Cases when search and rescue operations are carried out. Carrying out search and rescue operations (SRP). Movement on ice

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Introduction
1. Initial collection of information
2. Methods of searching for victims in taiga conditions
3. Analysis of the organization of search and rescue operations
4. Training of rescuers to conduct RPS in the natural environment
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that one of the most dangerous emergency incidents, of course, is the disappearance of a person while driving through the taiga area.

The organization of work to search for a missing person can be further complicated by the fact that a person can disappear not only as a result of some accident or misunderstanding, but also as a result of his own desire to leave the team. Therefore, when organizing search operations, it is necessary to take into account all possible versions.

As a rule, the search for a group that has not returned from a one-day route must begin no later than 12 hours; for a multi-day route, no later than 24 hours after the expiration of the return deadline. Search and rescue managers must clearly understand that these activities should not lead to loss or injury to other people. Otherwise, it will be necessary to divert forces and resources (always limited) to assist the “rescuers” themselves, which will inevitably reduce the chances of PR success.

The object of the study is the organization of search and rescue operations in taiga conditions.

The subject of the research is search and rescue work in taiga conditions.

The purpose of the work is to study the tactics and methods of search and rescue operations in taiga conditions.

Research objectives:

Study the process of initial information collection;

Study the formation of search groups, determination of the search area;

Consider the procedure for conducting search and rescue operations in taiga conditions;

Analyze the process of training rescuers.

1. Initial collection of information

The main causes of accidents in mountain taiga areas are:

lack of basic knowledge of orienteering in mountain taiga areas;

ignorance of the simplest survival methods;

reassessment of one's capabilities.

Initially, to conduct a competent and effective search in the shortest possible time, it is necessary to meet two key conditions, the fulfillment of which directly affects the final result:

1. A survey of relatives to collect information must be carried out by an employee of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, who in the future will be the head of the search, has sufficient experience and has an idea of the picture of the upcoming work. This eliminates loss and distortion of information when transferring it to another person. Facts that are insignificant at first glance and are lost during transmission can affect the entire course of the search operation. All information should be concentrated in one head. Replacing the supervisor during work is strongly not recommended.

2. The employee of the Ministry of Emergency Situations who manages the collection of information must find informants who are best informed about the incident. As a rule, close relatives of the missing person turn for help, who often have a vague idea of where he went and for how long. The survey in this case does not bring any benefit.

To comply with these conditions, the following algorithm of actions is preferable:

1. When a signal is received, the dispatcher (operational duty officer) of the Ministry of Emergency Situations unit finds out:

Last name, first name, patronymic of the person who applied, his relationship to the missing person;

Feedback channel;

Place of disappearance;

The date and time of the disappearance, the deadline by which the missing person was going to return;

State of health of the missing person.

2. Transmits information to the appropriate boss, who appoints a search leader;

3. The search leader begins further collection of information.

Information collection includes:

1. Compiling a list of informants, which can be expanded in the future;

2. Interview (preferably independent) of each informant. It is possible to conduct a survey by telephone;

3. Collection of information from additional sources.

The search director must personally fill out the form and in no case give it to the informant to fill out.

It should be remembered that the form is only the dotted line of conducting a survey and the main tool in conducting it should be the experience of the interviewer and his common sense.

Also, information collection can be carried out from additional sources; it implies obtaining the necessary information from people familiar with the search area. It can be:

1. Local police officers;

2. Local forestry workers;

3. Geological workers, etc. organizations, employees of military units located in a given area;

4. Experienced hunters and fishermen familiar with the area.

Simultaneously with the collection of information, the search manager notifies the specified persons and determines a channel of communication with them. Before the active search phase begins, all possible channels for collecting information by telephone, radio, etc. should be used. The use of the media is recommended, especially in urgent cases. Gathering information using communications is much more effective than forced marches across poorly visible terrain. It should be remembered that in the search area there are usually citizens, the number of whom is often much greater than the number of rescuers who specifically go out to conduct searches. These people can accidentally become key witnesses and minimize the cost of effort and time.

2. Methods of searching for victims in taiga conditions

There are two search methods:

Ground;

Aerial using aircraft.

Ground searches are divided into searches based on tracks and area searches.

Footprint searches are carried out when there are traces of the missing person on the snow or ground and are rarely used, since in forest conditions the footprints most often cannot be reliably identified. Individual traces found can serve as evidence indicating the presence of the missing person in a given place. If there is a stable chain of traces, the group leader should move along it, sending one person within sight to his right, and one to his left. Such tactics make it possible to identify the wanderings of the missing person and catch sharp changes in the direction of his movement in time, which reduces the search time.

As a type of trail search, search using dogs is used. The use of the method is limited to the short period of time during which the odor persists.

Three methods are used for area searches:

Search by local landmarks;

Search by squares;

Search by combing.

Searching by local landmarks is the most common method and is used when the search area is large and there are a small number of participants. This method is based on the assumption that a lost person, having reached a linear landmark, will move along it. The search leader divides the participants into groups of one or two people and each group determines a route tied to linear landmarks with visits to point landmarks.

Linear landmarks include roads, paths, clearings, banks of rivers, large lakes, etc.; point landmarks include huts, small lakes, etc. It is highly recommended that each participant have a VHF radio.

Search by squares is used when the number of participants is sufficient to cover the entire area defined by the RP in one or several operational periods with an interval of 100-300 m. The RP divides the area into squares with a side of 100-300 m and each group determines a list of squares that should be visited in this operating period. The group leader chooses the route himself, the main thing is that it goes through all the designated squares. Be sure to visit all local landmarks along the route. While moving, search participants shout from time to time to attract the attention of the missing person. For 4 hours of direct searching, one participant accounts for 0.5-2 sq. km of the surveyed area. The group usually consists of 2 people, who can disperse at a distance of a voice or more if there are VHF radio stations. search rescue taiga organization

Combing search is used to search for children, bodies of the dead, and individual silent objects. Participants line up along a linear landmark with a distance between people, usually at a line of sight distance. On the right and left flanks are the most experienced specialists - rescuers, rangers, etc. with VHF radio stations. The size of an individual chain is no more than 30 people. With a larger number of people, the chain is destroyed and a good quality survey of the area is not obtained; in addition, changing lanes is difficult. The group leader with a VHF radio station takes a position in the center or on one of the flanks. At his command, the chain begins to move, usually perpendicular to the landmark and moves to another linear landmark. The direction of movement is determined by the participants on the flanks. The length of one tack should not exceed 2 km, otherwise the chain is destroyed. If there are inexperienced participants in the chain, the terrain is difficult or there are other complicating factors, the tack length is reduced to 500-1000 meters. A tack length of more than 2 km is established if there are no more than 5 experienced participants in the chain. At the end of the tack, the chain moves and, on command, begins to move in the opposite direction. For one participant at a distance of 20 m in 4 hours of work there is 0.1-0.2 square meters. km of the surveyed area.

