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The Google search engine (www.google.com) provides many search options. All these features are an invaluable search tool for a user new to the Internet and at the same time an even more powerful weapon of invasion and destruction in the hands of people with evil intentions, including not only hackers, but also non-computer criminals and even terrorists.
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Denis Barankov
denisNOSPAMixi.ru

Attention:This article is not a guide to action. This article was written for you, WEB server administrators, so that you will lose the false feeling that you are safe, and you will finally understand the insidiousness of this method of obtaining information and take up the task of protecting your site.

Introduction

For example, I found 1670 pages in 0.14 seconds!

2. Let's enter another line, for example:

inurl:"auth_user_file.txt"

a little less, but this is already enough for free downloading and password guessing (using the same John The Ripper). Below I will give a number of more examples.

So, you need to realize that the Google search engine has visited most of the Internet sites and cached the information contained on them. This cached information allows you to obtain information about the site and the content of the site without directly connecting to the site, only by delving into the information that is stored inside Google. Moreover, if the information on the site is no longer available, then the information in the cache may still be preserved. All you need for this method is to know some Google keywords. This technique is called Google Hacking.

Information about Google Hacking first appeared on the Bugtruck mailing list 3 years ago. In 2001, this topic was raised by a French student. Here is a link to this letter http://www.cotse.com/mailing-lists/bugtraq/2001/Nov/0129.html. It provides the first examples of such queries:

1) Index of /admin
2) Index of /password
3) Index of /mail
4) Index of / +banques +filetype:xls (for france...)
5) Index of / +passwd
6) Index of / password.txt

This topic made waves in the English-reading part of the Internet quite recently: after the article by Johnny Long, published on May 7, 2004. For a more complete study of Google Hacking, I advise you to go to this author’s website http://johnny.ihackstuff.com. In this article I just want to bring you up to date.

Who can use this:
- Journalists, spies and all those people who like to poke their nose into other people's business can use this to search for incriminating evidence.
- Hackers looking for suitable targets for hacking.

How Google works.

To continue the conversation, let me remind you of some of the keywords used in Google queries.

Search using the + sign

Google excludes words it considers unimportant from searches. For example, question words, prepositions and articles in English: for example are, of, where. In Russian, Google seems to consider all words important. If a word is excluded from the search, Google writes about it. In order for Google to start searching for pages with these words, you need to add a + sign without a space before the word. For example:

ace +of base

Search using the sign –

If Google finds a large number of pages from which it needs to exclude pages with a certain topic, then you can force Google to search only for pages that do not contain certain words. To do this, you need to indicate these words by placing a sign in front of each - without a space before the word. For example:

fishing - vodka

Search using ~

You may want to search not only the specified word, but also its synonyms. To do this, precede the word with the ~ symbol.

Search for an exact phrase using double quotes

Google searches on each page for all occurrences of the words that you wrote in the query string, and it does not care about the relative position of the words, as long as all the specified words are on the page at the same time (this is the default action). To find the exact phrase, you need to put it in quotes. For example:

"bookend"

In order to have at least one of the specified words, you need to specify the logical operation explicitly: OR. For example:

book safety OR protection

In addition, you can use the * sign in the search bar to indicate any word and. to represent any character.

Finding words using additional operators

There are search operators that are specified in the search string in the format:

operator:search_term

Spaces next to the colon are not needed. If you insert a space after the colon, you will see an error message, and before it, Google will use them as a normal search string.
There are groups of additional search operators: languages ​​- indicate in which language you want to see the result, date - limit the results for the past three, six or 12 months, occurrences - indicate where in the document you need to search for the line: everywhere, in the title, in the URL, domains - search on the specified site or, conversely, exclude it from the search; safe search - blocks sites containing the specified type of information and removes them from the search results pages.
However, some operators do not require an additional parameter, for example the request " cache:www.google.com" can be called as a full-fledged search string, and some keywords, on the contrary, require a search word, for example " site:www.google.com help". In light of our topic, let's look at the following operators:

