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Object coordinates. How to indicate your location to others if you don’t know the address (search by coordinates). How to find the right address in an unfamiliar city

There are many good cartographic resources on the global Internet that allow you to explore a particular area on a map, and, if necessary, see what it looks like from a bird’s eye view thanks to satellite images. Many of them allow you to determine the coordinates of a point on the map due to the fact that they can work with geographic coordinates. They help to determine the location of an object on the globe as accurately as possible, regardless of whether you are looking for it through - on the globe or on a website on the Internet. One of the most popular cartographic resources in Russia, Yandex.Maps, also perfectly understands coordinates and supports working with them.

Let's first define what geographic coordinates are. They look simple, like two numbers. In fact, these are two special angular quantities - latitude And longitude. Northern latitude is designated by the letter N for “Nord” (North), southern latitude is designated by S for South (South). The longitude can also be eastern E from "East" (East) or western - "W" from "West" (West). It is by them that today the position of objects on the surface of the planet is determined. Usually they are presented in the form of degrees, but in principle they can also be indicated in fractions. If you know the latitude and longitude of the desired point, then it will be easy to find it either on Yandex.Maps or on Google Maps.

How to determine the coordinates of a point

To find the longitude and latitude of the point you need in Yandex Maps, just find it on the map and left-click on it. A tooltip appears with the name of the geographic feature. The required numbers will be displayed at the bottom of it. Let me give you an example: I’m looking for the coordinates of the Oleg Yankovsky park in Saratov. Having found it, I click the mouse and see a hint:

Below the hint text there are two numbers written. Latitude comes first: 51.533689. The second is longitude: 46.002794.

As you can see, Yandex.Maps even make it possible to build a route from any place to the coordinates of the desired location.

How to enter coordinates to find a point

In the service, the opposite action is also possible - searching for a point using the entered coordinates. To do this, you need to enter latitude and longitude into the search bar, and enter geographic coordinates in Yandex. Maps need to be in this order - first latitude, then longitude. This is an international format that is accepted and used everywhere, including in Google Maps and GPS navigators.

For example, let's search for the landing site of the first cosmonaut, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. Its coordinates are 51.27168N,46.11656E. Enter them into the search bar:

We press the find button and... here it is - the landing place on the map:

Yandex Maps will help you find the point and mark it with a red marker. All the necessary information will be displayed in a separate window. If necessary, the service also makes it possible to build a route here or send a point to the Yandex.Navigator application on your phone or tablet.

Hello, dear friends of the portal site!

Tool - determination of geographical coordinates on a Google Maps map of a city, street, house, in real time. How to determine coordinates by address - latitude and longitude on the map, convenient search by coordinates in Google (Google Maps). A world map with coordinates (longitude and latitude) will allow you to find any address using already known parameters, calculate the distance between two cities/points online

Fill out the Google Maps search form - enter the city, street, house number. Enter the name of any geographical feature separated by a space. Or move the marker to the desired location yourself and search (click “Find”) using the coordinates of the object on the Google map. A similar search has already been used when searching in . Use the change in the scale of the diagram (the desired scale will appear in the third field from the top) to take a closer look at the location of the house on the street.

As you may have noticed, when you move a label on the diagram, the geographical parameters change. We get a kind of map with latitudes and longitudes. Previously, we have already worked on determining coordinates on the Yandex map

Using the reverse method, everyone will be able to search by coordinates in Google using known parameters. Instead of the geographical name of the object, we fill out the search form with known coordinates. The service will determine and show on the map the exact geographical location of the street or area.

Interesting places in Google Maps - online secrets from satellite

Knowing the address of any city in the world, the latitude and longitude of Washington and Santiago, Beijing and Moscow can be easily determined. accessible to both city guests and local residents. We are sure that you have already been able to master this tool on the page; by default, the map shows the center of the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow. Find your latitude and longitude on the map at the address.

