Dark yellow rgb color. Color in styles can be specified in different ways: by hexadecimal value, by name, in RGB, RGBA, HSL, HSLA format
Vlad Merzhevich
In HTML, color is specified in one of two ways: using hexadecimal code and by the name of certain colors. The method based on the hexadecimal number system is predominantly used, as it is the most universal.
Hexadecimal colors
HTML uses hexadecimal numbers to specify colors. The hexadecimal system, unlike the decimal system, is based, as its name suggests, on the number 16. The numbers will be as follows: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C , D, E, F. Numbers from 10 to 15 are replaced by Latin letters. In table 6.1 shows the correspondence between decimal and hexadecimal numbers.
Numbers greater than 15 in the hexadecimal system are formed by combining two numbers into one (Table 6.2). For example, the number 255 in decimal corresponds to the number FF in hexadecimal.
To avoid confusion in defining the number system, a hexadecimal number is preceded by a hash symbol #, for example #aa69cc. In this case, the case does not matter, so it is permissible to write #F0F0F0 or #f0f0f0.
A typical color used in HTML looks like this.
Here the background color of the web page is set to #FA8E47. The hash symbol # in front of a number means it is hexadecimal. The first two digits (FA) define the red component of the color, the third through fourth digits (8E) define the green component, and the last two digits (47) define the blue component. The end result will be this color.
| F.A. | + | 8E | + | 47 | = | FA8E47 |
Each of the three colors - red, green and blue - can take values from 00 to FF, resulting in a total of 256 shades. Thus, the total number of colors can be 256x256x256 = 16,777,216 combinations. A color model based on red, green and blue components is called RGB (red, green, blue; red, green, blue). This model is additive (from add - add), in which the addition of all three components forms the color white.
To make it easier to navigate hexadecimal colors, take into account some rules.
- If the values of the color components are the same (for example: #D6D6D6), then the result will be a gray tint. The higher the number, the lighter the color, with values ranging from #000000 (black) to #FFFFFF (white).
- A bright red color is formed if the red component is made maximum (FF) and the remaining components are set to zero. A color with a value of #FF0000 is the reddest possible red shade. The same is true for green (#00FF00) and blue (#0000FF).
- Yellow (#FFFF00) is made by mixing red and green. This is clearly visible on the color wheel (Fig. 6.1), which presents the primary colors (red, green, blue) and complementary or additional ones. These include yellow, cyan and violet (also called magenta). In general, any color can be obtained by mixing colors close to it. Thus, cyan (#00FFFF) is obtained by combining blue and green.
Rice. 6.1. Color circle
Colors based on hexadecimal values do not have to be empirically selected. For this purpose, a graphic editor that can work with different color models, for example, Adobe Photoshop, is suitable. In Fig. Figure 6.2 shows the window for selecting a color in this program; the resulting hexadecimal value of the current color is outlined with a line. You can copy and paste it into your code.
Rice. 6.2. Window for choosing colors in Photoshop
Web colors
If you set the monitor's color rendering quality to 8 bits (256 colors), then the same color can be displayed differently in different browsers. This is due to the way graphics are displayed, when the browser works with its own palette and cannot show a color that is not in its palette. In this case, the color is replaced by a combination of pixels of other, close to it, colors that imitate the given one. To ensure that the color remains the same across different browsers, a palette of so-called web colors was introduced. Web colors are those colors for which each component - red, green and blue - is set to one of six values - 0 (00), 51 (33), 102 (66), 153 (99), 204 (CC), 255 (FF). The hexadecimal value of this component is indicated in parentheses. The total number of colors from all possible combinations gives 6x6x6 - 216 colors. An example web color is #33FF66.
The main feature of web color is that it appears the same in all browsers. At the moment, the relevance of web colors is very small due to the improvement in the quality of monitors and the expansion of their capabilities.
