Where is the iphone firmware downloaded? iPhone firmware or how to restore iOS via iTunes

iTunes is a must-have companion for any iOS device owner. The utility not only helps you exchange content between a PC and a mobile device, but also makes it possible to update or restore your Apple gadget, buy and download new applications and media files, create a ringtone, etc. However, perhaps the most important option of the program is making a backup, because today we store so much important and valuable information in our mobile assistants that it would be an extreme shame to lose it if it is lost/stolen or simply when the device breaks.

In this article we will tell you how to create a copy of data in iTunes, as well as where iTunes stores backup copies.

Creating a backup in iTunes is a very simple procedure and even a novice user can handle it. To perform a backup, follow these instructions:


Ready! All that remains is to wait until the program saves the created duplicate on the PC. You can verify that the backup in iTunes was successful by opening the “Edit” section of the program, then “Settings” and going to the “Devices” tab - the created copy and the number of its creation will be displayed here.

As you understand, backups need to be repeated regularly. In this case, please note that only the latest current duplicate will be stored on the computer - when creating a new backup, old data is deleted automatically.

Where are iTunes backup files stored?

So, we figured out how to make a backup copy, but you probably have a logical question - where exactly does the program save the backed up information and is it possible to view it. Well, let's figure it out.

The directory into which the utility determines the copied data instance depends on what PC you are working with.

If you own a Mac, you can access the storage location as follows:


If you are using a Windows computer, to find the storage location of the backed up information:


How to view files and restore from iTunes backup?

Now let’s talk about what a backup saved in iTunes looks like. It is a folder whose name contains 40 characters. There are a bunch of other folders hiding in this folder. None of the folders can be renamed, and on the official Apple support page it is highly recommended not to transfer the folder with the backup information anywhere. After all, something can be accidentally damaged - you can accidentally delete some important file, and if the duplicate is damaged, when restoring data, you will most likely encounter an error.

However, most likely, when you see this pile of folders, you will have a question not about how to move them somewhere, but how to restore any information from a copy that looks so strange. Well, that is, with iCloud everything is clear - if you have made a backup in the cloud, you simply open the iCloud.com website, log in using your Apple ID and see all the backed up data, neatly laid out in clear sections - “Contacts”, “Photos” etc.

With iTunes, everything is somewhat different - you cannot view the data here, but, in fact, this should not worry the user too much. After all, this will not prevent data from being restored from iTunes to a new iOS device. When transferring content, the user will only need to select “Restore via iTunes” during the initial setup of the new gadget and connect the device to the PC - all the work will be done automatically.

But what if you need to extract partially backed up content in order to later transfer it, for example, to an Android device. This is where you have to work hard. There are different mechanisms for each type of information. For example, you can see how to copy contacts.

By the way, a complete list of information stored by duplicate data in iTunes can be found in this article.

What to do if iTunes backups refuse to be created?

Unfortunately, sometimes when performing a backup, you may encounter an error: “iTunes was unable to create a backup.” There can be many reasons for this - from simple wear and tear of the synchronization cable to conflicts with virus software.

First of all, if the backup procedure fails, it is recommended to take the following measures to eliminate the error:

If none of the recommendations help and you still cannot perform a backup, read this article or contact Apple Support.

Let's summarize

Well, now you know how to create a duplicate of data in iTunes, and you also know where the program stores the folders with the copies made. Unfortunately, it is impossible to view the information in them directly, but this is not important for restoring content. If you made a backup via iTunes, you can always extract information from the copy using special programs and eventually receive it in the proper form.

Mobile devices such as the iPhone are in great demand among the population. There are various applications and programs for working with gadgets. For example, iTunes is a very popular software. The application allows you to synchronize your mobile device with your computer, as well as work with information on your tablet/phone. For example, creating backup copies of user data is becoming a common feature. You can find the corresponding document at any time and restore it to your iPhone/iPad. But not everyone understands where iTunes saves the backup. Where to look for it in this or that case?

For Windows

Much depends on what operating system we are talking about. The fact is that the majority of users work with Windows. Accordingly, iTunes saves backup copies in specially designated places. Where exactly?

The version of the operating system also plays an important role. For example, you can work with:

  • Windows XP;
  • Vista;
  • Windows 7/8/8.1/10.