When conducting ground searches, you should make maximum use of available vehicles - cars, all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, motor boats, etc. Even using a bicycle when driving along forest roads and trails can significantly increase work efficiency.

Conducting searches in the dark is allowed only in urgent cases - searching for people with illnesses, children, pregnant women, etc. When searching for stationary, silent objects in the dark, it is recommended to use flashlights with red filters, since such lighting does not deteriorate the eyes' adaptation to darkness.

Air searches are used when it is necessary to quickly survey a large search area or an area located at a considerable distance from roads. When examining a forest area, the density of tree crowns and the presence of open spaces are of great importance. In addition, the result is influenced by the behavior of the missing person - whether he will attract attention to himself or hide. Children and people with mental disorders can hide. In most cases, the missing person simply does not realize that the helicopter is looking for him and does not identify himself in any way.

Spiral and tack search methods are used.

When searching in a spiral, an aircraft (usually a helicopter) upon reaching the PIP or center begins to describe circles in an unwinding spiral.

When searching on tacks, the aircraft moves from border to border of the search area on parallel tacks. The strip width varies from 50-100 m at a flight altitude of 50 m when surveying dense forest to 300-400 m at a flight altitude of 200 m when surveying open areas. During an hour of flight, the surveyed area will be from 10 to 60 square meters. km, which is equivalent to the work of 30 to 180 ground search participants for an hour. Before the aircraft takes off, the head of the search and rescue team on board must agree with the crew commander what to do in the event of a missing person being discovered and the helicopter being unable to land. As an option, targeting the missing person with a ground team or landing rescuers may be considered.

3. Analysis of the organization of search and rescue operations

When conducting ground searches, the camp should be located as close as possible to the center of the search area in order to reduce the time and effort spent on the approach and departure of groups. At the same time, it should be placed near the road to minimize pedestrian drop-off of equipment and make it easier for groups to return. It is advisable to have a water source near the camp.

It is possible to organize several camps.

The camp must be equipped with means of radio or telephone communication with the outside world.

The camp must provide the opportunity for proper rest for search participants, in particular:

Protection from cold;

Protection from precipitation;

Protection from blood-sucking insects;

Ability to prepare food;

Possibility to dry things.

The list of individual equipment for a search participant in taiga terrain includes the following items:

2. Map of the search area with the designated camp position

7. VHF radio station

8. Raincoat or rain cape

9. Repellent

10. Rubber boots

11. Dress according to the weather

12. Some products

2. Map of the search area with a designated camp

4. Matches in waterproof packaging

5. Individual dressing package

7. VHF radio station

8. Forest or touring skis included

9. Dress for the weather

10. Warm jacket

11. Some products

For a few days:

13. Sleeping bag

14. Tourist mat

15. Extra warm clothes

16. Mug, spoon, bowl

17. Hygiene products.

The list of group equipment for search participants in taiga terrain includes the following items:

1. Radio station

2. Honey first aid kit

3. Tent

4. Cooking boilers

5. Ax, saw

6. Food

7. Means of transporting the victim.

Food preparation should be done centrally. This is usually done by a person who remains in the camp as a guard. If the number of participants is small, these functions can also be performed by the head of the search and rescue group. Search participants work more actively on the route if they know that a hot lunch (dinner) awaits them in the camp and they will not need to cook food themselves. To reduce unproductive expenditure of effort and time, the maximum number of responsibilities should be removed from the participants and delivery should be organized as close as possible to the search site by car or other transport.

If the search lasts more than a day, it must be possible to recharge the batteries of radio stations, flashlights, etc., i.e. In the absence of a stationary electrical network, the camp must have a small autonomous generating set.

The optimal duration of one operational period and, accordingly, the work time of the search and rescue group is 4 hours, after which the participants rest, and the search leader, using the data obtained, draws up a plan for the next period. In our conditions, the most common search duration is 8-12 hours, after which they are suspended for the night and the next stage begins in the morning. Thus, the operating period takes 24 hours.

The search leader, when the number of participants is more than 7 people and the duration of more than one operational period, should be at the base and focus on analyzing incoming information, planning and coordination. The search leader must have radio or telephone contact with the main base (search coordinator). It is highly desirable to have contact with group leaders.

The search coordinator should be responsible for attracting resources.

The number of people and equipment at the RP’s disposal never allows them to effectively cover the entire area, so he must distribute them so that the most likely locations of the missing person are examined. For the first operational period, the radius of the inspected territory, as a rule, does not exceed 2-3, up to 5 km.

At the beginning of each operational period, the RP personally instructs team leaders to complete assigned tasks. A written description of the task in the form of a route on a map or a verbal description is desirable. Each group is given a target date for return.

When dividing a group while moving, its leader, in case of lack of communication, sets a meeting place and the period of time during which the group must gather. Participants who do not meet the deadline must return to camp. A participant who lags behind the group and loses contact with it must also return to the camp, and the group must complete the task.

The head of the search and rescue group enters all incoming information into the operational log and records it on the map for further analysis.

When going on a mission, participants must minimize the weight of things they carry with them (Appendix 2) and not take anything unnecessary. Reducing the weight of the carried load by 2 times increases the speed and productivity of the group by 1.5-2 times. Conducting a search with a group carrying bivouac equipment is not recommended, since participants quickly get tired and lose attention, which negatively affects the results. Spending the night in the open air is also not recommended, so the leader should provide for the group to return to the camp. Hunting and haying huts located in the forest are often used for overnight stays.

