electronic explanatory dictionaries, virtual textbooks on some subjects of higher education for full-time and distance learning are available via the Internet from Russian-language resources. form of education, information about some important events and activities in the field of pedagogical science and education. Electronic libraries are of interest, such as the Russian State Library www.rsl.ru, Electronic Library of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences www.philosophy.ru/library, Scientific Electronic Library www.elibrary.ru, as well as book search systems in electronic libraries www.gpntb .ru, www.sigla.ru. The Internet also provides an opportunity for communication and exchange of opinions among researchers on forums, such as the Youth Scientific Forum www.mno.ru/forum.

    2. for working with literature during:

    Compiling a bibliography - compiling a list of sources selected for work in connection with the problem under study;

    Abstracting - a condensed presentation of the main content of the work;

    Note-taking - keeping more detailed records, the basis of which is highlighting the main ideas and provisions of the work;

    Annotations - a brief record of the general content of books or articles;

    Quotations are verbatim recordings of expressions, factual or numerical data contained in a literary source.

    Using the text editor MS Word, you can automate all of the above operations.

    3. for automatic text translation using translator programs (PROMT XT) using electronic dictionaries (Abby Lingvo 7.0.)

    4. storage and accumulation of information.

    A teacher-researcher can store and process large amounts of information using CDs, DVDs, external magnetic drives, Flash drives

    5. to plan the research process.

    The Microsoft Outlook management system allows you to store and timely provide information about the timing of an event, conference, meeting or business correspondence related to the study.

    6. communication with leading specialists.

    It is advisable to contact leading experts in the field of interest and learn about their new achievements. To do this, you need to familiarize yourself with their publications, know their place of work and address for correspondence. Information technologies used at this stage: the global Internet, e-mail, Internet search engines.

    The second stage is the stage of theoretical understanding of the facts:

    Selection of methodology - initial concept, supporting theoretical ideas, provisions;

    Constructing a research hypothesis;

    Selection of research methods and development of research methodology.

    The third stage is experimental work:

    Construction of a research hypothesis - a theoretical construct, the truth of which has to be proven;

    Organization and conduct of ascertaining experiment;

    Organizing and conducting a clarifying experiment;

    Testing the research hypothesis;

    Organization and conduct of a formative (control) experiment;

    Final testing of the research hypothesis;

    Formulation of research conclusions.

    Information technologies are used at this stage of research work to record information about the subject and to process the information received.

    Recording research data at its experimental stage, it is usually carried out in the form of a researcher’s work diary, observation protocols, photographs, film and video documents. Thanks to the development of multimedia technologies, a computer today can collect and store not only textual, but also graphic and audio information about research. For this purpose, digital photo and video cameras, microphones, as well as appropriate software for processing and reproducing graphics and sound are used:

    Universal Player (Microsoft Media Player);

    Audio players (WinAmp, Apollo);

    Video players (WinDVD, zplayer);

    Programs for viewing images (ACD See, PhotoShop, CorelDraw,);

    A program for creating diagrams, drawings, graphs (Visio), etc.

    To process quantitative data obtained during an experiment, mathematical research methods using statistical software packages are often used.

    It is also necessary to note the possibility of using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet editor for data processing. This editor allows you to enter research data into spreadsheets, create formulas, sort, filter, group data, and perform quick calculations on a table sheet using the “Function Wizard”. You can also perform statistical operations with tabular data if a data analysis package is connected to Microsoft Excel.

    The Microsoft Excel table editor, using the built-in chart wizard, also makes it possible to build various graphs and histograms based on the results of data processing, which can subsequently be used at other stages of the study.

    Thus, at the stage of collecting and processing research data, a computer today can be considered indispensable. It greatly facilitates the researcher’s work in recording, sorting, storing and processing large amounts of information obtained through experimentation, observation and other research methods. This allows the researcher to save time, avoid errors in calculations and draw objective and reliable conclusions from the experimental part of the work.

    The fourth stage is analysis and presentation of research results:

    Justification of final conclusions and practical recommendations;

    Scientific report, articles, teaching aids, monographs, books;

    Presentations on the research topic.

