Properties of corporate information systems. Corporate information systems

It is impossible to give a general definition of a corporate information system as a set of functional features based on any general requirements or standards. This definition of a corporate information system can only be given in relation to a specific company that uses or intends to build a corporate information system. In general terms, only some basic features of a corporate information system can be given:

• Compliance with the needs of the company, the company’s business, consistency with the organizational and financial structure of the company, and the company’s culture.
• Integration.
• Openness and scalability.

1. The first feature contains all the functional features of a specific corporate information system of a specific company; they are strictly individual for each company. For example, for one company, a corporate information system must have a class no lower than ERP, while for another, a system of this class is completely suboptimal and will only increase costs. And if you dig deeper, then different companies, based on their needs, can attach different meanings, different functions, and different implementations to the concept of ERP (and even more so ERPII). Only accounting and payroll functions regulated by external legislation can be common to all companies; all others are strictly individual. The second and third signs are general, but very specific.

2. A corporate information system is not a set of programs for automating a company’s business processes (production, resource and company management), it is an end-to-end integrated automated system in which each individual system module (responsible for its own business process) in real time (or close to real) all the necessary information generated by other modules is available (without additional and, even more so, double input of information).

3. The corporate information system must be open to include additional modules and expand the system both in scale and functions, and in the areas covered. Based on the above, a corporate information system can only be given the following definition:

Corporate information system is an open, integrated, automated real-time system for automating business processes of a company at all levels, including business processes for making management decisions. At the same time, the degree of automation of business processes is determined based on ensuring maximum profit for the company.

For group and corporate systems, the requirements for reliable operation and data security are significantly increased. These properties are provided by maintaining the integrity of data, links and transactions in database servers.

The most significant feature of an integrated information system should be the expansion of the automation circuit to obtain a closed, self-regulating system capable of flexibly and quickly rearranging the principles of its functioning.

The CIS should include tools for documentation support for management, information support for subject areas, communication software, tools for organizing collective work of employees and other auxiliary (technological) products. From this, in particular, it follows that a mandatory requirement for CIS is the integration of a large number of software products.

By CIS we should understand first of all the system, and then only the software. But often this term is used by IT specialists as a unifying name for software systems of the CASE, ERP, CRM, MRP, etc. family.

Main factors influencing the development of CIS

Recently, more and more managers are beginning to clearly understand the importance of building a corporate information system at the enterprise, as a necessary tool for successful business management in modern conditions. In order to select promising software for building a CIS, it is necessary to be aware of all aspects of the development of basic methodologies and development technologies.

There are three most significant factors that significantly influence the development of CIS:

• Development of enterprise management techniques.

The theory of enterprise management is a fairly extensive subject for study and improvement. This is due to a wide range of constant changes in the situation on the global market. The ever-increasing level of competition forces company managers to look for new methods of maintaining their presence in the market and maintaining the profitability of their activities. Such methods can be diversification, decentralization, quality management and much more. A modern information system must meet all innovations in the theory and practice of management. Undoubtedly, this is the most important factor, since building a technically advanced system that does not meet the functionality requirements does not make sense.

• Development of general capabilities and performance of computer systems.

Progress in the field of increasing the power and performance of computer systems, the development of network technologies and data transmission systems, and the wide possibilities for integrating computer technology with a wide variety of equipment allow us to constantly increase the productivity of computer information systems and their functionality.

• Development of approaches to technical and software implementation of CIS elements.

In parallel with the development of hardware, over the past ten years, there has been a constant search for new, more convenient and universal methods of software and technological implementation of CIS. Firstly, the general approach to programming is changing: since the early 90s, object-oriented programming has actually replaced modular programming, and now methods for constructing object models are constantly being improved. Secondly, due to the development of network technologies, local accounting systems are giving way to client-server implementations. In addition, due to the active development of Internet networks, increasing opportunities for working with remote departments are emerging, broad prospects for e-commerce, customer service via the Internet, and much more are opening up. It turned out that the use of Internet technologies in enterprise intranets also provides obvious advantages. The use of certain technologies when building information systems is not the goal in itself of the developer, and those technologies that best meet existing needs receive the greatest development.

Purpose of corporate information systems

The main goal of a corporate information system is to increase the company's profits through the most efficient use of all company resources and improving the quality of management decisions made.

The purpose of the design and implementation of CIS:

• comprehensive activities to solve business problems using modern information technologies.
• CIS is a corporate integrated enterprise management information system that ensures its qualitative growth.

Allows:

• visualize the activities of the enterprise, providing management with the opportunity to correctly assess existing shortcomings and find sources of potential and areas for improvement;
• reduce the time for setting up the IMS to the specific features of the enterprise;
• display and record in a form ready for subsequent deployment options for implementing the IMS, each of which can be selected when moving to the next stage of enterprise development.

Total cost of the project

• Cost of computer and communication equipment;
• Cost of licenses to use CIS;
• Cost of system software and database server (DBMS);
• Cost of survey and design;
• Cost of implementing CIS;
• Cost of operating the CIS.

Types of corporate information systems

Corporate information systems are divided into the following classes:

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning System)

Modern ERP is the result of almost forty years of evolution in management and information technologies. They are intended mainly for building a unified information space of the enterprise (combining all departments and functions), effectively managing all company resources related to sales, production, and order accounting. An ERP system is built on a modular basis and, as a rule, includes a security module to prevent both internal and external information theft.

Problems arise mainly due to incorrect operation or the initial construction of the system implementation plan. For example, reduced investment in training staff to work in the system significantly reduces efficiency. Therefore, ERP systems are usually not implemented in full immediately, but in separate modules (especially at the initial stage).

CRM (Customer Relationship Management System)

The class of customer relationship management systems has recently become widespread. A CRM system helps automate an enterprise’s work with clients, create a client base and use it for the efficiency of its business. After all, the success of a company, regardless of its size, depends on the ability to gain a deeper understanding of customer needs and market trends, as well as to realize the opportunities that arise at various stages of interaction with customers. Functions such as automation of business processes in relationships with clients, control of absolutely all transactions (here it is important to track the most important and complex transactions), constant collection of information about clients and analysis of all stages of transactions are the main responsibilities of systems of this class.

CRM is no longer a new product for the Russian market, and its use is becoming a regular business project of the company.

Most experts estimate the Russian market for CRM systems at $50-70 million and talk about its constant growth. The current domestic market is characterized by the phase of companies accumulating experience in using CRM in their business.

CRM is most actively used by companies in the financial, telecommunications (including the top three mobile operators in Russia) and insurance markets. The leader, of course, is financial.

MES (Manufacturing Execution System)

MES class systems are designed for the enterprise production environment. Systems of this class monitor and document the entire production process and display the production cycle in real time. Unlike ERP, which has no direct impact on the process, with MES it becomes possible to adjust (or completely rebuild) the process as many times as necessary. In other words, systems of this class are designed to optimize production and increase its profitability.

By collecting and analyzing data received, for example, from production lines, they provide a more detailed picture of the enterprise’s production activities (from order formation to finished product shipment), improving the enterprise’s financial performance. All the main indicators that are included in the main course of the economics of the industry (return on fixed assets, cash flow, cost, profit and productivity) are displayed in detail during production. Experts call MES a bridge between the financial operations of ERP systems and the operational activities of the enterprise at the workshop, site or line level.

WMS (Warehouse Management System)

As the name suggests, this is a management system that provides comprehensive automation of warehouse process management. A necessary and effective tool for a modern warehouse (for example, “1C: Warehouse”).

EAM (Enterprise Asset Management)

A system for managing enterprise fixed assets, allowing to reduce equipment downtime, costs for maintenance, repairs and logistics. It is a necessary tool in the work of capital-intensive industries (energy, transport, housing and communal services, mining industry and military).

Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. In accounting and tax accounting, fixed assets reflected in monetary terms are called fixed assets.

Historically, EAM systems arose from CMMS systems (another class of IS, repair management). Now EAM modules are also part of large ERP system packages (such as mySAP Business Suite, IFS Applications, Oracle E-Business Suite, etc.).

HRM (Human Resource Management)

The personnel management system is one of the most important components of modern management. The main goal of such systems is to attract and retain valuable personnel specialists for the enterprise. HRM systems solve two main problems: streamlining all accounting and settlement processes related to personnel and reducing the percentage of employee departures. Thus, HRM systems, in a certain sense, can be called “reverse CRM systems,” attracting and retaining not customers, but the company’s own employees. Of course, the methods used here are completely different, but the general approaches are similar.

Functions of HRM systems:

• Personnel search;
• Recruitment and selection of personnel;
• Personel assessment;
• Personnel training and development;
• Corporate culture management;
• Staff motivation;
• Labour Organization.

CIS subsystems

Corporate IP includes the organization's computer infrastructure and the interconnected subsystems based on it that provide solutions to the organization's problems.

Such subsystems can be:

• information and reference systems, including hypertext and geographic information systems;
• document management system;
• transaction processing system (actions to change information in databases);
• decision support system.

According to the method of organization, CIS are divided into:

• file server systems;
• client-server systems;
• three-link systems;
• systems based on Internet/Intranet technologies.

A server is any system (a separate computer with associated software or a separate software system within software) designed to provide some computing resources to other systems (computers or programs) called clients.

Local systems

• Designed mainly to automate accounting in one or more areas (accounting, sales, warehouses, personnel records, etc.).
• The cost of on-premises systems ranges from $5,000 to $50,000.

Financial and management systems

• The systems are flexibly customized to the needs of a specific enterprise, well integrate the activities of the enterprise and are intended, first of all, for accounting and managing the resources of non-production companies.
• The cost of financial and management systems can be roughly determined in the range from $50,000 to $200,000.