Experience shows that the normal organization of searches largely depends on the discipline and experience of the participants. It is not recommended to use soldiers and people who do not know the forest well. The leader of a search and rescue team must be prepared for the fact that a task given to a group of strangers will not be completed at all or that other work will be performed. Volunteers may not calculate their strength, or, after consulting, decide that the head of the search and rescue group is wrong and should look in a completely different place. Such chaos is inevitable when volunteers work independently, so each group must have at least one full-time rescuer.

When organizing work, the RP may be faced with an extremely tense emotional environment created by the relatives of the missing person and other interested parties who demand that the work be carried out only as they wish. In this case, the head of the search and rescue team must rely solely on objective data and ignore the demands of incompetent persons.

In addition, all kinds of mutual accusations and attempts to find someone to blame, and the spread of rumors and speculation by interested parties are possible. The search and rescue team leader must, in such a situation, question and verify any information brought to him.

If a missing person is discovered, it is often necessary to transport him to a medical facility. The best means of transportation is a helicopter. For transportation on foot in summer, a group of 8-12 people is required. A smaller number of people leads to rapid fatigue of those carrying the victim, and is allowed at a distance of up to 3-4 km; a larger number of participants leads to delays along the way. In winter, when using special drags, 3-6 people are enough. The work manager must organize transportation in such a way as to deliver the victim to the hospital in the shortest possible time. Often the optimal method of transportation is rafting on a rubber boat or other watercraft with the victim along the river. When transporting over difficult terrain and the presence of water barriers and other obstacles along the way, a leading group moves ahead of the main group, organizing crossings and removing obstacles. The leader moves in the main group and maintains contact with the leading group via VHF communication.

At the end of the search work, the RP draws up a report in the established form with justification and description of the work performed.

4. Training of rescuers to conduct RPS in the natural environment

Any search and rescue unit has an approved annual plan for allocating time by subject and month of training, as well as a schedule for training camps, a plan for retraining and advanced training, etc. materials.

Basically, the educational process of training rescuers to conduct search and rescue operations in the taiga area is organized in accordance with these documents, but there are also deviations in the form of additional hours and training topics.

The basics of training a competent rescuer include the presence of such skills as V.V. Klimets. Training of rescuers for search and rescue operations in the natural environment // Civil Safety Technologies. No. 2, 2007. - P. 97. :

Proper packing of a backpack for long treks;

Making fires, including during rain and wind;

Installation of tents of various designs (including in the snow and during strong winds);

Selection and fitting of personal equipment (clothing, shoes, safety nets, bivouac);

Knowledge and ability to tie knots (requirements: knit confidently, without hesitation in the dark and in awkward positions);

Climbing and descending ropes in various ways;

Basics of terrain orientation.

Improving the knowledge of search and rescue team employees is carried out in three main areas:

Practical training directly at the base location and surrounding areas;

On-site training camps;

Competitions of various ranks.

To improve walking technology in the warm season and skiing technology in the winter, methods of movement and overcoming obstacles are developed - steep slopes, ravines, rocky areas, water obstacles. Rescuers gain especially useful skills in the winter when moving across the mountainous terrain on skis.

After mastering movement skills, the technique of transporting victims over the same obstacles is developed in various ways, including making stretchers from improvised means.

For rescuers, training must be constantly organized in orientation, making temporary shelters and shelters, making fires in difficult conditions (wind, precipitation, limited number or complete absence of matches) and overcoming other possible difficulties.

In winter, rescuers train to build shelters in the snow, and closer to spring, when the snow thickens, they build igloos and the rescuers take turns (and of course, under supervision) try to spend the night in them.

The most effective type of practicing practical skills is training camps. Educational and training camps are conducted by a team for mountain-taiga, water, and speleological training.

An important professional skill for rescuers is terrain orientation. Orientation is the ability to determine one’s location relative to the sides of the horizon: North (Af), South (5), East (ABOUT), West (IV). Orientation can be carried out using a compass, celestial bodies, stars, surrounding objects, local features, and topographic maps.

In some cases, it is not possible to determine the sides of the horizon (dense fog, snowfall, reeds, night, mountains); then the azimuth motion method is used. Azimuth is the angle measured clockwise from the north direction of the meridian to the direction of movement.

Rescuers must be able to navigate the terrain using topographic maps. A topographic map is information printed in detail on paper using symbols. Using a topographic map, you can study and evaluate the terrain, determine distances, areas, steepness of slopes, heights of points, and carry out orientation Radoutskny, V.Yu. Organization and conduct of emergency rescue operations: textbook, manual / V.Yu. Radoutsky, V.P. Poluyanov; edited by V.Yu. Radoutsky. - Belgorod: BSTU Publishing House, 2010. - P. 72. .

To carry out orientation using a topographic map, everything must be oriented relative to the sides of the horizon. The map can be oriented using a compass or relative to local landmarks. After carrying out this work and determining their location on the map, rescuers map out a route and select main landmarks. While driving, you need to be especially careful about following the route correctly. When driving at night, noticeable landmarks that are close to each other are selected. If you are in doubt about the correct movement, you should constantly clarify your location by checking the map with the terrain.

Direct mountain-taiga training is carried out in difficult, rugged, sparsely populated areas and every year in different areas. The forms of implementation also differ. For example, rescuers are given a map with a designated route, ranging from 15 to 25 km. At the end point there is a conditional “victim” who needs to be transported to a populated area or highway. According to the introductory conditions, transportation by helicopter is impossible due to weather conditions, but rescuers are required to select and prepare a site for receiving the helicopter. Simply long 2-3-day treks over difficult rough terrain are possible, and the route is not indicated, but only the starting and ending points are given. The choice of route is up to the rescuers. This form of training camp is practiced in late autumn, when the transition along the route and setting up bivouacs is complicated by weather conditions. In addition to the direct training task of the training camp, rescuers are given the opportunity to study and master “with their own feet” a new area of responsibility.

Conclusion

To effectively conduct search and rescue operations in taiga areas, you need to have very good skills in moving over difficult terrain, be able to navigate unfamiliar terrain, and know at least the basics of survival.