Colors by name
To avoid having to remember a set of numbers, you can use the names of commonly used colors instead. In table 6.3 shows the names of popular color names.
| Color name | Color | Description | Hexadecimal value |
|---|---|---|---|
| black | Black | #000000 | |
| blue | Blue | #0000FF | |
| fuchsia | Light purple | #FF00FF | |
| gray | Dark grey | #808080 | |
| green | Green | #008000 | |
| lime | Light green | #00FF00 | |
| maroon | Dark red | #800000 | |
| navy | Dark blue | #000080 | |
| olive | Olive | #808000 | |
| purple | Dark purple | #800080 | |
| red | Red | #FF0000 | |
| silver | Light gray | #C0C0C0 | |
| teal | Blue-green | #008080 | |
| white | White | #FFFFFF | |
| yellow | Yellow | #FFFF00 |
It doesn't matter whether you specify a color by its name or by using hexadecimal numbers. These methods are equal in their effect. Example 6.1 shows how to set the background and text colors of a web page.
Example 6.1. Background and text color
Example text
In this example, the background color is set using the bgcolor attribute of the tag
, and the text color through the text attribute. For variety, the text attribute is set to a hexadecimal number, and the bgcolor attribute is set to the reserved keyword teal .Color codes in CSS are used to specify colors. Typically, color codes or color values are used to set the color for either the foreground color of an element (e.g. text color, link color) or the background color of an element (background color, block color). They can also be used to change the color of a button, border, marker, hover, and other decorative effects.
You can specify your color values in various formats. The following table lists all possible formats:
The listed formats are described in more detail below.
CSS Colors - Hex Codes
Hexadecimal color code is a six-digit representation of color. The first two digits (RR) represent the red value, the next two represent the green value (GG), and the last two represent the blue value (BB).
CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes
Short hex color code is a shorter form of six-character notation. In this format, each digit is repeated to produce an equivalent six-digit color value. For example: #0F0 becomes #00FF00.
The hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software such as Adobe Photoshop, Core Draw, etc.
Each hexadecimal color code in CSS will be preceded by a hash sign "#". Below are examples of using hexadecimal notations.
CSS Colors - RGB Values
RGB value is a color code that is set using the rgb() property. This property takes three values: one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer, from 0 to 255, or a percentage.
Note: Not all browsers support the rgb() color property, so it is not recommended to use it.
Below is an example showing multiple colors using RGB values.
Color code generator
You can create millions of color codes using our service.
Browser Safe Colors
Below is a table of 216 colors that are the most secure and computer-independent. These colors in CSS range from 000000 to FFFFFF hexadecimal code. They are safe to use because they ensure that all computers display color correctly when working with the 256 color palette.
| Table of "safe" colors in CSS | |||||
| #000000 | #000033 | #000066 | #000099 | #0000CC | #0000FF |
| #003300 | #003333 | #003366 | #003399 | #0033CC | #0033FF |
| #006600 | #006633 | #006666 | #006699 | #0066CC | #0066FF |
| #009900 | #009933 | #009966 | #009999 | #0099CC | #0099FF |
| #00CC00 | #00CC33 | #00CC66 | #00CC99 | #00CCCC | #00CCFF |
| #00FF00 | #00FF33 | #00FF66 | #00FF99 | #00FFCC | #00FFFF |
| #330000 | #330033 | #330066 | #330099 | #3300CC | #3300FF |
| #333300 | #333333 | #333366 | #333399 | #3333CC | #3333FF |
| #336600 | #336633 | #336666 | #336699 | #3366CC | #3366FF |
| #339900 | #339933 | #339966 | #339999 | #3399CC | #3399FF |
| #33CC00 | #33CC33 | #33CC66 | #33CC99 | #33CCCC | #33CCFF |
