Which lamps are of the temperature type? Modern lighting lamps

Lamps are a very common type of lighting source, used everywhere, from domestic use to industrial use. Lamps are used both at home and at large industrial facilities to illuminate large areas.

There are a large variety of lamps. For different purposes with different bases and shapes, for different tasks.

Lamps are divided according to the source of illumination into:

• - LED
• - incandescent
• - halogen
• - metal halide
• - luminescent

LED bulbs In appearance they are no different from ordinary incandescent lamps. All types of LED lamps accurately copy their counterparts in incandescent lamps, halogen lamps and fluorescent lamps. The main difference between an LED lamp is that the source of its glow is an LED, which creates optical radiation.

Incandescent lamps represent the main class, so to speak, the founders of their kind, except for retro lamps - Edison's first lamps. Incandescent lamps were popular until the end of the 90s, after which they began to be gradually replaced by energy-saving lamps. Incandescent lamps work by heating a tungsten filament, which at high temperatures creates the light that we see.

Halogen lamps These are analogues of incandescent lamps, only in addition to everything, a buffer gas is used here, which can significantly increase the life of the lamp.

Metal halide lamps are one of the types of gas-discharge lamps, but to increase light output, special emitting additives are added to them, which are halides of certain metals.

Fluorescent lamps have a gas-discharge light source in which an electric charge passing through mercury vapor creates ultraviolet radiation and, with the help of a phosphor, turns into the light that we see.

By type of base:

E14- a thin standard base, most often used in candle lamps for chandeliers with small shades.

E27- standard base for standard sockets, used in most classic chandeliers and lamps.

E40— this base is larger in size compared to E27 and is used in street lamps, industrial facilities and where it is necessary to illuminate a large area.

GU10, GU5.3, G4— a pin base is found in lamps with a directional light source (halogen or LED), these lamps are used in spotlights.

GX53, GX70— these sockets are most often used in recessed or surface-mounted lamps and lamps for ceilings or furniture.

G13— this base is used in tubular fluorescent or LED lamps. Most often it can be used in raster lamps.

In fact, there are a huge number of types of bases. In this article we looked at only the most popular ones.

There will be a separate article about sockets used in car lamps.

When purchasing a lamp, it is important to know what type of lamp is suitable for it, because in the vast majority of cases it is not included with the lighting fixture. Today, lamps are presented in a large assortment in stores. They differ in shape, size, power consumption and base. The socket is the part of the light bulb that allows it to be mounted in the lamp socket and through which current is supplied.

The bases are made of metal or ceramic. Inside they are filled with electrodes (part of the lamp), and on the outside there are contacts. For each lamp, a specific socket is used, into which a lamp with a suitable base is installed. Before buying a chandelier, it is important to know what type of socket is suitable for it, and, accordingly, what kind of lamp.

In addition, the lamps have to be changed periodically because they do not last long. In order to make the right choice and not get confused in all the variety of light sources, it is important to know what types of light bulbs and types of bases there are. In addition to the base, when purchasing a lamp, it is also important to take into account the maximum power of the lamp, voltage, dimensions and connection diagram of the chandelier.

What types of bases are there?

Due to the variety of lamp bases known today, a classification has been developed according to which all types of lamp bases are usually divided into groups. Among them, two groups are considered the most common: threaded and pin.

A threaded base, or as it is also called, a screw base, is considered traditional. It is designated by the Latin letter E. The threaded base is widely used for many types of lamps, including household ones. The letter is usually followed by a number; it shows the diameter of the thread. The most common screw bases are designated E14 and E27. There are also sockets for powerful lamps, for example, E40.

The pin base is considered slightly less popular; it is designated by the letter G, which shows the gap between the contacts in millimeters. The scope of application of the pin base is also wide - it is suitable for many lamps: halogen, fluorescent and ordinary incandescent lamps.

In addition to the traditional ones, there are several other types of sockets that are less common, but are nevertheless used for various types of lamps.

• Plinths with recessed contact (R). They are mainly used for high-intensity appliances that operate on alternating current.
• Pin (B). Allows you to quickly replace the lamp in the socket thanks to asymmetrical side contacts. They are an improved analogue of threaded bases.
• With one pin (F). Such plinths come in three subtypes: cylindrical, corrugated and specially shaped.
• Soffit (S). Most often, light bulbs with this base are used in hotels and cars. Their distinctive feature is the double-sided arrangement of contacts.
• Fixing (P). Area of ​​application: special spotlights and lanterns.
• Telephone (T). They are equipped with control panel lamps, backlights, and signal lamps in automation panels.

