Internet information resources. International Journal of Experiential Education. Global Internet

Computer network resources as a means of teaching schoolchildren. Global Internet. Search for information resources. Internet resources suitable for use in the school educational process

Informatization is one of the main factors forcing education to improve. The content and methods of teaching are changing, the role of the teacher is changing, who is gradually turning from a simple transmitter of knowledge into an organizer of students’ activities to acquire new knowledge, skills and abilities. An essential means of informatization are educational information resources published on the Internet. It is no coincidence that their correct, timely and appropriate use by all specialists working in the general secondary education system is the key to the effectiveness of training schoolchildren.
Let's consider working with distributed information resources of computer networks in more detail.
Such ICT tools make it possible to bring into the work of general secondary education institutions:

• use of information posted on educational and scientific Internet sites (Websites) for the preparation of educational and methodological materials. Abstracts and messages;
• organizing a representative office of the educational institution on the Internet;
• creating a website dedicated to the content of school discipline and posting it on the Internet;
• placement of personal Web sites of teachers and schoolchildren.

Most information resources on the Internet are represented by so-called Web pages, organized according to the principles of hypermedia.
A web page is a document containing:

• formatted text;
• multimedia objects (graphics, sound, video clips);
• links to other Web pages or other information resources;
• active components capable of performing work on a computer according to the program embedded in them.

As a rule, a Web page is a rather complex document consisting of a whole group of files.
It is difficult to present all the necessary information on one page, therefore, most often, information is presented as a set of several dozen or hundreds of Web pages linked together by a single theme, a common design style and mutual hypertext links. This collection is called a Web site or Web site.
Each Web site has its own start page, which is called the home page.
A regular Web site sends the requested document only upon request from the client. There are Web sites that can independently transmit updated information provided that the client registers and subscribes.
Numerous Web sites and Web pages are stored on a huge variety of so-called WWW servers, that is, computers on which special software is installed.
Users with access to the network receive and view information from Web pages using client programs for the World Wide Web, which are specifically called Web browsers (browsers, browsers).
To receive a page, the browser sends a request over the computer network to the Web server, which stores the required document. In response to the request, the server sends the viewer the required Web page or a refusal message if it is unavailable for one reason or another. Client-server interaction occurs according to certain rules, or, in other words, according to an application protocol.
A Web document can contain formatted text, graphics, and hypertext links to various Internet resources. To realize all these possibilities and ensure the independence of information resources from the system software of the personal computer on which they will be viewed, a special language was developed. It is called HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or HyperText Markup Language.
Each file on the Internet also has its own unique address. It's called a URL. URL (Universal Resource Locator, universal resource locator) - the address of any file on the network. The URL contains the name of the protocol by which the file must be accessed, the address of the computer indicating which server program to run on it, and the full path to the file.
Until recently, the main competitors in the production of a set of client programs for working with information resources on the Internet were two large companies - Netscape Communications and Microsoft. The first company's product is called Netscape Communicator, it includes the popular Netscape Navigator browser program. Microsoft's Internet client software package is called Internet Explorer. The browser in this kit received the same name.
As the Internet develops and the number of information resources published on it increases, the problem of finding the necessary resources becomes increasingly important. For the general secondary education system, it consists in searching for such information resources published on the Internet that could, in practice, improve the efficiency of the schoolchildren training system.
Such a search is based on interaction with information resources published on the worldwide telecommunications network Internet.
The path to the huge information baggage of humanity, stored in libraries, music libraries, and film libraries, lies through catalog cards. There are similar mechanisms on the Internet for finding the information you need. We are talking about search engines that serve as a starting point for users. From a substantive point of view, we can talk about them as another special service on the Internet.
Search servers are quite numerous and varied. It is customary to distinguish between search indexes and directories. Index servers regularly read the content of most Internet web pages ("index" them), and place them, in whole or in part, into a common database. Search server users have the ability to perform full-text searches of this database using keywords related to the topic of interest to them. The search results usually consist of excerpts of pages recommended for the user's attention and their addresses (URL), formatted as hyperlinks. It is convenient to work with search servers of this type when you have a good idea of ​​what exactly you want to find.
Catalogs grew out of lists of interesting links and bookmarks. In essence, they represent a multi-level semantic classification of links, built on the principle of “from general to specific.” Sometimes links are accompanied by a brief description of the information resource. As a rule, you can search in the names of headings (categories) and descriptions of resources using keywords. Catalogs are used when they do not clearly know what they are looking for. Moving from the most general categories to more specific ones, you can determine which multimedia resource on the Internet you should familiarize yourself with. It is appropriate to compare search catalogs with thematic library catalogues, thesaurus dictionaries or biological classifications of animals and plants. The maintenance of search catalogs is partially automated, but until now the classification of resources is carried out mainly manually.
Search directories can be general-purpose or specialized. General-purpose search directories include information resources of a wide variety of profiles. Specialized directories combine only resources devoted to a specific topic. They often manage to achieve better coverage of resources in their field and build more adequate categories.
There are quite a lot of catalogs and portals on the Internet that collect resources, the use of which would be appropriate in the general secondary education system.
The use of such catalogs and information resources on the Internet is advisable for:

• promptly providing teachers, students and parents with relevant, timely and reliable information that corresponds to the goals and content of education;
• organizing various forms of student activity related to independent acquisition of knowledge;
• application of modern information and telecommunication technologies (multimedia technologies, virtual reality, hypertext and hypermedia technologies) in educational activities;
• objective measurement, assessment and forecast of learning effectiveness, comparison of the results of schoolchildren’s educational activities with the requirements of the state educational standard;
• management of the student’s educational activities, adequate to his level of knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as the characteristics of his motivation for learning;
• creating conditions for individual independent learning of schoolchildren;
• constant and prompt communication between teachers, students and parents, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of learning;
• organizing the effective activities of general education institutions in accordance with the regulatory provisions and substantive concepts adopted in the country.