| #33FF00 | #33FF33 | #33FF66 | #33FF99 | #33FFCC | #33FFFF |
| #660000 | #660033 | #660066 | #660099 | #6600CC | #6600FF |
| #663300 | #663333 | #663366 | #663399 | #6633CC | #6633FF |
| #666600 | #666633 | #666666 | #666699 | #6666CC | #6666FF |
| #669900 | #669933 | #669966 | #669999 | #6699CC | #6699FF |
| #66CC00 | #66CC33 | #66CC66 | #66CC99 | #66CCCC | #66CCFF |
| #66FF00 | #66FF33 | #66FF66 | #66FF99 | #66FFCC | #66FFFF |
| #990000 | #990033 | #990066 | #990099 | #9900CC | #9900FF |
| #993300 | #993333 | #993366 | #993399 | #9933CC | #9933FF |
| #996600 | #996633 | #996666 | #996699 | #9966CC | #9966FF |
| #999900 | #999933 | #999966 | #999999 | #9999CC | #9999FF |
| #99CC00 | #99CC33 | #99CC66 | #99CC99 | #99CCCC | #99CCFF |
| #99FF00 | #99FF33 | #99FF66 | #99FF99 | #99FFCC | #99FFFF |
| #CC0000 | #CC0033 | #CC0066 | #CC0099 | #CC00CC | #CC00FF |
| #CC3300 | #CC3333 | #CC3366 | #CC3399 | #CC33CC | #CC33FF |
| #CC6600 | #CC6633 | #CC6666 | #CC6699 | #CC66CC | #CC66FF |
| #CC9900 | #CC9933 | #CC9966 | #CC9999 | #CC99CC | #CC99FF |
| #CCCC00 | #CCCC33 | #CCCC66 | #CCCC99 | #CCCCCC | #CCCCFF |
| #CCFF00 | #CCFF33 | #CCFF66 | #CCFF99 | #CCFFCC | #CCFFFF |
| #FF0000 | #FF0033 | #FF0066 | #FF0099 | #FF00CC | #FF00FF |
| #FF3300 | #FF3333 | #FF3366 | #FF3399 | #FF33CC | #FF33FF |
| #FF6600 | #FF6633 | #FF6666 | #FF6699 | #FF66CC | #FF66FF |
| #FF9900 | #FF9933 | #FF9966 | #FF9999 | #FF99CC | #FF99FF |
| #FFCC00 | #FFCC33 | #FFCC66 | #FFCC99 | #FFCCCC | #FFCCFF |
| #FFFF00 | #FFFF33 | #FFFF66 | #FFFF99 | #FFFFCC | #FFFFFF |
>>Color management
Hexadecimal RGB color values
Methods of describing and processing color differ from each other in what final representation they are intended for. Let us compare, for example, the representation of colors for printing and for computer monitors. In the first case, the basis is taken white the color of the paper on which three primary colors are subsequently applied: blue, purple And yellow. Mixing with each other and with the white color of paper in different proportions, these three primary colors give different color shades, except for pure black, or in the complete absence of paints they give white paper. If we add black color to them, we get CMYK-a method of transmitting color when the required color is obtained by subtracting the missing colors from white.
In the second case, the basis is taken black the color of the monitor screen, each cell of which glows in one of three colors: red-red, green-green and blue-blue. Then, in the complete absence of any glow, we get a pure black screen color, and any of the required colors is given by the ratio of each of the three colors. In this case we will get RGB-method of color transmission. Primary colors can have values ranging from 0
before 255
, or from 0%
before 100%
, or can be represented as a hexadecimal value. In the figure below you can see the results of mixing primary colors.
The hexadecimal number system, unlike the decimal number system, has not ten digits, but sixteen - hence the name. Accordingly, there can only be non-repeating variants of combinations of two digits - 256 , to continue the series of numbers after 9 letters from A before F, therefore, the series will look like this -
| 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. |
In this case, the color is specified by three hexadecimal numbers, each of which consists of two digits. The first number determines the intensity red colors, medium- green, last thing- blue colors. All numbers can take values in the range from 00 before FF(from 0 to 255). For example: green color is given as #00FF00, red - like #FF0000, blue - like #0000FF, white - like #FFFFFF, complete absence of color or black is given as #000000 .
In the form below you can specify any hexadecimal values for each of the three colors and see the result of mixing them by clicking in the output field.