Often the lamp marking consists of more than one letter. The second letter usually indicates the subtype of lighting fixture:

1. V – base with tapered end
2. U – energy saving
3. A – automobile.

In this video, a specialist will talk in detail about the different types of plinths:

Types of light bulbs

We will talk about the most common lighting lamps, those that are usually used in home and industrial premises. These include incandescent, halogen, energy-saving, fluorescent and LED lamps.

It is rightfully considered the most widespread of all types of lamps and is probably familiar to everyone. It gained popularity due to its low cost, simplicity of design and familiarity. Used in the simplest lamp models. However, despite its wide popularity, the incandescent lamp is inferior in technical characteristics to its “brothers”. Its service life is approximately 1000 hours, but this is not the most serious drawback. The fact is that during operation, vapors are formed inside the lamp, which provoke clouding of the bulb, so the brightness decreases over time. The color rendering index is approximately 90%. The predominant tones in the light spectrum are yellow, so the light from an ordinary incandescent lamp resembles sunlight. Most, if not all, incandescent lamps come in E14 and E27 sockets.

There are incandescent reflector lamps. Their main and only difference from simple lamps is the silver-plated surface. This helps direct the light to a specific point, which is why these lamps are used to create directional light. In stores you can find reflector lamps with the designation R50, R63 and R80, where the number is the diameter of the lamp. Just like simple incandescent lamps, reflector lamps have an E14 or E27 threaded base.

Halogen lamp

Can last four times longer than an incandescent lamp. Its lifespan is approximately 4000 hours. Color rendering index – 100%. The technological process for producing halogen lamps involves adding a certain amount of iodine or bromine. This contributes to better light output, which is 20-30 lumens/watt. Moreover, the consistently high light output is maintained throughout the entire service life and does not decrease, like a conventional incandescent lamp.

Being smaller in size than conventional lamps, they are more varied in shape, and accordingly, their areas of application are wider. Their sockets can be as follows: G9, G4, R7S, GU10.

Energy-saving lamps

This term is usually used when talking about a small fluorescent lamp. Such light bulbs have gained extraordinary popularity due to the fact that they can reduce energy costs. They are sold everywhere, and installing them in place of an old incandescent lamp is not a problem, since this does not require any modifications.

Thanks to the latest production technologies, energy-saving lamps have a compact size, various power options, a variety of shapes, but always have a long service life and efficiency. However, it is important to remember that such lamps “do not like” frequent switching on and off. There is an opinion that this shortens their life.

Today, compact energy-saving lamps can be purchased with almost all types of sockets: E14, E27, GU10, G9, GU5.3, G4, GU4.

Fluorescent lamps

They are sometimes called tubular or linear because of their characteristic shape. The letter T on the tube indicates the diameter, and the number after it indicates the diameter in inches (eighths). For example, T12 (diameter 12/8 inch=3.8 cm).

LED bulbs

The term “energy saving” can also be applied to them, but this is not their main advantage. The main thing is the incredibly long service life, which ranges from 25,000 to 100,000 hours. If we convert this amount into years, we get 3-12 years of continuous work. Light output is almost one hundred percent.

In addition, LEDs do not heat up significantly, so it is advisable to use such lamps in rooms where the temperature regime is strictly observed. Standard sockets allow the use of LED lamps.

Video

This video demonstrates different types of lamps:

There are various types of lamps for arranging lighting. In addition to traditional incandescent devices, other types of light bulbs have become widespread, for example, LED, fluorescent, and halogen.

In this article we will look at the most popular light sources among users, noting the features of their design, advantages and disadvantages.

A device of this type consists of a base where the contacts are located, a fuse, an incandescent element and a glass cylinder.

The spiral is usually made of an alloy with tungsten, which can withstand a high combustion temperature of +3200 °C for a long time. To extend the burnout time, the cylinder is filled with argon or other inert gas; in some devices, on the contrary, they create a vacuum.

To operate the lamp, electric current is passed through a conductor that has a small cross-section and a low degree of conductivity. The energy heats up the spiral, which emits light waves.

Various types of lamps are used to illuminate rooms, the choice of which depends on the purpose of the light source, the required brightness and other criteria.

There is a huge variety of general purpose light bulbs, or LON for short: regular size or miniature for local lighting.

According to the type of design, the flask can be:

• painted;
• frosted glass;
• mirror

Modifications of LON can have flasks not only with colorless glass, but also with multi-colored transparent glass. As a rule, they are used for decorative purposes.

Models with frosted glass cylinders are in demand, providing soft, uniform light, which is especially suitable for lighting bedrooms and children's rooms.

The most advanced models of this type are krypton, bispiral lamps, which have improved characteristics. However, they are inferior in quality to other categories of lighting fixtures

For mirror devices, part of the cylinder is coated with a special compound that reflects light, directing it in a narrow stream.

