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Options for styling links in CSS. Including CSS in HTML (page 3). A few simple rules can be formulated

Between the opening and closing tags there can be inline and inline-block elements, such as: span, code, strong, img .. ,
and also line break

Warning!

Link attributes

Tag a can contain multiple attributes. Along with the class, style, and id tags that are common to most tags, they are used with some specific attributes.

href

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)- universal resource index.

The href value can be any valid absolute or relative url, including a fragment ID or JavaScript code snippet.

target

Not required. Typically this attribute has 2 values:

target="_self" is the default value for the a tag. The hyperlinked document must be displayed in the same window.

target="_blank" - The document pointed to by the hyperlink will be opened in a new unnamed window.

title

Optional attribute. Allows you to define the text that you would like to display as a tooltip when you hover over a hyperlink.

The attribute value is an arbitrary string enclosed in quotes. Can be used to display the title of a document, or when used in conjunction with the target="_blank" attribute, politely warn that the document will open in a new window

"opens in a new window"> <span"image title"/ > </a>

If necessary, you can look at the remaining attributes in the directory. They are not used very often, so they are not discussed here.

path/document.html

Typically, a relative URL will omit the server name and provide a shortened document address that is automatically combined with the base address.

× Base URL
Must be defined in the document using a tag .

Let's figure out how it will be formed relative URL, depending on the location of the files. It's easier to understand with an example.

Main document- the referring document in which the link is located

Current folder- where the main document is located

Subfolder- inside the current one

Nearby folder- together with the current one, located in the common parent

Parent folder- external to the current one

Goal-1</a> "nested/target-2.html"> Goal-2</a> "../neighbor/target-3.html"> Goal-3</a> Goal-4</a>

There are more complex options With a large number nesting levels.

A few simple rules can be formulated:

If the target is in another folder of the current directory (subfolder),
path = dirname/target

The name of the external (relative to the current) directory is not specified, and at the beginning of the path there are 2 dots and a slash - ../ and then the path

Absolute links

If the requested document is located on another server, then you must specify an absolute URL

http://server/path/document.html

URL type http

The most common URL, most often used as the target of a hyperlink. It might look like this:

http://www.site-name.com

IN general view this type It has next format: http://server:port/path

Path is a hierarchical sequence indicating the location of the document on the server.
One or more names separated by a slash. All names except the last one are directory names. The last name is the document name (by default, web servers accept the file name index.html)

Server - computer system, which stores and provides a web resource upon external request and has a unique IP address. The name consists of several parts, including the server's own name and a sequence of domain names separated by dots.

Port- (usually can be omitted, rarely indicated) - the number of the server communication port through which the client browser connects.

URL type file

A file URL points to a file stored on a computer, without restricting the protocol used to download it. This allows you to load and display a local document.

File://server/path

The file server, like the http server, must be domain name or the IP address of the computer containing the downloaded file. The difference is that the connection protocol is not specified. File server may be unskilled, but unique name computer in personal network, or a storage device.
The path to the requested file on the specified server may vary depending on operating system on server

"file://D:\path\filename.html"> link for Windows systems</a> "file://D:/path/filename.html"> link for Unix systems</a> "file://localhost/home/document.html"> Document</a> "file://server-name.com/document.html"> Document</a>

URL for mailto

 letter to me</a> "mailto:fоg@fоgnsnow.ru?subject=Test mailto"> email me + subject</a>

URL type ftp

The ftp resource locator is used to retrieve documents from FTP servers. In general it looks like this:

ftp://user:password@server:port/path;type=type_code

FTP(Fail Transfer Protocol) is a service that requires authentication. This means that to receive a document from the server, you must be a registered user and know the password.
Many FTP servers provide limited access everyone can access their contents under the login - anonymous or quest, and sometimes without any login (implied by default)

Never!
Do not put the ftp URL with username and password in any document!
The browser itself will prompt you to enter them after connecting to the server

The server and port are specified according to the same rules as in http URL(if the port is not specified, then port 21 is assigned by default)

Path is a sequence of directories separated by a slash character leading to the requested file.
Transfer_type_code - by default, files are transferred as binary. If you specify type=
d - directory name
a - file containing ASCII text
see the rest in the manual...

