Test reports for trunking communication system. Trunking communication systems. Special communication services
So, when choosing a commercial trunking operator, users should pay attention not only to the presence of a license from the Ministry of Communications, but also to some “passport” data of the network. First of all, these include supported communication protocols, which can be divided into open and “proprietary”. Open protocols allow any company to organize the production of basic and subscriber equipment, but the developer of a “proprietary” protocol is the only manufacturer of the corresponding devices.
The openness of the protocol leads to competition between manufacturers, which increases the performance of infrastructure equipment, and systems that differ in functionality and cost appear on the market. With many offers of subscriber devices available, the consumer has the opportunity to choose a fleet of radio stations depending on the required price/quality ratio. But the main thing is that it is not tied for life to the equipment of a specific company. For example, for use in a network organized on the basis of an open protocol such as MPT-1327 (there are many varieties of it), it is possible to use equipment from most radio equipment manufacturers. On the contrary, only Ericsson devices can work with the “proprietary” EDACS protocol, and only Nokia equipment “understands” the ACTIONET standard.
Service zone
According to the principles of organization, trunking communication is similar to cellular communication. Each base station “covers” a certain area. The coverage area (read: area of competence) is called a site (in cellular communications, a cell). To ensure stable communication at all points in the service area, continuous coverage is necessary. One base station is physically unable to fulfill this condition: there will certainly be “holes” in the zone where the radio station will not be able to receive a signal. For example, it will not be possible to organize stable communication near some reinforced concrete buildings, and in order to get out of the “radio shadow” area, the user will have to go around the building or move to an open space. Therefore, for continuous coverage, at least three base stations are required.
The quality and reliability of communications are determined not only by the number of transmitters, but also by their locations, the height of the antennas, as well as the technical parameters of base stations. The easiest way to check the quality of communication provided by a specific operator is to borrow subscriber equipment from it for a while to test it in working conditions.
Frequency
In Russia, several frequency ranges have been allocated for commercial trunking communication systems: 136 - 174, 403 - 470, 470 - 520 and 800 MHz. The user needs to remember that the lower the frequency at which the operator operates, the greater the communication range. On the other hand, the higher the frequency, the shorter the distance between base stations and the better the quality of communication. The best option may be the range 478 - 486 MHz. Previously, this section of the frequency spectrum was reserved for TV channel 22, but several years ago it was put up for tender, and now it is distributed among five Moscow radio operators. This range is free from the influence of paging company transmitters and other sources of interference.
Service and maintenance
Who will install and connect subscriber equipment? If the operator invites the user to install the radio station in the car himself or sends him to another company for this purpose, then most likely he simply decided to save on paying the technical staff. Then the question of service guarantees remains open. Besides, who knows in what other ways he tries to minimize his expenses.
Prices for all operators are approximately the same. They consist of two components - a one-time payment at the time of connection and a monthly subscription fee. A one-time payment consists of the price of the radio station and necessary accessories (85-90% of the total amount), the cost of obtaining permits (2-3%), connecting to the network (4-6%) and installing the radio station (4-6%).
User equipment can be purchased, rented, or leased (with the option of repurchase after a year). In addition, some companies buy back old equipment at residual value. Its price counts toward the one-time payment for a new connection.
In Moscow, trunking communication services are provided by more than 15 operators. Many companies supply equipment and install local (departmental) networks. So the customer can always choose a company that can fully satisfy his immediate needs.
AMT. This is one of the first commercial radiotelephone operators in Russia. The AMT network of the MPT-1327 standard is built on the basis of Nokia equipment. Its coverage area includes the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region at a distance of up to 50 km from the Moscow Ring Road, as well as the Moscow region cities of Solnechnogorsk, Dubna and their environs. The company's services are designed for both individual consumers (radio telephones) and corporate customers (virtual departmental radio communication networks). The system uses full-duplex and half-duplex radios. In addition to voice communication, data transmission is supported. There is full access to the public telephone network and roaming with regions is provided.
ASVT (Rusaltai). The Rusaltai network is built on the basis of Actionet equipment from Nokia. The leading base station is located on the Ostankino tower, and 10 others are deployed in the Moscow region to ensure its full coverage and partial coverage of surrounding areas. For now, the network's services are positioned as radiotelephone services, that is, the client receives a radiotelephone with a direct Moscow number. However, unlike a cell phone, the subscriber device provided by the company is also capable of operating in half-duplex mode, which is used in trunking for group communication. The Rusaltai network uses not per-minute (as in cellular communications), but per-second billing, which, with a similar cost of airtime, allows subscribers to significantly reduce costs.
"RadioTel". This largest trunking operator in the North-West, and in Russia, is part of the Telecominvest group. The RadioTel company is the only St. Petersburg mobile communications operator that provides the construction of hierarchical communication systems for corporate users, trunking communications with the ability to access the GTS, emergency communications with Ambulance (03), duty services of the city administration and the Office of Civil Defense and emergency situations. The coverage area of the RadioTel network includes the whole of St. Petersburg and the nearest suburbs. Terminal equipment is manufactured and supplied by Ericsson and Maxon corporations. At the beginning of 1996, the company created its own dispatch service, St. Petersburg Taxi 068, which currently serves more than 50% of taxi calls in the city by telephone.
In 1999, at the request of one of the St. Petersburg fuel companies, RadioTel developed the project “Data transmission for accepting payments using plastic cards of major payment systems.” The created system is multifunctional and allows solving several problems, including the task of ensuring transaction security.
In 1999, RadioTel won the tender to organize trunking communications for the Emergency Medical Service and supplied it with 350 pieces of equipment. Today, every ambulance in St. Petersburg is radio-equipped by this company.
"MTK-Trunk". The MTK-Trunk network is built on the basis of SmartZone equipment from Motorola. Six sites provide reliable communication in the capital and at a distance of at least 10 km from the Moscow Ring Road for portable radios and at least 50 km from the Moscow Ring Road for car radios. The network is aimed at collective users (organizations), which are characterized by high personnel mobility and random distribution of employees throughout Moscow and the region. Each client is allocated its own virtual network. Group and personal calls are made throughout the entire radio coverage area from any subscriber radio station without additional manipulations or switching. It is possible to establish communication outside the network coverage area in talk-around mode (direct channel), as well as exit from the subscriber station to the public telephone network.
"RadioLeasing". This is the first operator of a commercial trunking network in Moscow. Several networks are united under the Translink brand:
Local networks in the 160 MHz range (on “direct” simplex channels);
pseudo-trunking network SmarTrunk II (since 1992);
multi-zone trunking network MRT-1327, built on the basis of Fylde Microsystems equipment.
Currently, five base stations (22 channels) are operating, which support reliable communication within 50 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
"Regiontrank". The company provides radiotelephone communication services in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in the regions of Central Russia. The first communication network based on the ESAS protocol, operating in the 800 MHz band, was put into operation in 1997. Currently, six base stations are located in Moscow, which ensures reliable reception within the city for portable subscriber stations and in the near Moscow region for car devices. A distinctive feature of Regiontrank’s services is the development of professional business solutions that take into account the special requirements of customers. For example, a software and hardware complex “Taxi Dispatch Service” was created for a large Moscow taxi fleet.
"Center-Telko". The city integrated radiotelephone communication system "System Trunk" was deployed in accordance with the decree of the Moscow government of October 29, 1996. The network is built on the basis of EDACS equipment, which ensures high security of communication channels and reliable operation of the system in any extreme situations. Four base stations support the operation of portable stations in Moscow and the immediate Moscow region (4-7 km from the MKAD), and automobile ones within 50 km from the MKAD. In addition to traditional services for radio communication networks, the System Trunk network provides services for transmitting digital data and determining the location of objects.
Operators of single-zone trunking networks
BTT. The BTT network uses EF Johnson equipment. Its peculiarity is that, along with a repeater, it uses a network of remote receivers connected to the base station by dedicated wire lines. User terminals are characterized by high reliability.
"Softnet". The Softnet system was created to provide operational dispatch communications. This is what caused the choice of LTR as the trunking protocol. The main users are services that require unified management, such as taxis, cargo delivery, cash collection, security services, etc. The advantage of this network is the presence of an operational communication channel with the Moscow City Rescue Service, provided to subscribers free of charge.
Pseudo-trunking networks
MCS (Mobile Communication Systems). MCS is one of the first trunking networks based on the SmarTrunk-II protocol - it was deployed back in 1994. Basic DX-RADIO equipment (USA) is located at the 269th and 325th marks of the Ostankino TV tower, which provides a coverage area within a radius of 80-90 km. Together with Center-Telko, MCS is part of the City Integrated Radiotelephone Communication System (GISRS), created by decree of the Moscow government.
Currently, the Mobile Communication Systems company provides all carriers of dangerous goods (fuel, oil, acids, etc.) with voice communications, condition monitoring sensors and GPS. The unified control center is located in the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations Directorate. Services are provided for half-duplex and full-duplex communications, access to the telephone network, data transfer and GPS. It is possible to operate locally (without a repeater) on simplex frequencies throughout Moscow and the Moscow region. It is possible that equipment will be provided free of charge to a potential customer for testing in real conditions.
"Lanscom". The SmarTrunk-R mobile radiotelephone communication system has been in operation in Moscow since 1995. The Moscow segment of the network consists of two base stations with a total capacity of 11 radio channels operating in the range 430-450 MHz. Due to the spacing of base stations (BS No. 1 is located in the area of the Alekseevskaya metro station, and BS No. 2 is located near the Belyaevo metro station), uninterrupted communication is ensured within the Moscow Ring Road and partially in the near Moscow region.
Since 1999, the company has been operating mobile radiotelephone communication systems in Orel, Kursk, Belgorod and Tambov. The work of subscribers of the Moscow trunking network in the above cities is possible by replacing their terminals at the Lanskom office with equipment compatible with regional trunking systems. A similar opportunity is provided to subscribers of regional networks.
"Everlink". A single-zone five-channel pseudo-trunk communication system, based on the E-trunk protocol, provides stable reception to portable radio stations within Moscow and to mobile radio stations within a radius of up to 30 km from the Moscow Ring Road. Telephone services are not provided. The license applies to Moscow and the Moscow region, which allows us to offer direct channel services to consumers (communication from portable radio stations up to 2 km in any built-up area).
Pavel Dmitriev, Networks, No. 10/2002
Trunking radio communication systems, which are radial-area mobile VHF radio communication systems that automatically distribute repeater communication channels between subscribers, are a class of mobile communication systems focused primarily on the creation of various departmental and corporate communication networks, which provide for the active use of the mode connections of subscribers in the group. They are widely used by security and law enforcement agencies, public security services of various countries to ensure communication between mobile subscribers among themselves, with landline subscribers and subscribers of the telephone network.