We propose to find out the secrets of the Google Maps service online. The satellite will not fly past interesting historical places, each of which is popular in a certain part of the globe.

Below you can see for yourself that these interesting places on earth deserve special attention. And the Google Maps Sputnik service is happy to offer you to find and see the most famous geographical secrets of the world. We believe that residents of the Samara region will also be interested. They already know what it looks like.

You do not need to determine their geographic coordinates and search for the necessary Google maps service. Just copy any parameters from the list below - latitude and longitude (CTRL+C).

For example, we will watch from a satellite (switch to the “Satellite” scheme type) the largest stadium in the world and Brazil - Maracana (Rio de Janeiro, Maracana). Copy the latitude and longitude from the list below:

22.91219,-43.23021

Paste it into the search form of the Google Maps service (CTRL+V). All that remains is to start the search for the object itself. A mark with the exact location of the coordinates will appear on the diagram. We remind you that you must activate the “Satellite” scheme type. Everyone will choose a scale +/- that is convenient for themselves in order to better see the stadium in Brazil


Thank you to Google Maps for the data you provided.

Cartographic data of cities in Russia, Ukraine and the world

Google maps: search by coordinates. So let's get started. The first thing you need to do is go to the Google maps website. To do this, go to link, or go to google.com and go to maps there by clicking on the menu icon in the upper right corner and selecting "Maps":

After going to Google maps, you can start searching for a place by coordinates. Just copy the coordinates you need and paste them into the search bar on the site. All you have to do is click on the search button:


In the example, the coordinates of the Eiffel Tower were used.
You can also simply enter the coordinates you need by hand, Google will still understand:


For example, when entering two coordinates 0 and 0 separated by commas, it showed the point that is located at the intersection of the equator and the prime meridian.
There are also a few rules worth mentioning:
1 - latitude is indicated first, and then longitude
2 - you need to separate decimal values ​​with a period, not a comma (incorrect option: 50.56948, 29.59211. Correct option: 89.39281, 65.59684)
3 - for latitude you need to use a range of values ​​from -90 to 90
4 - for longitude you need to use a value range from -180 to 180 degrees
Another way to search by coordinates is to simply enter them into the Google search bar, after analyzing your request, the system will understand that you entered the coordinates. After which the search engine will display your point on the map before the result links:

It is also worth noting that using the Google maps service, you can not only search by coordinates, but also do the opposite, that is, use maps to find out the coordinates of a particular place. All you need to do is open the Google page, go to the Maps application and then click anywhere on the map, you can also use the search. After which, a marker will appear on the maps, and at the bottom of the window the name of the place where the marker is located and its coordinates will be displayed:


That's all, now you can find any place knowing its coordinates, and vice versa, find out the coordinates of any place in the world.

Each point on the planet's surface has a specific position, which corresponds to its own latitude and longitude coordinates. It is located at the intersection of the spherical arcs of the meridian, which corresponds to longitude, with the parallel, which corresponds to latitude. It is denoted by a pair of angular quantities expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds, which has the definition of a coordinate system.

Latitude and longitude are the geographic aspect of a plane or sphere translated into topographic images. To more accurately locate a point, its altitude above sea level is also taken into account, which makes it possible to find it in three-dimensional space.

The need to find a point using latitude and longitude coordinates arises due to the duty and occupation of rescuers, geologists, military personnel, sailors, archaeologists, pilots and drivers, but it may also be necessary for tourists, travelers, seekers, and researchers.

What is latitude and how to find it

Latitude is the distance from an object to the equator line. It is measured in angular units (such as degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, etc.). Latitude on a map or globe is indicated by horizontal parallels - lines that describe a circle parallel to the equator and converge in the form of a series of tapering rings towards the poles.

Therefore, they distinguish between northern latitude - this is the entire part of the earth's surface north of the equator, and also southern latitude - this is the entire part of the planet's surface south of the equator. The equator is the zero, longest parallel.