A signal about the disappearance of a person usually comes from his relatives and other interested parties the next day or the day after the disappearance, although there are often cases when the waiting period is several days or even weeks.

Initially, in order to conduct a competent and effective search in the shortest possible time, two key conditions must be met, the fulfillment of which directly affects the final result: an employee of the Ministry of Emergency Situations department must conduct a survey of relatives to collect information; it is necessary to find informants who are best informed about the incident.

When conducting a survey, the interviewer must have in front of him a map of the extinction area at a scale of 1:100,000 or more detailed.

It should be remembered that there are usually citizens in the search area, the number of whom is often much greater than the number of rescuers. These people can accidentally become key witnesses and minimize the cost of effort and time.

Two search methods are used: ground, air using aircraft. Ground searches are divided into searches based on tracks and area searches.

When conducting ground searches, maximum use should be made of available vehicles.

Air searches are used when it is necessary to quickly survey a large search area or an area located at a considerable distance from roads.

Groups are usually deployed to the search area by road or air transport.

When conducting ground searches, the camp should be located as close as possible to the center of the search area in order to reduce the time and effort spent on the approach and departure of groups. The camp must provide the opportunity for proper rest for search participants.

The optimal duration of one operational period and, accordingly, the operating time of the search and rescue group is 4 hours.

The normal organization of searches largely depends on the discipline and experience of the participants. It is not recommended to use soldiers and people who do not know the forest well.

Destructive conflicts during search operations are unacceptable. The RP has the right to exclude conflicting parties from the list of participants and remove them from the camp and from the place of work.

Regardless of the result, the search work sooner or later comes to an end. In one case, the missing person leaves the forest on his own (approximately 80-85% of all cases), in the second, he is found (up to 10%). In the third case, the search does not bring results, and the head of the search and rescue group is forced to stop the work by a strong-willed decision. There is no clear boundary that serves as a signal for the completion of work; theoretically, you can search for a missing person for years. There are also no official regulations. In some cases (for example, when an aircraft disappears), searches can continue for weeks. The decision is influenced by factors such as persistence, interest of individuals, their influence, public opinion, etc.

To facilitate decision-making, the following scheme can be proposed: the head of the search and rescue group sets a specific scope of work for one or several operational periods, and in the absence of additional information about the missing person, stops the search at the end of them. When new significant information appears, work continues (resumes).

Bibliography

1. Klimets V.V. Training of rescuers for search and rescue operations in the natural environment // Civil Safety Technologies. 2007. No. 2. pp. 96-99.

2. Radoutsky V.Yu. Organization and conduct of emergency rescue operations: textbook, manual / V.Yu. Radoutsky, V.P. Poluyanov; edited by V.Yu. Radoutsky. - Belgorod: BSTU Publishing House, 2010. - 156 p.

3. Kharisov G.Kh., Kalaidov A.N., Firsov A.V. Organization and conduct of emergency rescue operations. Textbook allowance. - M.: Academy of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2011. - 271 p.

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When is the help of search and rescue teams required?

The most common situations when emergency organization of search work and rescue activities is required:

Explosions
Collapses
Fires
Building collapses
Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes
Floods
Earthquakes
Landslides, avalanches
Chemical and radiation releases

Requirements for organizing search and rescue operations

The most important aspects of organizing search operations, on which the success of the entire operation will depend, are the clear work of the head of the civil defense at the scene of the incident, the professionalism of the rescue and search unit, the coherence of actions and the level of training of its participants, the speed of response of management bodies and the emergency commission. The order, types, volumes, and methods of work of search teams depend on the conditions, the current situation at the emergency site, the nature of existing damage, the radius of action and a number of other factors that must be taken into account when organizing search work.

The organization of search work includes eliminating the consequences of an emergency, the actions associated with which depend on the type of incident, searching for missing people, evacuation, and providing emergency assistance to victims. At the same time, the work of search teams should be based on the priority principles of conducting the operation established by law. The most important requirement for units that can conduct search and rescue operations is the readiness to quickly respond to an emergency in order to immediately begin liquidation. During the course of their work, rescuers will be required to be able to determine the degree of advantage of tasks aimed at saving human life, sound assessment of risks and safety, justification of steps during work, and subordination to the team leader. No one has the right to interfere with the decisions of the commander of the search teams until he is removed from his duties. They must be observed not only by members of the rescue forces, but also by citizens who find themselves in danger.

Organization of search and rescue operations

The general search algorithm looks something like this:

The main organizational actions of search and rescue operations include:

Notifying local authorities, the population or workers if there is an emergency at the enterprise
Reconnaissance of the situation at the emergency site
Assessing the situation and deciding on further actions
Appointment of managers and formation of rescue teams at sites
Organization of stages, order, methods of work, interaction of groups
Determining the most dangerous areas
Localization of the people search area
Providing passage or approach to the accident site
Preparation of sites for mechanized equipment and installations
Restricting access of unauthorized persons to dangerous areas
Providing medical care and transportation for victims
Providing internal communications and ways to transmit information outside the scene of the incident

A specific feature of search and rescue operations is the shortness of time, urgency of response and coherence of execution, since people’s lives depend on this, and in some cases, for example, in case of fires, chemical releases, explosions, destruction, floods, there is also the prevention of the spread of disaster and the great losses associated with it. Also, in the event of damage to utility connections, it is necessary to restore their functionality as quickly as possible.

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Rules for organizing and conducting search and rescue operations in an unbreathable environment

General provisions

Occupational Safety and Health

General provisions

emergency rescue liquidation destroyed

Emergency rescue operations (ASR), associated with firefighting, are military operations to save people and provide first aid to victims, as well as evacuate property.

ASRs are characterized by a large volume and limited time for their implementation, the complexity of the situation and the utmost strain on the forces of all personnel. They are carried out continuously day and night, in any weather, until the situation stabilizes. This is ensured by the high combat readiness of the units, high training and psychological resilience, stable and continuous control of the units and attached formations and their comprehensive support.

ASR includes:

Search for victims and extract them from damaged and burning buildings, gas-filled, smoke-filled and flooded premises or rubble;

Opening destroyed, damaged or littered premises and rescuing people in them;

Supplying air to blocked rooms to ensure the lives of the people there;

Providing first aid to victims

in case of fire;

Organization of evacuation of material assets from the danger zone;

strengthening and collapse of structures of buildings and structures that threaten collapse and impede the safe performance of work.