There are a large number of different standards for trunked public mobile radio communication systems (SPR-OP), differing from each other in the method of transmitting voice information (analog and digital), the type of multiple access (FDMA - frequency division channels, TDMA - time division channels or CDMA - with code division of channels), method of searching and assigning a channel (with decentralized and centralized control), type of control channel (dedicated and distributed) and other characteristics.
Currently, both in the world and in Russia, the previously appeared analog trunking radio communication systems, such as SmarTrunk, MPT1327 protocol systems (ACCESSNET, ACTIONET, etc.), Motorola systems (Startsite, Smartnet, Smartzone), systems with distributed control channel (LTR and Multi-Net from E.F.Johnson Co and ESAS from Uniden). The most widely used systems are MPT1327, which is explained by the significant advantages of this standard compared to other analog systems.
It should be said that in Russia, the majority of large trunking networks are built on the basis of equipment of the MPT1327 standard. Managers of companies involved in the supply of equipment and system integration in the field of professional radio communications note that most of the operational voice communication tasks facing their customers are quite effectively solved using analog systems of the MPT1327 standard.
Digital standards for trunked radio communications have not yet become so widespread in Russia, but we can already talk about their active and successful implementation.
At the same time, the circle of users of digital trunking systems is constantly expanding. Large customers of professional radio communication systems are also emerging in Russia, whose requirements are driving the transition to digital technologies. First of all, these are large departments and corporations, such as RAO UES, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Railways, Sibneft and others, as well as security forces and law enforcement agencies.
The need for the transition is explained by a number of advantages of digital trunking over analog systems, such as greater spectral efficiency due to the use of complex types of signal modulation and low-speed speech conversion algorithms, increased capacity of communication systems, equalization of the quality of voice exchange throughout the base station service area due to the use of digital signals in combination with noise-resistant coding. The development of the global market for trunked radio communication systems today is characterized by the widespread introduction of digital technologies. The world's leading manufacturers of trunking system equipment are announcing the transition to digital radio communication standards, providing for either the release of fundamentally new equipment or the adaptation of analogue systems to digital communication.
Digital trunking systems have a number of advantages over analogue ones due to the implementation of the requirements for increased efficiency and security of communications, the provision of wide possibilities for data transmission, a wider range of communication services (including specific communication services to implement the special requirements of public security services), and the possibility of organizing interaction subscribers of various networks.
1. High efficiency of communication. First of all, this requirement means the minimum possible time for establishing a communication channel (access time) for various types of connections (individual, group, with telephone network subscribers, etc.). In conventional communication systems, when transmitting digital information that requires time synchronization of the transmitter and receiver, it takes longer to establish a communication channel than an analog system. However, for trunked radio communication systems, where information exchange is mainly carried out through base stations, the digital mode is comparable in access time to analog (in both analog and digital radio communication systems, as a rule, the control channel is implemented based on digital signals).
In addition, digital trunking radio communication systems more easily implement various communication modes that increase its efficiency, such as direct communication mode between mobile subscribers (without using a base station), open channel mode(allocation and assignment of network frequency resources to a specific group of subscribers for further negotiations without performing any installation procedure, including without delay), emergency and priority call modes, etc.
Digital trunking radio communication systems are better adapted to various data transmission modes, which provides, for example, law enforcement officers and public security services with ample opportunities to quickly obtain information from centralized databases, transmit the necessary information, including images, from incident sites, and organize centralized location control dispatch systems mobile objects based on satellite radio navigation systems. These systems allow consumers of the oil and gas complex to use them as transport not only for the transmission of voice communications, but also for the transmission of telemetry and telecontrol.
2. Data transfer. Digital trunking radio communication systems are better adapted to various data transmission modes, which provides subscribers of digital networks with ample opportunities to quickly obtain information from centralized databases, transmit the necessary information, including images, and organize centralized dispatch systems for locating moving objects based on satellite radio navigation systems. The data transfer rate in digital systems is much higher than in analogue ones.
Most radio communication systems based on digital standards implement services for the transmission of short and status messages, personal radio calls, fax communications, and access to fixed communication networks (including those operating based on TCP/IP protocols).
3. Communication security. Includes requirements for ensuring the secrecy of negotiations (precluding the possibility of extracting information from communication channels to anyone other than an authorized recipient) and protection against unauthorized access to the system (precluding the possibility of seizing control of the system and attempts to disable it, protection from “doubles” and etc.). As a rule, the main mechanisms for ensuring communication security are encryption and subscriber authentication.
Naturally, in digital radio communication systems, compared to analogue systems, it is much easier to ensure communication security. Even without taking special measures to conceal information, digital systems provide an increased level of protection for conversations (analog scanning receivers are not suitable for listening to conversations in digital radio communication systems). In addition, some digital radio standards provide for end-to-end encryption of information, which allows the use of original (i.e., user-developed) speech closure algorithms.
Digital trunking radio communication systems allow the use of a variety of subscriber authentication mechanisms: various identification keys and SIM cards, complex authentication algorithms using encryption, etc.
4. Communication services. Digital trunking systems implement a modern level of service for subscribers of communication networks, providing opportunities for automatic registration of subscribers, roaming, data flow control, various modes of priority call, call forwarding, etc.
Along with standard network service functions, at the request of law enforcement agencies, digital trunking radio communication standards often include requirements for the availability of specific communication services: call mode, received only with the approval of the system dispatcher; mode of dynamic modification of user groups; mode for remotely switching on radio stations for acoustic listening of the environment, etc.
5. Possibility of interaction. Digital radio communication systems, which have a flexible subscriber addressing structure, provide ample opportunities both for creating various virtual networks within one system, and for organizing, if necessary, interaction between subscribers of different communication networks. For public security services, the requirement to ensure the possibility of interaction between units of various departments to coordinate joint actions in emergency situations: natural disasters, terrorist attacks, etc. is especially relevant.
The most popular digital trunking radio communication standards that have earned international recognition, on the basis of which communication systems have been deployed in many countries, include:
- EDACS, developed by Ericsson;
- TETRA, developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute;
- APCO 25, developed by the Association of Public Safety Communications Officials;
- Tetrapol, developed by Matra Communication (France);
- iDEN developed by Motorola (USA).
All these standards meet modern requirements for trunked radio communication systems. They allow you to create various configurations of communication networks: from the simplest local single-zone systems to complex multi-zone systems at the regional or national level. Systems based on these standards provide various modes of voice transmission (individual communication, group communication, broadcast call, etc.) and data (switched packets, circuit-switched data transmission, short messages, etc.) and the ability to organize communication with various systems using standard interfaces (with a digital network with integration of services, with a public telephone network, with private automatic telephone exchanges, etc.). Radio communication systems of these standards use modern speech conversion methods combined with effective methods of noise-resistant information coding. Radio manufacturers ensure that they comply with MIL STD 810 standards for various climatic and mechanical influences.
2. General information about digital trunking radio communication standards
2.1. SystemEDACS
One of the first digital trunking radio communication standards was the EDACS (Enhanced Digital Access Communication System) standard, developed by Ericsson (Sweden). Initially, it provided only analog speech transmission, but later a special digital modification of the EDACS Aegis system was developed.
The EDACS system operates in accordance with a proprietary protocol that meets the security requirements for the use of trunked radio communication systems, which have been developed by a number of mobile equipment manufacturers in conjunction with law enforcement agencies (APS Document 16).
Digital EDACS systems were produced in the frequency ranges 138-174 MHz, 403-423, 450-470 MHz and 806-870 MHz with a frequency spacing of 30; 25; and 12.5 kHz.
EDACS systems use frequency division communication using a high-speed (9600 bps) dedicated control channel, which is intended for the exchange of digital information between radio stations and system control devices. This ensures high efficiency of communication in the system (the time to establish a communication channel in a single-zone system does not exceed 0.25 s). The information transmission speed in the working channel also corresponds to 9600 bps.
Speech coding in the system is carried out by compressing a pulse-code sequence at a speed of 64 Kbit/s, obtained using analog-to-digital signal conversion with a clock frequency of 8 kHz and a bit width of 8 bits. The compression algorithm, which implements the adaptive multi-level coding method (developed by Ericsson), provides dynamic adaptation to the individual characteristics of the subscriber's speech and generates a low-speed digital sequence, which is subjected to noise-resistant coding, bringing the digital stream speed to 9.2 Kbps. Next, the generated sequence is divided into packets, each of which includes synchronization and control signals. The resulting sequence is transmitted into the communication channel at a speed of 9600 bps.
The main functions of the EDACS standard, providing the specifics of public safety services, are various call modes (group, individual, emergency, status), dynamic call priority control (up to 8 priority levels can be used in the system), dynamic modification of subscriber groups (regrouping), remote shutdown radio stations (in case of loss or theft of radio equipment).
EDACS standard systems provide the ability to operate radio equipment in both digital and analogue modes, which allows users at a certain stage to use the old fleet of radio communication equipment.
One of the main objectives of the system development was to achieve high reliability and fault tolerance of communication networks based on this standard. This goal was achieved, as evidenced by the reliable and stable operation of communication systems in various regions of the world. High fault tolerance is ensured by the implementation of a distributed architecture in the EDACS system hardware and the underlying principle of distributed data processing. The base station of the communication network remains operational even if all repeaters fail, except one. The last operational repeater in this case initially operates as a control channel repeater; when calls arrive, it processes them, assigning its own frequency channel, and then switches to operating channel repeater mode. If the base station controller fails, the system goes into emergency mode, in which some network functions are lost, but partial functionality remains (repeaters operate autonomously).
In the EDACS system, end-to-end encryption of information is possible, however, due to the closed protocol, it is necessary to use either a standard security algorithm offered by Ericsson, or agree with it on the possibility of using its own software and hardware modules that implement original algorithms that must be compatible with the EDACS system protocol.
Today, a large number of EDACS standard networks have been deployed around the world, including multi-zone communication networks used by public security services in various countries. There are about ten networks of this standard operating in Russia, the largest is the communication network of the Federal Protective Service of Russia in Moscow, which includes 9 base stations. At the same time, Ericsson is currently not working to improve the EDACS system, has stopped supplying equipment for the deployment of new networks of this standard and only supports the functioning of existing networks.
2.2 TETRA system
TETRA is a digital trunked radio standard consisting of a number of specifications developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The TETRA standard was created as a single pan-European digital standard. Therefore, until April 1997, the acronym TETRA stood for Trans-European Trunked RAdio. However, due to the great interest shown in the standard in other regions, its coverage is not limited to Europe. TETRA currently stands for Terrestrial Trunked Radio.