A variety of information resources on the Internet may be appropriate for use in general secondary education. Among such resources we can highlight educational Internet portals, which themselves are catalogs of resources, service and instrumental computer software, electronic presentations of paper publications, electronic educational tools and means of measuring learning outcomes, resources containing news, announcements and means for communication of participants in the educational process .
The largest number of information resources is aimed at use by teachers and schoolchildren during the educational process. Some of these resources are intended for use in the traditional education system in accordance with state educational standards and model programs for each academic discipline. Other educational resources are intended for extracurricular and extracurricular work of schoolchildren, deepening knowledge and independent study (for schoolchildren and applicants). Reference and encyclopedic resources are identified, as well as means of measuring, monitoring and evaluating the results of educational activities.
Using information resources on the Internet, teachers will be able to more effectively manage the cognitive activity of schoolchildren, quickly monitor the results of training and education, take reasonable and appropriate measures to increase the level of training and quality of knowledge of students, purposefully improve pedagogical skills, have prompt targeted access to the required educational information, methodological and organizational nature. Teachers developing their own information resources acquire the additional opportunity to use fragments of educational resources published on the Internet, making the necessary links and respecting copyright.
Students' access to information resources on the Internet will provide schoolchildren with basic and additional educational material necessary for studying at school, completing teacher assignments, independent learning and organizing leisure time. Thanks to such resources, schoolchildren have the opportunity to quickly get acquainted with the news, learn about ongoing Olympiads and competitions, consult, and communicate with teachers and peers. Applicants will find in the Internet information resources the information necessary to continue their education - information about institutes, universities and academies, terms and conditions of admission, educational and methodological materials necessary to prepare for entrance examinations.
Parents of schoolchildren and members of the public, using information resources on the Internet, will be able to learn more about the development and functioning of the federal and regional education systems, get acquainted with curricula, programs and recommendations of teachers, and have a feasible influence on improving the quality of general secondary education.
Using information resources on the Internet, the administration of educational institutions will be able to make effective management decisions, correlating them with current legislation and regulations, objectively assess the activities of teachers, quickly interact with colleagues, increasing the overall level of planning and administration of the educational institution.
It is advisable to use the main part of the information resources to increase the effectiveness of schoolchildren’s learning in all disciplines of the educational program of general secondary education.
It is important to understand that the use of information resources on the Internet must first be correlated by teachers with the main components of the implemented methodological teaching system - goals, content, methods, organizational forms and teaching aids used. The resources used must fit into this system, not contradict and correspond to its components.
Particular attention should be paid to the selection and development of teaching methods using information resources on the Internet. Among such methods, the search and use by schoolchildren of educational information that is significant from the point of view of learning goals, design and research activities of students based on interaction with Internet resources, and the use of communication components of such resources for educational communication between students and teachers can be proposed.

The means of providing certain information services for network users are usually called Internet services. In addition to the concept of “service”, there is also the concept of “service”. Often the difference between them is quite difficult to discern. The number of different services on the network is constantly growing. We will describe only some of the most famous services, dividing them into communication and information.

Let us once again draw your attention to the fact that all Internet services are based on the interaction of two programs. One of these programs - server, and the other program - client. They interact according to certain rules specified in protocols

Service protocol- a technical standard (system of rules) that defines the technical features of the interaction of mail servers with each other and with the mail client.

If the TCP protocol/ I While P is called the core Internet protocol, service protocols can be called application protocols (sometimes called layer-2 protocols).

Let us explain the meaning of two more terms that will be used further. Mode on- line - This is the mode of operation of the user in a state of connection to any Network server. The state of disconnected communication is called mode O ff- line. Analogy: communication on the phone always takes place in the modeon- line. When sending a telegram, you fill out the form in the mode O ff- line, then the telegraph operator in modeon- line transmits a telegram over a communication line; and then the recipient reads the telegram in mode O ff- line.

Internet Communication Services

1. Email service - E - mail . This is the oldest and one of the most popular services on the Internet. It is designed for exchanging text messages between remote partners.

The email operation diagram is shown in Fig. 9.

Rice. 9. Scheme of functioning of e-mail.

Mail server- a program that ensures the operation of the service from the Internet. This is a kind of post office where incoming and outgoing correspondence of registered users is received.

Mail client- a program installed on the user’s computer that provides interaction with the mail server.

Email message - a logical collection of data that has a structure. determined by the protocol used. An email message is not a file! More specifically, think of it as a database record.

Email folders are logical structures designed to organize the storage of email messages. Their purpose is only one - to make access to messages more convenient.

Mail attachment - a mechanism for sending arbitrary files along with email messages.

Electronic mailbox - this is a section of the external memory of the mail server reserved for the subscriber.

Each user receives a personal mailing address at which letters will be sent to him.

E-mail address - a record that uniquely defines the access path to the recipient’s electronic “mailbox”. The email address is written in a specific form and consists of two parts separated by the @ symbol:

User_name@server_name.

The @ sign, colloquially referred to as a "dog", is actually called "commercial AT(et)". The first part of the postal address ( User_name - username) is arbitrary and is set by the user himself when registering a mailbox. Second part ( server_name - server name) is the domain name of the mail server on which the user registered his mailbox.

The process of sending a mail message is similar to the process of sending a telegram described above. First the user is in o mode ff-line writes the text of the letter, indicates the recipient's address. To do this, use the letter preparation editor included in the email client program. Prepared letters are placed in the Outbox folder. Then a connection with the server is established. Next, automatic operation occurs in o mode n-line : the server identifies the user by password, accepts all letters from the Outbox folder, transmits received letters, which are placed in the Inbox folder. The communication session has ended. The “Outbox” folder became empty, sent messages were saved in the “Sent” folder. If a dial-up telephone line is used, the user disconnects the telephone connection. After this, he can leisurely look through the received mail.

The mail server is constantly running. It periodically scans “mailboxes” and organizes the transmission of outgoing letters over the network. The mail server arranges incoming correspondence into “boxes”.

The client program, in addition to the function of receiving and transmitting letters during a communication session, performs many more service functions: preparing and editing letters, organizing an address book, viewing the mail archive, sorting and deleting letters from the mail archive, etc. A popular client is E- mail is a programOutlookExpress, included in the standard distribution of the operating system Windows.

Any Internet user can register a mailbox on one of the Internet servers, which will store sent and received emails.

To work with email you can use Web technology. Web -sites offer everyone the opportunity to register a free mailbox (for example, at: http://mail. ru ).

The advantage of such mail is that it does not require special mail programs to work with it. Working with mail can be done using any browser after downloading the appropriate Web -pages. Messages are grouped into folders, you can send messages with attached files to several subscribers at the same time, and so on. Significant feature Web -mail is that all messages are permanently stored on a remote server, and not on the user's local computer. A registration procedure is offered for new users.

E-mail has gained wide popularity because it has several serious advantages over regular mail:

- message forwarding speed;

- An email can contain not only a text message, but also attached files (programs, graphics, sound, etc.). However, it is not recommended to send files that are too large by mail, as this will slow down the network. To achieve this, some mail servers impose restrictions on the size of forwarded messages.