"ftp://www.site-name.ru/my_files/file_1"> "ftp://[email protected]/ctl_name;type=d"> "ftp://user:mу[email protected]/file_2;type=a">

Links within one page

  1. Create a fragment that will serve as a target for a hyperlink
  2. Create a link to this fragment

To create a fragment, we use the id attribute, which we use to place the link target directly into a defining tag, such as a title.

Tag structure ...

You can notice that the tag - paired: closing tag required.

href—attribute tag, indicates the purpose of the link.

https://google.com/ - attribute value, which contains the URL of the resource to which the transition will take place. It is enclosed in double or single quotes. This depends on the nesting structure of tags according to HTML rules.

Google home page

this whole structure is called element web document.

According to HTML rules, some elements can contain other elements. Tag not an exception. If a programmer needs to highlight the word Google in bold, then this is done using a tag according to the general rules of text formatting, observing the sequence of nesting of tags. A webmaster must know how to create a hyperlink in HTML without errors, otherwise they will not work. Broken links are called “broken” in computer slang.

home page Google

Here: element

home page Google

contains a nested element

Google

Absolute hyperlinks

protocol://domain name/path to file

An example of an address for a search engine common in America: https://aol.com - absolute, since it contains the domain name.com.

Absolute hyperlinks are used to navigate to pages on other sites or to access resources located on another server. The transition is carried out using Internet protocols. Protocols are not the topic of this article, but since they are involved in creating hyperlinks, it is necessary to at least briefly mention them:

  • http And https - most common; they are used to navigate between Internet pages of different sites;
  • ftp - protocol for uploading files to the server or downloading by the user from the site;
  • mailto - a mail protocol that sends email directly from the site without entering personal mail.

There are several other special-purpose protocols (gopher, telnet), which are quite rare, the use of which requires special knowledge in programming or system administration.

Relative hyperlinks

With relative addressing, the use of hyperlinks in HTML serves to navigate within the resource and does not lead beyond its boundaries. If the page is so large that a vertical scroll bar works, sometimes very long, as, for example, in dictionaries, then it is very convenient and advisable to use relative links to quickly jump to the desired letter.

When creating an online dictionary, the programmer places the alphabet at the beginning of the page, and if it were not for the use of links, the user would have to turn the mouse wheel for a very long time to get to the letter “I”.

Go to letter I

Where ya called anchor, A Go to letter I- destination anchor. To display anchors correctly, it is recommended to use Latin letters and numbers, so you should not write “I”, although it would be clearer.

Now, in order to transition from the alphabet at the beginning of the page to the letter “I”, you need to anchor the anchor in the place in the HTML document where words starting with the letter “I” begin:

letter I

there is a hash sign in front of the anchor, without which the transition to the letter will not work.

Relative addressing when creating a site

A convenient and most generally accepted algorithm for creating a website by a programmer:

  • creating a folder on your computer and placing it in a quick access location for convenience;
  • creating the main folder in this folder;
  • creation of secondary web pages (index.html/page2);
  • and placement of graphic files in it;
  • creating a folder and placing other objects in it (files for downloading, for example);
  • filling the site with content;
  • hosting site files.

You will definitely have to use links to connect between site elements, and it will be very useful to know how to insert a hyperlink in HTML to another page of the same site. If the site files are located in the same directory, on the same server, then there is no need to use absolute addressing. When transferring site files to the hosting, the connection between the objects will be preserved, because they will also be placed in the same directory on the hosting.

Let's say a programmer has created the main page of the site, index.html, which has a link to another page, page2.html, decorated with an img.png image. Then the relative path to this image will look like this:

picture

Tip: When studying this topic, it is best to use a simple text editor because you need to gain skill in correctly writing jump addresses and to learn how to understand other people's code. At this stage, a good result without errors will be a written hyperlink in a notepad,HTML does not forgive them and produces errors.

Methods for following hyperlinks

By default, a new page opens in the current browser window when the user clicks on a hyperlink. But a web programmer can change the default value and force the page to open, for example, in a new window. There is an attribute for this target with a certain meaning. This can be most clearly expressed in a table.

Attribute syntax target:

Google home page

The Google home page will open in a new window.

Note: to open pages in a new tab, there are no values ​​for this attribute, but is set by the user himself in the browser settings.