TETRA is an open standard, meaning that equipment from different manufacturers is expected to be compatible. Access to TETRA specifications is free to all interested parties who have joined the TETRA Memorandum of Understanding and Promotion Association (MoU TETRA). The association, which included more than 80 members at the end of 2001, brings together developers, manufacturers, testing laboratories and users from various countries.
The TETRA standard consists of two parts: TETRA V+D (TETRA Voice+Data) - a standard for an integrated voice and data transmission system, and TETRA PDO (TETRA Packet Data Optimized) - a standard describing a special version of a trunking system focused only on data transmission .
The TETRA standard includes specifications for the wireless interface, interfaces between the TETRA network and the integrated services digital network (ISDN), public switched telephone network, data network, private branch exchanges, etc. The standard includes a description of all basic and additional services provided by networks TETRA. Interfaces for local and external centralized network management are also specified.
The TETRA radio interface assumes operation in a standard frequency grid with a step of 25 kHz. The required minimum duplex spacing of radio channels is 10 MHz. For TETRA systems, some frequency subbands can be used. In European countries, security services are assigned the ranges 380-385/390-395 MHz, and for commercial organizations the ranges 410-430/450-470 MHz are provided. In Asia, TETRA systems use the range 806-870 MHz.
TETRA V+D systems use Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communication channels. Up to 4 independent information channels can be organized on one physical frequency.
Messages are transmitted in multiframes with a duration of 1.02 s. The multiframe contains 18 frames, one of which is a control frame. The frame has a duration of 56.67 ms and contains 4 time slots. In each time interval, information of its own time channel is transmitted. The time interval has a length of 510 bits, of which 432 are informational (2 blocks of 216 bits).
TETRA standard systems use relative phase modulation of the p/4-DQPSK type (Differential Quadrum Phase Shift Keying). Modulation speed - 36 Kbps.
To convert speech, the standard uses a codec with a CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) type conversion algorithm. The bit rate at the codec output is 4.8 Kbps. Digital data from the output of the speech codec is subjected to block and convolutional coding, interleaving and encryption, after which information channels are formed. The throughput of one information channel is 7.2 Kbit/s, and the speed of the digital information data flow is 28.8 Kbit/s. (In this case, the total transmission rate of symbols in the radio channel due to additional service information and a control frame in the multiframe corresponds to the modulation rate and is equal to 36 Kbit/s.)
TETRA standard systems can operate in the following modes:
- trunking communication;
- with open channel;
- direct connection.
In mode trunking communication the serviced area overlaps with the coverage areas of base transceiver stations. The TETRA standard allows both using only a distributed control channel in systems, and organizing its combination with a dedicated frequency control channel. When a network operates with a distributed control channel, service information is transmitted either only in a multiframe control frame (one of 18), or in a specially allocated time channel (one of 4 channels organized on the same frequency). In addition to the distributed one, the communication network can use a dedicated frequency control channel, specifically designed for the exchange of service information (in this case, maximum communication services are realized).
In mode with open channel a group of users has the ability to establish a “one point - multiple points” connection without any installation procedure. Any subscriber, having joined the group, can use this channel at any time. In open channel mode, radios operate in a dual-frequency simplex.
In mode direct (direct) connection Point-to-point and multipoint connections are established between terminals via radio channels not associated with the network control channel, without transmitting signals through base transceiver stations.
In TETRA standard systems, mobile stations can operate in the so-called. “Dual Watch” mode, which ensures the reception of messages from subscribers operating in both trunking and direct communication modes.
To increase service areas, the TETRA standard provides for the possibility of using subscriber radio stations as repeaters.
TETRA provides users with a number of services that are included in the standard at the request of the European Police Association (Schengen Group), collaborating with the ETSI technical committee:
- call authorized by dispatcher(a mode in which calls are received only with the approval of the dispatcher);
- priority access(in case of network congestion, available resources are assigned according to a priority scheme);
- priority call(assigning calls in accordance with the priority scheme);
- priority interrupt call service(interruption of service for low priority calls if system resources are exhausted);
- selective listening(interception of an incoming call without affecting the work of other subscribers);
- remote listening(remotely switching on a subscriber radio station to transmit to listen to the subscriber’s situation);
- dynamic regrouping(dynamic creation, modification and deletion of user groups);
- calling party identification.
The TETRA standard provides two levels of security for transmitted information:
- standard level, which uses radio interface encryption (providing a level of information security similar to the GSM cellular communication system);
- high level, using end-to-end encryption (from source to recipient).
TETRA radio interface security features include mechanisms for authenticating the subscriber and the infrastructure, ensuring traffic confidentiality through a flow of pseudonyms and specified encryption of information. A certain additional protection of information is provided by the ability to switch information channels and control channels during a communication session.
A higher level of information security is a unique requirement for special user groups. End-to-end encryption ensures voice and data protection at any point along the communication line between landline and mobile subscribers. The TETRA standard specifies only an interface for end-to-end encryption, thereby providing the ability to use original information security algorithms.
It should also be noted that in the TETRA standard, in connection with the use of time division channel (TDMA) communication in all subscriber terminals, it is possible to organize communication in full duplex mode.
TETRA networks are deployed in Europe, North and South America, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa.
Currently, the development of the second stage of the standard (TETRA Release 2 (R2)), aimed at integration with 3rd generation mobile networks, a radical increase in data transfer speed, the transition from specialized SIM cards to universal ones, further increasing the efficiency of communication networks and expanding possible service areas.
In Russia, TETRA equipment is offered by a number of system integrator companies. Several pilot projects of TETRA networks have been implemented. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Communications, the development of a system project “Federal Mobile Radio Communications Network TETRA”, called “Tetrarus”, is being developed. In 2001, the Russian TETRA Forum was created, whose tasks include promoting TETRA technology in Russia, organizing the exchange of information, promoting the development of national production, participating in the work on harmonizing the radio frequency spectrum, etc. In accordance with the decision of the State Committee for Energy and Energy of 07/02/2003 d. the use of the TETRA standard is recognized as promising “... in order to provide communications to government bodies of all levels, defense, security, law enforcement, the needs of departments and large corporations.”
2.3. APCO 25 system
The APCO 25 standard was developed by the Association of Public Safety Communications Officials-international, which unites users of public safety communications systems.
Work on creating the standard began at the end of 1989, and the last documents to establish the standard were approved and signed in August 1995 at the APCO International Conference and Exhibition in Detroit. Currently, the standard includes all the main documents that define the principles of constructing the radio interface and other system interfaces, encryption protocols, speech coding methods, etc.
In 1996, it was decided to divide all specifications of the standard into two implementation phases, which were designated Phase I and Phase II. In mid-1998, functional and technical requirements for each of the phases of the standard were formulated, emphasizing the new capabilities of Phase II and its differences from Phase I.
The fundamental principles for the development of the APCO 25 standard, formulated by its developers, were the following requirements:
- to ensure a smooth transition to digital radio communications (i.e., the possibility of joint work at the initial stage of standard base stations with subscriber analog radio stations currently used);
- to create an open system architecture to stimulate competition among equipment manufacturers;
- to ensure the possibility of interaction between various units of public security services when conducting joint events.
The system architecture of the standard supports both trunked and conventional (conventional) radio communication systems, in which subscribers interact with each other either in direct communication mode or through a repeater. The main functional block of the APCO 25 standard system is the radio subsystem, defined as a communication network that is built on the basis of one or more base stations. Moreover, each base station must support the Common Radio Interface (CAI - Common Radio Interface) and other standardized interfaces (intersystem, PSTN, data port, data network and network management).
The APCO 25 standard provides the ability to operate in any of the standard frequency ranges used by mobile radio systems: 138-174, 406-512 or 746-869 MHz. The main method of access to communication channels is frequency-based (FDMA), however, according to Ericsson's application, Phase II includes the possibility of using time division multiple access (TDMA) in APCO 25 standard systems.
In Phase I, the standard frequency grid step is 12.5 kHz, in Phase II - 6.25 kHz. At the same time, with a 12.5 kHz band, four-position frequency modulation is carried out using the C4FM method at a speed of 4800 symbols per second, and with a 6.25 kHz band, four-position phase modulation with phase smoothing is carried out using the CQPSK method. The combination of these modulation methods allows the use of identical receivers in different phases, supplemented by various power amplifiers (for Phase I - simple amplifiers with high efficiency, for Phase II - amplifiers with high linearity and a limited width of the emitted spectrum). In this case, the demodulator can process signals using any of the methods.
Speech information in the radio channel is transmitted in 180 ms frames, grouped into 2 frames. For speech coding, the standard uses the IMBE (Improved MultiBand Excitation) codec, which is also used in the Inmarsat satellite communication system. Encoding speed - 4400 bps. After noise-resistant coding of speech information, the speed of the information flow increases to 7200 bit/s, and after the formation of speech frames by adding service information - up to 9600 bit/s.
The subscriber identification system incorporated in the APCO 25 standard allows you to address at least 2 million radio stations and up to 65 thousand groups in one network. In this case, the delay when establishing a communication channel in the subsystem in accordance with the functional and technical requirements for the APCO 25 standard should not exceed 500 ms (in direct communication mode - 250 ms, when communicating through a repeater - 350 ms).
APCO 25 systems, in accordance with functional and technical requirements, must provide 4 levels of cryptographic protection. A stream method of information encryption is used using nonlinear algorithms for generating an encryption sequence. When using a special OTAR (Over-the-air-re-keying) mode, encryption keys can be transmitted over the air.
Due to the fact that the main method of accessing communication channels in APCO is MDIR, there are currently no terminals that would provide subscriber operation in full duplex mode.
Despite the fact that APCO is an international organization with offices in Canada, Australia, and the Caribbean, American firms supported by the US government play the main role in promoting this standard. The Association's public sector members include the FBI, the US Department of Defense, the Federal Communications Committee, the police of several US states, the Secret Service and many other government organizations. Leading companies such as Motorola (the main developer of the standard), E.F. Johnson, Transcrypt, Stanlite Electronics, etc. have already declared themselves as manufacturers of APCO 25 standard equipment. Motorola has already presented its first system based on the APCO 25 standard, called ASTRO.
Specialists from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs show the greatest interest in this standard. A pilot network (not yet trunking, but conventional radio communication) based on two base stations was deployed by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in Moscow in 2001. In 2003, in St. Petersburg, for the 300th anniversary of the city, a dispatch radio network for 300 subscribers was deployed in the interests of various security forces.
2.4. Tetrapol system
Work on the creation of the Tetrapol digital trunking radio communication standard began in 1987, when Matra Communications entered into a contract with the French gendarmerie to develop and commission the Rubis digital radio communication network. The communication network was put into operation in 1994. According to Matra, today the network of the French gendarmerie covers more than half of the territory of France and serves more than 15 thousand subscribers. Also in 1994, Matra created its Tetrapol forum, under the auspices of which the Tetrapol PAS (Publicly Available Specifications) specifications were developed, defining the standard for digital trunked radio communications.