Operator

Description

Requires an additional parameter?

search only on the site specified in search_term

search only in documents with type search_term

find pages containing search_term in the title

find pages containing all search_term words in the title

find pages containing the word search_term in their address

find pages containing all search_term words in their address

Operator site: limits the search only to the specified site, and you can specify not only the domain name, but also the IP address. For example, enter:

Operator filetype: Limits the search to a specific file type. For example:

As of the publication date of the article, Google can search within 13 different file formats:

  • Adobe Portable Document Format (pdf)
  • Adobe PostScript (ps)
  • Lotus 1-2-3 (wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4, wk5, wki, wks, wku)
  • Lotus WordPro (lwp)
  • MacWrite (mw)
  • Microsoft Excel (xls)
  • Microsoft PowerPoint (ppt)
  • Microsoft Word (doc)
  • Microsoft Works (wks, wps, wdb)
  • Microsoft Write (wri)
  • Rich Text Format (rtf)
  • Shockwave Flash (swf)
  • Text (ans, txt)

Operator link: shows all pages that point to the specified page.
It's probably always interesting to see how many places on the Internet know about you. Let's try:

Operator cache: Shows the version of the site in Google's cache as it looked the last time Google visited that page. Let’s take any frequently changing site and look:

Operator intitle: searches for the specified word in the page title. Operator allintitle: is an extension - it searches for all specified few words in the page title. Compare:

intitle:flight to Mars
intitle:flight intitle:on intitle:mars
allintitle:flight to mars

Operator inurl: forces Google to show all pages containing the specified string in the URL. allinurl operator: searches for all words in a URL. For example:

allinurl:acid acid_stat_alerts.php

This command is especially useful for those who don't have SNORT - at least they can see how it works on a real system.

Hacking Methods Using Google

So, we found out that using a combination of the above operators and keywords, anyone can collect the necessary information and search for vulnerabilities. These techniques are often called Google Hacking.

Site Map

You can use the site: operator to list all the links that Google has found on a site. Typically, pages that are dynamically created by scripts are not indexed using parameters, so some sites use ISAPI filters so that links are not in the form /article.asp?num=10&dst=5, and with slashes /article/abc/num/10/dst/5. This is done so that the site is generally indexed by search engines.

Let's try:

site:www.whitehouse.gov whitehouse

Google thinks that every page on a website contains the word whitehouse. This is what we use to get all the pages.
There is also a simplified version:

site:whitehouse.gov

And the best part is that the comrades from whitehouse.gov didn’t even know that we looked at the structure of their site and even looked at the cached pages that Google downloaded. This can be used to study the structure of sites and view content, remaining undetected for the time being.

View a list of files in directories

WEB servers can display lists of server directories instead of regular HTML pages. This is usually done to ensure that users select and download specific files. However, in many cases, administrators have no intention of showing the contents of a directory. This occurs due to incorrect server configuration or the absence of the main page in the directory. As a result, the hacker has a chance to find something interesting in the directory and use it for his own purposes. To find all such pages, it is enough to note that they all contain the words: index of. But since the words index of contain not only such pages, we need to refine the query and take into account the keywords on the page itself, so queries like:

intitle:index.of parent directory
intitle:index.of name size

Since most directory listings are intentional, you may have a hard time finding misplaced listings the first time. But at least you can already use listings to determine the WEB server version, as described below.

Obtaining the WEB server version.

Knowing the WEB server version is always useful before launching any hacker attack. Again, thanks to Google, you can get this information without connecting to a server. If you look closely at the directory listing, you can see that the name of the WEB server and its version are displayed there.

Apache1.3.29 - ProXad Server at trf296.free.fr Port 80

An experienced administrator can change this information, but, as a rule, it is true. Thus, to obtain this information it is enough to send a request:

intitle:index.of server.at

To get information for a specific server, we clarify the request:

intitle:index.of server.at site:ibm.com

Or vice versa, we are looking for servers running a specific version of the server:

intitle:index.of Apache/2.0.40 Server at

This technique can be used by a hacker to find a victim. If, for example, he has an exploit for a certain version of the WEB server, then he can find it and try the existing exploit.