  • Parallels from the equator line to the north pole are considered to be a positive value from 0° to 90°, where 0° is the equator itself, and 90° is the top of the north pole. They are counted as northern latitude (N).
  • Parallels extending from the equator towards the south pole are indicated by a negative value from 0° to -90°, where -90° is the location of the south pole. They are counted as southern latitude (S).
  • On the globe, parallels are depicted as circles encircling the ball, which become smaller as they approach the poles.
  • All points on the same parallel will be designated by the same latitude, but different longitudes.
    On maps, based on their scale, parallels have the form of horizontal, curved stripes - the smaller the scale, the straighter the parallel strip is depicted, and the larger it is, the more curved it is.

Remember! The closer to the equator a given area is located, the smaller its latitude will be.

What is longitude and how to find it

Longitude is the amount by which the position of a given area is removed relative to Greenwich, that is, the prime meridian.

Longitude is similarly characterized by measurement in angular units, only from 0° to 180° and with a prefix - eastern or western.

  • The Greenwich Prime Meridian vertically encircles the globe of the Earth, passing through both poles, dividing it into the western and eastern hemispheres.
  • Each of the parts located west of Greenwich (in the Western Hemisphere) will be designated west longitude (w.l.).
  • Each of the parts distant from Greenwich to the east and located in the eastern hemisphere will bear the designation east longitude (E.L.).
  • Finding each point along one meridian has the same longitude, but different latitude.
  • Meridians are drawn on maps in the form of vertical stripes curved in the shape of an arc. The smaller the map scale, the straighter the meridian strip will be.

How to find the coordinates of a given point on the map

Often you have to find out the coordinates of a point that is located on the map in a square between the two nearest parallels and meridians. Approximate data can be obtained by eye by sequentially estimating the step in degrees between the mapped lines in the area of ​​interest, and then comparing the distance from them to the desired area. For accurate calculations, you will need a pencil with a ruler, or a compass.

  • For the initial data we take the designations of the parallels closest to our point with the meridian.
  • Next, we look at the step between their stripes in degrees.
  • Then we look at the size of their step on the map in cm.
  • We measure with a ruler in cm the distance from a given point to the nearest parallel, as well as the distance between this line and the neighboring one, convert it to degrees and take into account the difference - subtracting from the larger one, or adding to the smaller one.
  • This gives us the latitude.

Example! The distance between the parallels 40° and 50°, among which our area is located, is 2 cm or 20 mm, and the step between them is 10°. Accordingly, 1° is equal to 2 mm. Our point is 0.5 cm or 5 mm away from the fortieth parallel. We find the degrees to our area 5/2 = 2.5°, which must be added to the value of the nearest parallel: 40° + 2.5° = 42.5° - this is our northern latitude of the given point. In the southern hemisphere, the calculations are similar, but the result has a negative sign.

Similarly, we find longitude - if the nearest meridian is further from Greenwich, and the given point is closer, then we subtract the difference, if the meridian is closer to Greenwich, and the point is further, then we add it.

If you only have a compass at hand, then each of the segments is fixed with its tips, and the spread is transferred to the scale.

In a similar way, calculations of coordinates on the surface of the globe are carried out.

Coordinates are called angular and linear quantities (numbers) that determine the position of a point on any surface or in space.

In topography, coordinate systems are used that make it possible to most simply and unambiguously determine the position of points on the earth's surface, both from the results of direct measurements on the ground and using maps. Such systems include geographic, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates.

Geographical coordinates(Fig. 1) – angular values: latitude (j) and longitude (L), which determine the position of an object on the earth’s surface relative to the origin of coordinates – the point of intersection of the prime (Greenwich) meridian with the equator. On a map, the geographic grid is indicated by a scale on all sides of the map frame. The western and eastern sides of the frame are meridians, and the northern and southern sides are parallels. In the corners of the map sheet, the geographical coordinates of the intersection points of the sides of the frame are written.