The Tetrapol standard describes a digital trunked radio communication system with a dedicated control channel and a frequency separation method for communication channels. The standard allows you to create both single-zone and multi-zone communication networks of various configurations, also providing the possibility of direct communication between mobile subscribers without using network infrastructure and relaying signals on fixed channels.
Tetrapol standard communication systems have the ability to operate in the frequency range from 70 to 520 MHz, which, in accordance with the standard, is defined as a combination of two sub-bands: below 150 MHz (VHF) and above 150 MHz (UHF). Most of the radio interfaces for systems in these subbands are common; the difference lies in the use of different methods of noise-resistant coding and code interleaving. In the UHF sub-band, the recommended duplex spacing of receive and transmit channels is 10 MHz.
The frequency spacing between adjacent communication channels can be 12.5 or 10 kHz. In the future, it is planned to move to a spacing between channels of 6.25 kHz. Tetrapol standard systems support a bandwidth of up to 5 MHz, which makes it possible to use 400 (at 12.5 kHz spacing) or 500 (at 10 kHz spacing) radio channels in the network. In this case, from 1 to 24 channels can be used in each zone.
The information transmission speed in the communication channel is 8000 bit/s. Information transmission is organized in frames with a length of 160 bits and a duration of 20 ms. The frames are combined into superframes with a duration of 4 s (200 frames). The information undergoes complex processing, including convolutional coding, interleaving, scrambling, differential coding and final frame formatting.
Tetrapol standard systems use GMSK modulation with BT=0.25.
To convert speech, the standard uses a codec with a speech conversion algorithm that uses the RPCELP (Regular Pulse Code Excited Linear Prediction) analysis method. The conversion speed is 6000 bps.
The standard defines three main communication modes: trunking, direct communication mode and relay mode.
IN network mode(or trunking mode) interaction between subscribers is carried out using base stations (BS), which distribute communication channels between subscribers. In this case, control signals are transmitted on a separate frequency channel specially allocated for each BS. In direct communication mode, information is exchanged between mobile subscribers directly without the participation of a base station. IN relay mode communication between subscribers is carried out through a repeater, which has fixed channels for transmitting and receiving information.
Tetrapol standard systems support 2 main types of information exchange: voice transmission and data transmission.
Voice Services Allows you to make the following types of calls: broadcast call, open channel setup call, group call, individual call, multiple call using subscriber list, emergency call.
Data services provide a number of application level services supported by functions embedded in radio terminals, such as inter-subscriber messaging in accordance with the X.400 protocol, access to centralized databases, access to fixed networks in accordance with the TCP/IP protocol, fax transmission, file transfer, transmission of personal call signals, transmission of short messages, transmission of status calls, support for the transmission mode of object location data obtained using GPS receivers, transmission of video images.
The Tetrapol standard provides standard network procedures that provide a modern level of subscriber service: dynamic regrouping, subscriber authentication, roaming, priority call, control of the subscriber's transmitter, control of the subscriber's "profile" (remote change of the parameters of the subscriber radio terminal embedded in it during programming), etc.
Tetrapol standard systems provide users with a number of additional services, which, along with the provision of maintenance services, make it possible to effectively implement specific communication networks for public security services and law enforcement agencies. Such services include access priority (providing preferential access to the system when radio communication channels are overloaded); priority call (assigning calls according to a priority scheme); priority scanning (providing a user belonging to several groups with the opportunity to receive calls from a subscriber in any of the groups); call authorized by the dispatcher (a mode in which calls are received only with the approval of the communications network dispatcher); call forwarding (unconditional call forwarding to another subscriber or forwarding if the called subscriber is busy); connecting to a call (enabling a mode in which one user interacting with another can make a third party a participant in the connection); selective listening (interception of an incoming call without affecting the work of other subscribers); remote listening (remotely switching on a subscriber radio station to transmit to listen to the subscriber’s situation); calling party identification (determining and displaying the calling party identifier on the called subscriber's terminal); “dual surveillance” (the ability of a subscriber radio terminal operating in network mode to also receive messages in direct communication mode) and many others.
Due to the fact that from the very beginning the Tetrapol standard was focused on meeting the requirements of law enforcement agencies, it provides various mechanisms for ensuring communication security aimed at preventing threats such as unauthorized access to the system, eavesdropping on ongoing conversations, creating intentional interference, traffic analysis specific subscribers, etc. Such mechanisms include:
- automatic network reconfiguration(periodic redistribution of communication network resources (configuration changes) due to the installation and cancellation of open channels, dynamic regrouping, reassignment of communication channels by the network manager, etc.);
- system access control(control of access to communication network equipment using smart cards and a password system);
- end-to-end encryption of information(ensuring the ability to protect transmitted information at any point on the communication line between subscribers);
- subscriber authentication(automatic or at the request of the network manager authentication of subscribers);
- use of temporary subscriber IDs(replacement of unique identification numbers of subscribers with pseudonyms, changed with each new communication session);
- imitation of radio subscriber activity(mode of supporting constant traffic during a break in negotiations by sending signals to the BS through communication channels that are difficult to distinguish from information ones);
- remote shutdown of the radio terminal(the ability to disable the subscriber radio terminal by the network manager);
- distribution of keys via radio channel(the ability for the network manager to transmit secret keys to subscribers over a radio channel).
Tetrapol standard systems are widely used in France. Apparently, not without the support of the government of the domestic manufacturer, in addition to the Rubis communication network of the national gendarmerie, Tetrapol systems are operated by the French police (Acropolе system) and the railway service (Iris system).
The Tetrapol standard is also popular in some other European countries. Based on this standard, communication networks of the police of Madrid and Catalonia, security units of the Czech Republic, and airport services in Frankfurt have been deployed. A special Matracom 9600 communications network is being deployed for the benefit of the Berlin transport company. Communication network radio stations will be installed on more than 2000 buses of the enterprise. In addition to radio communications, the network uses the function of determining the location of vehicles.
In 1997, Matra Communications won a tender to create a digital radio communications system for the Royal Thai Police. The contract is part of an order to modernize the police radio network, which will connect 70 police stations. It is expected to use the most modern system capabilities, including access to a centralized database, e-mail, end-to-end encryption of information, location determination. There are also reports of several systems being deployed in two other Southeast Asian countries, as well as for Mexico City police.
Tetrapol standard systems are not yet used in our country. Currently, FAPSI intends to deploy an experimental area of trunking radio communications of this standard in Russia.
2.5. SystemiDEN
iDEN (integrated Digital Enhanced Network) technology was developed by Motorola in the early 90s. The first commercial system based on this technology was deployed in the United States by NEXTEL in 1994.
In terms of standard status, iDEN can be characterized as an enterprise standard with an open architecture. This means that Motorola, while retaining all rights to modify the system protocol, also licenses the production of system components to various manufacturers.
This standard was developed to implement integrated systems that provide all types of mobile radio communications: dispatch communications, mobile telephone communications, transmission of text messages and data packets. iDEN technology is aimed at creating corporate networks of large organizations or commercial systems that provide services to both organizations and individuals.
When implementing mobile radio dispatch networks, iDEN provides group and individual calling capabilities, as well as a call signaling mode in which, if a subscriber is unavailable, the call is stored in the system and then transferred to the subscriber when he becomes available. The number of possible groups in iDEN is 65535. The connection establishment time for a group call in half-duplex mode does not exceed 0.5 s.
iDEN systems provide the ability to organize telephone communication in any direction: mobile subscriber - mobile subscriber, mobile subscriber - PSTN subscriber. Telephone communication is fully duplex. The system provides voice mail capabilities.
Subscribers of iDEN systems have the opportunity to send and receive text messages to their terminals, as well as transfer data (in switching mode at a speed of 9.6 Kbit/s, and in packet mode - up to 32 Kbit/s), which makes it possible to organize fax communications and electronic mail, as well as interaction with fixed networks, in particular the Internet. Packet data transfer mode supports the TCP/IP protocol.
The iDEN system is based on MDVR technology. Each 25 kHz frequency channel carries 6 speech channels. This is achieved by dividing a 90 ms frame into 15 ms time intervals, each of which transmits information on its own channel.
For speech coding, a codec is used that operates using a VSELP type algorithm. The information transmission rate in one channel is 7.2 Kbit/s, and the total speed of the digital stream in the radio channel (due to the use of noise-resistant coding and the addition of control information) reaches 64 Kbit/s. Such a high information transmission rate in a 25 kHz band can be achieved through the use of 16-position quadrature modulation M16-QAM.
The standard uses the standard frequency range for America and Asia 805-821/855-866 MHz. IDEN has the highest spectral efficiency among the considered digital trunking communication standards; it allows up to 240 information channels to be placed in 1 MHz. At the same time, the size of the coverage areas of base stations (cells) in iDEN systems is smaller than in systems of other standards, which is explained by the low power of subscriber terminals (0.6 W for portable stations and 3 W for mobile ones).
The iDEN system architecture has features typical of both trunked and cellular systems, which emphasizes iDEN's focus on serving a large number of subscribers and intense traffic. When creating commercial systems to serve various organizations or enterprises, up to 10,000 virtual networks can be created in the system, each of which can have up to 65,500 subscribers, united, if necessary, into 255 groups. In this case, each group of subscribers can use the entire communication area provided by this system.
The first commercial system, deployed in 1994 by NEXTEL, is now nationwide with approximately 5,500 sites and 2.7 million subscribers. There is another network in the US, operated by Southern Co. iDEN networks are also deployed in Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Japan, Singapore, China, Israel and other countries. The total number of iDEN subscribers in the world today exceeds 3 million people.
iDEN systems have not been deployed in Russia and there is no information about the development of network projects of this standard.
3. Brief comparative analysis of digital radio communication standards
3.1. Specifications and functionality
General information about the EDACS, TETRA, APCO 25, Tetrapol, iDEN standards systems and their technical characteristics are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
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The functionality provided by digital trunked radio standards systems is presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
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Note:(n/s - no information)
Considering the technical characteristics and functionality of the presented trunking communication standards, it can be noted that all standards have high (relative to this class of mobile radio communication systems) technical indicators. They allow you to build various configurations of communication networks, provide various modes of voice and data transmission, communication with PSTN and fixed networks. Radio communications of these standards use effective methods of speech conversion and noise-resistant coding of information. All standards ensure high communication efficiency.
It can be noted that compared to other standards, EDACS has slightly lower spectral efficiency. In addition, some experts note that the EDACS standard does not use digital modulation methods, which allows us to speak of it as a standard in which digitized speech information is transmitted over an analog communication channel.