You can also get the server version by viewing the pages that are installed by default when installing the latest version of the WEB server. For example, to see the Apache 1.2.6 test page, just type

intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache it.worked!

Moreover, some operating systems immediately install and launch the WEB server during installation. However, some users are not even aware of this. Naturally, if you see that someone has not removed the default page, then it is logical to assume that the computer has not undergone any customization at all and is likely vulnerable to attack.

Try searching for IIS 5.0 pages

allintitle:Welcome to Windows 2000 Internet Services

In the case of IIS, you can determine not only the server version, but also the Windows version and Service Pack.

Another way to determine the WEB server version is to search for manuals (help pages) and examples that may be installed on the site by default. Hackers have found quite a few ways to use these components to gain privileged access to a site. That is why you need to remove these components on the production site. Not to mention the fact that the presence of these components can be used to obtain information about the type of server and its version. For example, let's find the apache manual:

inurl:manual apache directives modules

Using Google as a CGI scanner.

CGI scanner or WEB scanner is a utility for searching for vulnerable scripts and programs on the victim’s server. These utilities must know what to look for, for this they have a whole list of vulnerable files, for example:

/cgi-bin/cgiemail/uargg.txt
/random_banner/index.cgi
/random_banner/index.cgi
/cgi-bin/mailview.cgi
/cgi-bin/maillist.cgi
/cgi-bin/userreg.cgi

/iissamples/ISSamples/SQLQHit.asp
/SiteServer/admin/findvserver.asp
/scripts/cphost.dll
/cgi-bin/finger.cgi

We can find each of these files using Google, additionally using the words index of or inurl with the file name in the search bar: we can find sites with vulnerable scripts, for example:

allinurl:/random_banner/index.cgi

Using additional knowledge, a hacker can exploit a script's vulnerability and use this vulnerability to force the script to emit any file stored on the server. For example, a password file.

How to protect yourself from Google hacking.

1. Do not post important data on the WEB server.

Even if you posted the data temporarily, you may forget about it or someone will have time to find and take this data before you erase it. Don't do this. There are many other ways to transfer data that protect it from theft.

2. Check your site.

Use the methods described to research your site. Check your site periodically for new methods that appear on the site http://johnny.ihackstuff.com. Remember that if you want to automate your actions, you need to get special permission from Google. If you read carefully http://www.google.com/terms_of_service.html, then you will see the phrase: You may not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system without express permission in advance from Google.

3. You may not need Google to index your site or part of it.

Google allows you to remove a link to your site or part of it from its database, as well as remove pages from the cache. In addition, you can prohibit the search for images on your site, prohibit short fragments of pages from being shown in search results. All possibilities for deleting a site are described on the page http://www.google.com/remove.html. To do this, you must confirm that you are really the owner of this site or insert tags into the page or

4. Use robots.txt

It is known that search engines look at the robots.txt file located at the root of the site and do not index those parts that are marked with the word Disallow. You can use this to prevent part of the site from being indexed. For example, to prevent the entire site from being indexed, create a robots.txt file containing two lines:

User-agent: *
Disallow: /

What else happens

So that life doesn’t seem like honey to you, I’ll say finally that there are sites that monitor those people who, using the methods outlined above, look for holes in scripts and WEB servers. An example of such a page is

Application.