Medium Integrated Systems

• Designed for production plant management and integrated production process planning.
• In many respects, medium-sized systems are much stricter than financial and managerial ones.
• A manufacturing enterprise must first and foremost operate like a well-oiled clock, where the main control mechanisms are planning and optimal management of inventory and production process, rather than keeping track of the number of invoices per period.
• The cost of implementing medium-sized systems, like financial and management systems, starts at around $50,000, but, depending on the scope of the project, can reach $500,000 or more.

Large integrated systems

• They differ from the average ones in the set of vertical markets and the depth of support for management processes of large multifunctional groups of enterprises (holdings or financial industrial groups).
• The systems have the greatest functionality, including production management, complex financial flow management, corporate consolidation, global planning and budgeting, etc.
• The cost of the project is more than $500,000.

Implementation of CIS

After the stage of selecting a corporate information system (CIS), comes the implementation stage, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated. Indeed, all the benefits and benefits declared by enterprise software developers resulting from the acquisition of a specific CIS will only appear if it is successfully implemented.

The main difficulties in implementing CIS

• insufficient formalization of management processes at the enterprise;
• lack of full understanding among managers of the mechanisms for implementing decisions and how performers work;
• the need to reorganize the enterprise into an information system;
• the need to change business process technology;
• the need to attract new specialists to manage IP and retrain our own specialists to work in the system;
• resistance of employees and managers (currently plays a significant role because people are not yet accustomed to the integration of computer technologies into the enterprise);
• the need to form a qualified team of implementers; the team includes employees of the enterprise and one of the high-ranking managers of the enterprise interested in implementation (in the absence of interest, the pragmatic aspect of implementing CIS is reduced to a minimum).

Factors for successful implementation of CIS

• Management participation in implementation
• Availability and adherence to an implementation plan
• Managers have clear goals and requirements for the project
• Participation in the implementation of specialists from the client company
• Quality of the CIS and the solution provider team
• Conducting business process reengineering prior to implementation
• The company has a developed strategy

The main difficulties in implementing a corporate information system

• Inattention of the company management to the project
• Lack of clearly defined project goals
• Informalization of business processes in the company
• The company's unwillingness to change
• Instability of legislation6 Corruption in companies
• Low qualifications of personnel in the company
• Insufficient project funding

Results of CIS implementation

• increasing the company’s internal controllability, flexibility and resistance to external influences,
• increasing the company’s efficiency, its competitiveness, and, ultimately, profitability,
• sales volumes increase,
• the cost is reduced,
• warehouse stocks are reduced,
• order fulfillment times are reduced,
• interaction with suppliers is improved.

Advantages of implementing CIS

• obtaining reliable and timely information about the activities of all divisions of the company;
• increasing the efficiency of company management;
• reduction of working time spent on work operations;
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Questions for the discipline exam

“Computer information technologies” part 3

1. Structure of the corporate information system.

2. Classification of information systems.

3. Areas of application of CIS.

5. Types of information systems: information systems (MIS), DSS (DSS), EDP data processing systems.

6. MRP class systems.

7. MRPII class systems.

8. Financial accounting, management accounting and management in ERP technologies.

9. Enlarged diagram of ERP technology.

10. New functional modules of ERP systems.

11. The essence of CSRP technology.

12. Functional product life cycle.

13. Integrated automation systems for enterprise activities - general principles of construction, examples of use.

14. The main contours of the Galaxy system: financial, logistics, production management, accounting, customer relations.

15. Classification and areas of application of ES.

16. Basic models of knowledge representation in an expert system.

17. Methods of processing and analysis of expert information.

18. Methods for assessing the competence of experts.

19. Methods for checking the consistency of expert assessments.

20. Basic concepts of decision theory.

21. Scheme of the decision-making process.

22. Features of multicriteria decision-making problems.

23. Basic concepts of the hierarchy analysis method.

24. Definition, main functions, classification of computer decision support systems (DSS).

25. Information and analytical DSS based on the analysis of hierarchical processes.

26. Basic concepts of business process modeling.

27. Standards for describing, analyzing and reorganizing business processes.

28. Functional modeling methodology SADT.

29. Syntax and semantics of IDEF0 models.

30. Methodology for constructing IDEF0 models.

31. Methodology for describing business processes IDEF3.

32. Structural analysis of data flows.

33. Syntax and semantics of data flow diagram.

34. Methods of functional cost analysis.

35. Fundamentals of information security and information security assessment criteria

36. Security classes of information systems

37. Information security threats

38. Methods and means of protecting information and ensuring security in computer networks

39. Legal aspects of information security

Corporate information systems. Principles of organizing corporate information systems.

CIS is an information system that supports operational and management accounting at an enterprise and provides information for prompt management decision-making.

2.IP classification

Information systems can be classified according to many criteria depending on the needs of their study.

Open and closed systems. There are two main types of systems: closed and open. A closed system has rigid, fixed boundaries; its actions are relatively independent of the environment surrounding the system. A clock is an example of a closed system. The interdependent parts of the watch move continuously once it is wound or a battery is inserted. And as long as the watch has a source of stored energy, its system is independent of the environment. Open system characterized by interaction with the external environment. Energy, information, materials are objects of exchange with the external environment through the permeable boundaries of the system. Such a system is not self-sustaining; it depends on energy, information and materials coming from outside. In addition, an open system has the ability fit to changes in the external environment and must do this in order to continue its functioning.

By the nature of information use Information systems can be divided into information retrieval and information decision systems.

· Information retrieval systems They enter, systematize, store, and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. For example, an information retrieval system in a library, in railway and air ticket offices.

· Information and decision systems carry out all information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Among them, a classification can be made according to the degree of influence of the generated final information on the decision-making process and two subclasses can be distinguished: managers and advisors.

o Management information systems generate information on the basis of which a person makes a decision (DM). These systems are characterized by the type of tasks of a computational nature and the processing of large volumes of data. An example is the above production management system, as well as the accounting system, etc.

o Advising information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and does not immediately turn into a series of specific actions. These systems have a higher degree of intelligence, since they are characterized by processing knowledge rather than data.

Managing and advising ISs include EIS.

According to the nature of the data processed There are information and reference systems (ISS) and data processing systems (DPS). ISS searches for information without processing it. SODs carry out both searching and processing of information. SODs include:

· Focused on online processing of data (transactions) (onLine Transaction Processing - OLTP);

· Focused on static analytical data processing; (Decision Support System - DSS);

· Oriented analytical operational data processing (OnLine Analytical Processing - OLAP).

Based on the structure of tasks Information systems are classified into information systems for solving structured (formalized), unstructured (unformalized), weakly or partially structured problems.

Structured (formalized) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known. In a structured problem, it is possible to express its content in the form of a mathematical model that has an exact solution algorithm. Such tasks usually have to be solved many times, and they are routine in nature. The purpose of using an information system to solve structured problems is to fully automate their solution. The role of a person is reduced to preparing input information, reconciling it, and analyzing the calculations made.

Example. Implementation of the payroll calculation task.

Unstructured (unformalized) task is a task in which it is impossible to select elements and establish connections between them. Solving unstructured problems due to the impossibility of creating a mathematical description and developing an algorithm is associated with great difficulties. The decision in such cases is made by a person (DM) for heuristic reasons based on his experience and, possibly, indirect information from various sources.

In the practice of any organization, there are relatively few fully structured or completely unstructured tasks. About most problems we can say that only part of their elements and the connections between them are known. Such tasks are called partially structured. Under these conditions, it is possible to create an information system in which the experience and knowledge of the decision maker plays a large role.

In accordance with the classification made by Deloitte & Touche consultants, information systems are divided into by degree of integration on the:

· Local - purely accounting, allow you to automate one or more functions of the enterprise, but do not provide a holistic picture for management, costing from 5 to 50 thousand dollars.

· Small integrated systems that provide comprehensive accounting and financial management, costing from 50 to 300 thousand dollars.

· Medium-sized integrated systems that support production management, although accounting tasks in such systems remain important. Their cost is from 200 to 500 thousand dollars.

· Large integrated systems that provide management of complex financial flows, transfer prices, and consolidation of information. Their cost is over 500 thousand dollars.

All systems can be divided into two large classes: financial and management and production systems.

Financial and management systems include subclasses of local and small integrated systems. Such systems are designed for maintaining records in one or several areas (accounting, sales, warehouses, personnel records, etc.). The systems of this group can be used by almost any enterprise that needs to manage financial flows and automate accounting functions. Systems of this class are universal in many respects, although developers often propose solutions to industry problems, for example, special methods of calculating taxes or personnel management taking into account the specifics of regions. The versatility leads to the fact that the implementation cycle of such systems is short; sometimes you can use the “boxed” option by purchasing the program and installing it on your personal computer yourself.

Manufacturing systems include subclasses of medium and large integrated systems. These systems are primarily designed to control and plan the production process. Accounting functions, although deeply developed, play a supporting role, and sometimes it is impossible to single out an accounting module, since information in the accounting department comes automatically from other modules. Production systems are much more complex to install (the implementation cycle can take from 6-9 months to a year and a half or more). This is due to the fact that the system covers the needs of the entire production enterprise, which requires significant joint efforts between the enterprise employees and the software supplier.

In many respects, production systems are much more stringent than financial and management systems. A manufacturing enterprise must first and foremost operate like a well-oiled clock, where the main control mechanisms are planning and optimal management of the production process, rather than keeping track of the number of invoices per period. The effect of implementing production systems is felt at the upper echelons of enterprise management, when the entire interconnected picture of work is visible, including planning, purchasing, production, inventory, sales, financial flows and many other aspects.

With increasing complexity and breadth of coverage of enterprise functions by the system, the requirements for technical infrastructure and computer platform increase. Without exception, all production systems are developed using databases. In most cases, client-server technology is used, which involves dividing data processing between a dedicated server and a workstation. Client-server technology pays off when processing large volumes of data and requests, as it allows you to optimize the intensity of data transfer over a computer network.

3. CIS is an information system that supports operational and management accounting at an enterprise and provides information for prompt management decision-making.

The main task of such a system is information support for production, administrative and management processes (hereinafter referred to as business processes) that form the products or services of the enterprise.