In terms of functionality, the EDACS standard is, perhaps, also to a certain extent inferior to the other three standards, since it was developed somewhat earlier. The TETRA, APCO 25, Tetrapol and iDEN standards specify a wide range of standard communication services provided, comparable in level to each other. (As a rule, the list of services provided is determined when designing a specific radio communication system or network.)
3.2. Meeting special requirements for public safety radio communications systems
Information on the availability of some specific communications services targeted at use by public safety officials is presented in Table 3. The iDEN standard is not discussed here because this standard was not developed with the specific requirements of public safety agencies in mind. Currently, only isolated information appears about ongoing attempts to adapt systems of this standard to special requirements.
Table 3.
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Since the standards presented in the table were developed in the interests of public safety services, they all ensure the fulfillment of most of the requirements for special communication systems, as can be seen in Table 2. The presented digital standards ensure high communication efficiency (access time for all systems is no more than 0 ,5 c) and provide opportunities to increase the fault tolerance of radio communication networks through a flexible architecture. All standards make it possible to implement information security: for TETRA and Tetrapol systems, the standards provide for the possibility of using both a standard encryption algorithm and original algorithms through end-to-end encryption; in EDACS systems, you can use a standard proprietary algorithm or specifically agree with the company on the possibility of using your own protection system; in accordance with the functional and technical requirements for systems of the APCO 25 standard, 4 levels of information protection must be provided (of which only one can be intended for exported applications).
When considering the list of special communication services provided by each standard, it can be noted that the TETRA, APCO 25, Tetrapol standards provide a comparable level of special services, while EDACS provides a slightly lower level. The iDEN standard is not intended to meet special requirements.
3.3. Radio spectrum resources
The availability of radio frequency spectrum (RFS) resources for the deployment of a radio communication system is the most important criterion for choosing a particular system. In this case, the most promising standards are those that provide the ability to build communication networks in the widest range.
EDACS systems are implemented in the bands 138-174, 403-423, 450-470 and 806-870 MHz, and there is information about existing radio networks in all bands.
TETRA systems assume the use of the following ranges: 380-385/390-395, 410-430/450-470 MHz and 806-870 MHz.
APCO 25 systems, in accordance with the functional and technical requirements, provide the ability to operate in any of the ranges allocated for mobile radio communications.
The Tetrapol standard limits the top frequency of its systems to 520 MHz.
iDEN standard systems operate only in the 800 MHz range, which limits their use for building a certain range of systems.
It should be noted that the allocation of radio frequency spectrum resources for the construction of digital trunking radio communication systems is most realistic in the 400 MHz range.
3.4. Standard status (open/closed)
When choosing a radio standard, it is imperative to consider whether the standard is open or enterprise (closed).
Corporate standards (EDACS and Tetrapol) are the property of their developers. Purchasing equipment is possible only from a limited range of manufacturers.
Open standards, which include TETRA and APCO 25, ensure the creation of a competitive environment, attracting a large number of manufacturers of basic equipment, subscriber radio stations, and test equipment to produce compatible radio equipment, which helps reduce their cost. Access to standard specifications is provided to any organizations and firms that have joined the appropriate association. Users who choose an open radio standard are not dependent on a single manufacturer and can change equipment suppliers. Open standards are supported by government and law enforcement agencies, large companies in many countries around the world, and are also supported by the world's leading manufacturers of components and components.
Conclusion
A brief comparative analysis of these digital trunking radio communication standards according to the main criteria considered allows us to draw certain conclusions about the prospects for their development both in the world and in Russia.
The EDACS standard has virtually no prospects for development. Compared to other standards, it has lower spectral efficiency and less extensive functionality. Ericsson has no plans to expand the capabilities of the standard and has practically curtailed equipment production.
The iDEN standard does not provide many special requirements, and, despite its high spectral efficiency, is limited by the need to use the 800 MHz band. It is likely that systems of this standard have some potential and will continue to be deployed and operated, particularly in the Americas. In other regions, the prospects for deploying systems of this standard look dubious.
The Tetrapol standard has good technical performance and sufficient functionality, but, like the EDACS and iDEN standards, it does not have the status of an open standard, which can significantly hinder its development in technical terms, as well as in terms of the cost of subscriber and fixed equipment.
The TETRA and APCO 25 standards have high technical characteristics and broad functionality, including meeting the special requirements of law enforcement agencies, and have sufficient spectral efficiency. The most important argument in favor of these systems is the availability of open standards status.
At the same time, most experts are inclined to believe that the digital trunking radio market will be conquered by the TETRA standard. This standard enjoys wide support from most of the world's major equipment manufacturers and communications administrations in various countries. Recent events in the domestic professional radio communications market allow us to conclude that in Russia this standard will become more widespread.
Trunking communication is the most efficient type of two-way mobile communication, most effective for coordinating mobile groups of subscribers. Trunked communication systems are less interesting for individual users (communication between them remains the prerogative of cellular radiotelephone systems); they are more promising and effective for corporate organizations, for group users - for instant communication between groups of users united along organizational lines or simply by interests. Often traffic (transfer of information) is confined mainly to trunking systems, and subscribers’ access to public telephone networks, although possible, is expected only in exceptional cases. But in principle, the operation of trunking systems is possible in both local (single-zone, corporate) and network (multi-zone, serving individual users) versions.
A trunking communication system (trunk - trunk, trunk) includes a base station (sometimes several) with repeaters and subscriber radios (trunk radiotelephones) with telescopic antennas.
The base station is connected to a telephone line and paired with a repeater with a large range of up to 50–100 km. Trunk radiotelephones are extremely reliable, compact and come in several versions:
l wearable - range 20–35 km, weight 300–500 g;
l portable - range 35–70 km, weight about 1 kg;
l stationary - range 50–120 km, weight usually more than 1 kg.
The average capabilities of trunking communications by territory coverage are shown in Fig. 26.1.
Rice. 26.1. Trunking communication capabilities for territory coverage
Generally speaking, trunking systems are characterized by equipment made using high technology, supported by good service for both the subscriber and the network operator, equipment that provides full-duplex or half-duplex radiotelephone communication with mobile objects, operation in analog and digital modes.
With trunking, a small number of radio channels are dynamically distributed among a large number of users. There are up to 50 or more subscribers per channel; Since subscribers do not use the phone very intensively, and the base station operates in hub mode (that is, it distributes all radio channels only between subscribers who access it), the probability of a busy situation is not high (significantly less than when even several subscribers are rigidly attached to one channel ).
Radiotelephones can operate both in the system, being within the coverage area of the base station(s) and through it communicating with any subscriber of the telephone network (including a trunking subscriber), and individually with each other, being both inside and outside the area base radio stations. In the first case, direct communication between subscribers will ensure greater connection efficiency (connection time usually does not exceed 0.3–0.5 s). The possibility of direct communication between subscribers without the participation of a base station is the main, global difference between trunking systems and cellular ones.
The first mobile radio communication systems appeared in the USA in the late 30s. These were single-channel conventional systems intended primarily for radio communications in the police and army. During World War II, the first multi-channel systems with “manual” channel switching were created.
A significant drawback of conventional systems is their vulnerability to unauthorized use of frequency resources. Any radio amateur knowledgeable in radio engineering is able to assemble a device to tune to the frequencies used by a given system and thus become an unauthorized user. In addition, in these systems it is not easy to disconnect subscribers who create excessive load with endless non-business “conversations”. The connection of subscriber terminals with the public telephone network (PSTN) is not implemented in all conventional systems.
The main idea of trunking communication is that when a subscriber receives a request to establish a connection, the system automatically detects free channels and assigns one of them to a given pair or group of subscribers. Partially, the problem of automating channel selection was solved in the so-called pseudo-trunking systems, which include the popular SmarTrunk/SmarTrunk II in Russia from SmarTrunk System and ArcNet from Motorola. Their radio stations do not have a dedicated control channel and scan a dedicated frequency range in search of a free one. Most of these systems (with the exception of ArcNet) are single-zone.
At the end of the 70s. The radio communications market was replenished with the first analog trunking systems with a dedicated control channel. Such systems implement the transmission of speech information according to the “one channel - one carrier” principle; the frequency spacing of the channels is usually 25 or 12.5 kHz. Theoretically, with a sufficient number of frequency channels, they are capable of serving tens of thousands of subscribers. However, the actual values of the allocated frequency resource limit the number of analog trunking network subscribers to 3-5 thousand.
In addition, these systems still do not solve the problem of protecting the network from unauthorized access. Systems based on analog standards provide communication with PSTN subscriber terminals, but such terminals are very expensive ($1500-2000). A significant drawback of these systems is also the limited number of user groups. And although the implementation of the function of dynamic reconfiguration of groups allows you to circumvent this limitation, the game is not always worth the trouble: the complexity of the equipment leads to a significant increase in the cost of infrastructure.
In the early 90s. Trunking systems using digital technologies for voice signal transmission began to appear. Today, the most famous digital standards are APCO25, TETRA and PRISM (digital version of EDACS). They allow you to significantly increase the system capacity - up to several thousand subscribers. In addition, they practically solve the problem of data protection and confidentiality of conversations, since it is impossible to become an unauthorized user of a digital system or listen to a channel.
Many modern trunking communication systems (Fig. 1) - both analog and digital - are capable of transmitting data over a voice communication channel, i.e., performing the functions of a wireless modem. At the same time, in analog standards the data transfer rate does not exceed 4800 bps, and in digital standards it reaches higher values - from 9600 bps to 28 kbps (TETRA). Unlike analogue ones, digital trunking communication systems allow text messages to be transmitted through control channels (paging). The text of the message is displayed on the display of the subscriber terminal.
Currently, three different areas of application of mobile radio communication systems can be distinguished: government (police, fire, ambulance, etc.); - type PS (Public Safety); private, such as PMR (Private Mobile Radio); commercial public networks SMR (Shared Mobile Radio).
Picture 1.
Mobile communication technologies (* TDMA based technologies)
Systems of the first type are usually designed for a relatively small number of subscribers (usually no more than 500-1000). They are characterized by increased requirements for reliability and confidentiality, as well as the presence of special functions like Emergency Call. The cost of subscriber terminals of PS systems is quite high. Of the previously mentioned networks, the Public Safety/PMR category includes SmartNet, EDACS/PRISM, systems based on the APCO25 standard, as well as networks based on the currently developed digital TETRA standard.
Commercial systems of the SMR type are distinguished by their large capacity (the number of subscribers can reach tens of thousands), the ability to provide additional information services, as well as the moderate cost of subscriber terminals. Among them are networks built on the basis of SmartZone, MPT1327, LTR/ESAS protocols and the GeoNet system. Note that most existing analog SMR systems have limitations on frequency reuse and channel switching, as well as automatic identification of subscribers when they move from one zone to another, etc.