    At the stage of registration of research results in the form of a dissertation, for the preparation of scientific reports, articles, teaching aids, monographs, books on the topic of research, information technologies should also be actively used. In this case, the previously mentioned text editor can be used MicrosoftWord and table editor MicrosoftExcel. For processing graphic images and making posters, programs like PhotoShop.

    Fifth stage - promotion and implementation of research results:

    Speeches at departments, councils, seminars, scientific and practical conferences, symposiums, etc.;

    Publications in the media

    • publications on the Internet.

    For speaking at departments, councils, seminars, scientific and practical conferences, symposiums information technologies can be used as a means of presenting graphic and text information illustrating the report. In this case, you can use a program to create presentations and business graphics MicrosoftPowerPoint. Using the program MicrosoftPublisher it is possible to prepare and print handouts and illustrative materials for conference participants: brochures, newsletters, information sheets, etc.

    In addition, today there is opportunity publish articles and monographs in Internet using packages FrontPage, FlashMX, DreamWeaver to create Web pages. Publishing on the Internet is by far the fastest way to convey the latest information about the progress and results of research to interested parties.

    To summarize, we can say that the organization and conduct of not a single modern research today can do without the use of information technology. It is obvious that in the future, with the expansion of computer capabilities for processing information and the development of artificial intelligence, as well as new software, the computer will become not just a multifunctional research tool, but also an active participant in theoretical and experimental work. Perhaps he will be able to formalize and describe phenomena previously considered inaccessible to mathematical processing and analysis; will independently express hypotheses, make predictions and make suggestions during the course of the research.

  • Information technologies in education

    Educational information technologies- a set of methods and technical means of collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, and presenting information that expands people’s knowledge and develops their capabilities to manage technical and social processes.

    E.I. Mashbits and N.F. Talyzin consider educational information technology as a certain set of training programs of various types: from the simplest programs that provide knowledge control to training systems based on artificial intelligence.

    V.F. Sholokhovich proposes to define ITE from the point of view of its content as a branch of didactics that studies the systematically and consciously organized process of learning and knowledge acquisition, in which the means of informatization of education are used.

    A substantive analysis of the above definitions shows that currently there are two clearly expressed approaches to defining ITO. The first of them proposes to consider it as a didactic process, organized using a set of fundamentally new tools and methods of data processing (teaching methods) introduced (embedded) into learning systems, representing the purposeful creation, transmission, storage and display of information products (data, knowledge, ideas) at the lowest cost and in accordance with the patterns of cognitive activities of students. In the second case, we are talking about creating a certain technical learning environment in which the key place is occupied by the information technologies used.

    Thus, in the first case we are talking about information technologies in training (as the learning process), and in the second case about the use of information technologies in training (as the use of information tools in training).

    ITE should be understood as an application of IT to create new opportunities for the transfer and perception of knowledge, assessing the quality of training and comprehensive personal development.

    In scientific, methodological and popular literature, the term new information technologies (NIT) is often used. This is a fairly broad concept for various practical applications. The adjective “new” in this case emphasizes innovative, that is, fundamentally different from the previous direction of technical development. Their introduction is an innovative act in the sense that it radically changes the content of various types of activities in organizations, educational institutions, everyday life, etc.

    Using modern teaching tools and instrumental environments, it is possible to create beautifully designed software products that do not introduce anything new into the development of learning theory. In this case, we can only talk about automating certain aspects of the learning process, transferring information from paper to a computer version, etc.

    We can talk about new information technology for education only if:

    • it satisfies the basic principles of pedagogical technology (preliminary design, reproducibility, goal setting, integrity);
    • it solves problems that were not previously solved theoretically or practically in didactics;

    The means of preparing and transmitting information to the learner is computer and information technology.