In all these versions, iTunes stores backup data in different areas. So what folders are they stored in? Where does the user need to log in in this or that case?

For Windows XP, the following is relevant: Documents and Settings/user Computer/MobileSync. You need to find a folder called BackUp. It contains all the backups made by the application.

You can also work in Windows Vista. This is far from the most common case. Where does iTunes save a backup copy of user data on Vista? You can find it at: Documents and Settings/username/AppData/Roaming/Apple Computer/MobileSync. As in the previous case, you need to explore the "Backup" folder.

Newer versions of Windows are easier to work with. Just go to the hard drive partition on which the OS is installed. Next go to: Users/name/AppData/Roaming/Apple Computer. As before, you need to find the MobileSync folder, and in it - “Backup”.

If there is no folder

Sometimes it happens that the required document is not available in Windows. Then users wonder where the iTunes backup is. After all, the application works, it stores this or that information somewhere.

In fact, BackUp is simply hidden from the user's eyes. In order to correct the situation, you need:

  1. Select "Folder Options" - "View".
  2. Check the box next to "Display files and folders hidden from the user."
  3. Click "OK".

MacOS

Some users work with MacOS. This is far from the most common case, but it still occurs. Where does iTunes save the backup copy of information in such a case?

Finding the required file will not be difficult. Just follow the following address: Users/user/Library/Application Support. This is where the MobileSync folder will be.

Now every user will be able to discover one or another copy made by iTunes for iPhone or iPad. If necessary, you can delete it or copy it to removable media.

Determining the iPhone version

Please note that all backups made using iTunes are created for specific device models. This means that on newer/older phones the file will not be recognized.

It's clear where iTunes saves the backup. How can you determine which smartphone/tablet it was made for?

The instructions for determining which iPhone version is compatible with data look something like this:

  1. Find the folder in which all copies from iTunes are stored.
  2. Open the required package of documents. There will definitely be an Info.Plist file in the folder.
  3. Run the document using any text editor. For example, Notepad is perfect.
  4. Find the line: Product Name.
  5. Now you should carefully study the information between the lines. This is where something like iPhone 5S will be written.

Ready! From now on, it is clear how to find it, as well as how you can understand which version of the iPhone this or that data was created on.

Instructions

Make sure you backed up your mobile device using iTunes or perform a manual backup procedure.

Connect your device to your computer using the special USB cable included in the package and wait until the application automatically detects the device.

Select your device in the list in the left panel of the iTunes program window and call its context menu by right-clicking.

Specify the “Create a backup” command and wait for the process to complete.

Follow the path:
drive_name:\Documents and Settings\user_name\Application Data\Apple Computer\iTunes\mobile_device_name Software Update - for OS Windows;
drive_name:/Library/iTunes/mobile_device_name Software Update - for Mac OS
and identify the saved or created backup file of the device firmware. The file must have the extension *.ipsw.

Hold down the Shift softkey (for Windows OS) or the Option softkey (for Mac OS) and select your device again from the list in the left pane of the iTunes application.

Use the “Restore from Backup” command in the drop-down menu and specify the full path to the specific file of the required firmware in the “Select iTunes File” dialog box that opens.

Confirm the recovery command by pressing the Select button and wait until the process completes.

note

Remember that restoring information stored on a mobile device is only possible using a computer selected for systematic synchronization operations. When using another computer, only the following data can be recovered:
- network settings;
- last made calls;
- accounts and saved email settings;
- photo and video files of the mobile device itself;
- contact list;
- messages and notes.

Sources:

  • Backing up iPhone/iPad

The name iTunes hides a very common free application for personal computers and Macs these days. This application plays absolutely any music and video files, and also has the function of synchronizing data with iPhone, iPod, and even Apple TV.

Additional iTunes Features

In addition, using the iTunes application, you can copy any type of files from your iPhone and iPod. It allows you to control the amount of free space on your iPhone or iPod player. Finally, iTunes gives the user the ability to update iPhone and iPod software and even burn CDs or DVDs.

To install iTunes correctly, check your PC settings

It is worth noting that not everyone can install the iTunes application. It must be powerful enough, i.e. its configuration meets certain technical requirements. To install iTunes correctly, your computer must have a frequency of at least 1 GHz. Also, installation requires a video card compatible with DirectX 9.0 and QuickTime. It is also advisable to have a high-speed CD or DVD drive, otherwise you will not be able to burn CDs.