Examples of some hexadecimal RGB color values: gradations of red, blue and green.
| view | code | view | code | view | code | view | code | view | code | view | code |
| #010000 | #800000 | #000100 | #008000 | #000001 | #000080 | ||||||
| #100000 | #900000 | #001000 | #009000 | #000010 | #000090 | ||||||
| #200000 | #A00000 | #002000 | #00A000 | #000020 | #0000A0 | ||||||
| #300000 | #B00000 | #003000 | #00B000 | #000030 | #0000B0 | ||||||
| #400000 | #C00000 | #004000 | #00C000 | #000040 | #0000C0 | ||||||
| #500000 | #D00000 | #005000 | #00D000 | #000050 | #0000D0 | ||||||
| #600000 | #E00000 | #006000 | #00E000 | #000060 | #0000E0 | ||||||
| #700000 | #FF0000 | #007000 | #00FF00 | #000070 | #0000FF |
Specifying Color Using String Literals
For ease of use, some colors and their combinations were assigned names that are recognized by all browsers, and it became possible to set many of them by name. The table below shows some of the color names:
| view | Name | view | Name | view | Name | view | Name |
| White | Red | Orange | Yellow | ||||
| Green | Blue | Purple | Black | ||||
| Aliceblue | Antiquewhite | Aqua | Aquamarine | ||||
| Azure | Beige | Bisque | Blanchedalmond | ||||
| Blueviolet | Brown | Burlywood | Cadetblue | ||||
| Chartreuse | Chocolate | Coral | Cornflowerblue | ||||
| Cornsilk | Crimson | Cyan | Darkblue | ||||
| Darkcyan | Darkgoldenrod | Darkgray | Darkgreen | ||||
| Darkkhaki | Darkmagenta | Darkolivegreen | Darkorange | ||||
| Darkorchid | Darkred | Darksalmon | Darkseagreen | ||||
| Darkslateblue | Darkslategray | Darkturquoise | Darkviolet | ||||
| Deeppink | Deepskyblue | Dimgray | Dodgerblue | ||||
| Firebrick | Floralwhite | Forestgreen | Fuschia | ||||
| Gainsboro | Ghostwhite | Gold | Goldenrod | ||||
| Gray | Greenyellow | Honeydew | Hotpink | ||||
| Indianred | Indigo | Ivory | Khaki | ||||
| Lavender | Lavenderblush | Lemonchiffon | Lightblue | ||||
| Lightcoral | Lightcyan | Lightcoldenrodyellow | Lightgreen | ||||
| Lightgray | Lightpink | Lightsalmon | Lightseagreen | ||||
| Lightskyblue | Lightslategray | Lightsteelblue | Lightyellow | ||||
| Lime | Limegreen | Linen | Magenta | ||||
| Maroon | Mediumaquamarine | Mediumblue | Mediumorchid | ||||
| Mediumpurple | Mediumseagreen | Mediumslateblue | Mediumspringgreen | ||||
| Mediumturquoise | Mediumvioletred | Midnightblue | Mintcream | ||||
| Mistyrose | Navajowhite | Navy | Oldlace | ||||
| Olive | Oliverab | Orangered | Orchid | ||||
| Palegoldenrod | Palegreen | Paletteurquoise | Palevioletred | ||||
| Papayawhip | Peachpuff | Peru | Pink | ||||
| Plum | Powderblue | Rosybrown | Royalblue | ||||
| Saddlebrown | Seagreen | Seashell | Sienna | ||||
| Silver | Skyblue | Slateblue | Slategray | ||||
| Snow | Springgreen | Steelblue | Tan | ||||
| Teal | Thistle | Tomato | Turquoise | ||||
| Violet | Wheat | Whitesmoke | Yellowgreen |
Using a safe color palette
Unfortunately, on different platforms, with different system settings, correct color reproduction is a problem. The thing is that the browser always tries to adjust the color palette of the document to the system settings and monitor capabilities, by independently mixing colors and replacing them. As a result, sometimes the user does not see exactly what the webmaster wanted to show him. A way out of this situation was found in the use of a palette, each color of which is guaranteed to be rendered equally by all browsers on different platforms. This is the so-called guaranteed palette, also called safe palette. This palette includes colors whose color components take the following values: 00 ,33 ,66 ,99 , CC,FF, in all possible ways 216 their combinations.