    Table 1

    Information technologies used in higher education in Russia

    IT name

    English name

    abbreviation

    Electronic textbook

    electronic textbook

    Multimedia system

    multimedia system

    Expert system

    Computer-aided design system

    computer aided design
    system

    Electronic library catalog

    electronic library

    Data bank, database

    Local and distributed (global) computing systems

    Local and Wide area networks

    Email

    Electronic bulletin board

    Teleconferencing system

    Automated research management system

    Computer research system

    Automated organizational management system

    Management information system

    Desktop electronic typography

    dest-top publishing

    Thus, the above said, by information technology of education in professional training of specialists it is proposed to understand a system of general pedagogical, psychological, didactic, methodological procedures for the interaction of teachers and students, taking into account technical and human resources, aimed at the design and implementation of content, methods, forms and information means of training, adequate to the goals of education, the characteristics of future activities and the requirements for professionally important qualities of a specialist.

    ICT tools:

    Hardware:

    • Computer- universal information processing device
    • Printer- allows you to record on paper information found and created by students or a teacher for students. For many school applications, a color printer is necessary or desirable.
    • Projector- radically increases:
      • level of visibility in the teacher’s work,
      • opportunity for students to present their work to the whole class.
    • Telecommunications block(for rural schools - primarily satellite communications) - gives access to Russian and world information resources, allows for distance learning, and correspondence with other schools.
    • Devices for entering text information and manipulating screen objects - keyboard and mouse (and various devices for similar purposes), as well as handwriting input devices. Appropriate devices play a special role for students with motor problems, for example, with cerebral palsy.
    • Devices for recording (inputting) visual and audio information(scanner, camera, video camera, audio and video recorder) - make it possible to directly include information images of the surrounding world in the educational process
    • Data Logging Devices(sensors with interfaces) - significantly expand the class of physical, chemical, biological, environmental processes included in education while reducing educational time spent on routine data processing
    • Computer controlled devices- provide an opportunity for students of various ability levels to master the principles and technologies of automatic control
    • Intraclassroom and intraschool networks- allow more efficient use of available information, technical and time (human) resources, provide general access to the global information network
    • Audio Video means provide an effective communication environment for educational work and public events.

    Software:

    • General purpose and related to hardware (drivers, etc.) - make it possible to work with all types of information (see above).
    • Information sources- organized information arrays - encyclopedias on CD, information sites and Internet search engines, including those specialized for educational applications.
    • Virtual constructors- allow you to create visual and symbolic models of mathematical and physical reality and conduct experiments with these models.
    • Exercise equipment- allow you to practice automatic skills in working with information objects - entering text, operating with graphic objects on the screen, etc., written and oral communication in a language environment.
    • Test Environments- allow the design and use of automated tests in which the student receives a task completely or partially through a computer and the result of completing the task is also fully or partially assessed by the computer.
    • Comprehensive training packages(electronic textbooks) - combinations of software tools of the types listed above - most automating the educational process in its traditional forms, most labor-intensive to create (if a reasonable quality and level of usefulness is achieved), most limiting the independence of the teacher and student.
    • Management Information Systems- ensure the passage of information flows between all participants in the educational process - students, teachers, administration, parents, and the public.
    • Expert systems– a software system that uses the knowledge of an expert to effectively solve problems in any subject area.

Currently, the role of information technology in people's lives has increased significantly. Modern society has become involved in a general historical process called informatization. This process includes the accessibility of any citizen to sources of information, the penetration of information technologies into scientific, industrial, and public spheres, and a high level of information services. The processes occurring in connection with the informatization of society contribute not only to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the intellectualization of all types of human activity, but also to the creation of a qualitatively new information environment of society, ensuring the development of human creative potential.

One of the priority directions of the process of informatization of modern society is the informatization of education, which is a system of methods, processes and software and hardware integrated for the purpose of collecting, processing, storing, distributing and using information in the interests of its consumers. Therefore, a new education system is currently being formed in Russia, focused on entering the global information and educational space. This process is accompanied by significant changes in the pedagogical theory and practice of the educational process related to the introduction of adjustments to the content of teaching technologies, which must be adequate to modern technical capabilities and contribute to the student’s harmonious entry into the information society.