Elimination of consequences of destruction

As a result of the destruction of urban and industrial buildings, victims need medical care and cannot independently get out of the destroyed buildings and structures without outside help. People in crowded rooms may need an urgent supply of fresh air.

When carrying out rescue operations it is necessary

Conduct a reconnaissance of the scene of the incident and assess the situation

Prepare work sites for installation of machines and mechanisms

Disconnect utilities from the building, primarily gas and electricity

Conduct search and rescue of people located on the remaining parts of the building, in voids and on the surface of the rubble

Lay channels or break through tunnels to supply oxygen to people buried under the rubble

Dismantle the rubble in front of the entrance (floor or wall) of the building

Punch openings in the wall or ceiling.

When conducting combat operations it is necessary:

The location and method of carrying out the work must be determined in each specific case based on reconnaissance data, depending on the type of building, its condition, the nature of the blockage and the available mechanization means;

Assess the situation, establish the type of building, its design features, dimensions and area. When assessing the situation, take into account the season of the year, time of day, weather conditions and other factors that may have a significant impact on the conduct of PASR;

Simultaneously with reconnaissance, lay hose lines with manual monitors to protect people working on the rubble from fire. The trunks can be used on aerial ladders and lifts;

Personnel involved in reconnaissance and searching for people should pay attention to the smell of gas and if they are seen working in RPE, move extremely carefully so as not to cause an explosion from sudden contact with metal and stone surfaces;

Shut off emergency utility and power networks near the destroyed building (structure), pump out or drain water, localize or eliminate existing fires;

Strengthen or destroy building structures that threaten to collapse using available technical means;

Constantly monitor the composition of the air at the accident site, using environmental monitoring devices (oxygen content, toxic and explosive components, heat flux density), etc.

In case of small rubble, consisting mainly of small fragments, it is possible to carry out work manually using the simplest tools and small-scale mechanization;

Personnel working to clear debris must be equipped with hand and mechanized tools. For every 2-3 links there should be one device for cutting metal. Units must be equipped with fire extinguishers, sets of protective clothing, personal protective equipment, and dosimeters.

When working, it is necessary to strictly observe labor safety measures:

Constantly monitor surviving structures;

It is prohibited to collapse structures onto an existing rubble, as this can lead to the death of people remaining in the rubble, cause an explosion or fire;

Dangerous areas must be fenced or marked with signs;

Minimize walking on the rubble; move through the pile of debris carefully, avoiding stepping on debris that is in an unstable position;

Remove debris from the rubble and pass the necessary tools along a chain of stationary rescuers;

You must not move or park vehicles on the floors of structures near walls and structures that threaten to collapse;

Monitor the roll of the machine and, if there is a threat of loss of stability, immediately stop working;

Place wheeled excavators and cranes on outriggers when working;

It is prohibited to pull structures apart using cables during mechanical disassembly. They should be lifted carefully, starting from the top and inspect the place after each lift, so as not to worsen the condition of people under the rubble;

It is forbidden to stand under a raised load in the area of movement of the excavator bucket, near tensioned cables when pulling away the debris elements with the direct pull of the machine;

When working in gas-filled rooms, do not use tools that cause sparks, be sure to de-energize electrical lines, and use only battery-powered flashlights for lighting;

All groups working on the rubble must be under continuous supervision of specially appointed persons responsible for their safety and maintaining contact with the post for monitoring the condition of the surviving building structures;

At night, work areas must be illuminated. Excavations, trenches, pits, etc. Dangerous places must be fenced off and marked with light signals;

In winter, to warm personnel, it is necessary to equip heating points, and during prolonged work, food points.

Rescue of victims from under rubble and partially destroyed buildings

The search and rescue of victims trapped under the rubble of destroyed buildings begins immediately upon the arrival of the units.

It is advisable to search for victims using the method of continuous examination of a destroyed building (structure), moving from each other at a distance that ensures constant visual and auditory communication

It is necessary to thoroughly examine all places where people may be located, using dog handlers and special equipment.

Give loud sound signals at short intervals by voice or blows to the elements of the rubble and the remaining parts of the building, listen carefully to all sounds, as they may turn out to be response signals from the victims.

If there are people under the rubble, you need to, if possible, establish contact with them through negotiations or knocking, find out their number and condition. At the same time, it is necessary to choose a method for clearing the rubble and begin work immediately.

The blockage should be dismantled from above only if the victims are close to the surface of the blockage, as well as in cases where the blockage has a dense structure and tunneling through the gallery requires a lot of time

The rubble above the victims should be dismantled strictly following safety precautions, since if the rubble is unstable and the connection between the fragments is broken, spontaneous movement of individual elements and sediment of the entire mass of the rubble is possible.

Do not allow sudden jerks when removing large elements from the rubble, their rocking and strong impacts at the work site.

Inspect utility lines running close to the work site and if damage is detected on them, accompanied by leakage of water or gas release, immediately disconnect the damaged area

Burning and smoldering objects must be removed from the rubble and extinguished

When digging a gallery through the thickness of a rubble to extract victims, it is necessary to secure the gallery walls with supports made from scrap materials. The gallery fastening structures should extend beyond the dam by 1-2m

To reduce the amount of work, it is necessary to choose the correct direction of excavation over the shortest distance using voids and areas consisting mainly of fragments of wooden structures or small stone fragments.

Work on tunneling the gallery is carried out by a team of 6-7 people. The link is divided into two crews of 3 people. The flight commander is responsible for the execution of work and compliance with safety measures. Calculations take 20-30 minutes. As part of the crew, one is dismantling the rubble, the other two are removing the debris and installing fastenings. The free shift at this time prepares fastening elements. When excavating a gallery, mechanization tools can include winches, jacks, jackhammers, and concrete breakers. The personnel of the units are equipped with tools that are convenient for working in cramped conditions: crowbars, fire axes, small sapper shovels, chisels, hammers, hacksaws for metal and wood, etc. Clothing should be comfortable for working in the rubble. Rescuers must wear protective helmets and must have safety belts with a strong rope attached to them, one end of which must be outside the rubble.