For the normal functioning of the iTunes application, some installed programs are also required, and first of all, QuickTime 7.5.5 or later. If you plan to use iTunes or other large text files, it is recommended to install Window-Eyes 7.0.

It will take you no more than 5 minutes to install iTunes yourself!

Actually, installing the iTunes application itself is quite simple and only takes a few minutes. Double-click on the iTunes distribution with the left mouse button. Accept the terms of the license agreement and click Next. Following this, the Installation Options window will open, in which you can choose the language of the application and the folder on the hard drive where it will be installed. Please note: you can install iTunes yourself not only on drive C, but also in any directory on any other drives.

After you decide on the installation folder, click on the Install button. The installation wizard will begin copying iTunes files to your computer. This process usually takes 2-3 minutes, depending on the system load.

Once the installation is complete, a message will appear informing you that a reboot is required. Click on the Yes button and restart your computer. This completes the iTunes installation - you can start using this universal application!

Video on the topic

Replacing the firmware in a mobile phone often helps not only to solve the problem of unsatisfactory operation of the device, but also to obtain additional options that are not available in another version of the software. Using the example of the popular Apple iPhone gadget, we will consider the process of replacing the firmware.

Instructions

If there is no connection, but there is a new firmware version already downloaded to the computer, you should do it a little differently. Once you've connected your iPhone to , select your iPhone in iTunes and, under Version, click the Restore button while holding down the Shift key. A file selection window will open, in which find the new firmware file and, having selected it, click “Open”. After this, the update will begin.

Video on the topic

note

By holding down the Shift key while clicking the Restore button, you can update your iPhone's firmware to an earlier version.

Sources:

  • how to change password on iPhone

The world-famous multimedia player iPod is constantly being improved by Apple programmers. Almost every year new firmware for this player is released, which increases the functionality and also adds new features to this player. But for each user, a certain version of the firmware looks different: one person likes the new features, while another may not like these features. Apple's update system allows you not only to update the firmware version, but also to return it to the previous one.

You will need

  • iTunes software, iPod player.

Instructions

When updating, you may encounter the appearance of new functions that may not suit you; to roll back the new firmware, you need the iTunes program, preferably the version that was produced for the first time. Uninstall this program, and after rebooting, install the recently downloaded version.

If an error appears indicating that there is a violation in the integrity of the iTunes Library.itl file, open the folder C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\My\iTunes (for Windows XP) or C:\Users\User\Music\iTunes (for Windows Vista) in Explorer. Then rename it to iTunes Library_old.itl file

Download the old version of the firmware or find it on your hard drive. Start your iPod in DFU mode. Connect it to your , then launch iTunes. Press and hold 2 keys (Home key and Power key) until it turns off completely. One second after the player turns off, press the player's power button and keep the Home button pressed.

After some time, iTunes will detect your , but the player will not light up. You can now release the Home button. This operation is required, otherwise the player will simply turn on. In the program, select the “Recovery” mode. Hold down the Shift key, then specify the firmware. After restoring the firmware, all data from the player’s media will be erased.

Video on the topic

Sources:

  • how to install firmware on samsung in 2019

Many iPhone 3G users who switched to iOS 4 noted a significant slowdown in the performance of their devices. The solution to these problems was to return to firmware 3.1.3. The process itself is quite simple.

You will need

  • Firmware image 3.1.3. RecBoot utility.

Instructions

Make sure that the backup firmware version 3.1.3 is saved. It should be located in -/Library/iTunes/iPhone Software Updates (for Mac OS) or C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data\Apple Computer\iTunes\iPhone Software Updates (for Windows OS).

The firmware image may look like: iPhone1,_3.1.3_7E18_Restore.ipsw or iPhone1,2_3.1.3_7E18_Restore.ipsw.

If you don't have a backup copy, use the list of compatible iPhone firmware files on the iClarified website to download the version you need.

Download the RecBoot utility (versions available for Mac OS and Windows OS).

Connect your iPhone to your computer to put it into DFU mode.

Turn off the device by holding the power button on the top of the device until the shutdown warning appears.

Press the device's On/Off button and the Home button at the same time. Keep them pressed for 10 seconds.

Release the device's On/Off button while continuing to hold the Home button.