In addition, email allows you to:

- send a message to several subscribers at once;

- forward letters to other addresses;

- delivery of email messages is almost free;

- enable autoresponder, all incoming emails will receive an answer automatically;

- create rules for performing certain actions with messages of the same type (for example, deleting advertising messages coming from certain addresses) and so on.

1. Teleconferencing service. The teleconferencing service is designed for open discussion of issues of general interest.

This is also postal correspondence. But if you send your letter to one person personally by e-mail, then in teleconferences the letter is sent simultaneously to all conference participants. In turn, all messages received at the conference will be sent to your mailbox and downloaded to your computer during the communication session. To become a participant in the conference, you need to subscribe (register) to it. Upon registration, each conference participant receives a unique name ( NIC ) and password to enter the conference.

Each conference is devoted to a specific topic, so correspondence in it occurs only within the framework of the topic. According to some estimates, the number of ongoing online conferences has exceeded 50,000.

Teleconferencing service is called by different names: newsgroups, service UseNet . At Network nodes, news servers service teleconferences. A news client program must be installed on the user's PC. The program mentioned above Outlook Express is both an email client and a news client.

Teleconferences combine both communication and information functions. On the one hand, personal communication takes place here, with the arc - the conference materials contain a large amount of useful information, which is stored on the server for a certain time and can be considered as some kind of information resource (electronic newspaper). This is especially important for specialists participating in conferences on professional topics: science, production, business, trade, etc. In the conference materials you can find valuable advice and consultations that will help in making important decisions.

The title of the call consists of several words separated by periods, sequentially narrowing the topic.

Most conferences are governed by a special editorial board called moderator. The moderator's responsibilities include reviewing messages and making a decision - to publish these messages (send them to group members) or not.

Example. Some standard teleconferencing notations:

- comp- a conference where everything related to computers and programming is discussed;

- sci- everything related to science;

- rec- recreation, hobbies, interests;

- talk- this group is intended for those who like to argue.

1. Direct communication forums – IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

Recently, interactive communication on the Internet in real time has become increasingly widespread. Increased data transfer speeds and increased computer performance give users the opportunity not only to exchange text messages in real time, but also to carry out audio and video communications.

Literally translated chat - "chatter" in real time ( chat -conferences). Communication between participants occurs in the mode on-line in writing. Similar to teleconferencing, participants chat -conferences are divided into thematic groups.

Runs on the host computer chat -server, on the user's PC - chat -client. There are many different client programs that are distributed free of charge over the Internet. As in teleconferences, participants chat -conferences are registered (subscribed) in a specific thematic group.

Young people are most interested in this service. They turn communication in the “chat” into a kind of game, in which each participant usually comes up with some kind of “image” for himself and plays it out. It is not customary for chat participants to engage in real communication. However, the chat service can also be used for serious communication - both collective and one-on-one.

If your computer, as well as the computers of your interlocutors, are equipped with a sound card, microphone and headphones or speakers, then you can exchange audio messages. However, a “live” conversation is only possible between two interlocutors at the same time.

In order for you to see each other, that is, exchange video images, video cameras must be connected to your computers. Regular analog video cameras are connected to special video cards, and digital cameras are connected to the parallel port of the computer.

Of course, the quality of sound and image largely depends on the speed of the modem and the bandwidth of the communication channel, which must be at least 28.8 Kbps.

To organize interactive communication, special software is required (for example, a program NetMeeting , which is part of Internet Explorer).

In recent years, it has become very popular interactive communication via servers ICQ(this three-letter abbreviation is formed from the consonance of the words “I seek you" - “I am looking for you”).

Currently in the system ICQ There are over 200 million registered users, with each user having a unique identification number. After connecting to the Internet, the user can start communicating with anyone registered in the system ICQ and the user currently connected to the Internet. The program notifies about the presence of subscribers from a preliminary compiled list on the Internet at a given time ( My Contact List ) and makes it possible to initiate contact with them.

In order to become a subscriber of the system ICQ , just download the program ICQ -client from the file server and register during its installation on the computer.

Interactive communication system ICQ integrates various forms of communication: email, text messaging ( chat ), Internet telephony, file transfer, searching for people online, and so on.

Internet telephony - voice communication via the Network in on-line . This is a new, developing service. Its main advantage over the telephone is its low price. The quality is still inferior to telephone communications (time delays, sound distortion), but there is no doubt that over time this drawback will be overcome.

Internet telephony allows an Internet user to use computer-to-phone, computer-to-computer and telephone-to-computer telephone communications. Internet telephony providers provide such communication using special Internet telephone servers that are connected to both the Internet and the telephone network.

Mobile Internet . From a mobile phone to a computer connected to the Internet, and from a computer to a mobile phone, you can send SMS (Short Massage Service ) - short text messages).

For wireless access from mobile phones to information and service resources of the Internet, the protocol is used WAP (Wireless Application Protocol ). To work on the Internet using this protocol, no additional devices (computer and modem) are needed; one mobile phone with support is enough. WAP.

WAP -sites are located on Web -servers and presented in a special format WML (Wireless Markup Language ). This markup language is specially adapted to the capabilities of a mobile phone - two-color graphics, a small screen and small memory.

W AR sites contain a variety of political, economic and sports news, weather forecasts, exchange rates, and so on. You can also send an e- mail and take part in WAP chat.

Full high-speed Internet access from a mobile phone can be achieved using technology GPRS (General Packet Radio Service ). In this case, you can work with WAP -sites directly from a mobile phone, and on a computer connected to it you can view NTM L -pages, download files, work with email and any other Internet resources.

In GPRS technology the maximum possible data transfer rate is 171.2 Kbps - this is approximately 3 times the access speed over dial-up telephone lines, and almost 12 times the data transfer speed in standard mobile telephone networks GSM (9.6 Kbps).

Internet Information Services

1. ServiceWorldWideWeb. This service manages the delivery and display of complex information documents to the user's computer.

This is a fairly new service compared to email. It was founded in 1993. Verbatim WWW translated as "World Wide Web". To date WWW This is the most interesting information resource - a hypertext navigation system.

Navigation system - this is a set of programs that allow the user to navigate the entire variety of information posted on the network and find the factual data and useful programs he needs.

Hypertext– a system of interconnected texts. Communication occurs through hyperlinks.