A little sweet. Try some of the following for yourself:

1. #mysql dump filetype:sql - search for mySQL database dumps
2. Host Vulnerability Summary Report - will show you what vulnerabilities other people have found
3. phpMyAdmin running on inurl:main.php - this will force control to be closed through the phpmyadmin panel
4. not for distribution confidential
5. Request Details Control Tree Server Variables
6. Running in Child mode
7. This report was generated by WebLog
8. intitle:index.of cgiirc.config
9. filetype:conf inurl:firewall -intitle:cvs – maybe someone needs firewall configuration files? :)
10. intitle:index.of finances.xls – hmm....
11. intitle:Index of dbconvert.exe chats – icq chat logs
12. intext:Tobias Oetiker traffic analysis
13. intitle:Usage Statistics for Generated by Webalizer
14. intitle:statistics of advanced web statistics
15. intitle:index.of ws_ftp.ini – ws ftp config
16. inurl:ipsec.secrets holds shared secrets – secret key – good find
17. inurl:main.php Welcome to phpMyAdmin
18. inurl:server-info Apache Server Information
19. site:edu admin grades
20. ORA-00921: unexpected end of SQL command – getting paths
21. intitle:index.of trillian.ini
22. intitle:Index of pwd.db
23.intitle:index.of people.lst
24. intitle:index.of master.passwd
25.inurl:passlist.txt
26. intitle:Index of .mysql_history
27. intitle:index of intext:globals.inc
28. intitle:index.of administrators.pwd
29. intitle:Index.of etc shadow
30.intitle:index.ofsecring.pgp
31. inurl:config.php dbuname dbpass
32. inurl:perform filetype:ini

  • "Hacking mit Google"

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    In the article about I looked at examples and codes for displaying some additional information elements on post pages: coherent notes, tag/category names, etc. A similar feature is also links to previous and next WordPress posts. These links will be useful when navigating site visitors, and are also another way. That is why I try to add them to each of my projects.

    Four functions will help us in implementing the task, which I will discuss below:

    Since we are talking about a Post page, in 99% of cases you will need to edit the template file single.php(or one where your theme specifies the format for displaying single articles). Functions are used in a Loop. If you need to remove the following / previous posts in WordPress, then look for the corresponding code in the same template file and delete (or comment out) it.

    next_post_link function

    By default, a link is generated to a note that has a newer creation date immediately after the current one (since all posts are arranged in chronological order). Here's what it looks like in code and on the website:

    Function syntax:

    • format(string) - defines the general format of the generated link, where using the %link variable you can specify some text before and after it. By default, this is just a link with an arrow: ‘%link »’
    • link(string) - anchor link to the next post in WordPress, the %title parameter substitutes its title.
    • in_same_term(boolean) - determines whether only elements from the current category will be considered in the work. Valid values ​​are true / false (1 / 0), default is the second option.
    • excluded_terms(string or array) — specify the IDs of the blog categories whose posts will be excluded from the selection. Either array is allowed array(2, 5, 4) or writing it on a line separated by commas. Useful when working with GoGetLinks, when you need to prohibit the display of advertising posts in a given block.
    • taxonomy(string) - contains the name of the taxonomy from which the following entries are taken if the variable $in_same_term = true.

    Judging by the screenshot above, it is clear that all these parameters are optional. Here's an example of using the function on one of my sites:

    (next article)%link →","%title", FALSE, 152) ?>

    Here I set my format for displaying the link + exclude from the selection all elements belonging to section ID = 152.

    If you need to display the next post from the same category in WordPress, the code below will come in handy (ignoring the ID = 33 section):

    When you want to work only with the current specific taxonomy, specify its name in the parameters (for example, testimonial):

    >", TRUE, " ", "testimonial"); ?>

    previous_post_link function

    The principle of working with WordPress previous posts is similar to the description above, as is the syntax. Looks like that:

    Relevant code:

    • format(string) - sets the format for which the %link variable is responsible (add text/tags before and after it). The default is '%link'.
    • link(string) - anchor link, to insert a title write %title.
    • in_same_term(boolean) - if true, then only objects from the same blog section will be displayed.
    • excluded_terms— remove unnecessary categories, specify the ID separated by commas (as a string) or in an array.
    • taxonomy(string) - Defines the taxonomy for selecting the previous post in WordPress if the $in_same_term parameter is active.