When rescuing victims from the upper floors of buildings with destroyed or damaged stairwells, it is necessary to:

Use helicopters, car lifts, ladder trucks, hand ladders and special means of rescue from heights (ropes, sheets, air bags, etc.)

Manufacture and install suspended or attached stairs, gangways, passages to neighboring apartments or sections in which staircases have been preserved.

Rescue of victims in smoke-filled rooms

The main task of fire departments during a fire is to rescue people whose lives are threatened by fire hazards.

Upon arrival at a fire, the fire department must assess the situation and decide on the need to rescue or evacuate people.

It begins on the route, when some idea of the situation during the fire can be obtained from external signs - the glow or the color of the smoke.

When looking for people in the premises, you need to call out to them. Adults should be looked for at windows, doors, in corridors, i.e., on paths leading to exits from rooms, where they may be unconscious. Children should be looked for in beds, in closets, behind stoves, in closets, bathrooms, under tables, etc., where they often hide during fires.

In smoky rooms, you need to listen for groans, as you can use them to find victims. If there is information about the location of people, but firefighters do not find them there, it is necessary to carefully inspect and check all the premises. It is prohibited to limit oneself to citizens’ statements about the absence of people. The premises are checked in all cases and only after a thorough inspection, making sure that there are no people, this work is stopped.

If there is a threat to people in a fire, then all reconnaissance attention is focused on finding sources of combustion. Open fires are usually easy to detect. To identify the boundaries of open burning, you should inspect the fire site from all sides. It is much more difficult to determine hidden sources of combustion inside structures, where the fire spreads through the voids of walls, partitions, insulated coatings, ventilation ducts, etc. In these cases, it is even more difficult to determine the boundaries of the fire.

Hidden sources of combustion in voids are identified by the temperature of their surface, burnouts, changes in the color of plaster or paint, by hearing, by the release of smoke through leaks or cracks and its temperature. But it is not always possible to accurately determine the source of combustion by the place where smoke emerges from the cracks, since sometimes the smoke, spreading through the voids, comes out at a considerable distance from the place of combustion. Before determining the location of the fire, a control dismantling of the structures is carried out. The boundaries of combustion inside structures and the path of its spread are determined by control openings. Opening structures to find the source of the fire is carried out after preparing extinguishing agents.

In some cases, the storage location can be determined by the smell and color of the smoke.

When reconnaissing a fire in buildings with large surface areas, where distances of 200-300 m have to be covered, it is advisable to divide the room in which the fire occurred into sections and send a reconnaissance group of 4-5 people to each section. In this case, it is necessary to first develop a route for their movement, choosing the shortest distance. Before reconnaissance begins, security posts must be set up that maintain constant contact with reconnaissance groups.

In case of fires in basements, the possibility of spreading combustion to the upper floors, which can be used to release smoke and introduce trunks, is determined, as well as the layout and design features of the basement. Reconnaissance is carried out in the burning compartments of the basement and in those adjacent to it. This is necessary not only to determine the possibility of a fire spreading in them, but also to find approaches to the source of combustion.

If the building is divided by a fire wall, then reconnaissance is carried out on both sides of it.

In case of fires in warehouses, during reconnaissance, substances with unknown properties may be discovered, to determine which it is necessary to contact the Specialists located at the fire sites. If there are none, then the RTP determines the properties of the substances from documents or business designations on packages and containers, as well as from other signs. This is necessary for choosing an extinguishing agent and observing safety precautions.

In smoky rooms, the location of the combustion is determined by the reflection of the flame, the noise of combustion (crackling), and the degree of heating of the smoke. By the smell of smoke you can roughly determine what is burning.

In the attic, if it has a complex layout and is heavily smoked, the combustion boundaries are determined by probing the roof from above,

by escaping flames, places of the most intense smoke emission from under the eaves and dormer windows; in winter - in places where the snow melts. During the reconnaissance, the design features of the attic, the location of the ventilation chambers, and the degree of threat of fire spreading to the floors through the ceilings and fire walls are determined.

Fires in buildings must be reached using the shortest and most convenient routes: through doors, staircases, and corridors. If these paths are cut off by fire or smoke, use window openings, fire escapes, and articulated lifts. In some cases, the premises can be accessed through specially made openings in the walls and partitions. In smoky rooms, you should move along the walls closer to the windows - at full height if the smoke is coming from below, and crouching or crawling if the smoke is at the top. It is imperative to remember the route of movement according to characteristic objects, the number of turns, the layout of the premises, equipment, etc. The travel twine or rescue rope is passed through the carbine of each firefighter who is part of the reconnaissance group. Firefighters in a smoky room or in the dark move in a column one at a time. If at least one scout feels unwell, the group immediately stops work and helps him go out into the fresh air, where he receives assistance. If the reconnaissance was carried out by the GDZS department, then one link provides assistance to the victim, and the other continues to carry out the combat mission.

When working in RPE, the reconnaissance group must have an intercom, group and individual electric lights. A security post is set up before entering a smoke-filled room. The guard is obliged to maintain constant contact with the reconnaissance group and immediately transmit the received information to the RTP, the chief of staff or the head of the fire extinguishing area. The guard has no right to leave his post.

Sometimes a lot of time is spent on reconnaissance, so everyone working in RPE must monitor air consumption. To correctly calculate the air supply, you should adhere to the following order:

upon arrival at the place of work, the firefighter again checks the pressure in the cylinder, determines the air flow and reports it to the squad (unit) commander;

the commander calculates the air supply for the firefighter whose flow rate is maximum, and announces the minimum air pressure in the cylinder at which the unit (department) stops working and begins accessing clean air.

While working in an unbreathable environment, each flight commander must maintain constant contact with the security post and reconnaissance personnel using communications equipment (radio, telephone), intercom wire, track twine, lighting devices, voice, installed signals, and in dense smoke , air-mechanical foam - belay devices made from ropes. When conducting reconnaissance in the subway, multi-story basements, and ship holds, the air supply for the return trip is doubled.