Such devices are often inserted into ceiling lamps, since they allow light to be cast only downward, without illuminating or heating the upper surface.

Light bulbs operating on voltages of 12, 24, 36 V require minimal electricity consumption, but produce a very dim, weak light. They are used in flashlights or for emergency lighting.

Technical characteristics of LON. Products of this type have the following qualities:

• light output - 9-19 Lm/W;
• power - 25-150 Watt;
• the average operating period is one thousand hours at a voltage of 220 V;
• Efficiency – less than 30%.

The advantages include low price, simple and accessible installation for everyone, pleasant yellowish lighting light.

Incandescent appliances have significantly more disadvantages: they are fragile, quickly burn out during voltage surges, and in addition, their surface becomes very hot, which can cause a fire.

Variety of halogen light sources

This type of device with a base has a design similar to incandescent lamps, but instead of an inert gas, the bulb is filled with compounds of iodine, bromine or other halogens. This allows you to reduce evaporation of the heating element, as well as increase its temperature.

Halogen products emit an intense stream of light rays in a color that is pleasing to the eye. They are often used to illuminate and highlight individual interior details.

In addition to base lamps, other options have become widespread, for example, linear halogen lamps, which have the shape of a tube. Impact-resistant models with intense light are used for street floodlights.

Capsule low-voltage devices with miniature dimensions are popular. They are often used for chandeliers or suspended ceilings, but the connection to the network must be done through a special transformer.

Another type is reflective devices, the design of which uses a special reflector - most often an aluminum disk. It allows you to adjust the angle of incidence of the light beam, directing it to the desired area of ​​the room.

Such devices are used to install ceiling lamps, since they eliminate heating of the upper surface.

Technical characteristics of halogen lamps. The light bulbs have the following indicators:

• power - 1-20 W;
• color rendering index - 100%;
• flask heating – 500 °C;
• light output - 15-22 Lm/W;
• operates in the range from -60 to +100 °C;
• service life - 2000-4000, when using a transformer up to 8000 hours;
• Efficiency – 50-80%.

Among the advantages of this category of devices are a fairly long service life, as well as the ability to manufacture miniature models that provide bright light.

They have excellent color rendering, and modern technology can give the radiance emitted both a warm and cool shade.

Halogen devices can be high or low voltage. In the first case, they are powered directly from the network, and in the second they should be connected via a transformer

The disadvantages include strong heating of the surface of the flask, which is why it is made of heat-resistant quartz glass. But even in this case, it is not recommended to allow them to come into contact with the ceiling or walls of the lamp.

Halogen lamps are very sensitive to dirt - touching them with bare hands can cause the bulb to burn out or even disintegrate. They also do not tolerate power surges well.

Fluorescent lamps (CFL and LL)

The devices consist of a bulb, the inner surface of which is coated with a phosphor. The container containing the electrodes is filled with a mixture of mercury vapor and inert gas.

For starting, a special unit is used - electronic or mechanical ballast. When turned on, a charge is sent inside the flask, which causes the formation of ultraviolet waves, under the influence of which the phosphor begins to glow evenly.

Fluorescent lamps can emit light of different shades. Various markings are used to designate it. As an example, we can call LTB - warm light lamp, LHB - cold light, LE - natural light

Models are divided into two types:

• linear devices (LL) - bulky tubes with two pins at the ends;
• compact lamps (CFLs), which have the appearance of a twisted spiral, in which the starting unit is hidden in the base.

The marking G indicates devices with a pin design, and the letter E indicates a threaded cartridge.

Technical characteristics of CFL. Household appliances of this type are characterized by the following qualities:

• light output - 40-80 Lm/W;
• power - 15-80 Watt;
• service period - 10,000-40,000 hours.

An important advantage of fluorescents is their low operating temperature. Even when the product is turned on, you can safely touch it with your bare hand, making it safe to install on any surface.

At the same time, such devices have many negative sides. First of all, they are not environmentally friendly enough - the mercury vapor inside is poisonous.

Although they have no harmful effects on humans in a closed bulb, broken or burnt-out light bulbs can pose a danger. Because of this, they require a recycling procedure: used products must be taken to recycling points, which are not always easy to find.

Fluorescent devices consume significantly less electricity than incandescent lamps, they have a long service life and good light output

Other disadvantages include:

1. Unstable operation at low temperatures. At -10 °C, even powerful devices shine extremely dimly.
2. When turned on, the lamps do not light up immediately, but after a few seconds or minutes.
3. Their cost is quite high.
4. Operation may be accompanied by a low-frequency hum.
5. Such models are difficult to compatible with dimmers, which makes it difficult to adjust the light intensity. It is also undesirable to use them together with switches that have backlight indicators.
6. Although the service life is quite long, it is significantly shortened if it is turned on and off frequently.