Hyperlink color

An experienced Internet user should have noticed over time that hyperlinks are a different color from the surrounding text, and they are usually blue. Links that he followed and then returned to the previous page turn purple. The use of hyperlinks in HTML in a non-standard color scheme is small, but makes the site stand out from the rest.

Set the colors of links in the tag using attributes and their values, in which the HTML color appears in the rgb system (#00FF00) or with a direct indication of the color name (“green”). There are three types of attributes for links:

  • link — sets the color of an unvisited link;
  • vlink - sets the color of the link that the user has already followed;
  • alink - sets the color of the link at the time of transition to another page. This happens quickly, so it is not always possible to catch this effect.

Markup example:

If you apply these attributes in a tag , links to this web document will be dark blue, visited links will be purple, and active links will be orange-red.

Graphic hyperlinks

The progress and development of web design requires you to know how to insert a hyperlink in HTML as an image. It is clear that the image must correspond to the content of the destination page. For example, the main page of a site about medicinal plants can be presented in the form of photographs of plants, by clicking on which the user will be redirected to a page that describes the medicinal properties of the plant.

A widely used method for replacing static buttons ( ) to beautiful graphics created by a web designer in graphics editors (GIMP, Photoshop).

To insert graphics as hyperlinks to site pages, the same syntax is used, but instead of text, an image insert tag is used according to HTML rules:

The same applies to the attributes for setting alternative text, width, height, and others.

Calls from the site

The html5 standard has expanded the functionality of using the Internet, and now you can make calls not only from your phone, but directly from the website. You can also use hyperlinks in an HTML document for this purpose, and they have the following syntax:

...subscriber...

Instead of the word “subscriber”, a contact that is understandable to the caller is written, as in a phone book. You can also place a graphic file (photo of the subscriber).

In order for calls to be made from the site, it is necessary to have not only a link to the subscriber’s phone number, but also a headset (microphone, headphones), a VoIP program installed on the computer, and the Internet speed must exceed 0.5 Mb/sec. Payment for calls is carried out by traffic consumption. Therefore, if the Internet is unlimited, then calls are free.

The Ethics of Creating Hyperlinks

When placing a website on the Internet, a webmaster must know what types of hyperlinks exist in HTML, and not only apply them correctly and professionally, but also adhere to the following provisions:

  • The hyperlink should be clearly visible and distinct from the surrounding text. The user must know that this is a hyperlink.
  • It should be clear to the user where he will go when he clicks on the link. For this it is advisable to use another attribute title, which succinctly describes the transition page. The syntax for using the attribute is:

Yandex

  • The user must receive true information about the file that will be downloaded when clicking on the link.

If the user lands on a page that is not the one he expected or downloads the wrong file, in 99% of cases the user will immediately leave the site and will never visit it in the future.

Anti-Seo when creating hyperlinks

In addition to the technical side of the question of how to insert a hyperlink into HTML, the moral aspect should also be covered. There are many sites that users are blocked from accessing by security programs (antivirus) or even by the government. These are the sites that were created by dishonest web programmers.

One of the tricks they resort to is inserting "invisible" hyperlinks into a web page. Fraudsters know how to create a hyperlink in HTML, and use attributes to remove the underline of the link and assign it the color of the surrounding text so that the average user does not see it. And with the help of other web technology tools (CSS, JavaScript, PHP) you can program their behavior. For example, the JavaScript OnMouseOver event triggers an action on a web page element. When a user hovers over an invisible link, they are taken to an advertising page on another site. Or even worse, when there is an invisible link to the file and unnecessary software begins to be downloaded and installed on his computer. Usually these are viruses that change the browser’s home page, clutter the hard drive with a lot of programs, and so on.

Soon such sites will end up on the “black list” of virus databases, security systems and among Internet users themselves. Such sites do not last long, and they have to change their names, endlessly migrate across the Internet, changing host providers. This does not contribute to the promotion of the site, which is what its creator always strives for, and will never make it a mega-portal, such as, for example, social networks. Among other things, such tricks cause a lot of negative emotions in people affected by these actions.

External style sheets

Now imagine that you are creating a website with a dozen pages and each page must have a style sheet that specifies its design. As we said earlier, all pages of one site often look the same, which means that similar style sheets are used to design them. Most often, a site has only one style sheet that describes all its elements. To avoid duplicating this entire table between tags on each Web page, it can be placed in a separate file with the extension .css and connect to the HTML document if necessary. These style sheets are called external style sheets.