    In one of my blogs I use:

    %link", "<< Предыдущая", TRUE, "33"); ?>

    Here we make a bold font + instead of the title of the element, a certain phrase is written (although it is better to use a title in linking). Only objects of the current category are displayed except for the one with ID = 33.

    the_post_navigation function

    This solution combines both previous and next WordPress post links. This is done for convenience; it replaces calling two functions with one. If you need to output HTML code without display, use get_the_post_navigation().

    The_post_navigation syntax is as simple as possible:

    Where $args is a set of various optional parameters:

    • $prev_text— anchor of the previous link (%title by default).
    • $next_text— similar link text but for the next post (initially %title).
    • $in_same_term(true/false) - allows you to show only articles from the current taxonomy.
    • $excluded_terms— excluded IDs separated by commas.
    • $taxonomy— the name of the taxonomy for the selection, if in_same_term = true.
    • $screen_reader_text— the title of the entire block (by default — Post navigation).

    Thus, we see that here there are the same variables as in the previous “single” functions previous_post_link, next_post_link: anchors, selection by taxonomies, etc. Using the solution will simply make your code more compact, and there is no point in repeating the same parameters twice.

    Let's consider the simplest situation when you need to display items from the same category:

    "next: %title", "next_text" => "previous: %title", "in_same_term" => true, "taxonomy" => "category", "screen_reader_text" => "More reading",)); ?>

    posts_nav_link function

    If I understand correctly, then it can be used not only for display in a single post, but also in categories, monthly notes, etc. That is, in single.php it will be responsible for links to previous/next WordPress articles, and in archived ones - for page navigation.

    Posts_nav_link syntax:

    • $sep— a separator displayed between links (used to be::, now -).
    • $prelabel— link text of previous elements (default: “Previous Page”).
    • $nxtlabel— text for the next page/posts (“Next Page”).

    Here is an interesting example with pictures instead of text links:

    " , "" ) ; ?>

    ", ""); ?>

    Just don't forget to upload the images. prev-img.png And next-img.png to the directory images in your . I think other HTML code is added in the same way if, for example, you need to use some DIV or class for alignment.

    Total. Navigating there are also a few other different functions that you can find in the code. I hope everything is more or less clear with these. As for posts_nav_link, to be honest, I’m not sure whether it allows you to display previous and next posts on a single page, because I haven’t tested it, although it is mentioned in the description. I think in this case it is more effective and desirable to use the_post_navigation, which is newer and with a much larger number of parameters.

    If you have any questions about navigation between posts or additions, write below.

    Select icon user audience for posting on Facebook You will find most places where you can share information, change status, upload photos and other materials. Click the select tool to specify your target audience.

    The utility remembers the last selected target audience, and until it is changed, selects it as the default target audience when publishing subsequent content. For example, if you published public post, the next post will be visible to everyone, unless you change the audience when publishing.

    The recipient selection icon is available in many places, including in your privacy settings. Changing the reader selection icon settings in one place causes the settings for that tool to update in all places where it is available.

    Icon audience selection is located next to the material you publish, making it easy to determine who can view this post. If you need to change the audience of a previously shared message, click on the reader selection icon and select a new audience.

    Remember that if you add a post to another person's feed, they will have control over who can see your post. In addition, the post can be seen by all persons designated as friends.

    How to change the audience of a post on Facebook

    You can use the icon audience selection to change the visibility of any previously published content in your Chronicle.

    Remember that when you do something on a friend’s timeline, the friend determines the readership of the post.

    Can others see who can see content?

    People who can see your post also see who can see the post: public, friends, just me, or custom settings.

    When choosing Custom Settings, the person who has access to the post can see the first and last names of the people with whom you shared the post.

    Who can tag or comment on posts

    When you share content on Facebook, you can control who can see it using the audience selection icon. At the same time, everyone who can see the post can tag or comment on it.