Wait for the message that iTunes has detected your device in recovery mode and a black screen to appear.

Specify the backup firmware in the iTunes pop-up window. The recovery process may take up to 10 minutes.

Wait until the iTunes app warns you that it cannot be restored and your device starts booting up, prompting you to connect to iTunes on the screen.

Open the RecBoot program and select Exit Recovery Mode. This will allow the boot to start from the saved copy of firmware version 3.1.3.

Sync saved copies of data and applications to recover your information on iPhone.

note

Using the RecBoot utility requires the Windows OS user to have .NET 4.0 pre-installed on the computer.
When using Windows Vista/7 versions, the RecBoot utility must be launched in Compatibility mode!

Helpful advice

Synchronization of saved data is only possible if you have a backup copy of firmware 3.1.3 files. Firmware 4.0 data recovery is not possible.

Sources:

  • Lifehacker

For each phone model, there is firmware assigned to it, ensuring stable operation of the device. Changing the phone software will not lead to the appearance of new functions not provided by the hardware, but may modify existing functions, for example, audio playback quality, equalizer, and so on. In order to change firmware, just follow a series of steps.

You will need

  • - Date cable
  • - Drivers for synchronization
  • - Synchronization software

Instructions

First of all, you need to synchronize your phone with your computer. To do this, use a data cable, computer drivers and synchronization software. Usually all these components are supplied with the phone. Otherwise, use a search engine to find drivers and software. Keep in mind that you can choose software that is suitable for the entire model range of your phone, but the drivers must be specific to your phone model. Use only those components that satisfy this condition, otherwise the operation may fail. Install the drivers and software, and then connect the phone to the computer.

Prepare your phone for a software change. Make sure that the synchronization software “sees” the phone, then copy the personal data located on phone- phone book, messages, as well as photo, audio and video files. This is necessary because during the process of changing the software, all your personal data may be lost. Once you are sure you have copied the files, move on to the next step.

Download the flashing software, as well as the firmware version you need. You can find them using a search engine. It is advisable to use proven or factory firmware, which can be found on the official website of the device manufacturer. An unsuccessful operation to change the software can lead to damage to the phone.

Install the programs, and then copy the current firmware version to your computer. This is necessary in case of failure during a software change. Make sure the battery is more than half charged to avoid draining during the firmware update process. Carry out the operation by carefully following the instructions. Disconnect your phone from your computer and restart it.

Sources:

  • how to change the firmware yourself

D-link DIR-100 is a budget router model designed for connecting desktop computers to the Internet and combining them into a single local network. For stable operation of this device, it is recommended to update the software version before setting it up.

You will need

  • - network cable.

Instructions

First download the appropriate firmware for your router. Check its model (B1 or D1). Go to the official file storage at ftp://ftp.dlink.ru/pub/Router/DIR-100/Firmware/ and download the required software version for the router. Use the firmware version recommended by your ISP.

Connect the equipment to AC power. Using a network cable, connect the router's LAN port to the computer's network card. In turn, connect the provider’s cable to the WAN port. Turn on your computer and router. Wait for both devices to boot. Launch your Internet browser and enter 192.168.0.1 into its address bar. Fill in the Login and Password fields and press Enter.

Now go to the Maintenance menu and select Firmware Update in the left column. Click the Search button and specify the downloaded file- firmware. Wait for your router software to update. Reboot this device by unplugging the power cord for 1-2 minutes.

After the router is fully loaded, log in to its web interface again. Configure the WAN menu. Use the data provided by your provider for this. Usually you need to enter settings similar to those you use when connecting your computer directly to the Internet.

Go to the LAN menu and enable the DHCP and NAT functions. This will ensure stable operation of several computers within the local network. Connect other PCs to the router's LAN ports. Reboot this device. After some time, the network cards of all computers will automatically receive new IP addresses. Make sure that the PCs connected to the router have access to the Internet.

Video on the topic

Sources:

  • firmware dir 100

Buying a children's computer is determined by many nuances. The main one is, of course, the age of the child. Manufacturers have taken care of both the youngest - 3-5 years old, producing toy laptops for them, and older children, producing inexpensive computers with fairly wide capabilities. The choice of a children's computer should be approached carefully and wisely, with a very clear understanding of the purposes for which it is being purchased.