Rice. 1. System of geographical coordinates on the earth's surface

In the geographic coordinate system, the position of any point on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates is determined in angular measure. In our country and in most other countries, the point of intersection of the prime (Greenwich) meridian with the equator is taken as the beginning. Being thus uniform for our entire planet, the system of geographic coordinates is convenient for solving problems of determining the relative position of objects located at significant distances from each other. Therefore, in military affairs, this system is used mainly for conducting calculations related to the use of long-range combat weapons, for example, ballistic missiles, aviation, etc.

Plane rectangular coordinates(Fig. 2) - linear quantities that determine the position of an object on a plane relative to the accepted origin of coordinates - the intersection of two mutually perpendicular lines (coordinate axes X and Y).

In topography, each 6-degree zone has its own system of rectangular coordinates. The X axis is the axial meridian of the zone, the Y axis is the equator, and the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator is the origin of coordinates.

Rice. 2. System of flat rectangular coordinates on maps

The plane rectangular coordinate system is zonal; it is established for each six-degree zone into which the Earth’s surface is divided when depicting it on maps in the Gaussian projection, and is intended to indicate the position of images of points of the earth’s surface on a plane (map) in this projection.

The origin of coordinates in a zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator, relative to which the position of all other points in the zone is determined in a linear measure. The origin of the zone and its coordinate axes occupy a strictly defined position on the earth's surface. Therefore, the system of flat rectangular coordinates of each zone is connected both with the coordinate systems of all other zones, and with the system of geographical coordinates.

The use of linear quantities to determine the position of points makes the system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for carrying out calculations both when working on the ground and on a map. Therefore, this system is most widely used among the troops. Rectangular coordinates indicate the position of terrain points, their battle formations and targets, and with their help determine the relative position of objects within one coordinate zone or in adjacent areas of two zones.

Polar and bipolar coordinate systems are local systems. In military practice, they are used to determine the position of some points relative to others in relatively small areas of the terrain, for example, when designating targets, marking landmarks and targets, drawing up terrain diagrams, etc. These systems can be associated with systems of rectangular and geographic coordinates.

2. Determining geographic coordinates and plotting objects on a map using known coordinates

The geographic coordinates of a point located on the map are determined from the nearest parallel and meridian, the latitude and longitude of which are known.

The topographic map frame is divided into minutes, which are separated by dots into divisions of 10 seconds each. Latitudes are indicated on the sides of the frame, and longitudes are indicated on the northern and southern sides.

Rice. 3. Determining the geographic coordinates of a point on the map (point A) and plotting the point on the map according to geographic coordinates (point B)

Using the minute frame of the map you can:

1 . Determine the geographic coordinates of any point on the map.

For example, the coordinates of point A (Fig. 3). To do this, you need to use a measuring compass to measure the shortest distance from point A to the southern frame of the map, then attach the meter to the western frame and determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment, add the resulting (measured) value of minutes and seconds (0"27") with the latitude of the southwest corner of the frame - 54°30".

Latitude points on the map will be equal to: 54°30"+0"27" = 54°30"27".

Longitude is defined similarly.

Using a measuring compass, measure the shortest distance from point A to the western frame of the map, apply the measuring compass to the southern frame, determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment (2"35"), add the resulting (measured) value to the longitude of the southwestern corner frames - 45°00".

Longitude points on the map will be equal to: 45°00"+2"35" = 45°02"35"

2. Plot any point on the map according to the given geographical coordinates.

For example, point B latitude: 54°31 "08", longitude 45°01 "41".

To plot a point in longitude on a map, it is necessary to draw the true meridian through this point, for which you connect the same number of minutes along the northern and southern frames; To plot a point in latitude on a map, it is necessary to draw a parallel through this point, for which you connect the same number of minutes along the western and eastern frames. The intersection of two lines will determine the location of point B.