Hyperlink -it is some keyword or object in a document that is associated with a pointer to navigate to another page on the web. Typically, the hyperlink image is highlighted on the page in some way, such as by color or underlining. When you move your mouse pointer over a hyperlink, it takes the form of a hand with a pointing finger. If you click the left mouse button, you will follow the pointer to the linked document.

Web-page -a document that has its own address. It can contain a variety of information: text, drawing, sound recording. Each page is stored in a separate file, the name of which has an extension. htm or. html

Web-website(other name -Web-node) -it is a collection of interconnected pages belonging to a single person or organization. Web -the site is organized on Web -server of the network service provider. Every site has home page, which is a kind of title page of the site. Typically, the home page represents the owner of the site and contains hyperlinks to different sections of the site.

Protocol,which is used by the service WWW , called HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - hypertext transfer protocol). Its main purpose is to process hyperlinks, search and transfer documents to the client.

TechnologyWWWallows you to create links that implement transitions not only within the source document, but also to any other document located on a given computer and, most importantly, to any document on any computer currently connected to the Internet.

Rice. 10. WWW technology

We have already talked about the addressing system in the computer space of the Network. This I P-addresses, domain addresses. The space of Internet information resources uses its own addressing system. Find Web -a page or file on the Internet can be used using universal resource locator URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Every Web -page or file has its own unique URL -address, which consists of three parts: the name of the protocol used for access; the name of the server on which the resource is stored; full name of the file on the server.

Protocol://domain_name/path/file_name

Example. http://scools. keldysh. ru / info 2000/ index . htm

It consists of three parts:

http :// - access protocol;

scools. keldysh. ru – server domain name;

/ info 2000/ index . htm – path to the file and file name.

1. Servicetransfersfiles(File Transfer Protocol - FTP).

Information services provide users with the ability to access certain information resources stored on the Internet. Tens of thousands of Internet servers are file archive servers, and they store hundreds of millions of files of various types (programs, device drivers, graphics and sound files, and so on). The presence of such file archive servers is very convenient for users, since many necessary files can be “downloaded” directly from the Internet.

Access to files on file archive servers is possible both via the HTTP protocol and via a special file transfer protocol F TR. Protocol F TR allows you not only to download files ( Download ) from remote file archive servers to the local computer, but also, conversely, transfer files ( Upload ) from local computer to remote Web server.

This service is often referred to by the name of the protocol it uses - FTP . From the Network side, the operation of the service is ensured by F TR servers, and from the users side - F TR clients.

After connection F TP client with the server, a file interface for storing folders and files on the server opens on the user’s screen (like Explorer Windows ). Further work occurs in the same way as with the file system on a PC: folders and files can be viewed, sorted, and copied to your disks.

1. Search services.

The World Wide Web is quite unsystematic. Search andinformation is becoming a serious problem. The only coordinate Web -the document is his URL. However, the URL -the address has nothing to do with the content of the document.

Looking for information in WWW helps the user Internet search service. It consists of search server services.

Based on their operating principle, there are two types of search engines: search directories And search indexes. Some search engines combine both operating principles. Search directories

Organizing work with catalogs is quite simple. On the page Web -site usually presents a list of specific headings, each of which is connected by a hyperlink to other links, where there is either a list of subcategories or a list of documents corresponding to a given heading. The contents of search directories are generated manually by specialists servicing this service.

The search is carried out within the thematic hierarchy of categories. On the main page of the search catalog there is a list of the main thematic sections. The lowest level category contains a list of documents on the selected topic.

The main advantage of search catalogs is the high degree of correspondence of the found documents to a given topic. Disadvantage: it is impossible to obtain comprehensive information about network resources. Cataloged Web -document space is less than 1% of the total Web - document spaces.

The most popular Russian catalogs include: the first Russian catalog Rassia on the Net (http :/ www . ru ). One of the largest Russian-language catalogs List - ru (http://www.list.ru).

Search indexes

Search indexes (search engines) are compiled automatically. Special programs automatically view Web -sites and index Web -documentation. A huge directory index is formed. It allows you to quickly find addresses of documents containing certain keywords. The user specifies the words that should be contained in the desired document. The search index returns a list web - documents that satisfy the request. You can open any of these documents by clicking on the hyperlink.

The advantage of search indexes is their breadth of coverage. The information collection mechanism works very efficiently. Information about new documents gets into the search index quite quickly.

The disadvantage of search indexes is the large number of “extra documents” in the search results. Any keyword can appear in many documents. These documents may or may not fit into the desired topic. Using rare terms or multiple keywords at the same time reduces the total number of documents found.

The quality of the search depends not only on the capabilities of the search engine itself, but also on the user’s ability to effectively formulate their queries.

Currently, the total volume of indexed Web -space exceeds 50% of the total volume Web spaces.

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Education is the foundation on which the future of our country is built. The worthy future of our country studies within the walls of schools and universities. We, teachers, need to provide them with access to global knowledge through electronic information communications on the World Wide Web. Internet information resources are a convenient source of information and knowledge, as they contain not only a huge number of documents, but also high-quality information. The Internet is a distributed system that provides access to interconnected documents on different computers connected to the WWW network. The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology, because... form millions of web servers and they are all based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages, united by a common theme. Special browser programs are used to download and view web pages. The WWW system provides various possibilities for searching for knowledge. A huge advantage is that we can store the required number of documents from the World Wide Web in our file system. In my opinion, there is a very convenient feature - Search History. It helps in cases where the name of the request is lost. With the help of History, you can perform it many more times and download the necessary document or knowledge. WWW information spaces are constantly updated. This allows students to obtain the necessary information from global information resources, search for the necessary information in various information areas: databases, electronic libraries, websites using query languages ​​and catalogs. Using various technologies for searching information on the Internet, you can obtain regulatory, legal, legislative, reference, socio-economic, scientific and technical information, access to scientific libraries, international patent information systems, business knowledge networks, etc. Thus, WWW information resources allow you to master the basic theoretical and practical skills for the effective use of knowledge in the future professional activity of the master.

Bibliographic link

Khachaturova S.S. INTERNET INFORMATION RESOURCES // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2016. – No. 12-1. – P. 37-37;
URL: http://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=10754 (date of access: 02/25/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Internet information resources

The World Wide Web

The global Internet attracts users with its information resources and services, which are regularly used by about a billion people in all countries of the world.