The path of movement is carefully examined by touch with the foot, tapping with a crowbar or other object. On staircases, stick to the walls, as the enclosing railings may be faulty. To avoid burns, doors to rooms are opened carefully, remaining under the protection of the door leaf. When entering a room where combustion is taking place, keep the barrel ready and check whether there are automatic locks on the doors; the door is left open. The rays of light from electric flashlights are directed not deep into the room, but downwards, under the feet, in order to see the path of movement.

Evacuation of people is a forced process of independent movement of people, accompanied by firefighters, from the zone of dangerous fire factors. The procedure and methods of rescue are determined by the RTP and the persons carrying out rescue operations, depending on the situation and the condition of the people.

The presence of a poisonous atmosphere is most likely during fires at facilities associated with the use, production, processing and storage of harmful gases and liquids, as well as substances that can form them when heated or burned. During fire reconnaissance, their presence in the air can be determined by their specific smell, color, taste, and effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract.

When moving on icy roofs and stairs, fire axes and rescue ropes are used for safety; it is necessary to move along the ridge, avoiding steep roof slopes.

In rooms where there are electrical installations under high voltage, pressure devices or explosive, toxic, radioactive substances, reconnaissance is carried out in compliance with the safety rules recommended by the facility employees.

Fire reconnaissance is one of the main types of work. The success of extinguishing a fire depends on how accurately it is carried out. At some sites, already during reconnaissance it is possible not only to ensure the safety of people, but also to stop the spread of the fire or completely eliminate it, especially when the reconnaissance team is active, courageous and resourceful.

The fire safety charter requires taking measures to limit the spread of fire and extinguish it by all available methods and means. During reconnaissance, it is often necessary to open structures, combat smoke and temperature in the premises in order to achieve a high pace of work and eliminate the fire.

In recent years, fire brigade garrisons have increasingly used rapid response vehicles, which, as a rule, extinguish fires during reconnaissance before the main guard forces arrive.

Occupational Safety and Health

Personnel working to clear debris must wear protective helmets and gloves. When working at height, must have safety belts and rescue ropes;

constantly monitor surviving structures;

It is prohibited to collapse structures onto an existing rubble, as this can lead to the death of people remaining in the rubble, cause an explosion or fire;

hazardous areas must be fenced or marked with signs;

minimize walking on the rubble; move through the pile of debris carefully, avoiding stepping on debris that is in an unstable position;

remove debris from the rubble and pass the necessary tools along the chain of stationary rescuers;

You must not move or park vehicles on the floors of structures near walls and structures that threaten to collapse;

Monitor the roll of the machine and, if there is a threat of loss of stability, stop work immediately:

position wheeled excavators and cranes when working on outriggers;

It is unacceptable to pull apart structures with cables during mechanical disassembly. Lift them carefully, starting from the top and inspect the place after each lift, so as not to worsen the condition of people under the rubble;

It is forbidden to stand under a raised load in the area of movement of the excavator bucket, near stretched cables when pulling away the debris elements with the direct pull of the machine;

when working in gas-filled areas, do not use tools that cause sparking; be sure to de-energize the electrical lines; For lighting, use only battery-powered flashlights.

All groups working on the rubble must be under continuous supervision of specially appointed persons responsible for their safety and liaising with the post for monitoring the condition of the surviving structures of the building.

At night, work areas must be illuminated. Excavations, trenches, pits and other dangerous places must be fenced and marked with light signals.

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Introduction

The main task of rescuers in eliminating the consequences of an emergency is to organize and conduct a prompt search for victims and provide them with timely assistance.

Quite often, RPS has to be carried out in rubble conditions. A rubble is a chaotic accumulation of building materials and structures, fragments of technological equipment, sanitary equipment, furniture, household utensils, and stones.

The cause of the formation of rubble can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, mudflows), exposure to natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsidence soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of facility operation rules, military actions. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.

The search for victims under the rubble of destroyed buildings is a set of actions by search unit personnel aimed at detecting and clarifying the location of people, their functional condition and the amount of assistance needed.

The search for victims is carried out by specially trained search units of rescuers (groups, units, teams) after reconnaissance, engineering reconnaissance of the affected area and the work site.

Activities for organizing RPS depend on the specific emergency and include the following main stages:

obtaining and analyzing information about emergencies, making decisions;

movement of rescuers and equipment to the work site;

direct implementation of RPS;

unblocking the victims, their transportation;

providing first aid to victims and their evacuation;

saving material assets;

localization of the source of the emergency, carrying out emergency recovery work.

Search and rescue and emergency recovery operations begin immediately upon the arrival of rescuers in the emergency zone. They must be performed continuously and under any conditions that ensure the safety of rescuers.

Carrying out search and rescue operations (SRP)

Depending on the availability of appropriate forces and means, search operations can be carried out in the following ways:

a complete visual inspection of the rescue work site (facility, building);

using specially trained dogs (canine method);

using special search devices (technical method);

according to eyewitness accounts;

A complete visual inspection of the rescue work area (facility, building) can be carried out by search and rescue, reconnaissance or a unit specially organized for this purpose (platoon, group, crew). The composition of the designated unit is determined based on the area and height of the rubble being examined, the nature of the destruction of the building, its functionality, meteorological conditions, time of year and day at the time of the search and a number of other reasons.

To inspect the territory of the facility or work area, a crew of 2-3 people is sent. The search area is divided into stripes assigned to each calculation. The width of the search strip depends on a number of factors (the nature of the blockage, traffic conditions, visibility, etc.) and can be 20-50 m. The most rational way to carry out the work is the paired zigzag movement of the scouts (Fig. 1).

The speed of the scouts can be 1-2 km/h.

The crew is equipped with communications and personal protective equipment, entrenching tools, means of marking the location of victims, and first aid equipment. In some cases, search teams may be equipped with climbing and firefighting equipment.

During a visual inspection, within the boundaries of the search strip, the surface and voids-niches, depressions, and free spaces under large-sized debris are carefully inspected, especially near the preserved walls of dilapidated buildings. The inspection must be accompanied by the periodic sound of an established sound signal or shout.

Search area boundary

Crew route

20 - 50m 20 – 50m 20 – 50m 20 – 50m 20 – 50m

Rice. 1. Scheme of a continuous visual inspection of the rescue work area.