The main purpose of corporate systems is the timely provision of consistent, reliable and structured information for making management decisions.

CIS are created taking into account the fact that they must implement coordinated data management within an enterprise (organization), coordinate the work of individual departments, automate information exchange operations both within individual user groups and between geographically remote departments. Local computer networks serve as the basis for building such systems.

CIS have the following characteristic features:

1. covering a large number of enterprise management tasks;

2. detailed development of a generalized document flow model of an enterprise, taking into account the internal connections of documents and the implementation of the functions of a system of derivatives of inter-document connections;

3. the presence of built-in tools that allow the user to independently develop the capabilities of the system and adapt it to their needs;

4. developed technology for combining and consolidating data from remote departments.

Also, CIS are characterized primarily by the presence of a corporate database. A corporate database is understood as a database that combines, in one form or another, all the necessary data and knowledge about the organization being automated. By creating a CIS, the developers came to the concept of integrated databases, in which the implementation of the principles of single entry and repeated use of information found the most concentrated expression.

4. Levels of management of the economic system: operational, tactical and strategic.

Typically, management systems have three levels: strategic, tactical and operational. Each of these management levels has its own tasks, when solving which there is a need for relevant data; this data can be obtained by querying the information system. These requests are directed to the corresponding information in the information system. Information technologies make it possible to process requests and, using available information, generate a response to these requests. Thus, at each level of management, information appears that serves as the basis for making appropriate decisions.

5. In accordance with the nature of information processing in the EIS at various levels of management of the economic system (operational, tactical and strategic), the following types of information are distinguished

Rice. 1.2. Types of information systems, data processing systems (EDP - electronic data processing); management information system (MIS – management information system); decision support system (DSS – decision support system).

5.Types of economic information systems

In accordance with the nature of information processing in EIS at various levels of management of the economic system (operational, tactical and strategic), the following types of information systems are distinguished (Fig. 1.2):

Data processing systems (EDP - electronic data processing);

Management information system (MIS - management-information system);

Decision support system (DSS - decision support system).

Data processing systems (DPS) are designed for accounting and operational regulation of business transactions, preparation of standard documents for the external environment (invoices, invoices, payment orders). The horizon for the operational management of business processes ranges from one to several days and implements the registration and processing of events, for example, the registration and monitoring of orders, the receipt and consumption of material assets in the warehouse, maintaining time sheets, etc. These tasks are iterative, regular in nature, performed by those directly involved in business processes (workers, storekeepers, administrators, etc.) and are associated with the preparation and forwarding of documents in accordance with clearly defined algorithms. The results of business transactions are entered into the database through screen forms.

Management information systems (MIS) are focused on the tactical level of management: medium-term planning, analysis and organization of work over several weeks (months), for example, analysis and planning of supplies, sales, drawing up production programs. This class of problems is characterized by regulation (periodic repetition) of the formation of result documents and a clearly defined algorithm for solving problems, for example, a set of orders for the formation of a production program and determination of the need for components and materials based on product specifications. Solving such problems is intended for managers of various services of enterprises (procurement and sales departments, workshops, etc.). Problems are solved on the basis of the accumulated operational data base.

Decision support systems (DSS) are used mainly at the top level of management (management of firms, enterprises, organizations), which have strategic long-term significance for a year or several years. Such tasks include the formation of strategic goals, planning for attracting resources, sources of financing, choosing the location of enterprises, etc. Less often, problems of the DSS class are solved at the tactical level, for example, when selecting suppliers or concluding contracts with clients. DSS tasks are, as a rule, irregular in nature.

DSS problems are characterized by insufficient available information, its inconsistency and vagueness, the predominance of qualitative assessments of goals and limitations, and weak formalization of solution algorithms. Tools for compiling free-form analytical reports, methods of statistical analysis, expert assessments and systems, mathematical and simulation modeling are most often used as generalization tools. In this case, databases of generalized information, information repositories, knowledge bases about rules and decision-making models are used.

An ideal EIS is considered to be one that includes all three types of the listed information systems. Depending on the scope of functions and levels of management, corporate (integrated) and local EIS are distinguished.

Corporate (integrated) EIS automates all management functions at all management levels. This EIS is multi-user and operates in a distributed computer network.

Local EIS automates individual management functions at individual management levels. Such an electronic information system can be single-user, operating in separate departments of the management system.

One of the main properties of the EIS is its divisibility into subsystems, which has a number of advantages from the point of view of the development and operation of the EIS, which include:

Simplification of the development and modernization of EIS as a result of specialization of design teams by subsystems;

Simplification of implementation and delivery of ready-made subsystems in accordance with the order of work;

Simplification of EIS operation due to the specialization of subject area workers.

Typically, functional and supporting subsystems are distinguished. The functional subsystems of the EIS informationally serve certain types of activities of the economic system (enterprise), characteristic of the structural divisions of the economic system and (or) management functions. Integration of functional subsystems into a single system is achieved through the creation and operation of supporting subsystems, such as information, software, mathematical, technical, technological, organizational and legal subsystems.

6. MRP class information systems

Information system developers faced the problem of planning enterprise activities back in the 1960s. Then a methodology for planning material requirements MRP (Material Requirements Planning) was developed. . The implementation of a system working according to this methodology is a computer program that allows you to optimally regulate the supply of component materials, controlling stocks in the warehouse and the production technology itself. The main goal pursued by the developers was to minimize production costs. Before the advent of MRP systems, inventory cards were used to record and track inventories, which indicated the receipt of materials at the warehouse, their release from the warehouse, as well as their balance. As a rule, information from the cards was duplicated in the materials movement books. The response speed of such a system was extremely low and, due to the specifics of recording information, led to a significant number of errors and inaccuracies.

An important role in MRP systems is played by the product specification, which is a list of raw materials, materials and components necessary for the production of the final product, indicating standards for their use, as well as a hierarchical description of the structure of the final product.

Based on the production plan, product specifications and taking into account the technological features of production, the requirements for materials are calculated. Then a procurement and production plan is drawn up. What is very important is that fixed deadlines are introduced into the system. The general functional diagram of the MRP system is shown in Fig. 1

Fig.1. General functional diagram of the MRP system.

MRP planning methods began to take into account information about the composition of the product, the state of warehouses and work in progress, as well as orders and production schedules.

Using an MRP-class information system, orders are ordered, for example, by priorities or by shipment dates; a volumetric production schedule is generated, which is usually created by product groups and can be used to plan production capacity utilization; for each product included in the production schedule, the composition of the product is “detailed” to the level of blanks, semi-finished products, assemblies and components; in accordance with the production schedule, the production schedule for components and semi-finished products is determined, and the need for materials and components is assessed, and delivery dates are assigned to production departments .

The MRP algorithm not only issues orders for replenishment of inventories, but also allows you to adjust production tasks taking into account the changing need for finished goods. It should be noted that MRP methods are not applicable to every type of production.

Example:

MRP methods became widespread in the USA and were practically not used in Japan. The fact is that Japanese management methods in mechanical engineering were mainly focused on mass production, while American ones were focused on small-scale production. In conditions of small-scale production, the nomenclature and structure of orders may change. Changing needs for finished products leads to changing needs for components, raw materials and materials. In mass production, simpler, more extensive accounting and planning methods can be used quite effectively.

Gradually, a transition was made from automation of production management at the level of local tasks to integrated systems covering the implementation of all production management functions. The result of this process was a system called MRPII (Manufacturing Resource Planning). MRPII is a methodology aimed at effectively managing all production resources of an enterprise. It provides solutions to problems of planning the activities of an enterprise in physical and monetary terms, modeling the capabilities of an enterprise, answering questions like “What will happen if..?”. This methodology is based on a number of large interrelated functionalities, including:

Business Planning (BP).

Planning of sales and activities of the enterprise as a whole (Sales and Operations Planning - S&OP).

Production Planning (PP).

Development of a production schedule (Master Production Scheduling - MPS).

Material Requirements Planning (MRP).

Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP).

Various operational production management systems. These include systems based on shop floor scheduling (Shop Floor Control - SFC) and just-in-time (JIT) flow production systems.

Further development of the MRPII system was the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and CSRP (Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) systems. In ERP class systems, an attempt is made to cover all services of the enterprise, including logistics, R&D, and so on. The use of ERP promotes consolidation, reduces unnecessary operations, reduces errors, improves forecasting and planning abilities, which can lead to significant cost reductions and improvements in the production process. ERP optimizes order taking, production planning, purchasing, production, delivery and management - that is, all internal operations. But if competitive advantage in the next decade will be defined by the creation and delivery of customer value, the current ERP model is insufficient. Manufacturers must expand the rules of the game to include a new player - the buyer.

If consumer preferences are changing at an unprecedented rate, how is it possible to obtain critical market information? The answer is simple - integrate buyers with business planning and execution systems. Thus, CSRP class systems implement a marketing approach to enterprise management.

Synchronizing the buyer and the organization's buyer-facing departments with the executive and planning center of the company provides the ability to identify opportunities to create differences that support competitive advantage. The infusion of real-time customer demands into an organization's daily planning and production systems forces business leaders to expand their focus beyond the "how" of production to consider critical product and market factors. Manufacturers, driven by customer engagement rather than production, can create value by developing a systematic approach to evaluation:

what products to produce

what services to offer

what new markets to target.

Let us note another problem that exists in all enterprises, which to some extent can be solved with the help of information systems. Intellectual capital distinguishes between tacit knowledge (human resources) and explicit knowledge (information resources). To some extent, the emergence of information management is associated with the need to transform tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge in an enterprise. This is explained by the fact that information resources are much easier to capitalize compared to human resources.