    If you have set a subscription ban, you can control who can comment on your public posts. Select filter Comments on publications parameter Disable filter- this will allow everyone to comment on your public posts.

    Select Enable filter to allow only a limited group of people, such as friends and friends of friends, to comment on your public posts.

    What audience options are available to choose from?

    The Facebook Post Audience Selector icon allows you to select a specific audience.

    The following functions are available:

    You can also share content with your friends in pre-created circles, such as Family or Best Friends, or hide messages from a list of “special” friends (such as Colleagues).

    What does the Friends/Friends (+) option mean?

    This option allows you to share content with friends on Facebook. If someone is designated in the post, the circle of recipients expands to Friends (+), since it will also include the designated person and his friends.

    If you don't want your photos or post to be visible to the designated person's friends, you can adjust this setting. Just click the audience select icon, select User Settings and remove Friends of the designated person.

    The Facebook interface is strange and in some places completely illogical. But it just so happens that almost everyone I talk to ended up there, so I have to endure it.

    Much about Facebook is not obvious. I tried to collect in this post what I did not find right away, and many probably have not found until now.

    Ribbon

    By default, Facebook generates a feed of popular posts. However, it can be completely different on different computers. To force Facebook to generate a “regular” timeline, click the checkbox to the right of the word “News Feed” and select “Latest” there.

    Unfortunately, in the Android mobile app, the feed is formed only by popularity.

    Cleaning the tape

    On Facebook, I always add as friends everyone who asks, but I don’t want to read any nonsense in my feed at all. In order to remove unnecessary publications from your feed, there is no need to remove anyone from your friends list, just disable the subscription. As soon as you see something unnecessary in your feed, click the checkbox on the right and select “Unsubscribe to...”. After this, this user's posts will never appear in your feed again.

    Notifications

    When you leave any comment on any post or photo, Facebook will start notifying you of any new comments. To refuse this, you need to turn off notifications. For different objects this is done in different places. With the status, everything is simple - click the checkbox to the right of the status and select “Do not receive notifications”.

    Unfortunately, you cannot unsubscribe from comments in the Android mobile app.

    Search by messages

    Facebook has a search for private messages, but few people know where it is hidden. Click on the messages button, then click "show all" at the bottom of the window that opens.

    The message interface will open, with a second search bar appearing at the top.

    There you can search for any words in all personal messages written during your entire use of Facebook.

    Fighting Messenger

    Facebook requires mobile devices to have a separate messaging app, Facebook Messenger. Many people really don't like him. For now, there is a way to continue messaging on Facebook itself. When Facebook once again refuses to show messages, requiring you to install Messenger, go to the application manager (in Android - System Settings - Applications), find Facebook there and click the "Erase data" button. After that, launch Facebook and re-enter your username and password. After this, messages will work for some time, although Facebook will periodically display a window asking you to install Messenger.

    Action log

    It's often very difficult to find something on Facebook. The following diagram helps a little. If you see something that might be useful later, give it a like. In the future, this like will be used to find a publication in the activity log. To open the log, click the small checkmark in the upper right corner of the interface and select “Action Log” in the menu that opens.

    Inserting a publication

    Every post on Facebook has an "Insert Post" link. It produces a code that can be inserted into any site where you can insert html (including LiveJournal). Unfortunately, the ability to embed videos seems to have been closed. It worked a week ago, but now on any view it says “This Facebook post is no longer available. It may have been deleted or its privacy settings have been changed.”

    Disable video autoplay

    By default, Facebook automatically plays all videos in your feed without sound. On mobile devices this can be a problem as it consumes a lot of bandwidth.

    In the browser, video autoplay is disabled as follows: click the checkmark in the upper right corner, there are settings, then video.

    In Android - click the three stripes on the right in the icon line, there "Application Settings" - "Autoplay video" - set "Off." or "Wi-fi only". In the latter case, videos will autoplay only when connected via Wi-Fi.