| view | code | view | code | view | code | view | code | view | code | view | code |
| FFFFFF | CCCCCC | 999999 | 666666 | 333333 | 000000 | ||||||
| CCCC66 | CCCC33 | 999966 | 999933 | 999900 | 666600 | ||||||
| CCFF66 | CCFF00 | CCFF33 | CCCC99 | 666633 | 333300 | ||||||
| 99FF00 | 99FF33 | 99CC66 | 99CC00 | 99CC33 | 669900 | ||||||
| CCFF99 | 99FF99 | 66CC00 | 66CC33 | 669933 | 336600 | ||||||
| 66FF00 | 66FF33 | 33FF00 | 33CC00 | 339900 | 009900 | ||||||
| 33FF33 | 00FF33 | 00FF00 | 00CC00 | 33CC33 | 00CC33 | ||||||
| CCFFCC | 99CC99 | 66CC66 | 669966 | 336633 | 003300 | ||||||
| 99FF99 | 66FF66 | 33FF66 | 00FF66 | 339933 | 006600 | ||||||
| 66FF99 | 33FF99 | 00FF99 | 33CC66 | 00CC66 | 009933 | ||||||
| 66CC99 | 33CC99 | 00CC99 | 339966 | 009966 | 006633 | ||||||
| 99FFCC | 66FFCC | 33FFCC | 00FFCC | 33CCCC | 009999 | ||||||
| CCFFFF | 99FFFF | 66FFFF | 33FFFF | 00FFFF | 00CCCC | ||||||
| 99CCCC | 66CCCC | 339999 | 669999 | 006666 | 336666 | ||||||
| 66CCFF | 33CCFF | 00CCFF | 3399CC | 0099CC | 003333 | ||||||
| 99CCFF | 3399FF | 0099FF | 6699CC | 336699 | 006699 | ||||||
| 0066FF | 3366CC | 0066CC | 0033FF | 003399 | 003366 | ||||||
| 6699FF | 3366FF | 0000FF | 0000CC | 0033CC | 000033 | ||||||
| 3333FF | 3300FF | 3300CC | 3333CC | 000099 | 000066 | ||||||
| 9999CC | 6666FF | 6666CC | 666699 | 333399 | 333366 | ||||||
| CCCCFF | 9999FF | 6666FF | 6600FF | 330099 | 330066 | ||||||
| 9966CC | 9966FF | 6600CC | 6633CC | 663399 | 330033 | ||||||
| CC99FF | CC66FF | 9933FF | 9900FF | 660099 | 663366 | ||||||
| CC66FF | CC33FF | CC00FF | 9900CC | 996699 | 660066 | ||||||
| CC99CC | CC66CC | CC33CC | CC00CC | 990099 | 993399 | ||||||
| FFCCFF | FF99FF | FF66FF | FF33FF | FF00FF | CC3399 | ||||||
| FF66CC | FF00CC | FF33CC | CC6699 | CC0099 | 990066 | ||||||
| FF99CC | FF3399 | FF0099 | CC0066 | 993366 | 660033 | ||||||
| FF6699 | FF3399 | FF0066 | CC3366 | 996666 | 663333 | ||||||
| CC9999 | CC6666 | CC3333 | CC0000 | 990033 | 330000 | ||||||
| FFCCCC | FF9999 | FF6666 | FF3333 | FF0000 | CC0033 | ||||||
| FF6633 | CC3300 | FF3300 | FF0000 | CC0000 | 990000 | ||||||
| FFCC99 | FFCC66 | FF6600 | CC6633 | 993300 | 660000 | ||||||
| FF9900 | FF9933 | CC9966 | CC6600 | 996633 | 663300 | ||||||
| FFCC66 | FFCC00 | FFCC33 | CC9900 | CC9933 | 996600 | ||||||
| FFFFCC | FFFF99 | FFFF66 | FFFF33 | FFFF00 | CCCC00 |
Color in CSS can be set in different ways:
- by name,
- by hexadecimal value,
- in RGB and RGBA formats,
- in HSL and HSLA formats.