3. Rectangular coordinate grid on topographic maps and its digitization. Additional grid at the junction of coordinate zones

The coordinate grid on the map is a grid of squares formed by lines parallel to the coordinate axes of the zone. Grid lines are drawn through an integer number of kilometers. Therefore, the coordinate grid is also called the kilometer grid, and its lines are kilometer.

On a 1:25000 map, the lines forming the coordinate grid are drawn through 4 cm, that is, through 1 km on the ground, and on maps 1:50000-1:200000 through 2 cm (1.2 and 4 km on the ground, respectively). On a 1:500000 map, only the outputs of the coordinate grid lines are plotted on the inner frame of each sheet every 2 cm (10 km on the ground). If necessary, coordinate lines can be drawn on the map along these outputs.

On topographic maps, the values ​​of the abscissa and ordinate of coordinate lines (Fig. 2) are signed at the exits of the lines outside the inner frame of the sheet and in nine places on each sheet of the map. The full values ​​of the abscissa and ordinate in kilometers are written near the coordinate lines closest to the corners of the map frame and near the intersection of the coordinate lines closest to the northwestern corner. The remaining coordinate lines are abbreviated with two numbers (tens and units of kilometers). The labels near the horizontal grid lines correspond to the distances from the ordinate axis in kilometers.

Labels near the vertical lines indicate the zone number (one or two first digits) and the distance in kilometers (always three digits) from the origin, conventionally moved west of the zone’s axial meridian by 500 km. For example, the signature 6740 means: 6 - zone number, 740 - distance from the conventional origin in kilometers.

On the outer frame there are outputs of coordinate lines ( additional mesh) coordinate system of the adjacent zone.

4. Determination of rectangular coordinates of points. Drawing points on a map by their coordinates

Using a coordinate grid using a compass (ruler), you can:

1. Determine the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map.

For example, points B (Fig. 2).

To do this you need:

  • write down X - digitization of the lower kilometer line of the square in which point B is located, i.e. 6657 km;
  • measure the perpendicular distance from the bottom kilometer line of the square to point B and, using the linear scale of the map, determine the size of this segment in meters;
  • add the measured value of 575 m with the digitization value of the lower kilometer line of the square: X=6657000+575=6657575 m.

The Y ordinate is determined in the same way:

  • write down the Y value - digitization of the left vertical line of the square, i.e. 7363;
  • measure the perpendicular distance from this line to point B, i.e. 335 m;
  • add the measured distance to the Y digitization value of the left vertical line of the square: Y=7363000+335=7363335 m.

2. Place the target on the map at the given coordinates.

For example, point G at coordinates: X=6658725 Y=7362360.

To do this you need:

  • find the square in which point G is located according to the value of whole kilometers, i.e. 5862;
  • set aside from the lower left corner of the square a segment on the map scale equal to the difference between the abscissa of the target and the bottom side of the square - 725 m;
  • From the obtained point, along the perpendicular to the right, plot a segment equal to the difference between the ordinates of the target and the left side of the square, i.e. 360 m.

Rice. 2. Determining the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map (point B) and plotting the point on the map using rectangular coordinates (point D)

5. Accuracy of determining coordinates on maps of various scales

The accuracy of determining geographic coordinates using 1:25000-1:200000 maps is about 2 and 10"" respectively.

The accuracy of determining the rectangular coordinates of points from a map is limited not only by its scale, but also by the magnitude of errors allowed when shooting or drawing up a map and plotting various points and terrain objects on it

Most accurately (with an error not exceeding 0.2 mm) geodetic points and are plotted on the map. objects that stand out most sharply in the area and are visible from a distance, having the significance of landmarks (individual bell towers, factory chimneys, tower-type buildings). Therefore, the coordinates of such points can be determined with approximately the same accuracy with which they are plotted on the map, i.e. for a map of scale 1:25000 - with an accuracy of 5-7 m, for a map of scale 1:50000 - with an accuracy of 10- 15 m, for a map of scale 1:100000 - with an accuracy of 20-30 m.