The rapid development of the Internet, which has been taking place over the past 15 years, is primarily due to the emergence of the World Wide Web. "World Wide Web" is a loose translation of the English phrase "World Wide Web", which is often referred to as WWW or Web.

World Wide Web technology. The World Wide Web uses hypertext technology in which documents are linked together using hyperlinks.

As link pointers Web pages can use text that is highlighted with color and underlining, as well as graphic images that are highlighted with a frame. Activating the link pointer on the source Web page (for example, by clicking the mouse) causes a transition to the desired Web page (Fig. 6.10).

The World Wide Web- these are hundreds of millions of Internet Web servers containing hundreds of billions of Web pages that use hypertext technology.

The web page can be multimedia, i.e. it can contain various multimedia objects: graphic images, animation, sound and video.

The web page can be interactive, i.e., contain forms with fields that are used when registering users of free email, when making purchases in online stores, etc.

Topically related Web pages are usually presented in the form Website, i.e., an integral system of documents interconnected into a single whole using links.

Web page address. Currently, a huge number of Web pages are stored on Internet Web servers. You can find a Web page on the Internet using the Web page address.

Web page address includes how the document is accessed and the name of the Internet server on which the document is located.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) is used as a method to access Web pages. When writing a protocol, his name is followed by a colon and two forward slashes: http://

As an example, let's write down the address of the title page of the Web site "Computer Science and Information Technologies." The page is located on the server iit.metodist.ru, therefore, the address takes the form:

http://iit.methodist.ru

Browsers. Web pages are viewed using special viewing programs - browsers. Currently, the most common browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla and Opera.

The browser window (Fig. 6.11) contains standard elements of the application window:
- window menu containing sets of commands File, Edit, View, Favorites, Service And Reference;
- a toolbar whose buttons allow you to move from one Web page to another (buttons Forward, Back, Home), as well as manage the process of downloading them (buttons Stop, Refresh);
- text field Address:, in which the Internet address of the desired Web page is entered from the keyboard or selected from the list;
- the work area in which Web pages are viewed.

Rice. 6.11. Browsers Internet Explorer, Mozilla and Opera

Virtual travel on the World Wide Web. If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can launch one of the browsers and go on a virtual journey through the World Wide Web. The initial Web page will be automatically loaded into the browser (the address of the Web page from which the journey begins can be changed using the browser settings).

When a Web page is opened in a browser on a user's computer, it travels a long way from a remote Internet server through information transmission channels through several intermediate Internet servers. The loading speed of a Web page does not depend on the distance to the Web server, but on the number of intermediate servers and the quality of the communication lines through which information is transmitted from server to server. There may be a situation where a Web page loads much faster from a server located on another continent than from a server located down the street.

To go to another Web page in the text field Address: you must enter its Internet address. Many Web pages contain hyperlinks to other Web pages, so you can continue your journey on the World Wide Web by activating one of them.

In the process of reading a book (textbook, reference book, encyclopedia), quite often you need to return to the material you read. To quickly find the desired page, so-called “bookmarks” are often inserted into the book. While traveling on the World Wide Web, it is advisable to save Internet addresses of interesting Web pages as “bookmarks” in your browser. To visit such a page, it will be enough to activate one of the “bookmarks”.

Control questions

1. What function do hyperlinks perform in World Wide Web technology?

2. What parts does a Web page address consist of?

6.5. Short answer task. Write down the address of a Web page stored on an Internet server registered in the first-level domain ru, the second-level domain schools and having its own name www.

Email

Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most common Internet service. It is historically the first information service of computer networks and does not require the presence of high-speed and high-quality communication lines.

Email has several major advantages over regular mail. The most important of them is the speed of message forwarding. If a letter by regular mail can take days and weeks to reach the addressee, then a letter sent by e-mail reduces the transmission time to several tens of seconds or, in the worst case, to several hours.

Another advantage is that an email can contain not only a text message, but also attached files (programs, graphics, sound, etc.). In addition, e-mail allows you to send a message to several subscribers at once, forward letters to other addresses, etc.

E-mail address. In order for an email to reach its recipient, it must, in addition to the message itself, contain the email address of the recipient of the letter.

The first part of the usename email address is arbitrary and is set by the user himself when registering a mailbox. The second part server.ru is the name of the Internet mail server on which the user registered his mailbox.

E-mail address is written in a specific form and consists of two parts separated by the @ symbol: [email protected]

The email address is written only in Latin letters and must not contain spaces. For example, if the mail server is named metodist.ru, then the names of user mailboxes will look like:

[email protected]

Email subscribers' addresses are stored on the user's computer in the Address Book database. The address book contains the subscriber's name, email address, phone number and other data (Fig. 6.12).

Rice. 6.12. Address Book Database

Functioning of email. An Internet user can register a mailbox on the provider's mail server, which will store sent and received emails.

Using an email program, you create an email message on your local computer. At this stage, in addition to writing the text of the message, you must indicate the address of the message recipient (can be taken from the "Address Book"), the subject of the message and, if necessary, attach files to the message.

The process of sending a message begins by connecting to the Internet and delivering the message to your mailbox on a remote mail server. The mail server will immediately send this message through the Internet mail server system to the recipient's mail server in his mailbox.

To receive a letter, the recipient must connect to the Internet and deliver mail from his mailbox on a remote mail server to his local computer (Fig. 6.13).

Mail programs usually also provide the user with numerous additional services for working with mail (selecting addresses from the address book, automatically sending messages to specified addresses, etc.).

Outlook Express mail program. To work with e-mail, special mail programs are required. The Outlook Express email program, which is part of the Windows operating system, is very popular. After launching Outlook Express, an application window appears, which consists of four parts (Fig. 6.14).

Rice. 6.14. Outlook Express window

In the upper left part of the window there is a list of folders in which emails are stored:
- Inbox- contains received letters;
- Outgoing- contains sent letters, from the moment of creation until the moment of delivery from the user’s local computer to the provider’s mail server;
- Sent- contains all letters delivered to the mail server;
- Deleted- contains deleted emails;
- Drafts- contains letter templates.

The user can create their own folders to store thematically grouped emails.

The lower left side of the window contains a list of contacts, which provides access to information stored in the Address Book database (email addresses, phone numbers, etc.).

The right window is divided into two parts. At the top, a list of messages stored in the selected folder is displayed.

The contents of the highlighted message are displayed at the bottom of the right window.

Email with a Web interface. Some mail servers provide users with the ability to work with e-mail using a Web interface. Work with Web mail can be done using any browser. An essential feature of Web mail is that all messages are permanently stored on a remote mail server, and not on the user's local computer.