In addition, the light emitted by these devices pulsates strongly, which tires the eyes.

Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

The design of diode light bulbs is based on semiconductor crystals, which, as a result of a p-n junction, emit light rays.

As a rule, they involve at least five diodes, which are connected to the installation board. Operation occurs using a driver that converts alternating current into direct current.

The lamps practically do not heat up during operation, since they have special parts - radiators - to remove heat. Depending on the modification, the devices are equipped with screw or pin sockets.

Using LED elements you can create attractive compositions on stretch/suspended ceilings. The design made from lamps of different colors looks especially impressive.

Types of LEDs include filament devices. Outwardly, they resemble ordinary incandescent lamps, but instead of a spiral, they are equipped with semiconductor elements strung on a rod, which is placed in a flask with an inert gas.

In order for such a device to be screwed into the cartridge, it is supplemented with a traditional threaded base. Such models allow you to combine retro design with higher technical characteristics, such as energy efficiency, durability, and environmental friendliness.

Autonomous LED lamps powered by solar panels are also gaining popularity. They recharge during daylight hours and automatically turn on when darkness falls. Such models can operate in a wide temperature range from -30 to +50 °C.

Technical characteristics of LED lamps. The devices are characterized by the following properties:

• power - 3-30 W;
• service life - 30,000-50,000 hours;
• light output - 100-120 Lm/W;
• light flux - 250-2500 lm.

LEDs can dramatically reduce lighting costs by up to 85%; their operation does not generate thermal, ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

Since no harmful substances are used in their production, they are considered environmentally friendly and do not require special disposal.

Filament lamps look great in retro style lamps; they can be used for classic interior design or used for other purposes

Unlike fluorescent lamps, these devices light up instantly, in addition, most models are dimmable, which allows you to set the desired level of light intensity.

Among the disadvantages, we can note the extremely high price; in addition, conventional lamps have a directional flow of light; Filament devices do not have this disadvantage. To illuminate a room, several sources are usually required at once.

Rules for choosing the best lighting lamp

When choosing models for organizing lighting in residential premises, you should take into account not only the type to which the light bulb belongs, but also a number of other factors, namely:

• base device;
• power;
• color rendering index;
• light output;
• luminous flux stability coefficient;
• terms of Use.

Devices designed to be connected to a socket have a common part - a base, which is used for fastening with wires. In order for the lamp to be installed in the socket, it is important to pay attention to the marking of this element.

Among the threaded connections, the most popular are three types: “minion” E14, medium-sized E27 and large E40. The second option is most widespread, while the latter is usually used for street lighting.

The summary table shows the main performance characteristics of the four most popular types of lamps used for domestic purposes

Miniature fluorescent and halogen lamps often have G bases, which are attached to sockets using 2-4 pins. There are many options for such devices of different sizes, of which modifications G5, G9, G23, 2G10, 2G11 are especially in demand.

An important criterion is the lamp power; this indicator is indicated on the cylinder or base. If we take devices of the same type, then the light intensity depends on this value.

However, this rule does not work if you take devices of different types: the brightness of a 5-6 W LED is almost equal to the glow of a 60-watt incandescent lamp.

Luminous output indicates the number of lumens of light produced by a 1-watt lamp.

This factor is closely related to the energy efficiency of the device: a fluorescent device produces 600 lumens at a power of 10-11 W, while an incandescent device will require approximately 60 W for a similar flow of light.

The design of the luminaire and lamp also has an impact. Often, models of modern chandeliers or sconces are specially made for a certain type of appliance, for example, halogen. In this case, the manufacturer usually indicates in the instructions the characteristics of the required lamps.

To connect some types of lamps, you need to use additional equipment: power supplies, drivers, transformers. The figure shows the electronic ballast required for fluorescent lamps

Certain types of devices also demonstrate increased sensitivity to voltage changes, which must be taken into account when living in regions where there are problems with electrical networks.

There is also a difference caused by color temperature. There are several different standards for the most common labeling:

• 2700K indicates a warm tint similar to incandescent lamps;
• 4000 K – daylight neutral tone;
• 6500 K – cold option.

The color rendering index R a reflects the correct perception of the color of the environment when illuminated by this type of lamp. As a rule, this indicator is indicated on the packaging, for example, 80 R a for LEDs.

Light flux stability coefficient. This factor manifests itself throughout the entire period of operation of the device, during which the brightness should decrease by no more than 30% of the nominal value.

This indicator is of particular relevance for LEDs, which do not burn out, but gradually lose lighting intensity.

So, if at the beginning such a device emits light of 1000 lumens, then at the end of its service life this figure should be at least 70% of the original, that is, 700 Lm.

The optimal choice for different rooms

Experts involved in interior design advise using compact LEDs or low-voltage miniature halogens for suspended or suspended ceilings.