In contrast to conventional and trunked radio communication systems, mobile telephone cellular communications are designed primarily to provide one-to-one personal mobile voice communication in full duplex mode. The first generation of cellular technology, which appeared in the early 1980s, used analog standards. The most widely used in the world (including Russia) are the North American AMPS standard, the British TACS and the Scandinavian NMT-450.
The use of digital technologies has made it possible to understand that two different types of mobile voice communications - cellular and trunking - have much in common (territorial organization of the system, infrastructure, organization of access to the PSTN, etc.). However, analog technologies of trunking systems are unable to provide the level of service provided by mobile telephony.
In the mid-90s. Motorola decided to implement the idea of an integrated system that combines the capabilities of group and dispatch radio communications, mobile cellular telephone communications, as well as the transmission of alphanumeric messages (paging) and data. The proposed system was supposed to provide a modern level of service for all types of communications. All this was implemented in iDEN (integrated Digital Enhanced Network) technology.
System services
Mobile dispatch radio communication based on iDEN technology provides all types of services provided by modern digital trunking systems:
- group call for mobile subscribers and dispatchers in half-duplex mode. To make a call, just one click of a button is enough; connection establishment time does not exceed 0.5 s. In this case, only one voice communication channel is used - regardless of the number of subscribers in the group. The number of possible groups in iDEN is quite large (65,535), which eliminates the need for dynamic group reconfiguration functionality. All configurations can be created in advance: if necessary, subscribers simply move to the appropriate groups. Group members can be located at a distance of tens or hundreds of kilometers from each other (of course, within the system’s coverage area);
- personal call (private call) in half-duplex mode, when only two subscribers participate in the conversation and complete confidentiality of negotiations is ensured. Note that in the group and individual call mode, the caller's name or his digital identifier appears on the display of the subscriber terminal of the called subscriber;
- call signaling (call alert) - transmission of a special signal to a subscriber (or group), indicating the need to establish radio communication. If at this moment the subscriber is outside the system area or the subscriber terminal is turned off, the call is stored in the system. The moment the subscriber becomes available, he receives a sound signal and the caller ID appears on the terminal screen. Only then does the caller receive confirmation of the call.
In addition to the services typical for conventional trunked communications, the iDEN system provides a number of capabilities of modern mobile telephone systems:
- mobile telephone communication between subscribers, including via PSTN (both incoming and outgoing in duplex mode). The iDEN system provides local telephony functions (mini-PBX, UPBX), voice mail, long-distance and international communications;
- sending text messages. Subscribers can receive alphanumeric messages displayed on the screen of the subscriber terminal, which can store up to 16 messages of 140 characters each. This provides both group and individual messaging. Receiving text messages is possible simultaneously with a mobile telephone session;
- data transfer. Portable (wearable) iDEN terminals have built-in modems and can be connected to a PC via an RS-232C adapter. In circuit switching mode, data transfer rates of up to 9600 bps are provided, and in packet mode - up to 64 kbps. To increase the reliability of data transmission, the system uses a forward error correction scheme. The data transfer function allows mobile subscribers to receive and send faxes and e-mails, exchange data with office computers and provide access to the Internet. In packet mode, the standard TCP/IP network protocol is supported.
Note that adding a data transfer function to the existing iDEN system does not require the installation of additional equipment at base stations (BS). It is only necessary to install additional blocks of the central system management infrastructure and install the corresponding software on the base stations and the central system.
User terminals
Although the iDEN system provides several types of communication, this does not mean that the subscriber needs to “subscribe” to all types of services and, accordingly, purchase a fully functional subscriber terminal from the operator. The user can always choose a model that matches the package of services he is interested in. The cost of iDEN portable subscriber terminals and digital cell phones is approximately the same.
The i370/r370 portable terminals are capable of operating both as trunking radios and as mobile phones. They are equipped with a multi-line LCD display, which displays lists of available groups (subscribers) and alphanumeric messages. The improved i600 multifunction terminal is smaller, lighter and has longer battery life.
The latest model of the i1000 portable terminal has an even smaller weight and size: its weight without batteries is 120 g, dimensions are 120x60x30 mm.
The i470/r470 models are equipped with a built-in modem, which allows them to be used for data transfer and fax messages. In addition, these terminals support additional functions of the iDEN system, such as simultaneous work in several groups, providing communication in an isolated BS mode (in case of communication failure with the central infrastructure of the system), Emergency Call, etc.
Models r370 and 470, meeting the requirements of US military standards, have a shock-resistant body and are not afraid of moisture. The signal output power of all types of portable terminals is 600 mW.
The iDEN family of mobile subscriber terminals consists of three models - m100, m370 and m470. The first one works only in dispatch radio mode, the other two are equipped with a handset and support mobile telephone communications. In addition, the m470 has a built-in modem and provides the same special functions as the i470/r470 terminals. All types of mobile terminals have an output power of 3 W.
The iDEN system also provides desktop dispatch stations based on m100/m370/m470 mobile terminals. They have an external antenna, a table microphone and an AC power supply.
Radio interface and voice coding
The basis of iDEN technology is the TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) standard, according to which 6 digitized speech signals are simultaneously transmitted over each 25 kHz frequency channel. iDEN technology does not require all frequency channels to be contiguous.
The 90 ms time interval is divided into 6 time slots of 15 ms duration, each of which carries one voice signal (Fig. 2). The use of radio signal modulation using the M16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) method provides a total data transfer rate over one frequency channel of 64 kbit/s (transmission speed in the voice channel is 7.2 kbit/s). Adequate reproduction of the human voice and other sounds at such a low bit rate is achieved through the use of an advanced encoding scheme using the VSELP algorithm.
Figure 2.
iDEN frequency channel capacity
Frequency range
The system based on iDEN technology operates in the trunking range 806-825/851-870 MHz, standard for America and Asia. Note that recently in Russia, part of this range, namely 815-820/860-865 MHz, has also been allocated for trunking radio communication systems (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Frequency range allocated for the iDEN system in Russia: mobile terminals (MT) 806-821 MHz; base stations (BS) 851-866 MHz
When developing iDEN technology, Motorola wanted to achieve the most efficient use of frequency resources, at least not inferior to existing implementations of the CDMA standard. Since iDEN provides simultaneous transmission of six speech signals on each 25 kHz frequency channel, 240 such channels can be accommodated in 1 MHz of spectrum. For comparison, with a bandwidth of 1 MHz, analog and digital trunking communication systems can support no more than 80, analog cellular communication systems - from 30 to 40, and systems in the GSM standard - 40 voice channels (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Comparison of spectrum efficiency. In 1 MHz of spectrum you can place voice channels (GC): analog trunking systems - 40/80; analog cellular systems - 33-40; GSM - 40; TETRA - 160; iDEN - 240
iDEN system structure
The system based on iDEN technology consists of two main components: the BS and the central infrastructure. (Fig. 5). The iDEN infrastructure is organized to maximize the functionality of the BS, so the most important functional element is the EBTS Enhanced Base Transceiver System base station. EBTS includes an integrated node controller (iSC), up to 20 base radio stations (BR) of the omni type or 24 sector BRs, an amplifier and radio signal transmitters, a synchronizing receiver, and BS antennas.
Figure 5.
System structure based on iDEN technology: * provides telephone communication; ** provide radio communication; *** provided by the system operator; DACS (Digital Access Crossconnect Switch) - digital access switch; IWF (Interworking Function) - data transfer interface with PSTN; VMS (Voice Mail System) - voice mail
EBTS ensures interaction between the system and subscriber devices, supports the transmission of voice traffic on several frequency channels, and also performs a number of control functions, for example, separation of radio and telephone traffic, synchronization of the operation of the BS and subscriber terminals, control of the radio signal level, etc. Multifunctionality of EBTS allows you to significantly reduce the load on the components of the central infrastructure, primarily on the MSC (Mobile Switching Center). The EBTS transmitter supports a maximum of 144 voice channels per system node.
The main function of the BSC (Base Site Controller) is to control communications when moving subscriber terminals from one coverage area to another (handover). Each BSC is capable of supporting up to 30 zones, performing the full range of actions to concentrate traffic coming from hub stations and distribute it to the appropriate zones.
The XCDR transcoder performs forward and reverse conversion of VSELP audio signal to PCM digital format.
The MPS (Metro Packet Switch) packet switch consists of a switch and a packet duplicator. It carries dispatch radio voice packets and control information from the EBTS to the DAP and back.
The DAP (Dispatch Application Processor) dispatch system performs group and personal call management, call signaling and other functions. With a large number of system subscribers, it is possible to create clusters of four DAPs.
Subscriber location registration units HLR/VLR (Home Location Register)/Visited Location Register) serve mobile telephone communications. The HLR stores complete information about all subscriber terminals registered in various geographical segments of the system. The VLR contains information about the movement of subscriber devices and provides the system with the information necessary to perform roaming. Note that in the iDEN system there is no roaming in the sense in which it is understood in cellular systems, since not PSTN, but dedicated E1 channels are used to connect geographically distant segments of the system.
The MSC (Mobile Switching Center) switch provides the interface between the PSTN and iDEN mobile phones, performing the typical functions of such a switch, and also manages the transmission when subscribers move from an area controlled by one BSC to an area controlled by another. If the iDEN network covers a large area, several MSCs may be installed in it. The functions of the MSC of the iDEN system are completely identical to the functions of a GSM cellular network switch.
The main control module of the system is OMC (Operation Maitenance Center), which provides system configuration, emergency management, collection of statistical data on system operation and a number of other management functions.
The SMS Short Message Service supports all text messaging functions, including text notifications about the presence of messages for a given subscriber (voice mail).
iDEN MicroLite
Motorola is currently finalizing the iDEN MicroLite system, which is a "small" iDEN-based system designed to serve hundreds to thousands of subscribers. While maintaining all iDEN technological solutions, using the same subscriber equipment and base stations, this system differs, first of all, in the maximum number of frequency channels (40 of them).
The main technological difference between iDEN MicroLite and iDEN is the organization of the central infrastructure of the system. In the iDEN MicroLite system, it is implemented on a single computer platform of the Compact PCI standard (a variant of the PCI platform for industrial computers), running the Neutrino real-time OS from QNX Labs.
The first version of iDEN MicroLite will provide two types of communication - group (individual) radio communication and mobile telephone communication. Future versions will add short message and dial-up/packet data services to the system. The maximum number of base stations that the central infrastructure of the first version of the system can support is 5; in the future it will be increased to 8-10.
If it is necessary to migrate from iDEN MicroLite to a full iDEN system, a new installation of the central system infrastructure is required, but by modifying the appropriate software, user terminals and existing BS equipment can be used.