In other words, human resources cannot be the property of the enterprise. You can hire a highly qualified specialist, but you cannot prohibit using the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities outside the organizational structure within which they were obtained. Therefore, it is much more effective to direct efforts to optimize information resources, to ensure that the experience and knowledge of professionals become the property of the organization, regardless of whether these people connect their future with it or not. This is a much more effective way to create a mature corporate culture in today's environment than trying to build an organization's work based on the capabilities of specific employees. This will create a competitive advantage for the enterprise that is less dependent on human resources.

The goal of modern management is the capitalization of knowledge, which is achieved both through the development of human resources of the enterprise and effective information management, that is, management of information resources.

8. The concept of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) appeared in the early 90s and confirmed its viability. Its appearance was due to the need to eliminate the shortcomings inherent in systems like MRPII. Systems of this class are more focused on working with financial information for solving problems of managing an enterprise with geographically distributed resources, i.e. so-called corporations.

The importance of accounting and financial management tasks is beyond doubt.

Therefore, the production functions of MRPII systems were supplemented with modules for solving three categories of financial problems:

Financial Accounting;

Management Accounting;

Financial management.

In accordance with international practice, accounting includes two areas:

Financial Accounting, which is focused primarily on external users of financial information;

Managerial Accounting, focused on making management decisions within an enterprise.

In terms of financial accounting, ERP systems provide accounting for transactions with debtors and creditors, inventories, fixed assets and intangible assets (with depreciation), accounting for production operations and other accounting functions.

ERP systems ensure accounting not only in accordance with national legislation, but also allow the preparation of reports in accordance with international standards IFRS (IAS) and GAAP. In addition, the ERP system allows you to automate accounting workflow and reporting.

Managerial Accounting is aimed primarily at internal users, including enterprise managers. Let us note that if the rules of financial accounting and financial reporting are regulated by law, then the management accounting methodology is determined by the enterprise itself.

From the point of view of an ERP system, an enterprise consists of a number of production workshops, each of which includes several work centers. Each of the work centers can perform several technological operations.

Direct material costs (raw materials, supplies, components, etc.) are taken into account based on the product specification.

Overhead costs are to be allocated among manufactured items based on allocation bases and absorption rates.

Modern ERP systems are able to support the marginal method of accounting for indirect costs and the method of functional cost accounting.

Financial management. One of the main tasks of a financial manager is to ensure the liquidity of the enterprise so that the enterprise is able to fulfill its financial obligations at any time.

The capabilities of ERP systems in terms of regulating cash flows are based on the fact that the system has all the information necessary for this, including details of settlements with suppliers, customers and personnel.

ERP systems have added mechanisms for managing transnational corporations, including support for multiple time zones, languages, currencies, accounting and reporting systems.

These differences affect to a lesser extent the logic and functionality of the systems, and to a greater extent determine their infrastructure (Internet/Intranet) and scalability - up to several thousand users.

At the same time, the requirements for reliability, flexibility and performance of software and computing platforms on which systems are implemented are sharply increasing.

An ERP system cannot solve all the problems of enterprise management and is, as it were, the basis (backbone) on the basis of which integration with other applications already used in the enterprise is carried out (for example, design automation systems, technological preparation of production, process control, etc.).

New ERP systems place more emphasis on tools to support management decisions.

ERP-type systems are supplemented with the following functional modules:

· forecasting;

· project and program management;

· maintaining information about the composition of products;

· maintaining information about technological routes;

· cost management;

· financial management;

· HR management.

Forecasting. This is an assessment of the future state or behavior of the external environment or elements of the production process.

The purpose of forecasting is to estimate the required parameters under conditions of uncertainty. Forecasting can be either independent or precede planning.

Project and program management. In production systems designed to produce complex products, production itself is one of the stages of complete production.

It is preceded by design, engineering and technological preparation. Complex products are characterized by: long production cycle times; a large number of subcontractors; complexity of internal and external relations.

From this follows the need to manage projects and programs in general and include the corresponding functions in the management system.

Maintaining information about the composition of products. This part of the management system provides managers and production workers with the required level of information about products, components, assembly units, parts, materials, as well as equipment and fixtures. This information is also used when planning material resource requirements.

Maintaining information about technological routes. To solve problems of operational production management, information is needed on the sequence of operations included in technological routes, the duration of operations and the number of performers or jobs required to complete them.

Inventory Management. This subsystem of the management system evaluates the work of production and other departments from a cost point of view. Here work is carried out to determine planned and actual costs. The task of this subsystem is to provide a connection between production management and financial management. This is ensured by solving the problems of planning, accounting, control and regulation of costs.

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Characteristics of the software market for automating the organization's activities.

Properties of a corporate information system.

The concept of a corporate information system. There are several approaches to defining the concept of “corporate information system”. Specialists of the IT holding "KORUS" define CIS as a technology for making optimal management decisions in accordance with formalized methods and rules of management, ensuring the collection, processing, storage, transmission and presentation of information to the extent necessary for decision-making. At the same time, CIS is simultaneously considered as a tool for doing business by automating basic business processes (accounting, financial management, logistics, sales, marketing, management reporting, relationships with clients and partners).

Under corporate information system(CIS) we will understand an organization’s information system that meets the following minimum list of requirements:

1. Functional completeness of the system:

– implementation of international management accounting standards MRP II, ERP, CSRP;

– automation within the system of solving problems of planning, budgeting, forecasting, operational (managerial) accounting, accounting, statistical accounting and financial and economic analysis;

– formation and maintenance of records simultaneously according to Russian and international standards;

– the number of parameters of the organization’s activity that are taken into account once is from 200 to 1000, the number of generated database tables is from 800 to 3000.

2 Localization of the information system:

– functional (taking into account the peculiarities of Russian legislation and the payment system);

– linguistic (interface, help system and documentation in Russian).

3. Reliable information security system, including:

– password system for restricting access to data and implemented control functions;

– a multi-level data security system (means for authorizing entered and corrected information, recording the time of data entry and modification).

4. Implementation of remote access and work in distributed networks.

5. Availability of tools for adaptation and maintenance of the system:

– changing the structure and functions of business processes;

– changing the information space (changing the structure, adding and deleting databases, modifying the fields of tables, relationships, indexes);

– changing interfaces for entering, viewing and correcting information;

– change in the organizational and functional content of the user’s workplace;

– custom report generator;

– generator of complex business transactions;

– generator of standard forms.

6. Ensuring data exchange between previously developed information systems and other software products operating in the organization.

7. Possibility of information consolidation:

– at the organizational level - to combine information from branches, holdings, subsidiaries of organizations included in the holding, etc.;

– at the level of individual tasks (planning, accounting, control, etc.);

– at the level of time periods - to perform an analysis of financial and economic indicators for a period exceeding the reporting period.

8. Availability of special tools for analyzing the state of the system during operation:

– analysis of database architecture;

– algorithm analysis;

– analysis of statistics on the amount of processed information (number of records, documents, transactions);

– operation log;

– list of working server stations;

– intrasystem mail analysis.

CIS is both a way to automate an organization’s activities and a tool for business management.

If we compare the advantages and disadvantages of domestic and Western corporate information systems, we can note the following. The undoubted advantages of Western ERP systems include a clearly defined sequence of actions during production planning. However, they do not support the Russian standards ESKD (Unified System of Design Documentation), ESTD (Unified System of Technological Documentation), and it is necessary to refine the “Finance” and “Fixed Assets” modules taking into account national characteristics.

Russian CIS are much cheaper than Western ones and take into account Russian specifics, but not all can belong to the class of corporate systems.

2. Corporate information system standards. Over a fairly long period of development, organizational management systems have gone from the simplest manual methods of accounting for inventories and production resources to the most complex computer systems that claim to comprehensively cover the organization’s activities.

Interest in research in the field of inventory management was "fuelled" by the active growth of large-scale and mass production of consumer goods and trade after the Second World War. In search of ways to improve the efficiency of organizations, practitioners and theorists of production management had to digress somewhat from the study of operations in production itself, which were based on the work of F. Taylor and G. Ford, and pay attention to the fact that the use of mathematical methods of demand planning and inventory management leads to significant savings in funds frozen in the form of work in progress and at the same time prevents production disruptions due to shortages of materials and components.

Since it is impossible to develop “absolutely optimal inventory planning methods,” the researchers decided that algorithms should be selected and adapted to the specifics of specific warehouse tasks, depending on the production cycle or supply of stored items, cost, product sizes, packaging, applicability and demand, volumes warehouses, etc. It was found that choosing the optimal volume of an order batch is one of the most important conditions for increasing the efficiency of an organization, since insufficient volume leads to an increase in administrative costs for repeat orders, and excess volume leads to freezing of funds.

Thus the foundation of modern management information systems was laid. Next, we will briefly consider their evolution and the essence of the most important of them.

Improving the management of an organization is inextricably linked with the standards of the corporate information system. Currently, the following main generally accepted CIS standards are distinguished:

1st standard - MRP(Material Requirement Planning) or planning the requirements for material resources. This standard dates back to the 70s. XX century. The essence of the MRP standard is to minimize the costs associated with inventory and various areas of production. The basic concept in this standard is the concept of a product specification (BOM - Bill Of Material), which shows the dependence of the demand for raw materials, semi-finished products, etc. on the finished product production plan. Based on the production plan, product specifications and taking into account the features of the technological chain, production needs for materials are calculated. The disadvantage of this standard is the lack of consideration of production capacity utilization and labor costs when calculating material requirements.

The starting point in the MRP method is the collection of data on orders placed for the organization's products, as well as forecasting demand for its products.

However, the main disadvantage of the method was that its basic version was based on the principle of unlimited loading, which ignored the limited production capacity.

2nd standard - MRP II(Manufacturing Resource Planning), or planning of production resources. This standard, dating back to the 1980s, is an MRP standard combined with elements of business process modeling and planning feedback designed for a specific type of production. The MRP II standard is more focused on medium-sized organizations.

MRP II is MRP planning plus warehouse, supply, sales, finance and production management functions. Since in an industrial organization the majority of funds are in one way or another connected with production or inventories, the use of the above functions makes it possible to include accounting and financial management functions in a single system. In addition, in a number of implementations of the MRP II concept, separate functions for personnel management as a production resource began to appear.