Analysis of the concept of “information technology” in education.Information technologies in education

Information technology (IT) of education is a pedagogical technology that uses special methods, software and hardware (cinema, audio and video equipment, computers, telecommunication networks) to work with information."

The goal of IT is the high-quality formation and use of information resources in accordance with the needs of the user. IT methods are data processing methods. IT tools include mathematical, technical, software, information, hardware and other tools.

IT methods

IT tools

IT is divided into two large groups: technologies with selective and full interactivity.

1) The first group includes all technologies that provide storage of information in a structured form. This includes banks and databases and knowledge, video text, teletext, the Internet, etc. These technologies operate in a selective interactive mode and significantly facilitate access to a huge amount of structured information. In this case, the user is only allowed to work with existing data without entering new ones.


2) The second group contains technologies that provide direct access to information stored in information networks or any media, which allows you to transfer, change and supplement it.

Technologies with selective interactivity

Technologies with full interactivity.

Information technologies should be classified primarily by their area of ​​application and the extent to which they use computers. There are such areas of application of information technologies as science, education, culture, economics, production, military affairs, etc. Based on the degree of use of computers in information technologies, computer and non-computer technologies are distinguished.

In the field of education, information technology is used to solve two main problems: teaching and management. Accordingly, a distinction is made between computer and non-computer teaching technologies, computer and non-computer technologies for education management. In teaching, information technologies can be used, firstly, to present educational information to students, and secondly, to monitor the success of its assimilation. From this point of view, informational; Technologies used in teaching are divided into two groups: technologies for presenting educational information and technologies for monitoring knowledge.

Non-computer information technologies for presenting educational information include paper, optotechnical, and electronic technologies. They differ from each other in the means of presenting educational information and are accordingly divided into paper, optical and electronic. Paper-based teaching aids include textbooks, educational and teaching aids; optical - epiprojectors, overhead projectors, graphic projectors, film projectors, laser pointers; to electronic televisions and laser disc players.

Computer information technologies for presenting educational information include:

Technologies using computer training programs;

Multimedia technologies;

Distance learning technologies.

Computer IT presentation of information

Modern computer technology can be classified as:

Personal computers are computing systems with resources entirely aimed at supporting the activities of one managerial employee. This is the most numerous class of computer technology, which includes IBM PC personal computers and computers compatible with them, as well as Macintosh personal computers. The intensive development of modern information technologies is due precisely to the widespread use since the early 1980s. personal computers that combine such qualities as relative cheapness and functionality that is broad enough for a non-professional user.

Corporate computers (sometimes called mini-computers or main frames) are computing systems that ensure the joint activities of a large number of intellectual workers in an organization or project using common information and computing resources. These are multi-user computing systems that have a central unit with high computing power and significant information resources, to which a large number of workstations with minimal equipment are connected (usually a keyboard, mouse positioning devices and, possibly, a printing device). Personal computers can also serve as workstations connected to the central unit of a corporate computer. The scope of use of corporate computers is to support management activities in large financial and industrial organizations. Organization of various information systems to serve a large number of users within one function (exchange and banking systems, booking and selling tickets to the public, etc.).

Supercomputers are computing systems with extreme characteristics of computing power and information resources and are used in the military and space fields, and fundamental scientific research, global weather forecasting. This classification is quite arbitrary, since the intensive development of electronic component technologies and the improvement of computer architecture, as well as their most important elements, lead to a blurring of the boundaries between computer technology.

The education system today has accumulated many different computer programs for educational purposes, created in educational institutions and centers of Russia. A considerable number of them are distinguished by their originality, high scientific and methodological level. Intelligent learning systems are a qualitatively new technology, the features of which are modeling of the learning process, the use of a dynamically developing knowledge base; automatic selection of a rational learning strategy for each student, automated recording of new information entering the database. Multimedia technologies (from the English multimedia - multi-component environment), which allows the use of text, graphics, video and animation in an interactive mode and thereby expands the scope of the use of computers in the educational process.