The advantage of external tables is that, once loaded, the browser caches the information and, when downloaded again, takes it not from the Web server, but from the local disk. Thus, when loading Web site pages with one style sheet, we save on the loading time of the external style sheet, i.e. file containing it .css. The second advantage is again the ease of editing such pages. It is enough to correct the element's design style in one place - in the file containing the style sheet, and on all HTML pages that use these styles, the appearance of the elements will change.

As you already know, an empty LINK element is used for these purposes, which is located in the head section. Let's look at an example when we need to connect a style sheet located in a file to an HTML document style.css.


According to the HTML specification, website authors can connect several external tables to one document. They can complement each other, then the cascading principle is used to determine the properties of objects. It comes into effect if several tables have a description for the same element.

Tables can be compiled in such a way that they are mutually exclusive of each other, in which case they are called alternative, i.e. the user can choose which table to use. For example, to display on devices with limited width, you can use smaller fonts. And for people with impaired vision, you can, on the contrary, increase the font sizes and arrange this in the form of a separate style sheet. The author has the opportunity to indicate which of the tables is preferable. The description and purpose of each style sheet is specified in the title attribute. This would be convenient: you go to the site, see what style sheets have been written for it, select the most suitable one for yourself and use it. But to do this, browsers must provide the ability to select your preferred style sheet.

Only browsers provide this choice. Netscape version 6.x(And Mozilla respectively), Opera 5 and older. They provide the ability to increase the font size, even if it is set in pixels. So, in fact, alternative style sheets are not needed. Internet Explorer, although the most common browser, does not provide such an opportunity. It allows you to increase the font size only if the font is specified using keywords or using standard HTML language sizes, i.e. numbers from 1 to 7. This is probably why developers do not write several alternative tables.

Now let's return to the LINK element. A

tribute href must be present and contain as a value the URL of the style sheet to be connected.

Attribute rel indicates how the included file relates to the given HTML document. To add a main stylesheet, use the stylesheet value, with the description in the attribute title no need to ask. To enable the user to select the user's preferred table from among many alternative tables, specify the attribute rel="stylesheet" and set its description in the attribute title. To specify an alternative style sheet, set the attribute rel="alternate stylesheet" and description in attribute title.

Here are some examples:

This line includes an alternative style sheet with a smaller font size, the table is stored in the file small-font.css.

Using this line, an alternative style sheet with the largest font size is connected, the table is stored in a file big-font.css.

The last line specifies the main style sheet, which is used by default.

Attribute type tells the browser what language the style sheet is written in, and allows it not to be downloaded to the computer if this language is not supported by the browser.

Importing style sheets

There is another way to include a style sheet stored in a separate file into an HTML document. This is done using a special directive @import in the following way.

In this case, all entries in tables made inside the document are merged with the imported table from the style.css file. Conflict situations are resolved using a cascading mechanism.

It should be noted that the directive @import does not support browser Netscape Navigator 4.0, but it is installed on no more than 0.1% of Internet users, so they can be neglected.

How to hide style information from the browser

To hide style information from older browsers that do not support the element STYLE(in fairness, it should be noted that there are practically no more of them left), you can use the same thing as when hiding the script code - comments:

Unfamiliar tags are simply ignored by the browser, and style descriptions placed inside an HTML comment will also not be displayed.

AND . Markup is also used here.

CSS footnotes

There is no need to number CSS footnotes. This is done using a numbered list and a CSS counter. HTML5 markup is also used here.

  1. ↩ According to w3.org next to the item
  2. , located inside the list
      , the browser must enter a serial number.
    1. ↩ The CSS counter determines the tag's ordinal number within the specified parent, and the pseudo-element displays this number.
    2. ↩ Tag
      can be used more than once on a page, and
    3. may not have a closing tag.

HTML tags for abbreviation (shortened word) and definition (unclear word)



Example

An easier way is only in HTML.

  1. Elements have individual ids. It cannot have the same value for two or more tags. A link with a hash (#) will not only open the specified page (if there is nothing before the #, then the current page), but will also scroll it to the requested element id (what is indicated after the #). You can find out more details and.

Easier way using HTML only .