Instructions

From 3 to 7 years. If your child is in this age range, your best choice would be a toy laptop. Its capabilities are enough for the child to learn to play interactive games, put together puzzles, get acquainted with numbers, letters, etc. During the game, the child will learn how to work on a computer and how to use the keyboard. This is a good educational and developmental toy.

It is better to buy a toy laptop from well-known brands, because... Leading manufacturers of electrical equipment fulfill all the stringent requirements for products for. For example, Disney Netpal (USA) is considered one of the best brands of children's laptops, however, it is not cheap. More budget-friendly options include Vtech Nitro, Vtech V Smile, Oregon Scientific Batman PowerWing Laptop, etc. You can focus on domestic models (for example, from the Moscow Ogonyok plant) or co-produced models (France/China, Vtech Cinderella computers, Vtech Vinny, Vtech Lightning McQueen).

From 7 to 14 years. You must decide whether a laptop or a desktop computer is better for your child. A laptop has a big advantage - mobility (you can take it with you to the country, to friends, etc.), but a desktop computer of the same configuration will cost you less.

If you plan to buy a computer “seriously and for a long time”, and not change it in a couple of years, then opt for more powerful options based on modern 2-core Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processors, or the popular Core i3, Core i5 families . Thanks to these systems, your child will not only be able to play 3D games, but also use most serious applications.

As for other parameters, for this period your child will only need 1 GB of RAM (a guarantee of good operating speed) and 80 GB of hard drive capacity (enough space to store movies, music, games, educational programs, etc.) .

The best brands of laptops for primary and secondary school age are Asus Eee PC, OLPC XO-1, Toshiba Satellite L635 Kids PC, Intel Classmate PC, etc. Their cost is from $100 and above. When choosing, pay attention to those options that matter most to you and buy the appropriate model.

From 14 years and older. You can save money and not overpay for high-performance expensive components if you plan that the child will use the computer only for. However, this is unlikely to suit him; he probably dreams of a computer on which he can play. And these are completely different parameters. Discuss all the details with your child in advance.

In any case, we must remember that the life of a high school student is associated with heavy workloads and limited time for preparation. This requires him to be extremely mobile. Taking this into account, the best option is to buy a model for a child 14 years and older with a dual-core processor, Wi-Fi, a good video card, a standard 15-inch screen, and the necessary communication ports. The power of such a laptop will allow it to run any program that is needed, and will also give it the opportunity to play popular games.

If you intend to buy a desktop personal computer, choose a universal configuration based on a 2-processor AMD Athlon X2/Phenom X3 or Core 2 Duo. The RAM is 2 GB, the hard disk capacity is 500 GB, and the display diagonal is 17 inches. A DVD burner drive is required. A PC equipped in this way will cost you 12-15 thousand rubles. A computer with a similar configuration on the AMD Athlon-64 X2 6000+ platform is slightly cheaper. In such machines, a functional motherboard is often installed, which allows, if necessary, to significantly expand the capabilities of the system. That is, as the child grows, the PC can be periodically upgraded, increasing its potential.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Don’t give in to the spirit of the times, don’t try to buy the newest and most sophisticated computer. When choosing such a technique, as a rule, there is no upper limit. They can offer you a computer for a hundred thousand rubles. It will have a very good, modern and powerful system unit, which is not needed at all for your purposes (after all, you are choosing a computer for a child). And the cost will be inflated precisely because of its revolutionary novelty, and in the near future it will significantly decrease.

Sources:

  • children's computers in 2019

When creating your own version of the firmware program, you need not only to know programming languages, but also to focus on the features of the object into which it will subsequently be installed. In the absence of at least basic knowledge about the principles of operation of device software, it is better not to undertake its independent development.

You will need

  • A set of utilities for creating device firmware.

Instructions

Study the main aspects of the operation of the device for which the firmware program you are developing is intended. For a more detailed study, it is recommended to use the source files of ready-made software, since this way you will not forget to think through the main functions of the device when creating any of your own features of your modification.

Ensure that additional features are developed that your device firmware will support. Be sure to check how this will fit in with the core functionality and whether there are any conflicts. Also provide a link between the priority points and the secondary ones.

Write the firmware program code for your device. Create directories, application files and system configurations, ensure their relationship with each other. Also create a software menu that will contain the main and secondary functions of the device. Also don't forget about the graphic design.