    Go to publication

    In order to go from the feed to a specific publication, just click on the publication date, and a link to the publication can be obtained by simply right-clicking on the date and selecting “Copy link” there. Thanks for this advice samon , zz_z_z , borhomey .

    Surely, the mysterious Facebook still has many secrets that I haven’t gotten to yet.

    If you know about other Facebook secrets, write in the comments, I’ll add them to the post.


    Saved

    Surely you have heard more than once about such a wonderful search engine as Google. I'm guessing you've used it more than once when you wanted to know something. But did you find what you wanted? If you search for answers on Google as often as I do, I think you will find this article useful because it is designed to make your search faster and more efficient. So, first, a little history...

    Google is a corruption of the English word "googol", coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kaiser, to denote the number consisting of one and one hundred zeros. Now the name Google is the leader of Internet search engines, developed by Google Inc.

    Google occupies more than 70% of the global market, which means that seven out of ten online people turn to its page when searching for information on the Internet. It currently registers about 50 million search queries daily and indexes more than 8 billion web pages. Google can find information in 101 languages. Google at the end of August 2004 consisted of 132 thousand machines located in different parts of the planet.

    Google uses intelligent text analysis techniques to help you find important and relevant pages for your query. To do this, Google analyzes not only the page itself that matches the query, but also the pages that link to it to determine the value of that page for the purposes of your query. Google also prefers pages where the keywords you enter are close to each other.

    The Google interface contains a rather complex query language that allows you to limit the search scope to specific domains, languages, file types, etc. The use of some operators in this language allows you to make the process of finding the necessary information more flexible and accurate. Let's look at some of them.

    Logical “AND”:
    By default, when you write query words separated by spaces, Google searches for documents that contain all the query words. This corresponds to the AND operator. Those. a space is equivalent to the AND operator.

    For example:
    Cats dogs parrots zebras
    Cats AND dogs AND parrots AND zebras
    (both queries are the same)

    Logical "OR" (OR):
    Written using the OR operator. Please note that the OR operator must be written in capital letters. Relatively recently, it became possible to write a logical “OR” in the form of a vertical bar (|), similar to how it is done in Yandex. Used to search with several options for the required information.

    For example:
    Dachshunds long-haired OR smooth-haired
    Long-haired dachshunds | smooth-haired
    (both queries are the same)

    Please remember that Google queries are not case sensitive! Those. the queries Greenland Island and Greenland Island will be exactly the same.

    Operator "Plus" (+):
    There are situations when it is necessary to force a word into the text that may have different spellings. To do this, use the "+" operator before the required word. Let's say if we have a query for Home Alone I, the query will result in us having unnecessary information about Home Alone II, Home Alone III and very little about Home Alone I. If we have a query of the form Home Alone +I, the result will be information only about the movie “Home Alone I”.

    For example:
    Newspaper +Zarya
    Bernoulli equation + mathematics

    Excluding words from the query. Logical NOT (-):
    As you know, information garbage is often encountered when composing a request. To remove it, exclusion operators are used as standard - logical “NOT”. In Google, this operator is represented by a minus sign. Using this operator, you can exclude from search results those pages that contain certain words in the text. Used like the "+" operator before the excluded word.

    For example:
    Crane well-bird
    Dead Souls - novel

    Search for an exact phrase (""):
    In practice, searching for an exact phrase is required either to search for the text of a specific work, or to search for specific products or companies in which the name or part of the description is a consistently repeated phrase. To cope with this task using Google, you need to enclose the query in quotation marks (meaning double quotation marks, which are used, for example, to highlight direct speech).

    For example:
    The work "Quiet Don"
    “It was cold outside, although this did not stop Boris from carrying out his plans”

    By the way, Google allows you to enter no more than 32 words into the query bar!

    Word truncation (*):
    Sometimes you need to look for information about a word combination in which one or more words are unknown. For these purposes, instead of unknown words, the “*” operator is used. Those. "*" - any word or group of words.