Many Web mail servers offer everyone the opportunity to register a free mailbox. Registered users must enter their login And password, after which they can log into the mail system. A registration procedure is offered for new users (Fig. 6.15).

Rice. 6.15. Login to Webmail

Control questions

1. What advantages does email have over regular mail?

2. What parts does an email address consist of?

3. How does email work?

Tasks for independent completion

6.6. Short answer task. Record the email address registered by user fio on the zmail.ru mail server.

File archives

File archive servers. Tens of thousands of Internet servers are file archive servers, storing hundreds of millions of files of various types (programs, device drivers, graphics and sound files, etc.). The presence of such file archive servers is very convenient for users, since many of the necessary files can be “downloaded” directly from the Internet.

File servers are supported by many software companies and manufacturers of computer hardware components and peripherals. The software hosted on such servers is freely distributed or shareware and therefore, by “downloading” this or that file, the user does not violate the law on copyright for software.

File download managers. For the convenience of users, many file archive servers (freeware.ru, www.freesoft.ru, www.download.ru) have a Web interface, which allows you to work with them using browsers. Browsers are integrated systems for working with various Internet information resources and therefore include file download managers.

However, it is more convenient to work with file archives to use specialized file download managers that allow you to continue downloading a file after the connection to the server is broken. File download managers provide the user with detailed information in numerical and graphical form about the file download process (file volume, volume of the downloaded part, including as a percentage, download speed, elapsed and remaining download time, etc.).

Some file download managers achieve increased download speed by splitting the file into parts and downloading all parts at the same time. For example, in the FlashGet file download manager, the process of downloading each part of a file is presented in graphical form at the bottom of the application window (Figure 6.16).

Address of the file on the file archive server. Access to files on file archive servers is possible both via HTTP and the special FTP file transfer protocol (File Transfer Protocol). The FTP protocol allows you not only to download files from remote file archive servers to a local computer, but also, conversely, to transfer files from a local computer to a remote server.

File address includes how the file is accessed and the name of the Internet server on which the file is located.

If the FTP file transfer protocol is used as a method of accessing the file file.exe stored on the ftp.metodist.ru server, the file address will be written as follows:

ftp://ftp.metodist.ru/file.exe

Control questions

1. What files are typically stored on file archive servers?

2. What parts does the address of a file on a file archive server consist of?

Tasks for independent completion

6.7. Short answer task. Write down the address of the program.exe file stored on a computer registered in the first-level domain w, second-level domain schools and having its own name ftp.

Chatting in Internet

Recently, real-time communication on the Internet has become increasingly widespread. Increased data transfer speeds and increased computer performance give users the opportunity not only to exchange text messages in real time, but also to carry out audio and video communications.

Real-time communication servers. There are thousands of servers on the Internet that provide real-time communication. Any user can connect to such a server and start communicating with one of the visitors of this server or participate in a group meeting.

The simplest way to communicate "talk", or chat(English chat) is the exchange of messages typed from the keyboard. You enter a message using the keyboard, and it appears in a window that all meeting participants can see at the same time.

If your computer, as well as the computers of your interlocutors, are equipped with a sound card, microphone and headphones or speakers, then you can exchange audio messages. However, a “live” conversation is possible only between two interlocutors at the same time.

In order for you to be able to see each other, i.e. exchange video images, Web cameras must be connected to your computers.

Interactive communication using the ICQ system. In recent years, interactive communication through ICQ servers has become very popular (this three-letter abbreviation is formed from the consonance of the words “I seek you” - “I am looking for you”).

The ICQ interactive communication system integrates various forms of communication: email, text messaging (chat), Internet telephony, file transfer, searching for people on the network, etc. (Fig. 6.17).

Rice. 6.17. ICQ interactive communication program

Currently, there are almost 200 million registered users in the ICQ system, and each user has a unique identification number. After connecting to the Internet, the user can start communicating with any user registered in the ICQ system and currently connected to the Internet.

Internet telephony. Internet telephony is used to transmit voice data over the Internet computer network. Internet telephony providers use special equipment to connect the Internet computer network and the regular telephone network. The user can use Internet telephony services and call directly from a computer (see Fig. 6.18) or from a regular telephone, having previously dialed the number of the Internet telephony provider.

It is beneficial to use Internet telephony for calls to remote settlements and countries of the world, since a minute of such communication is significantly cheaper than long-distance and international telephone tariffs.

Control questions

1. What forms of real-time communication exist on the Internet?

Mobile Internet

Mobile telephone network. Currently, the mobile telephone network has covered almost the entire world, and the number of mobile phone users is approaching one billion people. The exchange of information between mobile phones is carried out using a network consisting of antennas of cellular communication stations connected to each other by information transmission channels.

The mobile communication network allows you to transmit not only voice messages, but also data. You can exchange short text messages using mobile phones SMS, as well as multimedia messages MMS, which allow you to send phone ringtones and graphics (such as photos taken with your phone's built-in camera).

Data exchange between the mobile telephone network and the Internet computer network. The mobile telephone network and the Internet computer network allow the transmission of data and voice messages, and therefore it is advisable to combine their information resources. Mobile telephone operators and Internet providers provide the ability to transfer data between these networks (Figure 6.18).

Data exchange between networks allows, for example, from a mobile phone to send email messages to a mailbox on the Internet, and from a computer connected to the Internet to send SMS messages to a mobile phone.

Internet access using a mobile phone. Many mobile phone models have a built-in modem, so for wireless Internet access you just need to connect your mobile phone to your computer and call your provider. After connecting your computer to the Internet, you can “travel” the World Wide Web, work with e-mail, “download” files and use any other Internet resources, as with a regular cable connection. The disadvantage of this connection is the low data transfer speed (no more than 9.6 Kbps) and the high cost per minute of connection.

Full high-speed Internet access from a mobile phone can be achieved using technology GPRS, at which the maximum possible data transfer rate is 170 Kbps (this is approximately 3 times faster than dial-up access). Importantly, this technology provides immediate access to the Internet, without the need to dial an Internet provider, and allows you to simultaneously talk on your mobile phone and exchange data between your computer and the Internet.

Connecting a mobile phone to a computer can be done in various ways: using a cable to the COM port, using a cable to the USB port, or wirelessly to the infrared port (Fig. 6.19).