3rd standard - ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) or the organization's resource planning system dates back to the 90s. It is an implementation of the MRP II standard in conjunction with a financial planning module and is more universal, since it can be installed both in industrial organizations and in service organizations (banks, insurance organizations, educational institutions).

– large;

– with a complex type of production;

– with an extensive branch network;

– with a large range of products;

– with an increased volume of warehouse operations.

ERP can generally be considered as an integrated set of the following main subsystems:

- financial management;

– material flow management;

- Production Management;

- project management;

– service management;

- quality control;

- personnel Management.

4th standard - CSRP(Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) or organization resource planning synchronized to the consumer. This standard dates back to the late 90s. and represents the implementation of the ERP standard in conjunction with automation of interaction with customers. If the first three CIS standards are more focused on the internal business processes of an organization, then CSRP goes beyond the boundaries of a specific organization and focuses on external business processes.

One of the most recent (in terms of development) production resource management standards - CSRP (consumer synchronized resource planning) - was proposed by SYMIX. The essence is that when planning and managing an organization, it is possible and necessary to take into account not only the main production and material resources of the organization, but also all those resources that are usually considered as “auxiliary” or “overhead”. These are all resources consumed during marketing and “current” work with the client, after-sales service of sold goods, transshipment and maintenance operations, as well as intra-shop resources, i.e. the entire “functional” life cycle of a product. This becomes crucial for increasing the competitiveness of an organization in industries where the product life cycle is short and it is necessary to quickly respond to changing consumer desires.

5th standard - ERP P(Enterprise Resource and Relationship Processing), or management of internal resources and external relations of an organization. According to the Gartner Group, ERP II is a corporate information system open to all participants acting in the field of common business interests.

Currently, the process of integrating ERP systems with e-business is under development. However, there are already two opposing ways of building new systems.

3. Properties of the corporate information system. Any corporate information system provides the possibility of using "reference models" - reference management and planning schemes developed for specific industries (fields of activity). Reference models take into account implementation experience in leading organizations and include practice-tested procedures and business organization methods. The use of reference models allows, when implementing a CIS in a specific organization, to save time and money by using a well-established model for a similar industry (field of activity) such as production.

Corporate information systems have the property "dynamic functionality" which provides the possibility of a phased and smooth restructuring of the organization’s information system and the implementation of CIS based on the organization’s unified business model. At the same time, when commissioning new processes and management procedures, previously implemented system modules are not affected.

Another property of CIS is "power scalability" which means maintaining the functionality and performance of all functions by the corporate information system when the scale of the organization’s activities changes. For example, at the stage of implementation of the CIS, 40 jobs were provided. As the business grows, a larger number of jobs may be required - 120. If the system is scalable in power, then its operation will not be disrupted when the number of jobs increases, and all new jobs will have the same capabilities as the original 40.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER V.I.VERNADSKY

Faculty of Economics

Department of Economic Cybernetics

Abstract on professional computer programs

"Corporate information systems"

Performed:

2nd year student, group 201 BI

Specialty - business informatics

Serafimova Anastasia

Checked:

Popov V.B

Simferopol 2015

1. Fundamentals and basic concepts of corporations and corporate information systems

2. General issues of design and implementation of CIS

2.1 What does the implementation of CIS provide?

2.2 Principles of building a CIS

2.3 Stages of CIS design

3. Classification and characteristics of CIS

3.1 Classification of CIS

3.2 Classification of automated systems

3.3 Characteristics of the CIS

4. CIS architecture

5. Requirements for CIS

Literature

1 . Basics and OSnew concepts of corporation and corporate information system

The term corporation comes from the Latin word corporatio - association. A corporation means an association of enterprises operating under centralized control and solving common problems. As a rule, corporations include enterprises located in different regions and even in different states (transnational corporations).

In the most general sense, the term Corporation means an association of enterprises operating under centralized control and solving common problems. The corporation is a complex, multidisciplinary structure and, as a result, has a distributed hierarchical management system.

Corporate governance is defined as the system of relationships between shareholders, the board of directors and management, defined by the company's charter, regulations and official policies, as well as the rule of law based on the adopted business model.

A business model is a description of an enterprise as a complex system, with a given accuracy. Within the business model, all objects (entities), processes, rules for performing operations, the existing development strategy, as well as criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the system are displayed. The form of presentation of the business model and the level of its detail are determined by the goals of the modeling and the adopted point of view.

Enterprises, branches and administrative offices included in the corporation are usually located at a sufficient distance from each other. Their information connection with each other forms the communication structure of the corporation, the basis of which is the information system.

An information model is a subset of a business model that describes all existing (including those not formalized in documentary form) information flows in an enterprise, processing rules and routing algorithms for all elements of the information field.

An information system (IS) is the entire enterprise infrastructure involved in the process of managing all information and document flows, including the following mandatory elements:

An information model, which is a set of rules and algorithms for the functioning of an information system. The information model includes all forms of documents, the structure of directories and data, etc.

Regulations for the development of the information model and the rules for making changes to it.

Human resources (development department, external consultants) responsible for the formation and development of the information model.

Software whose configuration meets the requirements of the information model (software is the main driver and, at the same time, the IS control mechanism). In addition, there are always requirements for the software supplier that regulate the procedure for technical and user support throughout the entire life cycle.

Human resources responsible for customizing and adapting the software and its compliance with the approved information model.

Regulations for making changes to custom structures (specific settings, database structures, etc.) and software configuration and the composition of its functional modules.

Hardware and technical base that meets the requirements for operating software (workplace computers, peripherals, telecommunications channels, system software and DBMS).

Operational and technical human resources, including personnel for maintaining the hardware and technical base.

Rules for using the software and user instructions, regulations for training and certification of users.

Corporation resources include:

1. material (materials, finished products, fixed assets)

2. financial

3. human (staff)

4. knowledge (know-how)

The management system of any company includes three main subsystems:

1. Sales and operations planning. This is a general plan for the functioning of the enterprise, establishing the volume of production of finished products. The key here is demand planning and estimating the resources needed to meet demand. Here a master production plan is created that determines which products, in what quantity and in what time frame need to be produced.

2. Detailed planning of the necessary resources (materials, production capacity, labor resources, etc.). The drawn up plan determines the timing and volume of orders for all materials and components necessary to implement the main production plan.

3. Management of the execution of plans in the process of production and procurement (supply).

All these subsystems are implemented on the basis of CIS.

Corporate information systems (CIS) are integrated management systems for a geographically distributed corporation, based on in-depth data analysis, widespread use of decision-making information support systems, electronic document management and office work. CIS is designed to combine enterprise management strategy and advanced information technologies.

A corporate information system is a set of technical and software tools of an enterprise that implement automation ideas and methods.

Comprehensive automation of enterprise business processes based on modern hardware and software support can be called differently. Currently, along with the name Corporate Information Systems (CIS), for example, the following names are used:

1. Automated control systems (ACS);

2. Integrated management systems (ICS);

3. Integrated Information Systems (IIS);

4. Enterprise management information systems (EMIS).

The main task of the CIS is the effective management of all resources of the enterprise (material, technical, financial, technological and intellectual) to obtain maximum profit and meet the material and professional needs of all employees of the enterprise.

In its composition, a CIS is a collection of various software and hardware platforms, universal and specialized applications from various developers, integrated into a single homogeneous information system that best solves the somewhat unique problem of each specific enterprise. That is, CIS is a human-machine system and a tool for supporting human intellectual activity, which, under its influence, should:

Accumulate certain experience and formalized knowledge;

Constantly improve and develop;

Quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions and new needs of the enterprise.

Comprehensive automation of an enterprise implies the transfer to the plane of computer technology of all the main business processes of the organization. And the use of special software that provides information support for business processes as the basis of a corporate information system seems to be the most justified and effective. Modern business process management systems make it possible to integrate various software around them, forming a unified information system. This solves the problems of coordinating the activities of employees and departments, providing them with the necessary information and monitoring performance discipline, and management receives timely access to reliable data on the progress of the production process and has the means to quickly make and implement their decisions. And, most importantly, the resulting automated complex is a flexible open structure that can be rebuilt on the fly and supplemented with new modules or external software.

By corporate information system we mean an organization’s information system that meets the following minimum list of requirements:

1. Functional completeness of the system

2. Reliable information security system

3. Availability of tools for adaptation and maintenance of the system

4. Implementation of remote access and work in distributed networks

5. Ensuring data exchange between developed information systems and other software products operating in the organization.

6. Possibility of information consolidation

7. Availability of special tools for analyzing the state of the system during operation

Functional completeness of the system

Compliance with international management accounting standards MRP II, ERP, CSRP

Automation within the framework of a system for solving problems of planning, budgeting, forecasting, operational (managerial) accounting, accounting, statistical accounting and financial and economic analysis

Formation and maintenance of records simultaneously according to Russian and international standards

The number of parameters of the organization’s activity that are taken into account once is from 200 to 1000, the number of generated database tables is from 800 to 3000.

Information security system

Password system for restricting access to data and implemented control functions

Multi-level data protection system (means for authorizing entered and adjusted information, recording the time of data entry and modification)

Tools for system adaptation and maintenance

Changing the structure and functions of business processes

Changing the information space

Changing interfaces for entering, viewing and adjusting information

Changing the organizational and functional content of the user's workplace

Custom report generator

Generator of complex business transactions

Standard Form Generator

Possibility of information consolidation

At the organizational level - combining information from branches, holdings, subsidiaries, etc.

At the level of individual tasks - planning, accounting, control, etc.

At the level of time periods - to perform an analysis of financial and economic indicators for a period exceeding the reporting period

Special tools for analyzing the state of the system during operation:

Database architecture analysis

Algorithm Analysis

Analysis of statistics on the amount of information processed

Log of completed operations

List of running server stations

Internal mail analysis

The most developed corporate information systems (CIS) are designed to automate all functions of corporate management: from scientific, technical and marketing preparation of its activities to the sale of its products and services. Currently, CIS are mainly economic and production oriented.