Virtual reality (from the English virtual reality - possible reality) is a new technology of non-contact information interaction that, using a multimedia environment, creates the illusion of real-time presence in a stereoscopically presented “screen world”. In such systems, the illusion of the user’s location among objects of the virtual world is continuously maintained. Instead of a conventional display, television monitor glasses are used, in which continuously changing events of the virtual world are reproduced. Control is carried out using a special device implemented in the form of an “information glove”, which determines the direction of the user’s movement relative to objects in the virtual world. In addition, the user has at his disposal a device for creating and transmitting sound signals.

An automated learning system based on hypertext technology allows increasing comprehension not only due to the clarity of the information presented. Using dynamic, i.e. changing hypertext makes it possible to diagnose the student, and then automatically select one of the optimal levels of study of the same topic. Hypertext learning systems provide information in such a way that the student himself, following graphic or text links, can apply various schemes for working with the material. All this allows for a differentiated approach to learning.

The specificity of Internet technologies - WWW (from the English World Wide Web - World Wide Web) is that they provide users with enormous opportunities to choose sources of information: basic "information on network servers; operational information sent by e-mail; various databases of leading libraries , scientific and educational centers, museums; information about floppy disks, CDs, video and audio cassettes, books and magazines distributed through online stores, etc.

It is necessary to highlight the main didactic requirements for information technology in order to increase the effectiveness of its use in the educational process.

These include:

Motivation to use various teaching materials;

A clear definition of the role, place, purpose and time of use of the CPC;

The leading role of the teacher in conducting classes;

Close relationship between a specific class of CPC and other types of applied TCO;

Introduction to technology only of such components that guarantee the quality of training;

Compliance of the computer training methodology with the general strategy for conducting the training session;

Taking into account the fact that the introduction of CEP training tools into the set requires a revision of all components of the system and a change in the general teaching methodology;

Ensuring a high degree of individualization of training;

Providing sustainable feedback in training and others.

The modern period of development of a civilized society is characterized by the process of informatization, one of the priority areas of which is the informatization of education. An essential component of informatization processes is the development and use of pedagogical software based on various information technologies. Recently, one of the most relevant areas is the use of computer networks in educational software.

The use of computer networks in the process of teaching various academic disciplines requires the teacher to have knowledge both in the field of preparing a course script, taking into account the capabilities of program development tools, and knowledge in the field of teaching methods for a specific discipline. This is explained by the wide possibilities of using computer communications and networks in practical activities.

It is known that science is a field of activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge, which is implemented through scientific research (SR).

The purpose of scientific research is to study certain properties of an object (process, phenomenon) and on this basis develop a theory or obtain generalized conclusions necessary for practice.

Based on their intended purpose, scientific research is divided into fundamental, applied and developmental.

Fundamental (FNI) are associated with the study of new phenomena and laws of nature, with the creation of new principles of research (physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, etc.).

Applied research (APR) is finding ways to use the laws of nature and scientific knowledge obtained in FNI in practical human activities.

Development is the process of creating new equipment, systems, materials and technologies, including the preparation of documents for the implementation of PNI results into practice.

The implementation of research objectives is carried out on the basis of methods. A method is a way to achieve a goal, a program for constructing and applying a theory. Scientific research methods are divided into the following groups: empirical, experimental and theoretical. A special group consists of methods of scientific and technical creativity (STT).

Empirical studies are carried out with the aim of accumulating systematic information about the process. The following methods are used: observation, registration, measurement, questionnaires, tests, expert analysis.

The experimental level of scientific research is the study of the properties of an object according to a specific program.

Theoretical research is carried out with the aim of developing new methods for solving scientific and technical problems, generalizing and explaining empirical and experimental data, identifying general patterns and their formalization.

At the last two levels, modeling methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, logical constructions (assumptions, inferences), analogies, and idealizations are used.

NTT uses both the aforementioned general scientific methods and heuristic techniques for effectively solving creative problems, which contribute to the fastest finding of a solution (insight), i.e. various kinds of original finds.