The remaining landmarks and contour points are plotted on the map, and, therefore, determined from it with an error of up to 0.5 mm, and points related to contours that are not clearly defined on the ground (for example, the contour of a swamp), with an error of up to 1 mm.

6. Determining the position of objects (points) in polar and bipolar coordinate systems, plotting objects on a map by direction and distance, by two angles or by two distances

System flat polar coordinates(Fig. 3, a) consists of point O - the origin of coordinates, or poles, and the initial direction of the OR, called polar axis.

Rice. 3. a – polar coordinates; b – bipolar coordinates

The position of point M on the ground or on the map in this system is determined by two coordinates: the position angle θ, which is measured clockwise from the polar axis to the direction to the determined point M (from 0 to 360°), and the distance OM=D.

Depending on the problem being solved, the pole is taken to be an observation point, firing position, starting point of movement, etc., and the polar axis is the geographic (true) meridian, magnetic meridian (direction of the magnetic compass needle), or the direction to some landmark .

These coordinates can be either two position angles that determine the directions from points A and B to the desired point M, or the distances D1=AM and D2=BM to it. The position angles in this case, as shown in Fig. 1, b, are measured at points A and B or from the direction of the basis (i.e. angle A = BAM and angle B = ABM) or from any other directions passing through points A and B and taken as the initial ones. For example, in the second case, the location of point M is determined by the position angles θ1 and θ2, measured from the direction of the magnetic meridians. System flat bipolar (two-pole) coordinates(Fig. 3, b) consists of two poles A and B and a common axis AB, called the basis or base of the notch. The position of any point M relative to two data on the map (terrain) of points A and B is determined by the coordinates that are measured on the map or on the terrain.

Drawing a detected object on a map

This is one of the most important points in detecting an object. The accuracy of determining its coordinates depends on how accurately the object (target) is plotted on the map.

Having discovered an object (target), you must first accurately determine by various signs what has been detected. Then, without stopping observing the object and without detecting yourself, put the object on the map. There are several ways to plot an object on a map.

Visually: A feature is plotted on the map if it is near a known landmark.

By direction and distance: to do this, you need to orient the map, find the point of your standing on it, indicate on the map the direction to the detected object and draw a line to the object from the point of your standing, then determine the distance to the object by measuring this distance on the map and comparing it with the scale of the map.

Rice. 4. Drawing the target on the map with a straight line from two points.

If it is graphically impossible to solve the problem in this way (the enemy is in the way, poor visibility, etc.), then you need to accurately measure the azimuth to the object, then translate it into a directional angle and draw on the map from the standing point the direction at which to plot the distance to the object.

To obtain a directional angle, you need to add the magnetic declination of a given map to the magnetic azimuth (direction correction).

Straight serif. In this way, an object is placed on a map of 2-3 points from which it can be observed. To do this, from each selected point, the direction to the object is drawn on an oriented map, then the intersection of straight lines determines the location of the object.

7. Methods of target designation on the map: in graphic coordinates, flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by kilometer grid squares (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 square), from a landmark, from a conventional line, in azimuth and target range, in the bipolar coordinate system

The ability to quickly and correctly indicate targets, landmarks and other objects on the ground is important for controlling units and fire in battle or for organizing battle.

Targeting in geographical coordinates used very rarely and only in cases where targets are located at a considerable distance from a given point on the map, expressed in tens or hundreds of kilometers. In this case, geographic coordinates are determined from the map, as described in question No. 2 of this lesson.

The location of the target (object) is indicated by latitude and longitude, for example, height 245.2 (40° 8" 40" N, 65° 31" 00" E). On the eastern (western), northern (southern) sides of the topographic frame, marks of the target position in latitude and longitude are applied with a compass. From these marks, perpendiculars are lowered into the depth of the topographic map sheet until they intersect (commander’s rulers and standard sheets of paper are applied). The point of intersection of the perpendiculars is the position of the target on the map.