It is also important to take into account that the power of the lamps must correspond to that of the lamp or be lower. Violation of this rule can lead to serious consequences

Almost all types of lighting fixtures can be used in chandeliers and other hanging structures. If the lamps are made of fusible materials, it is better to use LED or fluorescent sources.

The best options for sconces are small halogens, fluorescent models or traditional incandescent lamps. Often in such devices decorative modifications are used with flasks in the form of drops, flames, and balls.

For lighting, small LED bulbs or compact halogen bulbs powered by a transformer are suitable.

Living rooms usually use a combination of several lighting fixtures. A ceiling or hanging chandelier is complemented by a sconce, a floor lamp, a decorative table lamp, as well as built-in lamps.

It is advisable to equip the main device with a dimmer, which will allow you to dim its intensity.

The table contains the values ​​of the illumination level required by SNiP 05/23/2010. Indicators are given in lumens

Floodlights for outdoor lighting predominantly use linear halogen devices. Lighting decoration of a yard or area is also possible using LEDs, including those powered by solar panels, or powerful incandescent lamps.

In the basement and cellar, where there is usually a high level of humidity, it is necessary to use lamps with waterproofing and a completely closed socket.

To prevent short circuits, it is advisable to use a step-down transformer. In this case, one or two 12-volt LED sources are best suited as a lighting device.

Similar requirements apply to lighting devices in bathrooms. Typically, halogen/LED models as well as incandescent lamps are used to illuminate the space.

To equip a schoolchild's workplace, a flexible table lamp is usually used, which allows you to change the direction of the light beam. Typically, a traditional 60-volt incandescent device with a clear or frosted bulb is inserted into it.

If there is a lack of light, it is advisable to also add lighting with built-in halogen lamps.

The choice of light source for greenhouses requires special attention. As research by scientists has shown, the red and blue regions of the spectrum are especially useful for plants. The first has a powerful effect during the flowering and fruiting period of vegetables, the second contributes to their active growth and development.

The easiest way to reproduce this light range is with the help of special LED lamps. You can make them yourself or buy them in a store.

A table that allows you to easily calculate the required power of different types of lamps. With its help you can easily create the lighting level required by the current SNiP

When choosing a model, you should pay attention to the shade of the emitted rays. Typically, this factor depends on user preferences.

When determining the power of a lamp, you need to take into account not only the area of ​​the room for which it is intended, but also the degree of natural lighting level: in darkened spaces with windows to the north, more powerful devices are installed.

Influences the choice and color scheme of the interior: rooms with dark walls require more powerful lamps.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

The presented video describes in detail the main characteristics of various types of light sources.

Continuation of the story, where we talk about the options for lamp bases and the features of their use.

Despite the fact that light bulbs are basic devices, their role in creating a comfortable and cozy living environment is difficult to overestimate. A properly selected device will create comfortable lighting, which is an integral part of comfort in the home.

The lamp will serve reliably for a long time, perfectly complementing a chandelier or other lamp. In addition, an energy-saving device will reduce the amount of utility bills due to energy savings.

Each of us, when choosing lamps, has noticed more than once that there are simply a huge number of them - different designs, power, bases of different shapes and much more. So, sometimes you think about whether to buy some new lamp, because, according to the manufacturer, there is no harm from it, it saves electricity, and it shines quite brightly. Let's take a little look at what types of light bulbs exist and how they differ from each other. We’ll also talk about which ones are more and which are less harmful to health.

General information

Currently, there are a large number of different lighting lamps on the market. The price between the cheapest and the most expensive can vary significantly. At the same time, the consumer and technological properties of the product also vary. In principle, sometimes it does not make much sense to purchase a lamp that is too expensive, but sometimes it is simply necessary. In any case, a lot depends on the operating conditions. For example, at elevated ambient temperatures some lamps are used, at high levels of moisture - others, at frost - others, and so on. Today there are the following types of light bulbs:

• incandescent;
• luminescent;
• halogen;
• LED

Let's look at each group and find out how they differ from each other. Without a doubt, there is a lot to talk about here.

Incandescent lamps

These are perhaps the most common and popular lamps. We can say that for a long time they were out of competition in the market. However, now the situation has changed somewhat, but that is not what we will talk about. The power of such lamps ranges from 15 to 300 Watts, and the shape can be different. Today they are presented in two varieties: krypton and double-spiral. Krypton filament lamps use krypton gas. The power of such products is usually no higher than 100 watts and no lower than 40. The advantages include good light output.