Deliveries of the iDEN MicroLite system will begin in the second quarter of 1999. Technical development of iDEN MicroLite system projects is expected from the third quarter of 1998.
Applications for iDEN
iDEN technology is focused on creating SMR (Shared Mobile Radio) type systems, i.e. commercial networks that provide integrated services to organizations and individuals. To ensure communication between individual departments and groups of employees, a so-called “fleet” is created for each corporate user of the system - a virtual private network within the organization’s network. Different groups can be created within the fleet, corresponding to the company's divisions (the maximum number of groups in one fleet is 255). The possibility of accidental or deliberate intrusion of subscribers into foreign fleets is absolutely excluded. Fleet members can be located in different geographic regions and move from one city to another.
Thus, an organization can build its own mobile telecommunications system that is fully equivalent to the organization's network. At the same time, she does not need to purchase equipment and build antennas, and also spend several months installing and debugging the system. All you need to do is become a corporate user of the existing iDEN system.
Where and when
The first commercial system based on iDEN technology, deployed in the United States by NEXTEL in mid-1994, is now nationwide. It has about 4,500 BS and about 2 million subscribers. In the southwestern states of the United States, there is another network based on iDEN technology, operated by the energy company Southern Co. In addition, in the southwestern provinces of Canada, Clearnet also provides communication services in the iDEN network, consisting of 320 BS.
In Latin America, iDEN networks already exist in Bogota (Colombia) and Buenos Aires (Argentina). They are being built in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), as well as in Mexico City (Mexico). Deployment of iDEN-based systems in Peru, Venezuela and Chile, as well as expansion of systems in Colombia and Argentina, are planned in the near future.
In Asia, iDEN systems are used in several countries: such systems have been operating in Tokyo and Osaka (Japan) for more than two years, and in Singapore for about a year. There are systems in China, South Korea and the Philippines. Construction is underway in Indonesia. In the Middle East, a nationwide iDEN network has been deployed in Israel, and construction of such systems has begun in Morocco and Jordan.
Each of the listed systems is designed to serve tens of thousands of subscribers.
The modular principle of the system organization provides various implementations. For example, the iDEN network can be initially deployed as a pure trunking system, and then mobile telephony, text messaging and data capabilities can be added as needed. According to the system developers, today iDEN is one of the few commercially proven technologies that provide the entire range of mobile communication services.
Andrey Aleksandrovich Denisov is the manager of Motorola for the iDEN system in the region of Eastern Europe and the former USSR. He can be contacted at: [email protected] and fax 785-0160
"I affirm"
Chairman of the Committee on Informatization and Communications
_________________
"___" _____________ 200___
VOLUME 3
DOCUMENTATION ABOUT THE AUCTION
TO CONDUCT AN OPEN AUCTION FOR THE RIGHT TO CONCLUSION OF A ST. PETERSBURG STATE CONTRACT FOR THE PROVISION OF TRUNKING RADIO COMMUNICATION SERVICES AND DATA TRANSMISSION SERVICES
FOR USERS OF A UNIFIED SYSTEM OF OPERATIONAL TRUNKING RADIO COMMUNICATION
FOR THE NEEDS OF EXECUTIVE BODIES OF STATE AUTHORITY OF ST. PETERSBURG
TECHNICAL TASK
Section 1. General requirements
1. Auction item, initial (maximum) contract price
1. The subject of this auction is the right to conclude a contract for
provision of trunking radio communication services and data transmission services to users of the unified operational trunking radio communication system (ESOTR) for the needs of executive bodies of state power in St. Petersburg.
2. Initial (maximum) contract price 29 ,00 rubles
3. Codes according to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities of Products and Services (OKDP) corresponding to the auction item: 6420050.
2 . Objectives and legal basis for the provision of services
1. The purpose of providing services is to guarantee the provision of operational radio communications to city government bodies, their subordinate enterprises and services, special-purpose services related to ensuring the safety of citizens and urban infrastructure, in compliance with the vital interests of the individual, society and the state, with prevention, prevention and prompt response to emergency situations.
2. The grounds for the provision of services are Orders of the Governor of St. Petersburg dated 01/01/01 No. 49-P “On the creation of a unified operational trunking radio communication system for the needs of the Administration of St. Petersburg” and dated 01/01/01 No. 50-P “On the development of a unified operational trunking radio communication systems for the needs of the Administration of St. Petersburg."
3. Source of financing for the state order of St. Petersburg
Source of financing for the state order of St. Petersburg: the budget of St. Petersburg for 2010 in accordance with the Law of St. Petersburg dated ________ No. __________ “On the budget of St. Petersburg for ____ year and for the planning period ____ and _____ years”, target article 3300030 “Expenditures” for the operation and development of a unified operational trunking radio communication system,” economic article 221 “Communication services.”
4. Form, terms and procedure for payment for services
1. Form of payment: payment is made in non-cash form in accordance with the approved budget allocations.
2. Terms and procedure for payment: payment is made quarterly on the basis of the issued invoice, invoice and the certificate of services provided signed by the parties within 5 working days.
3. Advance payments are not provided.
5. Place, conditions and terms (periods) of provision of services
1. Place of provision of services: the territory of the city of St. Petersburg and its nearest suburbs.
2. Conditions and terms (periods) for the provision of services: from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010.
6. The procedure for forming the contract price
1. The initial (maximum) price of the contract is formed: on the basis of monitoring the prices of telecom operators providing services in the Russian Federation.
2. The contract price is formed by the participant on the basis of the calculation of the initial (maximum) price attached by the customer, taking into account the costs of delivery, customs duties, taxes and other obligatory payments.
Stationary
Stationary
Duty unit N-W of the Internal Affairs Directorate for transport of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Stationary
Stationary
Duty department 5 Directorate 8 Ch. Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Stationary
Duty department Main. Managed execution of punishments
Stationary
The duty unit of the FSB Directorate for St. Petersburg. and Len. region
Stationary
Stationary
Directorate of the FSB of the Russian Federation for the St. Petersburg region
Automotive
Automotive
Office of Government Communications in the North-West Region
Stationary
Automotive
Security Directorate for the North-Western Federal District of the Federal Security Service of Russia
Stationary
Stationary
Leningrad Military District
Stationary
Stationary
Leningrad naval base St. Petersburg
Stationary
Stationary
Northwestern District of Internal Troops
Stationary
North-West Regional Directorate of the Federal Border Service of Russia
Stationary
Military commandant's office
Stationary
Stationary
Housing Committee
Stationary
Stationary
Stationary
Automotive
Stationary
Dispatcher of the State Enterprise "Fuel and Energy Complex of St. Petersburg"
Stationary
Stationary
Dispatcher of GGH "Lengaz"
Stationary
Stationary
Dispatcher of State Unitary Enterprise "Vodokanal SPb"
Stationary
Stationary
Stationary
State Enterprise "Petersburg Metro"
Stationary
SE "Pulkovo Airlines"
Stationary
OJSC "St. Petersburg transport company "Avtotrans"
Stationary
JSC "Sea Port of St. Petersburg"
Stationary
OJSC "North-Western Shipping Company"
Stationary
SE GBU VOLGOBALT
Stationary
State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance Center
Stationary
Gosatomnadzor District of the Russian Federation
Stationary
Duty department of the Leningrad Military District Engineering Department
Stationary
North-West Territorial Administration for Hydrometeorology, Environmental Monitoring
Stationary
Stationary
Department of Natural Resources for the North-West Region (NW DPR)
Stationary
State Enterprise "Engineering Center for Environmental Works"
Stationary
TsUKS GUGOCHS
Stationary
Stationary
Stationary
PPU GUGOCHS
Stationary
PPU of the Governor of St. Petersburg (GUGOCHS)
Automotive
PPU of the head of GUGOCHS SPb
Automotive
ASS GUGOCHS duty officer
Stationary
Grandfather crew of ACC GUGOCHS SPb
Automotive
Head of GUGOCHS SPb
1st deputy Head of GUGOChS St. Petersburg
Deputy NGUGOCHS (on operational issues)
Deputy NGUGOCHS (for operational defense)
Head of GUGOCHS St. Petersburg
Automotive
Deputy Head of the Main Directorate for Emergency Situations for Operational Issues
Automotive
Deputy Head of GUGOChS for Protection
Automotive
Deputy Head of GUGOChS for training and education
Automotive
GUGOCHS duty vehicle
Automotive
1st Deputy Head of GUGOCHS
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
ASS GUGOCHS car
Automotive
Rescuers ASS GUGOCHS
Operational group GUGOCHS
Department of teaching staff GUGOCHS
Communications Department of GUGOCHS
Emergency Prevention Department of GUGOCHS
Department of emergency personnel at sea and water basins
Department of ITM GUGOCHS
Department of RCBZ GUGOCHS
Medical department protection GUGOCHS
Evacuation and transport department of GUGOChS
Logistics Department GUGOCHS
Head of ACC GUGOCHS
Deputy Head of ACC GUGOCHS
Rescuers ASS GUGOCHS
Deputy Head of GUGOChS for logistics
Deputy Head of GUGOChS for training and education
Beginning Control GOChS Admiralteysky district
Beginning Control GOChS Vasileostvovsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Vyborg district
Beginning Control GOChS Kalininsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Kirovsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Kolpinsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Krasnogvardeisky district
Beginning Control GOChS Krasnoselsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Kronstadt district
Beginning Control GOChS of Kurortny district
Beginning Control GOChS Lomonosovsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Moscow region
Beginning Control GOChS Nevsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Pavlovsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Petrogradsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Petrodvortsovy district
Beginning Control GOChS Primorsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Pushkinsky district
Beginning Control GOChS Frunzensky district
Beginning Control GOChS of the Central district
Committee on Informatization and Communications
Automotive
Stationary
Automotive
Office of the Governor of St. Petersburg
Office of the Vice-Governor of St. Petersburg - Head of the Office of the Governor of St. Petersburg
Automotive
Stationary
Stationary
State Department Protocol of the Committee on External Relations of the St. Petersburg Administration
State Institution "Television Company "St. Petersburg Cable Television"
Stationary
Automotive
Administration of the Office of the Governor of St. Petersburg
Automotive
Department of Personnel and Civil Service of the Office of the Governor of St. Petersburg
Automotive
City Hospital No. 1
Stationary
City Hospital No. 3
Stationary
City Hospital No. 4
Stationary
City Hospital No. 14
Stationary
City Hospital No. 15
Stationary
City Hospital No. 16
Stationary
City Hospital No. 17
Stationary
City Hospital No. 26
Stationary
City Hospital No. 30
Stationary
VHP Clinic
Stationary
IVOV Hospital
Stationary
Institute of Emergency Medicine
Stationary
City Children's Hospital № 1
Stationary
Children's City Hospital No. 2
Stationary
Children's City Hospital No. 5
Stationary
Children's City Hospital No. 19
Stationary
Poison Control Center
Stationary
Health Committee
Stationary
Stationary
Ambulance depot
Automotive
Automotive
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 24"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 27"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 4"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 97"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "Children's City Clinic No. 11"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 23"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 43"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 17"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 93"
Stationary
GUZ "SSMP Kolpino"
Automotive
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "Hospital No. 40"
Automotive
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 21"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 47"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 46"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 8"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 32"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 000"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 000"
Stationary
State Healthcare Institution "City Clinic No. 37"
Stationary