Set color by name
Browsers support specifying some colors for elements by name. This table contains some keywords (English color names) used to specify color properties, RGB code, hexadecimal code (HEX) and HSL code.
| Name | Color | RGB | HEX | HSL | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| white | rgb(255, 255, 255) | #ffffff or #fff | hsl(0, 0%, 100%) | White | |
| silver | rgb(192, 192, 192) | #c0c0c0 | hsl(0, 0%, 75%) | Grey | |
| gray | rgb(128, 128, 128) | #808080 | hsl(0, 0%, 50%) | Dark grey | |
| black | rgb(0, 0, 0) | #000000 or #000 | hsl(0, 0%, 0%) | Black | |
| maroon | rgb(128, 0, 0) | #800000 | hsl(0, 100%, 25%) | Dark red | |
| red | rgb(255, 0, 0) | #ff0000 or #f00 | hsl(0, 100%, 50%) | Red | |
| orange | rgb(255, 165, 0) | #ffa500 | hsl(38.8, 100%, 50%) | Orange | |
| yellow | rgb(255, 255, 0) | #ffff00 or #ff0 | hsl(60, 100%, 50%) | Yellow | |
| olive | rgb(128, 128, 0) | #808000 | hsl(60, 100%, 25%) | Olive | |
| lime | rgb(0, 255, 0) | #00ff00 or #0f0 | hsl(120, 100%, 50%) | Light green | |
| green | rgb(0, 128, 0) | #008000 | hsl(120, 100%, 25%) | Green | |
| aqua | rgb(0, 255, 255) | #00ffff or #0ff | hsl(180, 100%, 50%) | Blue | |
| blue | rgb(0, 0, 255) | #0000ff or #00f | hsl(240, 100%, 50%) | Blue | |
| navy | rgb(0,0,128) | #000080 | hsl(240, 100%, 25%) | Dark blue | |
| teal | rgb(0, 128, 128) | #008080 | hsl(180, 100%, 25%) | Blue-green | |
| fuchsia | rgb(255, 0, 255) | #ff00ff or #f0f | hsl(300, 100%, 50%) | Pink | |
| purple | rgb(128, 0, 128) | #800080 | hsl(300, 100%, 25%) | Violet |
This is an example of the use of color names, the color names are taken from the extended table.
Here's how this code works:
Setting color using RGB
RGB is an additive color model. In English addition- addition. RGB is an abbreviation of the English words: Red, Green, Blue - red, green, blue). From this it is clear that in the RGB model, colors are synthesized by adding three colors (red, green, blue) in different quantities.
By mixing red, green and blue colors you can get several million shades. All possible combinations are stored in computer memory.
Get to the point.
To set properties in this format, use the notation rgb(r, g, b) , where r, g, b are the three channels for each color (red, green, blue). Values for each channel are set in the range from 0 to 255.
Example code.
To make everything clear, here is a code example:
This is how this example should work:
Fig.1. Colors in RGB. Explanations for example.
At the beginning of the page we create the div.rgb class, it is needed for blocks created by the tag
Next, in the code we set the background color of the block
Try editing this example and specifying your own values, for example rgb(100, 100, 100) .
Setting color using RGBA
CSS3 has a new tool for working with color - the RGBA format. It can be called an evolution of the RGB model, but with the addition of one new channel - the A or alpha channel. This channel sets the transparency of the color. Its values are set in the range from 0 to 1. A value of 0 corresponds to full transparency, 1 - full opacity (the color will be the same as it was specified in the first three RGB channels), and intermediate values like 0.4 or 0.6 - translucency to varying degrees.
Example code.
Here's how it will work:
This code is visually similar to the following, which uses the RGB model to specify a color value:
Here is his result:
An alpha channel value equal to zero makes any color invisible - absolutely transparent; a value equal to one translates the color in the RGB code without changes. The rgba(255,0,0,1.0) property shows the color red rgb(255, 0, 0) .
By hexadecimal value (HEX code)
In everyday life, we use the decimal counting system. Its origins are very simple - we have ten fingers on our hands, and counting on our fingers has been convenient in life. If the decimal system has ten digits: from 0 to 9, and the number 10 is the next digit, then the hexadecimal number system has 16 digits, and the next digit is the number 16.
To indicate color codes, ordinary decimal digits from 0 to 9 are used as hexadecimal digits, and Latin letters from A to F are used to indicate numbers from 10 to 15, that is, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). For clarity, let's put this in a table:
To write hexadecimal numbers greater than F (15 in the decimal system), as in the decimal system, they also use the combination of two digits, but already hexadecimal, which is obvious. Thus, to write the decimal number 255 in hexadecimal notation, use FF notation.