The second type is bispiral lamps. They provide light due to a tungsten filament, which has an arc-shaped shape. Usually the surface of the lamps is made transparent, but there are also mirror and opal ones. It makes sense to say that matting somewhat worsens the light output, but at the same time makes the light more diffuse. With this lighting, our eyes feel most comfortable and do not get tired. Now let's look at other types of light bulbs. First - about the most popular ones.

Fluorescent lamps

In recent years, fluorescent lamps have become widespread. They have a number of significant advantages. Their power ranges from 8 to 80 watts. The principle of operation of the lamp is based on the effect of ultraviolet radiation on phosphors in a gaseous environment. It is safe to say that any type of light bulb of this type is pleasing to the eye, as it produces diffused and soft light.

Currently, fluorescent lamps are the main competitor to incandescent lamps. They are several times more economical. At the same time, with the same power, the luminous flux of fluorescent lamps is approximately 6-8 times higher. We can also say that their service life differs. In our case, it is approximately 10-20 times higher. By the way, there are also disadvantages that are inherent in all such lamps: firstly, they are sensitive to temperature changes, and secondly, they often flicker due to power fluctuations.

Types of energy-saving light bulbs

We have already looked at fluorescent lamps, but now let's talk about halogen lamps. The key feature of such products is that they are very bright. However, you need to understand that they come in different shapes. So, in some cases it is possible to achieve diffused light, in others - concentrated light. It is also worth noting that such lamps are very small, for this simple reason they are extremely popular in the design of a room, as they are invisible and at the same time quite bright.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that all halogen lamps, in particular, do not tolerate the touch of human hands. This is due to the fact that a small amount of fat will remain on the surface, which in any case is present on the fingers and palms. When turned on, the lamp heats up intensely and a black spot appears in place of the fat, and this significantly reduces the resource, on average by 30-50%, it is impossible to say more precisely. When used correctly, these lamps are at their best, however, sometimes there is a problem with the contacts, which often burn.

About LED lighting

All types of LED light bulbs are considered economical. We can say that they consume really little electricity, usually 50% less than incandescent lamps. Agree, with the same light intensity this is simply an excellent result. Such lamps not only have high luminous efficiency, but also a long service life. In fact, all this makes such lamps unique in their own way, and this is true. True, voltage drops in the network have a detrimental effect on the LEDs, which will burn out instantly.

Recently, interesting lamp models have begun to appear on the market. Their main feature is the autonomy of the product. They turn on at nightfall and run on solar panels or conventional batteries. In addition, the lamps are not afraid of either low or too high temperatures. Their performance will not be affected.

What is a base?

In short, the base is a certain structural element of the lamp, which makes it possible to install it in a socket. But since some types of lamps do not provide a classic socket, the base may, in fact, be absent. In addition, it is used as a transmitter of electricity between the network and the lamp itself. Of course, the base is often made of metal, but in some cases it is made of ceramic. The outer part of the product contains contacts, and the inner part contains filaments and electrodes.

It is necessary to understand that each lamp has its own type of socket, so only certain light bulbs can be installed there. Types of bases are divided into threaded and pin. Threaded (screw) is more common in everyday life, however, for example, they most often have a pin base. That is why before purchasing, always inspect the labeling of the light bulb. You can learn to distinguish the types of bases by the letter on the case: G - pin base, E - threaded, and so on.

Edison pin and socket

Halogen and LED lamps are usually equipped with a pin base. We can say with confidence that this is a very popular and effective solution, which allows you not only to instantly replace a burnt out lamp, but also to significantly reduce its size. In this case, a pair of metal pins ensures good contact. But it is extremely important that the socket into which the base is inserted is tight. If it is loose, the lamp will constantly come off, and there is nothing good about that.

In principle, all types can operate from such a base, the only exceptions being gas-discharge ones. The Edison base (screw) is the most reliable and common. It provides excellent contact and is suitable for all household lamps and chandeliers, as it is standardized. This is the best solution in terms of price/quality ratio.

Something about lamp sockets

The most common socket for electric lamps is E27. It is used for incandescent, LED and sometimes halogen lamps. In second place is E14, which differs from the one described above in its smaller diameter and thread. Usually low-power lamps are placed on it. The materials used for manufacturing are ceramics and special plastic. The latter is less preferable, since due to high temperatures it can collapse, release dangerous gases and become a source of fire. In Soviet times, the same types were used, but they were of slightly better quality. In any case, for normal operation it is not recommended to install more powerful lamps than required, as this will lead to destruction of the socket.

And more about lamps

We have already reviewed the main types of light bulbs and types of bases. I would like to note that it is not recommended to buy non-standard lamps. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to install them in the cartridge. Moreover, they can fail, and finding a replacement is difficult, and a suitable cartridge is even more difficult. You need to understand that all types of car bulbs of category H, and any other, are not used in everyday life, but they can be installed in the garage for additional lighting, etc.