Draw the menu icons and the appearance of the program. By the way, there are a sufficient number of different modifications of device firmware. Don't forget about this when you implement this or that idea for your device; it is quite possible that similar firmware already exists.

After you create your firmware program that works without bugs, compile it into an installation file. Drain the old version of the device software onto your computer and save it in case your firmware suddenly doesn't work. Then you can use the old one again to return the device to its original state. Install the software you developed and test how it works.

Video on the topic

Hi all! The topic of restoring iOS firmware has long been discussed on the Internet far and wide. And, to be honest, at first I didn’t want to write about something that was already online. Why produce the same type of instructions? But then it was finally decided (such is the agony of choice for the author of this blog! :)) that there was a need for this.

So why another instruction? It's very simple - I receive a lot of questions, both by email and in the comments, about various glitches in the iPhone software and, in most cases, they can only be cured by restoring the software. So this process is important and there is no way to bypass it, and it will be easier for me to answer your questions by simply pointing out a link to this article. Eh, looks like it was justified :) Let's go!

A few important notes:

  1. When you restore an iPhone, absolutely everything is deleted from it. It turns out that the phone looks like you just bought it in a store.
  2. You can only restore using a computer and iTunes. This cannot be done over the air, via iCloud or any other way.
  3. The procedure is performed both when the device is fully operational, and if the iOS system does not boot (in this case, you will need to enter DFU mode).

By the way, recovery is the only way to properly remove a jailbreak from an iPhone.

Detailed instructions for restoring iPhone

So, complete and detailed step-by-step instructions. We launch iTunes on the computer and connect the iPhone, if everything went well, then the phone model, its firmware and other data will be displayed in the main program window. At this stage, two errors are possible:

  1. The computer does not detect the iPhone - about this.
  2. If the device shows no signs of life, we try.

As a result, with any successful connection we get one of two windows

And here we are only interested in one button - “Restore”. If you simply click on it, iTunes will begin to prepare the iPhone, download the latest current firmware from Apple's servers and begin installing it on the device.

Attention! Find My iPhone must be disabled!

The biggest “catch” is loading the firmware. Sometimes this process takes quite a long time, especially with slow Internet. Plus, if the connection is not stable and the connection is possible, then iTunes will start downloading it again every time, which you will agree is not very pleasant and time-consuming.

But there is a way to speed up the recovery process. To do this, you need to independently download the software file in .ipsw format (from any third-party resource, for example w3bsit3-dns.com) and save it on your computer. Please note - each iPhone model will have its own file, different from others!

Now, hold down the “Shift” key on the keyboard and only then click on the “Restore” button. A window will open asking you to specify the firmware file. We select the pre-downloaded one and wait - iTunes will do everything on its own.

Why can't I restore my iPhone and what should I do?

In fact, there can be a lot of reasons. Moreover, they are associated both with a computer or device, and simply with inattention.

Here are the most basic ones:

  1. Lack of Internet access on the PC or periodic interruptions and shutdowns.
  2. Antiviruses, firewalls and other programs that interfere with the normal functioning of iTunes. Perhaps your security settings are configured in such a way that iTunes simply does not gain access to Apple servers.
  3. Slow Internet connection. Not even that. Very slow Internet. This is rare now, but I remember my attempts to revive an iPhone back in 2009 using a network connection from a USB modem. I won’t describe everything, but I’ll say the result - the restoration failed.
  4. In the case when you download the firmware yourself, see if it is exactly suitable for your specific phone model.
  5. Check for iTunes. If yes, install the latest version of the program.
  6. It is very advisable, and what’s more, be sure to use an original USB cable; non-certified ones can contribute to the appearance of various errors. Non-original ones are only possible, and even then not always, and they are not suitable for flashing (restoring).
  7. It is quite possible that the problems are already inside, that is, “iron”. There can be a lot of faults - from the cable to the motherboard. Remember not or too much.

As you can see, there are really a lot of options. Please pay attention to every little thing - because it is precisely because of this that problems with restoring the iPhone may arise. Something still doesn't work out? Be sure to write in the comments - we’ll try to figure it out together!

P.S. They say that in order for the recovery to be successful and correct, you need to “like” this article. They're probably lying, but I installed it just in case... and it worked! :)