The hexadecimal system is more understandable to the computer, and it processes values set by hexadecimal value faster.
To specify a color in hexadecimal, precede the numeric value with a “#” sign, example: #FFC0CB. The value #FFC0CB itself consists of three hexadecimal digits FF, C0 and CB. The meaning of this entry is the same as setting the color in the RGB format (rgb(r, g, b)) - each hexadecimal digit in the HEX code indicates the color saturation in its channel of the RGB model.
This code will display the following elements:
And here is a picture with the result from the section "Setting colors using RGB" on this page above.
Fig.1. Colors in RGB. We see that the colors are identical.
A shortened notation of the HEX color code is allowed: a 6-digit number can be written as a 3-digit number. This is only valid when two digits in the color value of one channel are repeated.
That is, the following abbreviation is acceptable:
For example, the color #ff22aa can be written as #f2a, or the color #44aa22 can be written as #4a2.
Setting Color Using HSL
CSS3 has a new format for specifying colors.
The HSL format is an abbreviation for the English words: Hue (hue), Saturate (saturation) and Lightness (lightness).
Hue in HSL is the value of a color on a special color wheel (Figure 2) and is specified in degrees. If we draw analogies with the RGB model, then 0° corresponds to red, 120° corresponds to green, and 240° corresponds to blue.
The hue value will change in the range from 0 to 359.
Figure 2. HSL color wheel. The second value - saturation (Saturate) is set as a percentage. At 100% saturation, the color is as “juicy” as possible; as the saturation indicator moves towards 0%, the color becomes duller and fades into gray.
The third value, Lightness, is also set as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the brighter the color will be. The extreme values of 0% and 100% will indicate black (no light) and white (overexposed) colors, respectively, and it does not matter which color from the color wheel was selected in the first channel. The optimal color brightness value is 50%.
Setting Color Using HSLA
The HSLA format is related to HSL, just as RGB is to RGBA. In the HSLA format, as in RGBA, an alpha channel is added, which is responsible for color transparency.
Color specified in HSL format is easier to read. We can say that it is intuitive. For example, the code hsl(120,60%,50%) can represent the final color if there is a picture of the HSL color wheel in memory. The same cannot be said about the RGB and HEX formats; the color code specified in these formats becomes clear only after it is visualized on the monitor.
New formats in CSS3 (HSL, HSLA and RGBA) work in browsers starting from versions: IE 9.0, Opera 10.0 Firefox 3.0. How can I make styles work on older browsers?
Somebloсk ( background-color: rgb(255,50,50); background-color: rgba(255,50,50,0.85) )
When using this code in older browsers, the background color for the .somebloсk class, although it will not use an alpha channel, will be displayed in RGB format.
HEX/HTML
HEX color is nothing but a hexadecimal representation of RGB.
Colors are represented as three groups of hexadecimal digits, where each group is responsible for its own color: #112233, where 11 is red, 22 is green, 33 is blue. All values must be between 00 and FF.
Many applications allow a shortened form of hexadecimal color notation. If each of the three groups contains the same characters, for example #112233, then they can be written as #123.
- h1 ( color: #ff0000; ) /* red */
- h2 ( color: #00ff00; ) /* green */
- h3 ( color: #0000ff; ) /* blue */
- h4 ( color: #00f; ) /* same blue, shorthand */
RGB
The RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color space consists of all possible colors that can be created by mixing red, green, and blue. This model is popular in photography, television, and computer graphics.
RGB values are specified as an integer from 0 to 255. For example, rgb(0,0,255) is displayed as blue because the blue parameter is set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0.
Some applications (particularly web browsers) support percentage recording of RGB values (from 0% to 100%).
- h1 ( color: rgb(255, 0, 0); ) /* red */
- h2 ( color: rgb(0, 255, 0); ) /* green */
- h3 ( color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ) /* blue */
- h4 ( color: rgb(0%, 0%, 100%); ) /* same blue, percentage entry */
RGB color values are supported in all major browsers.
RGBA
Recently, modern browsers have learned to work with the RGBA color model - an extension of RGB with support for an alpha channel, which determines the opacity of an object.