The rational organization of research work is built using the principles of a systems approach and can be schematically presented as follows: collection and processing of empirical scientific and technical information (the results of empirical research are subject to theoretical analysis and experimental verification), then, using various methods, the results are processed, modeling of various processes, interpretation, etc., completes the process of registration, presentation and publication of the results. These results represent new information that is becoming available to a wide range of researchers.

Based on the tasks of scientific research and the order of their implementation, we can determine the following main directions for the rational use of information technologies in scientific research:

1. Collection, storage, search and distribution of scientific and technical information (STI).

2. Preparation of scientific research programs, selection of equipment and experimental devices.

3. Mathematical calculations.

4. Solving intellectual and logical problems.

5. Modeling of objects and processes.

6. Management of experimental installations.

7. Registration and input of experimental data into a computer.

8. Processing of one-dimensional and multidimensional (images) signals.

9. Generalization and evaluation of research results.

10. Registration and presentation of research results.

11. Management of scientific research works (R&D).

It is most effective when these tasks are implemented within the framework of automated scientific research systems (ASRS).

With a systematic approach, scientific research begins with the collection and preliminary processing of scientific information on the research topic. This information may include information about achievements in the field under study, original ideas, discovered effects, scientific developments, technical solutions, etc.

The purpose of this stage is to obtain answers to the following questions:

2. What are the known solutions on the topic under study?

3. What known methods and means are used to solve the problems under study?

4. What are the disadvantages of known solutions and in what ways are they trying to overcome them?

An in-depth study of information on the subject of research allows you to eliminate the risk of unnecessary time spent on an already solved problem, study in detail the entire range of issues on the topic under study and find a scientific and technical solution that meets a high level.

The main source of information is scientific documents, which, according to the method of presentation, can be text, graphic, audiovisual and machine-readable.

Scientific documents are divided into primary and secondary, published and unpublished.

Primary documents are books, brochures, periodicals (magazines, works), scientific and technical documents (standards, guidelines). Patent documentation is also important here, which means publications containing information about discoveries, inventions, etc.

Secondary documents contain brief summarized information from one or more primary documents: reference books, abstract publications, bibliographic indexes, etc.

Collection and processing of scientific information can be performed in the following ways:

Questionnaire, interview, expert survey, etc., but the basis is

Work with scientific and technical documents, which includes searching, familiarization, processing of documents and systematization of information.

The search is performed in catalogues, abstracts and bibliographic publications. Automation of this procedure is ensured by the use of specialized information retrieval systems (IRS) of libraries and research institutes (SRI), electronic catalogues, search in machine-readable databases (DB), as well as using network search programs Internet .

It must be borne in mind that IPS are divided into:

Documentary, allowing you to work with full texts or addresses of documents;

Factual, which provide the necessary information from existing documents;

Information-logical (intelligent) represent information obtained as a result of logical search and targeted selection in an automated mode.

If the database contains the full texts of documents, these tools allow you to implement the familiarization procedure. Often abstracts or annotations of documents are sufficient for this purpose.

In the development and automation of scientific and technological information, the following operations predominate:

Formation of statements - creation of a card index;

Extracting document fragments using text editors;

Creation of hypertext documents (structured).

Creation of local (problem-specific) databases and knowledge bases (KB).

Thus, the use of information technologies helps to increase the efficiency of scientific research at all its stages (they reduce some resource costs, allow remote access to documents, and automate some operations). In addition, information technology ensures the accuracy of data registration, and in some cases expands the list of data itself that can be registered. Some areas of scientific research cannot exist at all without appropriate technologies (for example, computer modeling).


Related information.


The main directions of rational use of IT in scientific research: 1. Collection, storage, search and issuance of scientific and technical information (STI). 2. Preparation of scientific research programs (SR), selection of equipment and experimental devices. 3. Mathematical calculations. 4. Solving intellectual and logical problems. 5. Modeling of objects and processes. 6. Management of experimental installations. 7. Registration and input of experimental data into a computer. 8. Processing of one-dimensional and multidimensional (images) signals. 9. Generalization and evaluation of research results. 10. Registration and presentation of research results. 11. Management of scientific research works (R&D).