For approximate target designation by rectangular coordinates It is enough to indicate on the map the grid square in which the object is located. The square is always indicated by the numbers of the kilometer lines, the intersection of which forms the southwest (lower left) corner. When indicating the square of the map, the following rule is followed: first they call two numbers signed at the horizontal line (on the western side), that is, the “X” coordinate, and then two numbers at the vertical line (the southern side of the sheet), that is, the “Y” coordinate. In this case, “X” and “Y” are not said. For example, enemy tanks were spotted. When transmitting a report by radiotelephone, the square number is pronounced: "eighty eight zero two."

If the position of a point (object) needs to be determined more accurately, then full or abbreviated coordinates are used.

Work with full coordinates. For example, you need to determine the coordinates of a road sign in square 8803 on a map at a scale of 1:50000. First, determine the distance from the bottom horizontal side of the square to the road sign (for example, 600 m on the ground). In the same way, measure the distance from the left vertical side of the square (for example, 500 m). Now, by digitizing kilometer lines, we determine the full coordinates of the object. The horizontal line has the signature 5988 (X), adding the distance from this line to the road sign, we get: X=5988600. We define the vertical line in the same way and get 2403500. The full coordinates of the road sign are as follows: X=5988600 m, Y=2403500 m.

Abbreviated coordinates respectively will be equal: X=88600 m, Y=03500 m.

If it is necessary to clarify the position of a target in a square, then target designation is used in an alphabetic or digital way inside the square of a kilometer grid.

During target designation literal way inside the square of the kilometer grid, the square is conditionally divided into 4 parts, each part is assigned a capital letter of the Russian alphabet.

Second way - digital way target designation inside the square kilometer grid (target designation by snail ). This method got its name from the arrangement of conventional digital squares inside the square of the kilometer grid. They are arranged as if in a spiral, with the square divided into 9 parts.

When designating targets in these cases, they name the square in which the target is located, and add a letter or number that specifies the position of the target inside the square. For example, height 51.8 (5863-A) or high-voltage support (5762-2) (see Fig. 2).

Target designation from a landmark is the simplest and most common method of target designation. With this method of target designation, the landmark closest to the target is first named, then the angle between the direction to the landmark and the direction to the target in protractor divisions (measured with binoculars) and the distance to the target in meters. For example: “Landmark two, forty to the right, further two hundred, near a separate bush there is a machine gun.”

Target designation from the conditional line usually used in motion on combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line, relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is denoted by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero. This construction is done on the maps of both transmitting and receiving target designation.

Target designation from a conventional line is usually used in movement on combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line (Fig. 5), relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is denoted by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero.

Rice. 5. Target designation from the conditional line

This construction is done on the maps of both transmitting and receiving target designation.

The position of the target relative to the conditional line is determined by two coordinates: a segment from the starting point to the base of the perpendicular lowered from the target location point to the conditional line, and a perpendicular segment from the conditional line to the target.

When designating targets, the conventional name of the line is called, then the number of centimeters and millimeters contained in the first segment, and, finally, the direction (left or right) and the length of the second segment. For example: “Straight AC, five, seven; to the right zero, six - NP.”

Target designation from a conventional line can be given by indicating the direction to the target at an angle from the conventional line and the distance to the target, for example: “Straight AC, right 3-40, one thousand two hundred – machine gun.”

Target designation in azimuth and range to the target. The azimuth of the direction to the target is determined using a compass in degrees, and the distance to it is determined using an observation device or by eye in meters. For example: “Azimuth thirty-five, range six hundred—a tank in a trench.” This method is most often used in areas where there are few landmarks.

8. Problem solving

Determining the coordinates of terrain points (objects) and target designation on the map is practiced practically on training maps using previously prepared points (marked objects).

Each student determines geographic and rectangular coordinates (maps objects according to known coordinates).

Methods of target designation on the map are worked out: in flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by squares of a kilometer grid (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 of a square), from a landmark, along the azimuth and range of the target.