The RGBA color value is specified as: rgba(red, green, blue, alpha). The alpha parameter is a number ranging from 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque).
- h1 ( color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ) /* blue in regular RGB */
- h2 ( color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1); ) /* the same blue in RGBA, because opacity: 100% */
- h3 ( color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.5); ) /* opacity: 50% */
- h4 ( color: rgba(0, 0, 255, .155); ) /* opacity: 15.5% */
- h5 ( color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0); ) /* completely transparent */
RGBA is supported in IE9+, Firefox 3+, Chrome, Safari, and Opera 10+.
HSL
The HSL color model is a representation of the RGB model in a cylindrical coordinate system. HSL represents colors in a more intuitive and human-readable way than typical RGB. The model is often used in graphics applications, color palettes, and image analysis.
HSL stands for Hue (color/hue), Saturation (saturation), Lightness/Luminance (lightness/lightness/luminosity, not to be confused with brightness).
Hue specifies the position of the color on the color wheel (from 0 to 360). Saturation is the percentage value of the saturation (from 0% to 100%). Lightness is a percentage of lightness (from 0% to 100%).
- h1 ( color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); ) /* green */
- h2 ( color: hsl(120, 100%, 75%); ) /* light green */
- h3 ( color: hsl(120, 100%, 25%); ) /* dark green */
- h4 ( color: hsl(120, 60%, 70%); ) /* pastel green */
HSL is supported in IE9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera 10+.
HSLA
Similar to RGB/RGBA, HSL has an HSLA mode that supports an alpha channel to indicate the opacity of an object.
The HSLA color value is specified as: hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha). The alpha parameter is a number ranging from 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque).
- h1 ( color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); ) /* green in normal HSL */
- h2 ( color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 1); ) /* the same green in HSLA, because opacity: 100% */
- h3 ( color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 0.5); ) /* opacity: 50% */
- h4 ( color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, .155); ) /* opacity: 15.5% */
- h5 ( color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 0); ) /* completely transparent */
CMYK
The CMYK color model is often associated with color printing and printing. CMYK (unlike RGB) is a subtractive model, meaning that higher values are associated with darker colors.
Colors are determined by the ratio of cyan (Cyan), magenta (Magenta), yellow (Yellow), with the addition of black (Key/blacK).
Each of the numbers that define a color in CMYK represents the percentage of ink of a given color that makes up the color combination, or more precisely, the size of the screen dot that is output on the phototypesetting machine on film of that color (or directly on the printing plate in the case of CTP).
For example, to obtain the PANTONE 7526 color, you would mix 9 parts cyan, 83 parts magenta, 100 parts yellow, and 46 parts black. This can be denoted as follows: (9,83,100,46). Sometimes the following designations are used: C9M83Y100K46, or (9%, 83%, 100%, 46%), or (0.09/0.83/1.0/0.46).
HSB/HSV
HSB (also known as HSV) is similar to HSL, but they are two different color models. They are both based on cylindrical geometry, but HSB/HSV is based on the "hexcone" model, while HSL is based on the "bi-hexcone" model. Artists often prefer to use this model, it is generally accepted that the HSB/HSV device is closer to the natural perception of colors. In particular, the HSB color model is used in Adobe Photoshop.
HSB/HSV stands for Hue (color/hue), Saturation (saturation), Brightness/Value (brightness/value).
Hue specifies the position of the color on the color wheel (from 0 to 360). Saturation is the percentage value of the saturation (from 0% to 100%). Brightness is a percentage of brightness (from 0% to 100%).
XYZ
The XYZ color model (CIE 1931 XYZ) is a purely mathematical space. Unlike RGB, CMYK, and other models, in XYZ the principal components are “imaginary,” meaning you cannot associate X, Y, and Z with any set of colors to mix. XYZ is the master model for almost all other color models used in technical fields.
LAB
The LAB color model (CIELAB, “CIE 1976 L*a*b*”) is calculated from the CIE XYZ space. Lab's design goal was to create a color space in which color changes would be more linear in terms of human perception (compared to XYZ), that is, so that the same change in color coordinate values in different regions of the color space would produce the same sensation of color change.