IT AT THE COLLECTION AND PRE-PROCESSING STAGE The purpose of this stage is to obtain answers to the following questions: 1. Which authors or scientific groups are working on a similar topic? 2. What are the known solutions on the topic under study? 3. What known methods and means are used to solve the problems under study? 4. What are the disadvantages of known solutions and in what ways are they trying to overcome them? An in-depth study of information on the subject of research allows you to eliminate the risk of unnecessary time spent on an already solved problem, study in detail the entire range of issues on the topic under study and find a scientific and technical solution that meets a high level. The main source of information is scientific documents, which, according to the method of presentation, can be text, graphic, audiovisual and machine-readable.


SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS ARE DIVIDED INTO primary and secondary, published and unpublished. Primary documents are books, brochures, periodicals (magazines, works), scientific and technical documents (standards, guidelines). Patent documentation (publications containing information about discoveries, inventions, etc.) is also important here; Unpublished primary documents include: scientific reports, dissertations, deposited manuscripts, etc.; Secondary documents contain brief summarized information from one or more primary documents: reference books, abstract publications, bibliographic indexes, etc.


METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PROCESSING STI: questionnaires, interviews, expert surveys, etc., work with scientific and technical documents, which includes search, familiarization, processing of documents and systematization of information. The search is performed in catalogues, abstracts and bibliographic publications. Automation of this procedure is ensured by the use of specialized information retrieval systems (IRS) of libraries and research institutes (SRI), electronic catalogues, search in machine-readable databases (DBs), as well as using Internet search programs.


WAYS TO OBTAIN INFORMATION work with literary material; requests to organizations holding information (state and public educational organizations); engaging consultants or experts; searching for information in automated information systems; search in computer network resources; own observations. Information search can be targeted (based on formal characteristics); – semantic (in meaning, content); – documentary; – factual, etc.


CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS documentary, allowing you to work with full texts or addresses of documents; factual, which provide the necessary information from existing documents; information-logical (intelligent) represent information obtained as a result of logical search and targeted selection in an automated mode. If the database contains the full texts of documents, these tools allow you to implement the familiarization procedure. Often abstracts or annotations of documents are sufficient for this purpose. The complexity of organizing tabular databases can be significantly reduced using optical recognition systems (for example, FineReader), which ensure processing of scanned documents and their export to the database.


IT IN THEORETICAL RESEARCH The volume of IT depends on the specifics and complexity of the problem. In general, it may include the following stages: 1. Statement of the problem, where the goals of the study and the most effective ways of implementation are determined. Sometimes a hypothesis is formed that tentatively explains the phenomenon. 2. Development of a model of the functioning process of the object being studied. TI usually uses mathematical, informational or logical models of a phenomenon. 3. Selection of methods for constructing a model and their verification. 4. Development of algorithms and software for implementing models. 5. Performing mathematical calculations or processing information algorithms. 6. Analysis of the results obtained using logical reasoning and conclusions, formulation of research results.


IT IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IT is most often used in mathematical calculations. Software for this area is conventionally divided into the following categories: 1. Libraries of programs for numerical analysis, which are also divided into general-purpose libraries (SSP, NAG packages) and highly specialized packages focused on solving a certain class of problems (MicroWay - matrices, transformation Fourier). 2. Specialized systems for mathematical calculations and graphical manipulation of data and presentation of results (Phaser - differential equations, Statgraf - statistical analysis), Eureca, Statistica. 3. Dialogue systems for mathematical calculations with declarative languages ​​that allow you to formulate problems in a natural way (MuMath, Reduce, MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica). 4. Spreadsheets (ET), which allow you to perform various calculations with data presented in tabular form (Supercalc, Quattro Pro, Excel).


IT IN SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT, MODELING AND PROCESSING OF RESULTS OF NI The main tasks of experimental research (EI): 1. Purposeful observation of the functioning of an object for an in-depth study of its properties. 2. Checking the validity of working hypotheses to develop a theory of phenomena on this basis. 3. Establishing the dependence of various factors characterizing the phenomenon for the subsequent use of the found dependencies in the design or management of the objects under study. EI includes the stages of preparing an experiment, conducting research and processing the results.