The search for victims using service dogs (canine) is carried out by a crew of the search and rescue service (SRS), consisting of a canine instructor (counselor) and a dog, and is based on the use of the high sensitivity of the dogs’ olfactory organs, which can detect where the victim’s body odor is released on the surface collapse. A trained dog, after an appropriate training course, marks these places with its characteristic behavior, for example: barking, whining or performing the “Sit” command.

Searching for victims using dogs can be used during reconnaissance of the destruction zone before the start of the main rescue operations, during rescue operations in order to clarify and adjust rescue operations, and for monitoring upon completion of rescue operations.

Depending on the direction of air movement in the surface layer of the atmosphere, the search includes three main tactical techniques: “corridor” (shuttle) search, “fan” search and “spiral” search.

The “shuttle” search allows the dogs to use the headwind from different angles. Two other techniques, “fan” and “spiral,” can be effective in more difficult wind (climatic) conditions.

Depending on the complexity of the rubble, its size, factionality, voidness and the number of calculations, various options for organizing a canine search can be used: single, group and sequential. In a single search, one calculation is used to locate victims. However, this option is not reliable enough, since the dog may be injured or need rest after working in a smoky or gas-filled room. All this can complicate the search or give no results at all. In this regard, to conduct search operations using specially trained dogs, a group or sequential option should be used.

In the group search option, all available crews work, breaking the rubble into separate sections and gradually examining the entire volume of the rubble. This approach is appropriate when there are a large number of canine crews, relatively small volumes of rubble (one or two destroyed buildings) and a short search period.

In case of large-scale destruction, when the possible duration of search work exceeds one shift (10-12 hours), a sequential version of the search organization should be used. For this purpose, all search unit personnel are divided into groups of 3-5 crews each. The search is carried out according to a sliding schedule, according to which calculations replace each other approximately every 40-45 minutes, while 2-3 calculations are constantly working, and 1-2 are resting. This approach allows you to maintain a high search rate due to a fresh or rested reserve.

Calculation of forces and means should be made based on the following main indicators of the performance of canine crews:

the time of detection of a victim in the area of a 100X100 m rubble with a rubble height of 3-5 m is no more than 30 minutes;

the time of continuous operation of the calculation is no more than 45 minutes;

number of search cycles lasting up to 45 minutes per 8 hours of operation - not

rest time between search cycles up to - 15 minutes.

The most suitable dogs for these purposes are those that, in addition to a good sense of smell, are distinguished by obedience, precise execution of commands and strong nerves.

The experience of search and rescue work shows that the use of dogs is most effective during the first four to five days after the collapse of a building. In the future, the effectiveness of their use decreases, both due to the fatigue of the animals themselves, and due to the high concentration of “dead smell”. The work of dogs can be complicated by the presence of a large amount of broken glass, concrete fragments, and metal rods in the rubble, which leads to their injury during work.

Search using special search devices (technical method) is based on their registration of physical properties characteristic of human life. Among them, acoustic, radio wave and optical should be highlighted. Currently, acoustic search devices are most developed and widespread. In our country, to replace the former devices such as TP-15, “Vibrofon-3”, “Sound”, “Poisk”, an acoustic device specially developed by the company “ABIGAR” is currently being supplied to equip the civil defense troops and search and rescue units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. search “Peleng-1”.

The operating principle of such devices is based on recording acoustic and seismic signals given by victims (screams, groans, blows on elements of the rubble). Devices of this type, as a rule, consist of three main elements: a receiving device (microphone, sensor), a converter amplifier and an output device (headphones, indicators). Search devices based on recording vibrations are designed to operate in environments with elastic forms (building structures, rocks). They have seismic or acoustic sensors that are installed during operation on a solid surface or in a cavity (emptiness) in the rubble. Impacts made on structural elements of a destroyed building by victims arrive in the form of elastic vibrations on the surface being examined and are recorded on the indicator scale of the device.

The search for victims based on eyewitness accounts consists of interviewing people who can provide information about the location of the victims whom they themselves saw (heard) or about their most likely location at the time of the destructive impact. Such persons may be: rescued (released) victims;

residents of the house, entrance (neighbors who were affected); workers of enterprises and employees of institutions who found themselves outside the buildings at the time of their destruction; representatives of the enterprise administration;

employees of institutions for the operation of residential buildings; teachers and educators of school and children's institutions, as well as other persons who have written and oral information about crowded places at the time of the destruction of buildings; eyewitnesses (witnesses) - random passers-by and children who happened to be near the destroyed building.

The interviews with eyewitnesses are carried out by units designated for this purpose or specially formed groups of rescuers. During the interview with eyewitnesses, the following data is clarified: the number and location of victims; the shortest and safest paths (routes) to access them; the condition of the victims and the assistance they require; the conditions of the situation in the locations of the victims and the presence of the danger of exposure to secondary damaging factors.

Survey data is included in reports on the results of the search for victims and is used to clarify and adjust the actions of other search and rescue units and formations.

Representatives of units (groups) involved in interviewing eyewitnesses should work in the following places: at search and rescue operations sites; at collection points for casualties; in medical centers and medical institutions; in tent cities and places of temporary accommodation of people; at pick-up points for evacuees onto transport.

In cases where the area of responsibility of such a unit (group) includes a destroyed residential building, the commander of the unit (group), if possible, must have a list of its residents indicating their exact address (entrance number, floor, apartment) and place of work (study ). This list can be obtained from employees of institutions for the operation of residential buildings and supplemented with the necessary information with their participation.

When conducting search and rescue operations in the zone of destruction of industrial enterprises and administrative buildings, such lists, in addition to the names of workers and employees, must contain information about the exact place of work and time of work of each. Lists can be obtained from officials or administration (chiefs) of workshops and departments, foremen, heads of other staff departments, school directors and heads of children's institutions, and other persons.

Based on the results of the search using any of the considered methods, the commander of the unit (group, crew) draws up a report in the form of a diagram (plan) of the area or area with a legend, including the necessary information about the locations and conditions of the victims (including the dead), their number and condition, the danger of exposure to secondary damaging factors, as well as possible methods and approximate volumes of providing the victims with the necessary assistance.