    For example:
    Master and *
    Leonardo * Vinci

    cache operator:
    The search engine stores the version of the text that is indexed by the search spider in a special storage format called a cache. A cached version of a page can be retrieved if the original page is unavailable (for example, the server on which it is stored is down). A cached page is shown as it is stored in the search engine's database and is accompanied by a notice at the top of the page indicating that it is a cached page. It also contains information about the time the cached version was created. On the page from the cache, the query keywords are highlighted, and each word is highlighted in a different color for user convenience. You can create a request that will immediately return a cached version of a page with a specific address: cache: page_address, where instead of “page_address” is the address of the page saved in the cache. If you need to find any information in a cached page, you need to write a request for this information separated by a space after the page address.

    For example:
    cache:www.bsd.com
    cache:www.knights.ru tournaments

    We must remember that there should not be a space between ":" and the page address!

    Filetype operator:
    As you know, Google indexes not only html pages. If, for example, you needed to find some information in a file type other than html, you can use the filetype operator, which allows you to search for information in a specific file type (html, pdf, doc, rtf...).

    For example:
    Specification html filetype:pdf
    Essays filetype:rtf

    Operator info:
    The info operator allows you to see the information that Google knows about this page.

    For example:
    info:www.wiches.ru
    info:www.food.healthy.com

    Site operator:
    This operator limits the search to a specific domain or site. That is, if you make a request: marketing intelligence site:www.acfor-tc.ru, then the results will be obtained from pages containing the words “marketing” and “intelligence” on the site “acfor-tc.ru” and not on others parts of the Internet.

    For example:
    Music site:www.music.su
    Books site:ru

    Link operator:
    This operator allows you to see all the pages that link to the page for which the request was made. So, the request link:www.google.com will return pages that have links to google.com.

    For example:
    link:www.ozone.com
    Friends link:www.happylife.ru

    allintitle operator:
    If you start a query with the allintitle operator, which translates as “everything is in the title,” then Google will return texts in which all the words of the query are contained in the titles (inside the TITLE tag in HTML).

    For example:
    allintitle: Free software
    allintitle: Download music albums

    intitle operator:
    Shows pages in which only the word immediately after the intitle operator is contained in the title, and all other query words can be anywhere in the text. Putting the intitle operator before each word of the query is equivalent to using the allintitle operator.

    For example:
    Programs intitle: Download
    intitle: Free intitle: download software

    Allinurl operator:
    If the query begins with the allinurl operator, then the search is limited to those documents in which all the query words are contained only in the page address, that is, in the url.

    For example:
    allinurl:rus games
    allinurl:books fantasy

    inurl operator:
    The word that is located directly together with the inurl operator will be found only in the address of the Internet page, and the remaining words will be found anywhere in such a page.

    For example:
    inurl:books download
    inurl:games crack

    Operator related:
    This operator describes pages that are "similar" to a specific page. Thus, the query related:www.google.com will return pages with similar topics to Google.

    For example:
    related:www.ozone.com
    related:www.nnm.ru

    define statement:
    This operator acts as a kind of explanatory dictionary, allowing you to quickly get a definition of the word that is entered after the operator.

    For example:
    define: Kangaroo
    define: Motherboard

    Synonym search operator (~):
    If you want to find texts containing not only your keywords, but also their synonyms, then you can use the “~” operator before the word for which you want to find synonyms.

    For example:
    Types of ~metamorphoses
    ~Object orientation

    Range operator (..):
    For those who have to work with numbers, Google has made it possible to search for ranges between numbers. In order to find all pages containing numbers in a certain range “from - to”, you need to put two dots (..) between these extreme values, that is, the range operator.

    For example:
    Buy a book $100..$150
    Population 1913..1935

    Here are all the Google query language operators I know. I hope they will somehow make the process of finding the information you need easier. In any case, I use them very often and I can say with confidence that when using them I spend significantly less time searching than without them.

    Good luck! And may the Force be with you.

    Tags: search, operators, Google