To access Internet information resources directly from mobile phones, you can use WAP-browsers. WAP sites are specially adapted to the capabilities of a mobile phone (two-color graphics, small screen and small memory) and contain news, weather forecasts, exchange rates, etc. From WAP sites you can send an email message or participate in a WAP chat.

Control questions

1. What is the difference between Internet telephony and mobile Internet?

2. What data can be transferred from a mobile telephone network to the Internet computer network? From the Internet to the mobile network?

Sound and video on the Internet

Sound and video files have a large information volume. Transferring such files over computer networks in standard digital formats requires high-bandwidth communication lines. High quality digital stereo audio with a sampling rate of 48,000 times per second and an encoding depth of 16 bits requires a data rate equal to:

16 bits × 48,000 s -1 = 1,536,000 bps = 1500 Kbps » 1.5 Mbps.

Digital video of the television standard requires a data transfer rate of about 240 Mbit/s to transmit images.

To reduce the volume of audio and video files without visible loss of quality, special file compression methods are used, based on the removal of audio or video information that is not perceptible to humans.

Stream audio and video. Streaming audio and video technologies have become widespread on the Internet. These technologies transfer audio and video files in parts to the local computer buffer, which makes them possible to stream even when using a modem connection. Reducing the transmission speed of the channel can lead to temporary audio dropouts or skipped video frames.

Multimedia players (Windows Media Player, WinAmp, etc.) are used to listen to streaming audio and watch streaming video. While playing a streaming media file, the user receives information about the data transfer rate and can adjust the playback quality.

There are quite a lot of radio and television stations that broadcast via the Internet. Web cameras are widely popular, installed in various parts of the world (on city streets, in museums, in nature reserves, etc.) and continuously transmitting images (Fig. 6.20).

Control questions

1.Why is it necessary to compress audio and video files when transmitting over the Internet?

The Internet is familiar to modern people, but this state of affairs was preceded by a rather long and complex path of formation and development of technologies, thanks to which it turned out to be possible to ensure the deployment of the World Wide Web on a global scale. What are these solutions? How did it develop in Russia?

Definition of the Internet

The Internet as a global information system is a computer network whose nodes are distributed throughout the world and are logically connected through the use of a special address space. The functioning of this global network is possible primarily due to the unification of communication standards: for example, TCP/IP is used as the main one, implemented in the same way on any computers connected to the World Wide Web.

In its modern form, the Internet as a global information system has existed for about 30 years. But by the time of its appearance, the infrastructure on the basis of which the World Wide Web was developed was quite developed in many countries of the world.

It will be useful to consider how it was built in certain states. It is noteworthy that the history of the development of infrastructure, on the basis of which the modern Internet began to be built, practically coincides with the period of confrontation between the world’s two largest technological systems - Western and Soviet. Of course, this is a very simplified classification, since both within the first system and the second, regional and national technologies were actively developed, very different in a number of cases.

Ultimately, the Western model became the basis for the development of the modern Internet - however, by the time it was introduced in the USSR, Soviet specialists already had experience in deploying computer networks that were somewhat similar to the Western Internet model. Let us therefore consider how the World Wide Web developed within the framework of the Western technological system, as well as when the Internet appeared in Russia based on the specifics of the development of the national infrastructure of computer networks.

History of the Internet in Western countries

In the late 50s, during one of the most difficult periods of the Cold War, the US government set a task for American scientists: to create a data transmission infrastructure that could function even in a global armed conflict. Scientists proposed the concept of such a system - the project was called ARPANET.

In 1969, the computers of several large American universities were networked using schemes that were developed by scientists as part of this project. Subsequently, the experience gained by the researchers was adopted by many other interested structures: this led to the growth of computer networks operating according to ARPANET standards on a national scale.

Specialized programs for this infrastructure also appeared: for example, already in 1971, software designed for sending messages was written for ARPANET. In fact, we are talking about the appearance of the first e-mail - the main functions of the Internet today still include the organization of data exchange in the appropriate format. In the 70s, e-mail was, according to researchers, the most popular function deployed within the American project.

Gradually, the scope of ARPANET expanded beyond the United States: various European organizations began to connect to the network. Communication with American infrastructure was organized through a telephone cable laid across the Atlantic Ocean.

In fact, from the moment Europeans connected to the ARPANET, in particular in 1973, British and Norwegian organizations began to organize data exchange with the network, and the project became international. However, communications between computers located in different parts of the planet were not always stable due to the lack of generally accepted standards for data exchange.

The corresponding problem was eliminated after the implementation of the universal TCP/IP protocol. It is still used by almost all Internet resources.

By the time TCP-IP was introduced, the American-European network was more likely interregional than global - despite the fact that in 1983 the name “Internet” was assigned to it. But its further development was rapid. This process was facilitated by the invention of the DNS standard in 1984 - on its basis the domain name service began to function. It can be noted that in the same year, the ARPANET project had a serious competitor in the form of the NSFNet network, which united computers from various universities.

NSFNet as the infrastructure basis of the Internet

The NSFNet infrastructure made it possible to provide significantly higher dynamics. At the same time, it grew at the most active pace. Gradually, the growing network NSFNet began to be called “the Internet.” In 1988, its resources became possible to use to organize instant transmission of messages in chat format - using the IRC protocol.

In 1989, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee developed the concept of a global computer network, the World Wide Web. Over the next 2 years, he creates the hypertext transfer protocol - HTTP, the HTML language, and URL identifiers. According to many researchers, it was thanks to the inventions of Tim Berners-Lee that the Internet as a global information system began its rapid march across the planet.

These standards, as well as the capabilities of the universal TCP/IP protocol, have made it possible to scale the World Wide Web on a global scale at a gigantic pace. In the early 90s, the basic Internet capabilities available to modern users were formed: accessing web pages through browsers, posting information on them, receiving and transferring files. Of course, e-mail and IRC services remained in demand.

The hypertext language and website management technologies were improved. NSFNet servers were used for a long time as the infrastructure basis of the Internet, but in 1995 this function was transferred to network providers. In 1996, the WWW standard became widespread, through which it was possible to transmit almost any data using Internet channels. But the FTP standard has also retained its relevance. And today, many Internet resources continue to use it to organize effective file exchange.

In its familiar form, the World Wide Web was generally formed by the early 2000s. As the speed of user access to online resources increased due to technologies such as DSL, optical fiber, 3G, 4G, resources for hosting video content, such as YouTube, gaming portals, and cloud services, became especially popular. Through the Internet, not only data exchange is organized between people, but also between various devices - from simple household items to large industrial infrastructure. There are a large number of scientific concepts regarding how the Internet as a global information system will develop in the future. They are very different, and their implementation largely depends on the progress of the development of computer technology itself.