Main Directorate for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of St. Petersburg
Stationary
Stationary
Automotive
Automotive
GU TsUS FPS EMERCOM of the Russian Federation for St. Petersburg
Stationary
Automotive
City clinic No. 52
Stationary
City clinic No. 86
Stationary
City clinic No. 96
Stationary
City clinic No. 88
Stationary
City clinic No. 000
City clinic No. 000
Stationary
City clinic No. 48
City clinic No. 51
Stationary
SSMP Petrodvorets
Stationary
City clinic No. 000-2
Stationary
City clinic No. 56
Stationary
City clinic No. 19
Stationary
City clinic No. 44
Stationary
City clinic No. 38
Stationary
Chairman of the Commission under the Government of St. Petersburg for the Prevention and Response to Emergency Situations and Ensuring Fire Safety
Automotive
Stationary
Total fixed radio stations
Total car radios
Total portable radios
TOTAL
2 328
1.2. Subscribers using subscription services during the first quarter of 2010:
|
Subdivision |
Model r/st |
Qty |
|
|
Administration of the Admiralteysky district | |||
|
Administration of Vasileostvovsky district | |||
|
Administration of the Vyborg region | |||
|
Administration of Kalininsky district | |||
|
Administration of the Kirov region | |||
|
Administration of Kolpinsky district | |||
|
Administration of Krasnogvardeisky district | |||
|
Administration of Krasnoselsky district | |||
|
Administration of Kronstadt district | |||
|
Administration of Kurortny district | |||
|
Administration of the Moscow region | |||
|
Administration of Nevsky district | |||
|
Administration of Petrogradsky district | |||
|
Administration of Petrodvortsovy district | |||
|
Administration of Primorsky district | |||
|
Administration of Pushkinsky district | |||
|
Administration of Frunzensky district | |||
|
Administration of the Central District | |||
|
TOTAL radio stations |
1.3. Subscribers using data transmission services in the operational trunking communication network of the TETRA standard:
|
No. |
Number of radio stations |
||
|
Administration of the Admiralteysky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of Vasileostrovsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Vyborg district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Kalininsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Kirovsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Kolpinsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Kronstadt district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Kurortny district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Nevsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Petrodvortsovy district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Frunzensky district of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Administration of the Central District of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Department of Duty Service of the Governor's Office of St. Petersburg | |||
|
Housing Committee | |||
|
Energy and Engineering Committee | |||
|
Committee for Improvement and Road Maintenance | |||
|
Committee on Legality, Law and Order and Security, Department for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Fire Safety | |||
|
Main Directorate of Internal Affairs for St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region | |||
|
FSB Directorate for St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region | |||
|
State Institution "Transportation Organizer" | |||
|
Health Committee | |||
|
Hydrometeorological center | |||
|
TOTAL: |
1.4. Subscribers using data transmission services in the operational trunking communication network of the EDACS standard:
|
No. |
Name of institution, object |
Number of radio stations |
|
Department of duty service of the Administration of St. Petersburg | ||
|
Duty service of the Admiralteysky District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Administration of Vasileostvovsky district | ||
|
Duty service of the Vyborg District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Administration of Kalininsky district | ||
|
Duty service of the Kirov District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Kolpino District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Krasnogvardeisky District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Krasnoselsky District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Kronstadt District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Resort District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Moscow District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Nevsky District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Petrograd District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Petrodvorets District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Primorsky District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Pushkin District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Frunzensky District Administration | ||
|
Duty service of the Central District Administration | ||
|
TsUKS GUGOCHS | ||
|
PPU GUGOCHS | ||
|
TOTAL: |
1.5. Trunking radio and data services
Appears in TETRA and EDACS standards;
Service provision is available around the clock (24 hours a day).
1.6. As part of the provision of radio communication services, users are provided with round-the-clock (24 hours a day) consultation on issues related to the operation of the ESOTP in the workplace or by telephone.
2. The specified services are provided in accordance with the cost calculation, calculation, which is an integral part of Volume 3 (Appendix).
8. Requirements for quality and safety of services
1. When providing services, the mobile radio communications operator’s network must ensure:
Possibility to use the Services around the clock, 7 (seven) days a week, days a year during the entire period of provision of services;
The quality of Services in the network coverage area is not lower than those provided for by the relevant technical conditions and standards throughout the entire period of provision of services;
The coverage area of the equipment should cover St. Petersburg and the nearest suburbs, Pulkovo Airport 1,2.
2. The mobile radio operator is obliged to:
Notify in advance (no later than three days in advance) the responsible persons of the departments using radio communication services about the implementation of maintenance activities, the implementation of which may lead to interruptions in the provision of services provided in accordance with this technical specification;
In case of detection of violations in the provision of services provided in accordance with this technical specification, and requiring more than three hours to eliminate them, not later than within three hours from the moment of detection of the violation, inform the responsible persons of the departments about this.
9. Requirements for technical characteristics of services
The services provided must meet the following requirements:
1. Support the operation of the following types of subscriber equipment:
EDACS standard: MDX, MDR, IPE System, IPE Scan, EP-4800, EM-4800 and analogues;
TETRA standard: SRH3500, SRM3500, STP8000, MTP850 and analogues.
2. Provide connection establishment time in group and individual half-duplex call modes of no more than 0.35 seconds;
3. Provide the following functionality of user equipment:
Support basic types of calls (individual, group, broadcast), direct communication mode, automatic registration of mobile subscribers, data transmission at speed (2.4 - 7.2 Kbps), transmission of status messages, transmission of short messages, emergency call;
Dividing all users into separate conversation groups (at least 100 groups);
Group calls between subscribers of all departments;
Emergency group (circular) calls - for all departments;
Individual (half-duplex) calls between subscribers of all departments;
Organization of communication schemes in accordance with the organizational and functional tasks of departments;
Possibility of interaction between subscribers of different organizational units in accordance with the established communication scheme.
4. Ensuring confidentiality within the organizational units of subscribers:
Blocking unauthorized switching of conversation channels;
Elimination of unauthorized connection to conversational channels and access to communication by extraneous means of communication.
10. Requirements for the results of services and other indicators related to determining the compliance of the services provided with the needs of the customer
At the end of each quarter, the Customer accepts the services provided, taking into account the shortcomings identified during the reporting period in the provision of services that are the subject of this contract.
Section 3. Requirements for the period and (or) volume of provision
service quality guarantees
1. When executing this Technical Specification (hereinafter referred to as the TOR) and the State Contract concluded under it (hereinafter referred to as the Contract), the Customer has the right to change the scope of all activities provided for in the TOR and the Contract for the provision of operational trunking radio communication services, but by no more than 10% of the Contract price, in case of identification of the need for additional measures not provided for by the ToR and the Contract, but not related to the measures for the execution of the ToR and the Contract, or if the need for part of the activities provided for by this ToR and the Contract ceases. At the same time, the Customer has the right to change the price of such a Contract in proportion to the volume of these additional activities but by no more than 10% of the Contract price
2. The Customer does not provide a period for providing a guarantee of the quality of trunked radio communication services and data transmission services.
Section 4. Requirements for the procedure for filling out the “Service Quality Proposal” form by the participant
1. If the technical (technological) solutions proposed by the participant, as well as materials (components and equipment) comply (identical) with the customer’s requirements set out in the technical specifications, the participant in column 3 of the form indicates the following “Services will be provided in accordance with all requirements, specified in the technical specifications using materials (components and equipment) specified in the technical specifications." Columns 1, 2 and 4 are not filled in by the participant.
2. If the participant proposes to use materials (components and equipment) other than those specified in the technical specifications, in column 3 of the form the participant must indicate all technical, quality and other characteristics that allow determining their equivalence (according to the indicators specified in the technical specifications task). Column 4 of the form indicates the brand name (brand, type, etc.), name of the manufacturer and country of origin, offered materials (components and equipment). Column 2 of the form contains a link to the relevant clauses of the technical specifications.
3. If the participant offers other technical (technological) solutions related to the provision of services, in column 3 of the form the participant indicates the relevant characteristics (description, indicators, etc.) that make it possible to determine the compliance of the services provided with the quality needs of the customer (according to the indicators specified in the technical specifications). Column 2 of the form contains a link to the relevant clauses of the technical specifications. Column 4 of the form is not filled out by the participant in this case.
Section 5. List of appendices to volume 3, which are its integral part.
Application
to the technical specifications
|
Item no. |
Type of service |
Number of subscribers |
Number of months |
Cost, rub. |
|
|
Per unit |
Total |
||||
|
1 |
2 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
1 055,00 | ||||
|
|
1 055,00 | ||||
|
Operational trunking radio communication services of the EDACS standard |
1 055,00 | ||||
|
|
1 000,00 | ||||
|
|
1 000,00 | ||||
|
Total: | |||||
|
including VAT (18%): |
* - based on monitoring prices of telecom operators providing services in the Russian Federation.
Application
to the technical specifications
to conduct an open competition for the right to conclude a government contract
St. Petersburg for the provision of trunking radio communication services and data transmission services for the unified operational trunking radio communication system (ESOTR)
|
Calendar plan for the provision of trunked radio communication services and data transmission services to users of the Unified System of Operational Trunked Radio Communications (USOTR) | |||||||
|
Reason: Volume 3 of the tender documentation for holding an open competition for the right to conclude a state contract of St. Petersburg for the provision of trunked radio communication services and data transmission services for the unified operational trunked radio communication system (ESOTR) | |||||||
|
Name |
Scope of services |
Schedule of services (quarters) |
|||||
|
Unit |
Cost, rub. | ||||||
|
1st quarter |
2nd quarter |
3rd quarter |
4th quarter |
||||
|
TETRA operational trunking radio communication services | |||||||
|
Operational trunking radio communication services of the EDACS standard | |||||||
|
Operational trunking radio communication services of the EDACS standard | |||||||
|
Data transmission services in the operational trunking communication network of the TETRA standard | |||||||
|
Data transmission services in the operational trunking communication network of the EDACS standard | |||||||