2 . General issues of design and implementation of CIS

Successful business management today is impossible without constant, objective and comprehensive information. To increase efficiency and minimize management costs (time, resources and financial), corporate information systems are developed and applied to help monitor budget processes, employee working hours, work performed by them, project implementation progress, document flow, and other management functions. This kind of data can be accessed both on a local network and via the Internet. With the help of an effective corporate information system, you can significantly simplify control and management processes at an enterprise of any level. The development and implementation of information systems is one of the main activities of your specialty. This process begins with an analysis of the enterprise's activities and ends with the implementation of the developed system. All stages of this process:

Conducting a pre-project survey

Formulation of project goals and limitations, development of a project implementation strategy

Engineering and reengineering of the Customer’s business processes, consulting in various fields

Platform selection, system development, integration with the software used

Supply of equipment and software

Commissioning work to put the system into operation

Support of the created system during operation, work on its further development

Also, corporate information systems today are the most important tool for introducing new methods of management and enterprise restructuring.

Recently, interest in corporate information systems (CIS) has been constantly growing. If yesterday CISs attracted the attention of a rather narrow circle of managers, now the problems of automating the activities of companies have become relevant for almost everyone. This is due not only to the positive dynamics of economic development, but also to the fact that today enterprises already have significant experience in using software products of various classes.

The main task of designing and implementing corporate information systems, as a result of system integration, is complex activities to solve business problems using modern information technologies. The development of an information system project is carried out jointly with the client, which makes it possible to create a successfully operating corporate information system that satisfies all the customer’s needs.

The range of business processes implemented in various CIS can be quite wide. Among other things, this includes sales management in various forms, for example, sales on credit or sales with payment by counter obligation, various business processes related to planning, purchasing, production, storage, personnel, and much, much more. software information corporate

An information system can be built using a layer-by-layer principle. Thus, specialized software (office, application), workflow itself, a document management system, flow document entry programs, as well as auxiliary software for communication with the outside world and providing access to the system functionality through communication means (e- mail, Internet/intranet). Among the advantages of this approach, it should be noted that it is possible to make changes to individual software components located in one layer, without the need for fundamental alterations on other layers, to provide a formal specification of interfaces between layers that support the independent development of information technologies and software that implements them. Moreover, the use of open standards will allow a painless transition from software modules of one manufacturer to programs of another (for example, replacing a mail server or EMS). In addition, the layer-by-layer approach will increase the reliability and resilience to failures of the system as a whole.

2.1 What does the implementation of CIS provide?

Advantages of implementing corporate information systems:

obtaining reliable and timely information about the activities of all divisions of the company;

increasing the efficiency of company management;

reduction of working time spent on work operations;

4. increasing the overall performance of work due to its more rational organization.

The most important question. Let's ask ourselves for a second: what does the nervous system give to a person? Of course, the ability to manage oneself, resist unfavorable external factors and respond flexibly to environmental changes. If you imagine a company as a living organism, then the CIS is best suited to play the role of its nervous system, permeating all organs, all parts of the corporate body.

Increasing internal controllability, flexibility and resistance to external influences increases the company's efficiency, its competitiveness, and, ultimately, profitability. As a result of the implementation of CIS, sales volumes increase, costs decrease, warehouse inventories decrease, order fulfillment times are reduced, and interaction with suppliers improves. But, despite the attractiveness of the above statements, the issue of return on investment in CIS does not lose its relevance. The ratio of benefits from using a system to its cost is one of the most important factors influencing the decision to “buy or not buy.” Any investment project, and the implementation of a CIS, undoubtedly, should be considered as an investment project, represents a kind of “purchase” and, accordingly, requires an assessment of its cost and expected benefits.

It is not easy to calculate the direct payback of a CIS, since as a result of implementation, the internal structure of the company is optimized and difficult-to-measure transaction costs are reduced. It is difficult to determine, for example, to what extent the increase in company income was a consequence of the work of the CIS (read - software system), and to what extent - the result of setting up business processes, that is, the fruit of management technologies. However, in some aspects of the company's activities, the valuation is quite realistic. This primarily concerns logistics, where the introduction of CIS leads to optimization of material flows and a reduction in the need for working capital. Setting up a financial controlling system based on a CIS leads to a reduction in the company's overhead costs, the liquidation of unprofitable divisions and the exclusion of unprofitable products from the range.

It is very difficult to assess the effect of eliminating chaos. In order to do this, you need to clearly understand the scale of chaos, which, due to the very nature of disorder, is impossible. Indeed, can you say how much money your company does not earn (read - loses) due to imbalances in the assortment, or, say, due to missed deadlines for fulfilling orders? What company resources are taken out of circulation due to post-mortem accounting and data inconsistencies in the accounting department, warehouse and workshops? How to assess the volume of theft and waste of resources?

Currently, the investment analysis method Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of IT projects. The method is so named because it is based on the assessment and comparison of the benefits from the implementation of the project with the costs of its implementation.

The global goal of implementing CIS is to increase the company's efficiency. Each company identifies key areas that influence its effectiveness, the so-called “critical success factors” (CSF). Increased efficiency occurs through the implementation of tasks in each of the key areas. Therefore, IAS is based on the company’s business goals, determined at the strategic planning stage.

But there are several ways to achieve the goal, so the second cornerstone of IAS is the comparison of alternative options. In this case, one of the possible options is “without CIS”, i.e. the development of the current situation over time without making any changes to it is considered. Comparisons between alternative options are made by measuring the benefits they provide and the costs they require. Both quantitative and qualitative indicators are taken into account. Recently, special attention has been paid to the analysis of qualitative indicators. In addition to the balance of benefits and costs, alternative options also differ in the degree of risk and the factors that determine these risks. Therefore, analyzing the impact of such factors on the benefit-cost ratio is another area of ​​focus for IAS. This is about methods for evaluating a specific case.

If we talk about statistical data characterizing the effectiveness of CIS implementation, I can give the following figures:

Reducing transportation and procurement costs by 60%;

Reducing the production cycle for custom products by 50%;

Reducing the number of delays in the shipment of finished products by 45%;

Reducing the level of minimum minimum balances in warehouses by 40%;

Reduction in production defects by 35%;

Reduction of administrative and management costs by 30%;

Reducing the production cycle for basic products by 30%;

Reduction of warehouse space by 25%;

Increase in cash turnover in settlements by 30%;

Increase in inventory turnover by 65%;

Increase in just-in-time deliveries by 80%.

These statistics were collected based on the example of Western companies, where the quality of management is already quite high. Do you think the effect on Russian soil will be greater or less?

2.2 Principles of building a CIS

The concept of building a CIS in economics provides for the presence of standard components:

1. The core of the system, which provides comprehensive automation of a set of business applications, contains a full set of functional modules for automating management tasks;

2. Automation system for document flow within the corporation;

3. Auxiliary instrumental information processing systems (expert systems, systems for preparing and making decisions, etc.) based on CIS data warehouses;

4. Software and hardware of the CIS security system;

5. Service communication applications (email, remote access software);

6. Internet/intranet components for access to heterogeneous databases and information resources, services;

7. Office programs - text editor, spreadsheets, desktop-class DBMS, etc.

8. Special-purpose systems - computer-aided design (CAD) systems, automated process control systems (APCS), banking systems, etc.

The core of every production system is the production management guidelines it embodies. At the moment, there are several sets of such recommendations. They represent a description of the general rules by which planning and control of the various stages of the corporation's activities should be carried out. Some of the existing control technologies are discussed below.

The basic principles of constructing a CIS include:

1. The principle of integration, which consists in the fact that the processed data is entered into the system only once and then used repeatedly to solve as many problems as possible; principle of storing information once;

2. The principle of consistency, which consists in processing data in various sections in order to obtain the information necessary for making decisions at all levels and in all functional subsystems and divisions of the corporation; attention not only to subsystems, but also to the connections between them; evolutionary aspect - all stages of product evolution; the ability to develop should be the foundation of the CIS;

3. The principle of complexity, which implies automation of data conversion procedures at all stages of promotion of the corporation’s products.

2.3 Stages of CIS design

Survey and creation of models of the organization’s activities, analysis (models) of existing CIS, analysis of models and formation of requirements for CIS, development of a plan for creating a CIS.

2. Design

Conceptual design, development of CIS architecture, design of a general data model, formation of application requirements.

3. Development

Development, prototyping and testing of applications, development of integration tests, development of user documentation.

4. Integration and testing

Integration and testing of applications within the system, optimization of applications and databases, preparation of operational documentation, system testing.

5. Implementation

User training, system deployment on site, database installation, operation.

Escort

Registration, diagnostics and localization of errors, making changes and testing, control of IS operating modes.

Classic life cycle

One of the oldest sequences of steps in software development is the classic life cycle (Author Winston Royce, 1970).

More often, the classic life cycle is called the CASCADE or WATERFALL model, emphasizing that development is considered as a sequence of stages, and the transition to the next hierarchically lower stage occurs only after the complete completion of work at the current stage and no return to the completed stages is provided.

Here is a brief description of the main stages. Development starts at the system level and progresses through

Design,

Coding (implementation),

Testing,

Escort

In this case, the actions of a standard engineering cycle are simulated.

System analysis determines the role of each element in a computer system and the interaction of elements with each other.

The analysis begins by identifying requirements and assigning a subset of those requirements to a software element.

At this stage, the solution to the software project planning problem begins.

During project planning, the following are determined:

Scope of design work,

Risk of design work,

Necessary labor costs,

Work tasks are formed,

A work schedule is being formed.

Requirements analysis related to a software element, i.e. to the software, clarifies and details:

Software functions,

Software characteristics,

Software interface.

All definitions are documented in the analysis specification.