History of the Internet in Russia

Let us now study when the Internet appeared in Russia. We have become familiar with the Western model of the development of online communications; now it is important for us to understand how the corresponding infrastructure was implemented in our country.

As we noted at the beginning of the article, for a long time information technologies in the Soviet Union developed in parallel with Western ones. It should be noted that, to a large extent, their development became possible thanks to the emergence of resources in the USSR for the reproduction of the Western microprocessor base, which began to be actively implemented at various levels of communications management in the 60-70s, although before that Soviet scientists had very progressive developments of their own . But one way or another, the essence of the Internet in the Western interpretation could differ significantly from the concepts of the development of computer networks in the USSR.

Back in the 1950s, Soviet scientists formed computer networks as part of projects to create missile defense infrastructure. These networks were based on Soviet computers such as “Diana-I”, “Diana-II” and other solutions. The exchange of information between the corresponding computers was carried out in order to calculate the flight trajectory of the interceptor missiles.

In the 1970s, computer networks were actively used in the civilian sphere - in particular, as infrastructure within systems such as ASU-Express and Siren, which made it possible to reserve railway and air tickets, respectively. In 1974, the KOI-8 computer encoding was invented.

In the first half of the 80s, the VNIIPAS Institute began to carry out remote data exchange with foreign organizations using computers. In general, in the 80s, the deployment of Soviet network computer systems was quite active, largely due to the appearance in the USSR of localized versions of the UNIX operating system (on the principles of which modern Linux operating systems operate and, in turn, Android operating systems based on it, which can be classified as the most widespread in the world, if we take the mobile device market). In fact, by 1990, the USSR had created all the necessary infrastructure for the subsequent unification of Soviet computer networks and the Internet, which operated on the basis of NSFNet resources.

"RELCOM" - national computer network

The all-Union computer network “RELCOM” appears, which uses Internet protocols and technologies. Communication between computers is provided through telephone channels. The most important role in building this infrastructure was played by the developers of the Demos cooperative, which developed various software solutions.

In August 1990, researchers from the University established contact with the University of Helsinki in order to ensure the functioning of mail transmission channels within the Internet itself. In September 1990, specialists from RELCOM, as well as from the Demos company, registered the domain Soviet Union.Su, which is still in use - and there are versions that its popularity will grow.

In the USSR, along with RELCOM, FIDO user networks are developing. By 1991, resources with domain addressing became available to Soviet users connecting to RELCOM, just like on the modern Internet. In 1992, the first providers appeared in the Russian Federation.

The use of the international TCP/IP standard in Russia is becoming widespread. In April 1994, the national domain .Ru was registered. Since then, the Internet in Russia has developed generally in the same way as in Western countries. At the same time, Russian specialists also made a significant contribution to the development of the World Wide Web, in particular at the level of developing anti-virus and server solutions.

So, we have studied how the Internet works, the features of the development of relevant communication technologies in Russia and the West. Let us now study what the World Wide Web is today.

Modern Internet: providers

Internet access for users is provided by providers. Let's study the specifics of the problems they solve.

Who is an Internet Provider? In the early years of the development of the World Wide Web, this was considered a company that provided switching services to ensure communication between the user and nearby Internet servers. Now the provider is a supplier of high-tech communication resources that ensure operation on a regional and sometimes national scale. Companies providing relevant services can be either very large, international, or local, which can operate on the scale of one city.

There are a large number of technologies through which providers can provide their services: optical and telephone channels, satellite, cellular Internet. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Internet prices set by the provider largely depend on which channels are used. As a rule, the most affordable for the user are wired channels, a little more expensive - cellular, and the most expensive - satellite. In this case, payment for the provider’s services can be made:

• in the format of a subscription fee;
• for traffic;
• in some cases - during access to the Network.

The role of the Internet in the modern world is primarily to provide users with the opportunity to visit various sites.

Modern Internet: sites

A site hosted on the Internet is a collection of files (text, graphics, video and audio recordings containing other multimedia components), accessed through protocols such as WWW, HTTP, FTP and others, which are optimal in a particular case. Of course, these files are systematized in a certain way to facilitate the user’s perception of information.

The main system element of the site is the web page. In most cases, it is compiled in HTML, often using various scripts. The site may have different themes. It could be an online newspaper, blog, video hosting, sports, entertainment portal - there are a huge number of types of resources that can be posted on the World Wide Web.

Modern Internet: radio and television

We noted above that as communication technologies develop and data transfer speeds increase, various video resources on the Internet are gaining popularity. This can be considered, for example, Internet television, as well as online radio. These technologies make it possible to broadcast television and radio programs on special sites using special technologies.

It is noteworthy that many of the modern services allow any user to organize their own broadcasting. Internet television, given the prevalence of high-speed lines, is no longer a privilege, but an ordinary resource. Which, at the same time, may require significant investments (labor, financial) from users in its promotion and development. The same can be said about websites. An online newspaper or entertainment portal can be registered by any interested user, but turning it into a recognizable brand is not an easy task.

Modern Internet: mobile applications

One of the most pronounced trends in the development of the modern Internet can be considered the widespread distribution of mobile applications - special software launched from smartphones or tablets. Functionally, these applications can in many cases be similar to web pages. But there are also specialized solutions of the corresponding type, for example, adapted to organize secure access to a personal account, for example a bank account. The Internet today is a communication environment within which almost any digital data can be transmitted, and in many cases this requires the use of special protocols and technologies, including those implemented in mobile applications.

Summary

So, we have studied what the concept of the World Wide Web is, as well as the main technologies that are used to ensure its functioning. The essence of the Internet is to provide users from all over the world with stable, inexpensive access to various types of useful information, files, multimedia content, as well as resources through which people can communicate with each other and exchange various data. Such an opportunity is now familiar to residents of probably all countries of the world, although previously it was available to very few people; in many cases, it could only be used if one had high qualifications in the field of information technology.

Who is an Internet provider, which one can you connect to and at what price are questions that a typical resident of a modern metropolis will almost certainly know the answers to. The World Wide Web continues to develop: new services, technologies, concepts for organizing user communication are appearing, and devices for data transmission are being improved. The way technological progress will proceed, the way the world economy will develop, will determine the vectors for the further development of the Internet.