DESCRIPTION OF STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH At the preparatory stage, the goals and objectives of EI are determined, a methodology and program for its implementation are developed. This stage also includes the selection of the necessary equipment and measuring instruments. When developing an EI program, they strive to reduce the volume and complexity of work, simplify the experiment without losing the accuracy and reliability of the results. In this regard, this stage of EI requires solving the problem of determining the minimum number of experiments (measurements) that most effectively covers the area of ​​possible interaction of influencing factors and ensures obtaining their reliable dependence. This problem is solved by means of the section of mathematical statistics - experimental planning, which presents the necessary methods for the rational organization of measurements subject to random errors.


DESCRIPTION OF STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH The stage of conducting the research itself is determined by the specifics of the object being studied. Based on the nature of the interaction of the experimental means with the object, a distinction is made between conventional and model EI. In the first, the interaction occurs directly on the object, in the second - on the model replacing it. The method of modeling objects and processes is the main one in a scientific experiment. They are distinguished: Physical modeling is performed on special installations. VTs are used to control the experimental process, collect registration data and process them. For analog modeling, analog computers are used, which allows you to create and study analogue models that can be described by the same differentials. equations with the process under study. Mathematical modeling includes research not only using purely mathematical models. Information, logical, simulation and other models and their combinations are also used here.


MATHEMATICAL MODELING It is advisable to use software developed by specialists using the latest achievements of applied mathematics and programming. The capabilities of modern software in terms of computer graphics, including parameterization, the use of fractal methods, color dynamics, animation, etc., provide sufficient clarity of the results. VT is most widely used for: logical, functional and structural modeling of electronic circuits; modeling and synthesis of automatic control systems; modeling of mechanical and thermal conditions of structures, mechanics of gases and liquids. In this case, hundreds of function-oriented software are used (for example, MICRO - Logic, ANSYS, DesignLAB), as well as systems of universal application (ET - Excel, QuattroPro, MathCad system).


IT IN THE FORMATION OF NI RESULTS NI results can be presented in the form of a report, report, article, etc., in the design of which VT tools are currently widely used. The process of creating a scientific document includes: 1. Preparation of the text part containing formulas and special characters. 2. Formation of tables and their graphic display. 3. Preparation of illustrations in the form of diagrams, drawings, drawings, graphs, diagrams. 4. Grammatical and lexical control. 5. Import of drawings and graphics from other systems. 6. Direct and reverse transfers. 7. Document formatting and printing.


PS TO CREATE SCIENTIFIC TEXTS, in addition to text editors, the following are used: 1. To generate tabular information - ET tools (Excel, QuattroPro) using graphical display capabilities. 2. To create complex graphic illustrations - business graphics systems (Corel Draw) and geometric modeling (AutoCAD). 3. For effective grammatical control of text - specialized systems such as Orfo, Lingvo Corrector, Propis. 4. To create a photographic image - optical recognition tools, editing tools and digital photography (FineReader, Adobe Photoshop, etc.). 5. For automated translation – Prompt, Socrat systems.


DIRECTIONS FOR COMPREHENSIVE CREATION OF DOCUMENTS 1. The use of integrated software systems that provide the creation of text, tables, and graphs within one system (Framework, Works). 2. Use of complexes of interrelated programs within one operating shell (MS Office includes independent software systems Word, Excel, etc., which have a mechanism for effective data exchange). 3. Hypermedia and multimedia systems.


PRIORITY SCIENTIFIC AREAS OF APPLICATION OF NETWORK IT in the field of ecology, environmental protection, medicine, biology are associated with methods for assessing environmental parameters, methods of analysis and forecasting of disasters, technologies for assessing the risk of environmentally hazardous industries, forecasting analysis and decision-making in connection with emergency situations, design systems environmental equipment, diagnostic and decision-making systems in medicine and biology (including telemedicine)