Conclusion

So we looked at the most interesting things. Now you know what types of halogen light bulbs, incandescent, fluorescent and others there are. You need to understand that sometimes it is advisable to use one, and in other cases - another. So, often many types are not used as the main lighting. They are suitable for illuminating dark places, etc. Nevertheless, some models are quite powerful and act as not only alternative, but also main lighting. In principle, this is all that can be said about modern lamps, sockets and sockets for them.

When buying this or that lamp in a store, we must first of all pay attention to which light bulbs will fit it. They are not included with the device, so it is important to know the varieties that are on sale today. Light bulbs differ in shape, size, power, as well as the base with which they are secured in the lamp socket. Through it, electric current flows into the lamp.

The bases themselves are made of metal or ceramic. Inside them there are contacts for supplying current to the working element of the lamp. Each lamp is equipped with one or more sockets for mounting lamps. The sockets of the light bulbs purchased must correspond to them in shape and size. Therefore, when buying a lamp, it is important to know what types of light bulbs and types of sockets are suitable for it.

Additionally, most bulbs require replacement from time to time as they do not last very long. In order to make the best choice and not get lost in all their diversity, it is important to know what types of lamps and types of bases exist. In addition to the base, when purchasing a lamp, you also need to take into account the power consumption of the lamp, voltage, its dimensions and the connection diagram to the chandelier.

What types of bases are there?

There is a wide variety of types of lamp bases that are used today in various areas. In this regard, there is a classification, according to which all types can be divided into several groups. Moreover, in everyday life we ​​most often encounter only two of them: threaded and pin. Let's take a closer look at each of these two types.

Threaded base

The traditional one is considered to be a threaded base, or in other words, a screw base. It is marked with the Latin letter E. This type of base is widely used in many types of lamps, including most household ones. After the letter there must be a number that indicates the diameter of the threaded connection. In household light bulbs, two sizes of threaded connection are used - E14 and E27. For more powerful lamps, for example, street lighting, there are E40 sockets.

We are accustomed to seeing the threaded type of base in almost all home lighting fixtures. Most modern lamps are equipped with just this connection design. It is considered the most convenient for wide consumption. The dimensions of threaded connections for lamps have not changed for several decades, so even a modern LED light bulb that you purchased today can easily be screwed into an old, rare chandelier from the 30s - 40s of the last century. This is very important for those who are interested in reviving antiques.

In the USA and Canada, the sizes of the plinths do not match the European ones. This is due to the fact that the network voltage there is 110 V. Therefore, in order to avoid accidentally screwing in European light bulbs, their diameters are E12, E17, E26 and E39.

Pin base

This is also a fairly popular base, which is successfully used in various types of lamps. It consists of two metal pins that simultaneously act as electrical contacts. The lamp is held in the socket by these pins, since they are inserted into the socket quite tightly. The pins can be different in diameter and distance between them. Hence the marking with the letter G, which means that this is a pin base, and the number after it determines the gap between the two pins. For example, bases G4, G9 or G13.

This type of base is found in almost all types of lamps: incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED.

In addition to the traditional ones listed above, there are several more rare types of bases that are less popular, but are nevertheless used in some types of lamps.

• Plinths with a recessed contact (R). They are used mainly in high-intensity appliances that are powered by alternating current.
• Pin sockets (B) make it possible to most conveniently and quickly replace the light bulb in the socket due to the fact that their side contacts are asymmetrical. In fact, this is an improved analogue of the threaded type of base.
• Single-pin (F), which come in three different types: cylindrical, grooved and specially shaped.
• Soffit sockets (S) are used in lamps of various hotels and car lighting fixtures. They are distinguished by a peculiar bilateral symmetrical arrangement of contacts.
• Fixing (P) sockets are used in special powerful spotlights and lanterns.
• Telephone (T) sockets are used to equip light bulbs for various control panels, various types of lighting, and signal lamps mounted in automation panels.

Often, the lamp marking on the base consists of several letters. The second letter most often means a subtype of this lighting device:

• V – base with a conical end.
• U – energy-saving fluorescent.
• A – car light bulb.

Types of lighting bulbs

We will talk about the most common lamps that we usually use at home, in offices and various industrial premises. These include incandescent, energy-saving, halogen, fluorescent and LED lamps. Let's look at each of these types in more detail.

Regular incandescent lamp

This is probably the most common lamp, despite the fact that it is already more than 150 years old, and over the past 100 years it has undergone virtually no significant changes, we still use it. The thing is that its production is very cheap and its design is simple. It is a flask without air in which a tungsten filament is placed. Under the influence of electric current, it heats up to high temperatures and emits light. Modern incandescent lamps with a tungsten filament have one feature: at room temperature, the resistance in the tungsten filament is very low, approximately 15 times lower than the working one, which increases the risk of its burning out when a higher current passes at the moment of switching on. The first lamps used graphite filaments, the resistance of which, on the contrary, decreased with increasing temperature. This gave the effect of a gradual increase in brightness. At the same time, graphite threads exhausted their service life faster.