Design creates views:

Software architectures,

Modular software structure,

Algorithmic software structure,

Data structures

Input and output interface (input and output data forms).

Coding (implementation) consists of translating design results into text in a programming language.

Testing is the execution of a program to identify defects in the functions, logic and form of implementation of a software product.

Maintenance is making changes to the software in use. Goals of change:

Error correction,

Adaptation to changes in the external software environment,

Improvement of software at customer's request.

Software maintenance consists of re-using each of the previous steps (stages) of the life cycle, i.e. systems analysis, requirements analysis, design, etc., to an existing program, but not to the development of a new program.

Each stage (phase) ends with the release of a complete set of documentation sufficient for the development to be continued by another development team.

The advantages of the classic life cycle are:

Obtaining a plan and time schedule for all stages of the project,

Streamlining development progress.

The disadvantages of the classical life cycle include:

Frequent deviations of real projects from the standard sequence of steps,

The cycle is based on the precise formulation of the initial software requirements, whereas in reality, at the beginning of the project, the customer’s requirements are only partially defined,

Availability of project results to the customer only at the end of the work.

Layout (prototyping)

At the initial stage of the project, it is impossible to completely and accurately formulate all the requirements for the future model, since users, as a rule, are not able to state all their requirements and cannot foresee how they will change during development, and, in addition, during development, changes may occur. changes in the external environment that may affect system requirements. Therefore, the software creation process is rather iterative in nature, when the results of the next stage of development may necessitate a return to previous developments.

Therefore, software is not created immediately, as in the case of the cascade approach, but gradually using breadboarding (prototyping), when a model of the required software product is created. A prototype is understood as an operating software component that implements individual functions.

The model can take one of three forms:

Paper or PC-based mockup (depicts or draws human-machine dialogue),

Working layout (performs some of the required functions),

There is a program whose characteristics must then be improved.

Prototyping is based on repeated iterations in which the customer and developer participate.

Since the customer often cannot determine his requirements for the product being developed, and the designer doubts the completeness and appropriateness of the customer’s requirements, prototyping (layout) begins with collecting and clarifying the requirements for the software being created.

Together, the developer and the customer determine all the goals of the software, establish which requirements are known and which remain to be further defined. The next step is rapid design, which focuses on those features of the software that should be visible to the user. The layout (prototype), built at the rapid design stage, is evaluated by the customer and used to clarify software requirements. Iterations are repeated until the design reveals all the customer's requirements and allows the designer to understand what needs to be done.

The benefit of prototyping is to ensure that complete software requirements are defined.

Disadvantages of layout include:

Possibility for the customer to accept the layout as a product,

Possibility for the developer to accept the layout as a product

The customer, who has received a preliminary version (layout) and has verified its functionality, can stop seeing the shortcomings and unresolved issues of the software and stop agreeing to further improvements, demanding that the mockup be converted into a working product as quickly as possible. At the same time, to save time on design development, as well as the ability to show a working option, the developer can use ineffective means. By forgetting the reasons for using these tools, the developer may integrate an ineffective option into the system.

Software Development Strategies

Software development strategies can be divided into three groups:

1. Linear sequence of development stages - one-time pass (waterfall strategy)

2. Incremental strategy, when all requirements (user and system) are first determined, and then the rest of the development is carried out in the form of a sequence of versions, the first of which implements part of the planned capabilities, and all subsequent versions implement additional capabilities until it is achieved complete system.

3. Evolutionary strategy.

With this strategy, the initial stage does not contain the full scope of the requirements; they are clarified during the development of new successive versions.

Incremental strategy

The incremental model is a classic example of an incremental software development strategy, combining elements of a sequential waterfall model with an iterative prototyping philosophy. It consists of several deliveries (increments) representing a sequence of analysis, design, coding and testing.

The development of the first increment allows us to obtain a basic product that implements the basic requirements, while many auxiliary requirements remain unimplemented. The plan for the next increments provides for consistent modification of the base product, providing additional features and functionality.

By nature, an incremental process is iterative, but unlike prototyping, an incremental model produces a working product at the end of an incremental iteration.

Evolutionary software development strategy

Let's look at the evolutionary strategy using the examples of the spiral model, the component-oriented model, and heavy and lightweight design processes.

Spiral model

The spiral model defines planning (defining goals, options, limitations), risk analysis (analysis of options and recognition/selection of risk), design (development of a next level product), evaluation (customer assessment of current development results).

With each iteration in a spiral (moving from the center to the periphery), more and more complete versions of the software are built. In the first turn of the spiral, the following are determined:

1) initial goals, options and limitations;

2) risk recognition and analysis;

3) the need to use prototyping;

4) the customer’s assessment of the structural work and submission of modification proposals;

5) the next phase of planning and risk analysis, based on the customer’s proposals.

In each spiral cycle, the results of the risk analysis are formed in the form of “continue, do not continue.” If the risk is too great, the project may be stopped. In most cases, the spiral continues, with each step moving developers towards a more general model of the system. Each spiral cycle requires design, which can be implemented by classical life cycle or prototyping.

The advantages of the spiral model include:

1) the most realistic (in the form of evolution) reflection of software development,

2) the ability to explicitly take into account risk at every turn of evolutionary development,

3) inclusion of a systematic approach step in the iterative development structure,

4) use of modeling to reduce risk and improve the software product.

The disadvantages of the spiral model are:

1) increased requirements for the customer,

2) difficulties in monitoring and managing development time.

Component-based model

The component-oriented model is an extension of the spiral model and is based on an evolutionary software development strategy. This model specifies the content of design - it reflects the fact that in modern conditions, new development should be based on the reuse of existing software components.

The advantages of the component-oriented model include:

1) reducing software development time;

2) reducing the cost of software development;

3) increasing development productivity.

Heavyweight and lightweight processes

Traditionally, strictly ordered, so-called heavyweight processes were used to streamline and speed up software development. In these processes, the entire volume of upcoming work is predicted, which is why they are called forecasting processes. The order that a human developer must follow is extremely strict.

In recent years, a group of new lightweight software development processes have emerged. They are also called mobile processes. These processes are attractive due to the lack of bureaucracy characteristic of heavy (predictive) processes.

Lightweight software development processes embody a reasonable compromise between strict discipline and no discipline.

Movable processes require less documentation and are people-centric. Moving processes take into account the characteristics of the modern customer, namely, frequent changes in his software requirements. Agile processes adapt to changes in requirements (adaptive nature).

3 . ClaCIS classification and characteristics

3.1 Classification of CIS

Corporate information systems can also be divided into two classes: financial and management and production.

1. Financial and management systems include a subclass of small integrated systems. Such systems are designed for maintaining records in one or several areas (accounting, sales, warehouse, personnel, etc.) - Systems of this group can be used by almost any enterprise.

Systems of this class are usually universal, their implementation cycle is short, sometimes you can use the “boxed” version by purchasing the program and installing it on your PC yourself.

Financial and management systems (especially those of Russian developers) are much more flexible in adapting to the needs of a particular enterprise. “Constructors” are often offered, with the help of which you can almost completely rebuild the source system, either independently or with the help of a supplier by establishing connections between database tables or individual modules.

2. Manufacturing systems (also called manufacturing control systems) include subclasses of medium and large integrated systems. They are intended primarily for the management and planning of the production process. Accounting functions, although deeply developed, play a supporting role, and sometimes it is impossible to single out an accounting module, since information in the accounting department comes automatically from other modules.

These systems are functionally different: one may have a well-developed production module, while another may have a financial module. A comparative analysis of systems of this level and their applicability to a specific case can result in significant work. And to implement the system, you need a whole team of financial, managerial and technical experts. Production systems are much more complex to install (the implementation cycle can take from 6 - 9 months to a year and a half or more). This is because the system covers the needs of the entire enterprise, and this requires significant joint efforts between enterprise employees and software providers.

Manufacturing systems are often focused on one or more industries and/or types of production: serial assembly (electronics, mechanical engineering), small-scale and pilot (aviation, heavy engineering), discrete (metallurgy, chemistry, packaging), continuous (oil production, gas production).

Specialization is reflected both in the set of system functions and in the existence of business models for this type of production. The presence of built-in models for a certain type of production distinguishes production systems from each other. Each of them has deeply developed areas and functions, the development of which is just beginning or is not underway at all.

In many respects, production systems are much more stringent than financial and management systems. The main focus is on planning and optimal production management. The effect of the introduction of production systems is manifested at the upper echelons of enterprise management, when the whole picture of its work becomes visible, including planning, purchasing, production, sales, inventories, financial flows and other aspects.

With increasing complexity and breadth of coverage of enterprise functions by the system, the requirements for technical infrastructure and software and hardware platform increase. All production systems are developed using industrial databases. In most cases, client-server or Internet technologies are used.

To automate large enterprises in world practice, a mixed solution from the classes of large, medium and small integrated systems is often used. The presence of electronic interfaces simplifies interaction between systems and avoids double data entry.

There are also types of CIS, such as custom (unique) and replicated CIS.

Custom CIS

Custom CIS usually refers to systems created for a specific enterprise that have no analogues and are not subject to further replication.

Such systems are used either to automate the activities of enterprises with unique characteristics or to solve an extremely limited range of special tasks.

Custom systems, as a rule, either do not have prototypes at all, or the use of prototypes requires significant changes of a qualitative nature. The development of a custom CIS is characterized by an increased risk in terms of obtaining the required results.

Replicated (adaptable) CIS.

The essence of the problem of adaptation of replicated CIS, i.e. adaptation to working conditions at a specific enterprise is that, ultimately, each CIS is unique, but at the same time it also has common, typical properties. Adaptation requirements and the complexity of their implementation significantly depend on the problem area and the scale of the system. Even the first programs that solved individual automation problems were created taking into account the need to configure them according to parameters.

The development of a corporate information system at an enterprise can be carried out both “from scratch” and on the basis of a reference model.