In terms of their technical characteristics, incandescent lamps are much inferior to other types of lamps. The lifespan of a typical light bulb is approximately 1000 hours. It is noteworthy that in the fire department of the small city of Livermore, in California, there is a light bulb that has been continuously lit since 1901. This, of course, is an exception to the rule. In addition to their short service life, incandescent lamps become cloudy over time due to the vapors formed in the bulb. This greatly reduces their luminosity. Incandescent lamps produce yellow light, which is close to the spectral characteristics of sunlight. Almost all incandescent lamps are produced with E14 and E27 sockets. The exception is small light bulbs, which a couple of decades ago were screwed into lanterns and Christmas tree garlands. Today it is already difficult to find a socket for such light bulbs.

Among lamps of this type there are special reflector lamps. Their distinctive feature is the silver-plated inner surface of the flask. Such devices are used to create a beam of directional light when it is necessary to illuminate an object. On store shelves there are reflector lamps that are marked R50, R63 and R80, where the number is the diameter of the lamp. As for the base, it is the same as for simple incandescent lamps. Some bulbs have frosted glass to produce more diffused light. There are also multi-colored lamps used to create various lighting effects.

Halogen lamp

This bulb can last about four times longer than a regular incandescent bulb. Manufacturers claim that its service life can be about 4000 hours, and the so-called color rendering index is 100%. In its design, such a lamp is not much different from a regular one, but vapors of substances such as iodine or bromine are added to the flask. This greatly increases light output and service life. Modern halogen lamps have a luminous efficiency of 20-30 lm/watt, which is maintained throughout the intended service life and is not lost over time, like a conventional incandescent light bulb.

Most often, halogen lamps are much smaller in size than regular lamps. They have many different shapes, and the bases are: G9, G4, R7S, GU10. There are even halogen lamps built into the bulb of a regular light bulb with an E27 base.

Halogen lamps have one drawback - low-frequency noise when used in conjunction with dimmers that control luminosity. This type of lamp is most widely used in the automotive industry. Modern car headlights are equipped with halogen lamps.

Fluorescent tube lamps

These light sources have a characteristic elongated tube shape of varying lengths and diameters. The latter is indicated by the letter T on the marking. For example, T12 (diameter 12/8 inch=3.8 cm). Such lamps require special lamps with a trigger. It is required in order to create an electromagnetic field inside the flask that can cause the phosphor to glow under the influence of mercury vapor. Such lamps do not have incandescent parts, which greatly increases their efficiency and efficiency, since the need to heat the substance disappears and almost all the energy is converted into luminous flux. The sockets of this type of lamp are most often pin-type and are located on both sides of the bulb.

Energy saving types of lamps

This term is usually used to refer to small fluorescent lamps. Today they have gained high popularity, as they can reduce energy costs very significantly. They are sold in any stores, and installing them in a regular threaded cartridge is not a problem, since they are equipped with the same sockets.

Thanks to modern technological developments, energy-saving light bulbs have very compact sizes, various power variations, a wide variety of shapes, but definitely a long service life and extraordinary efficiency. However, it must be remembered that such lighting devices “do not like” being turned on and off too often, and also, like all fluorescent lamps, require special disposal conditions, since the mercury vapor they contain is very dangerous to humans and the environment. Today there are energy-saving lamps with any type of base: E14, E27, GU10, G9, GU5.3, G4, GU4.

They can also be called “energy saving”, but this is not their main advantage. With significant energy savings, they have a truly enormous service life, which can amount to tens of thousands of hours and years. An LED lamp will last from 25,000 to 100,000 hours, which equals 3-12 years of continuous operation. In addition, their light output is almost one hundred percent. LEDs do not use heat, so such lamps are completely safe in the fire sense. Most LED lamps are equipped with standard sockets, which allows them to be used in any luminaire. They are completely environmentally friendly, as they do not contain any harmful substances.

The only disadvantage that should be noted is the very high cost. This, of course, is compensated by a very long service life. It is not recommended to purchase cheaper LED lamps, since due to the savings on capacitors, they glow with invisible flicker, which in a hidden form affects vision. Another disadvantage is the blue-shifted emission spectrum, which does not correspond to natural sunlight. LEDs shine with a rather cold, unnatural light.

Using energy-saving lighting sources allows you to save a lot on electricity. At the same time, when purchasing them, you should be careful when choosing a manufacturer and buy only well-known models, since otherwise many of the advantages become not so obvious.