The reference model is a description of the appearance of the system, functions, organized structures and processes that are typical in some sense (industry, type of production, etc.).

It reflects the typical features inherent in a certain class of enterprises. A number of companies producing adaptable (replicated) CIS, together with large consulting firms, have been developing reference models for enterprises in the automotive, aviation and other industries for a number of years.

Adaptations and reference models are part of many MRP II / ERP class systems, which can significantly reduce the time for their implementation in enterprises.

At the beginning of work on enterprise automation, the reference model can be a description of the existing system (as is) and serves as a starting point from which work on improving the CIS begins.

The following classification is also used. CIS are divided into three (sometimes four) large groups:

1) simple (“boxed”);

2) middle class;

3) top class

Simple (“boxed”) CIS implement a small number of business processes of an organization. Typical examples of systems of this type are accounting, warehouse and small trading systems, which are most widely represented on the Russian market. For example, systems of such companies as 1C, Infin, etc.

A distinctive feature of such products is their relative ease of absorption, which, combined with a low price, compliance with Russian legislation and the ability to choose a system “to suit your taste,” makes them widely popular. Mid-range systems are distinguished by greater depth and breadth of functionality. These systems are offered by Russian and foreign companies. As a rule, these are systems that allow you to keep track of the activities of an enterprise in many or several areas:

Finance;

Logistics;

Staff;

They require configuration, which in most cases is carried out by specialists from the development company, as well as user training.

These systems are most suitable for medium and some large enterprises due to their functionality and higher cost compared to the first class. Among the Russian systems of this class, we can highlight, for example, the products of the companies Galaktika, TB.SOFT

The highest class includes systems that are distinguished by a high level of detail in the economic activities of the enterprise. Modern versions of such systems provide planning and management of all organizational resources (ERP systems).

As a rule, when implementing such systems, existing business processes in the enterprise are modeled and system parameters are adjusted to meet business requirements.

However, significant redundancy and a large number of customizable parameters of the system determine the long period of its implementation, and also the need for the enterprise to have a special unit or group of specialists who will reconfigure the system in accordance with changes in business processes.

There is a large selection of high-end CIS on the Russian market, and their number is growing. Recognized world leaders are, for example, R/3 from SAP, Oracle Application from Oracle.

3.2 Classification of automated systems

Let's consider the classification of automated systems (AS):

Classification of systems by scale of application

1. local (within one workplace);

2. local (within one organization);

3. territorial (within a certain administrative territory);

4. industry.

Classification by mode of use

1. batch processing systems (the first versions of organizational automated control systems, information service systems, training systems);

2. request-response systems (AIS for ticket sales, information retrieval systems, library systems);

3. dialogue systems (CAD, ASNI, training systems);

4. real-time systems (control of technological processes, moving objects, robotic manipulators, test benches and others).

AIS - automated information system

AIS are designed to accumulate, store, update and process systematized information in certain subject areas and provide the required information upon user requests. AIS can function independently or be a component of a more complex system (for example, an automated control system or a CAD system).

Based on the nature of information resources, AIS are divided into two types: factual and documentary (although combined AIS are also possible). Factual systems are characterized by the fact that they operate with factual information presented in the form of specially organized sets of formalized data records. These records form the system database. There is a special class of software for creating and ensuring the functioning of such factual databases - database management systems.

Documentary AIS operate with non-formalized documents of arbitrary structure using natural language. Among such systems, the most common are information retrieval systems, which include software for organizing the input and storage of information, supporting communication with the user, processing requests and a search array of documents. This array often does not contain the texts of documents, but only their bibliographic description, sometimes abstracts or annotations. To operate the system, search images of documents (SID) are used - formalized objects that reflect the content of documents. The request is converted by the system into a search query image (SRI), which is then compared with the SRI according to the criterion of semantic compliance. A variant of information retrieval systems are library systems, with the help of which electronic library catalogs are created.

A type of AIS that is currently actively developing is geographic information systems (GIS). A geographic information system is designed to process spatiotemporal data, the basis for the integration of which is geographic information. GIS allows you to organize information about a given area or city as a set of maps. Each map provides information about one feature of the area. Each of these individual maps is called a layer. The bottommost layer represents the coordinate system grid in which all maps are registered. This allows you to analyze and compare information across all layers or some combination of them.

The ability to divide information into layers and further combine them determines the great potential of GIS as a scientific tool and a means for decision-making, since it provides the ability to integrate a wide variety of information about the environment and provides analytical tools for using this data. A GIS can have tens or hundreds of map layers that are arranged in a specific order and show information about the transport network, hydrography, population characteristics, economic activity, political jurisdiction and other characteristics of the natural and social environments.

Such a system can be useful in a wide range of situations, including natural resource analysis and management, land use planning, infrastructure and urban planning, emergency management, location analysis, and so on.

As already noted in the introduction, currently the term information system (meaning an automated system) is often used in a broader sense, replacing in particular the term automated control system. In this case, an information system is understood as any automated system used as a means of collecting, accumulating, storing, processing, transmitting and presenting information for the purpose of accompanying and supporting any type of professional activity.

CAD - computer-aided design system

CAD systems are designed for designing a specific type of product or process. They are used to prepare and process design data, select rational options for technical solutions, perform calculation work and prepare design documentation (in particular, drawings). During the operation of the system, libraries of standards, regulations, standard elements and modules accumulated in it, as well as optimization procedures can be used.

The result of CAD work is a set of design documentation that complies with standards and regulations, which contains design decisions for the creation of a new or modernization of an existing technical facility. Such systems are most widely used in electronics, mechanical engineering, and construction.

ASNI - automated system for scientific research

Currently, these systems are usually used to develop scientific research in the most complex areas of physics, chemistry, mechanics and others. First of all, these are systems for measuring, recording, accumulating and processing experimental data obtained during experimental research, as well as for controlling the progress of the experiment, recording equipment, and so on. In many cases, the experiment planning function is important for such systems; the purpose of such planning is to reduce the cost of resources and time to obtain the desired result.

In addition, a desirable property of ASNI is the ability to create and store data banks of the primary results of experimental studies (especially if these are expensive and difficult to repeat studies). Subsequently, more advanced methods for processing them may appear, which will make it possible to obtain new information from old experimental material.

As a type of experiment automation task, we can consider the task of automating testing of a technical object. The difference is that the control actions influencing the experimental conditions are aimed at creating the worst operating conditions for the controlled object, not excluding emergency situations if necessary.

The second direction is the computer implementation of complex mathematical models and the conduct of computational experiments on this basis, complementing or even replacing experiments with real objects or processes in cases where conducting full-scale research is expensive or even impossible. The technological scheme of the computational experiment consists of several cyclically repeated stages: building a mathematical model, developing a solution algorithm, software implementation of the algorithm, carrying out calculations and analyzing the results. A computational experiment is a new methodology for scientific research that combines the characteristic features of traditional theoretical and experimental methods.

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Corporate information systems have the following general properties:

1. Support management standards

1.1. MRP H (Manufacturing Resource Planning) - planning of production resources (material, labor, equipment resources).

1.2. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) - full-featured management of all types of resources (material, labor, financial, equipment resources).

1.3. ERP II (Enterprise Resource Planning) - full-featured management of all types of resources (material, labor, financial, equipment resources), implementation of business processes in the Internet environment.

1.4. ISO-9000 - international quality standard; and etc.

2. Scaling the CIS

As a rule, large enterprises and organizations begin to create a CIS, for which it is necessary to ensure “controllability”. The growth in the scale of the control object due to the increase in the number of internal users, the increase in the intensity of information flows, the growth in the volume of stored data, and the increase in the number and size of the tasks being solved is expressed in changes in the requirements for information technology.

3. Corporate network communications

The whole variety of computer networks: local (LAN), LAN association, Internet, Intranet, Extranet, provides support for collaboration of geographically distributed users, interaction with remote information sources, sharing of network equipment, data and programs.

4. Multi-platform technology

CIS information technologies are focused on the use of computer equipment of various classes and heterogeneous operating systems. In some cases, this diversity is the objective basis for the effective implementation of information technologies. Corporate information systems are created as open systems that allow the replacement and addition of software and hardware components.

5. Special corporate information technologies

5.1. Business modeling of CIS. CIS business processes have a scale of functions performed, a complex organization of interaction between components - management procedures (actions). To ensure the efficiency of business processes, they are reengineered (Business Process Reengineering - BPR), which is based on writing, analysis, modeling and design. The idea of ​​BPR belongs to M. Hamer (1992), who put forward a number of principles:

Ш organization of work around the desired result instead of solving isolated tasks;

Ш transfer of control and decision-making (including all related information) into the hands of performers;

Ш appointment of interested persons as executors;

Ш centralization of information about processes.

The most important outcome of BPR is a process-oriented approach to business. Carrying out BPR is based on the reengineering methodology, which includes the following stages:

Ш strategic planning BPR;

Ш identification of all business processes;

Ш selection of business processes for BPR;

Ш creation of business process maps (workflow flow maps, structure of failures in workflow flows);

Ш analysis of significant improvements in business processes;

Ш innovative improvements to business processes;

Ш implementation of business processes that have passed BPR;

Ш measurement of the effectiveness of business processes that have undergone BPR.

Among the most popular tools for describing and modeling business processes are AllFusion Modeler (ERWin Data Modeler, BPWin Process Modeler), ARIS, Rational Rose, Casewise, etc. These tools support most standards for graphical representation of business processes and database structures:

Ш IDEF0 (functional decomposition of a business process);

Ш IDEF3 (dynamic compliance of processing procedures);

Ш DFD (data flow diagrams for developing a document flow diagram, selecting data storage locations);

Ш IDEF1X (representation of the data structure of a relational database); etc. Recently, an object-oriented approach to the design of information systems and the universal modeling language UML (Universal Modeling Language) have been widely used. Based on this language, solutions to problems of guaranteed message delivery, encryption and security, transaction management, etc. are implemented.