The first integrated circuit on a silicon wafer. See what "sbis" is in other dictionaries. dedicated to the anniversary of the official date
Name the first computing device. Abacus Calculator Adding machine Russian abacus What idea did he put forward in the middle19th century English mathematician Charles Babbage?
The idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, a control device, as well as an input and printing device
The idea of creating a cell phone
The idea of creating computer-controlled robots
In what year and where was the first computer based on vacuum tubes created?
1945, USA
1944, England
1946, France
On what basis were third generation computers created?
Integrated circuits
semiconductors
vacuum tubes
ultra-large-scale integrated circuits
What was the name of the first personal computer?
Name the central device of the computer.
CPU
System unit
power unit
Motherboard
The processor processes the information presented:
In decimal number system
In English
In Russian
In machine language (in binary code)
To enter numeric and text information, use
Keyboard
The scanner is used for...
For entering images and text documents into a computer
For drawing on it with a special pen
Moving the cursor on the monitor screen
Obtaining holographic images
10. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing financial documents?
Matrix printer
Jet printer
Laser printer
What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing abstracts?
Matrix printer
Jet printer
Laser printer
What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing photos?
Matrix printer
Jet printer
Laser printer
Failure to comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements of a computer can have a harmful effect on human health...
Cathode ray tube monitor
LCD monitor
Plasma panels
When you turn off your computer, all information is erased from...
Random access memory
Hard drive
laser disk
In what computer device is information stored?
External memory;
CPU;
The optical tracks are thinner and placed more densely on...
Digital video disc (DVD disc)
Compact disk (CD-disk)
Input devices include...
Output devices include...
Keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, scanner, digital camera, microphone
Speakers, monitor, printer, earphone
Hard drive, processor, memory modules, motherboard, floppy disk
The program is called...
A computer program can control the operation of a computer if it is...
In RAM
On a floppy disk
On hard drive
On CD
Data is...
The sequence of commands that a computer executes while processing data
Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
Data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
The file is...
Text printed on a computer
Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
A program or data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
When quickly formatting a floppy disk...
The disk directory is being cleared
All data is erased
Disk defragmentation in progress
The disk surface is being checked
When fully formatting a floppy disk...
all data is erased
a full disk scan is performed
The disk directory is being cleaned
the disk becomes system
In a multi-level hierarchical file system...
Files are stored in a system that is a system of nested folders
Files are stored in a system that is a linear sequence
History of the development of computer technology:1. Name the first computing device.
1) Abacus
2) Calculator
3) Arithmometer
4) Russian abacus
2. What idea was put forward by the English mathematician Charles Babbage in the mid-19th century?
1) The idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, a control device, as well as an input and printing device
2) The idea of creating a cell phone
3) The idea of creating computer-controlled robots
3. Name the first computer programmer.
1) Ada Lovelace
2) Sergey Lebedev
3) Bill Gates
4) Sofya Kovalevskaya
4. In what year and where was the first computer based on vacuum tubes created?
1) 1945, USA
2) 1950, USSR
3) 1944, England
4) 1946, France
5. On what basis were third generation computers created?
1) Integrated circuits
2) semiconductors
3) vacuum tubes
4) ultra-large scale integrated circuits
6. What was the name of the first personal computer?
1) Apple II
2) IBM PC
3) Dell
4) Corvette
Computer structure........................15
1. Name the central device of the computer.
1) Processor
2) System unit
3) Power supply
4) Motherboard
2. How is physical information recorded and transmitted to a computer?
1) numbers;
2) using programs;
3) is represented in the form of electrical signals.
3. The processor processes the information presented:
1) In the decimal number system
2) In English
3) In Russian
4) In machine language (in binary code)
4. To enter numeric and text information, use
1) Keyboard
2) Mouse
3) Trackball
4) Handle
5. The most important characteristic of coordinate input devices is resolution, which is usually 500 dpi (dot per inch (1 inch = 2.54 cm)), which means...
1) When you move the mouse one inch, the mouse pointer moves 500 points
2) When moving the mouse 500 points, the mouse pointer moves one inch
6. The scanner is used for...
1) For entering images and text documents into a computer
2) To draw on it with a special pen
3) Moving the cursor on the monitor screen
4) Obtaining holographic images
Output devices................................21
1. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing financial documents?
1) Dot matrix printer
2) Inkjet printer
3) Laser printer
2. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing abstracts?
1) Dot matrix printer
2) Inkjet printer
3) Laser printer
1. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing photos?
1) Dot matrix printer
2) Inkjet printer
3) Laser printer
2. Failure to comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements of the computer can have a harmful effect on human health...
1) Cathode ray tube monitor
2) Liquid crystal monitor
4) Plasma panels
3. A device that provides recording and reading of information is called...
1) Disk drive or storage device
4. When you turn off the computer, all information is erased from...
4) RAM
5) Hard drive
6) Laser disk
7) Floppy disks
13. In what computer device is information stored?
1) External memory;
2) monitor;
3) processor;
2. Optical tracks are thinner and placed more densely on...
1) Digital video disc (DVD disc)
2) Compact disk (CD-disk)
3) Floppy disk
3. On which disk is information stored on concentric tracks on which magnetized and non-magnetized areas alternate?
1) On a floppy disk
2) On CD
3) On DVD
4. Input devices include...
1) Hard drive, processor, memory modules, motherboard, floppy disk
5. Output devices include...
1) Keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, scanner, digital camera, microphone
2) Speakers, monitor, printer, earphone
3) Hard drive, processor, memory modules, motherboard, floppy disk
6. A program is called...
7. A computer program can control the operation of a computer if it is located...
1) In RAM
2) On a floppy disk
3) On the hard drive
4) On a CD
8. Data is...
1) The sequence of commands that the computer executes during data processing
2) Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
3) Data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
9. A file is...
1) Text printed on a computer
2) Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
3) A program or data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
10. When quickly formatting a floppy disk...
1) The disk directory is being cleaned
2) All data is erased
3) The disk is being defragmented
4) A check is carried out according to
2. What is an electromechanical relay? When were relay computers created? How fast were they?
3. Where and when was the first computer built? What was it called?
4. What was the role of John von Neumann in the creation of the computer?
5. Who was the designer of the first domestic computers?
6. On what elemental base were the first generation machines created? What were their main characteristics?
7. On what element base were the second generation machines created? What are their advantages compared to the first generation of computers?
8. What is an integrated circuit? When were the first integrated circuit computers created? What were they called?
9. What new areas of computer application have arisen with the advent of third-generation machines?
Integrated Circuit (IC) is a microelectronic product that performs the functions of signal conversion and processing, which is characterized by dense packing of elements so that all connections and connections between elements form a single whole.
An integral part of an IC are elements that act as electrical and radio elements (transistors, resistors, etc.) and cannot be separated as independent products. In this case, IC elements that perform the functions of amplification or other signal conversion (diodes, transistors, etc.) are called active, and elements that implement a linear transfer function (resistors, capacitors, inductors) are called passive.
Classification of integrated circuits:
By manufacturing method:
According to the degree of integration.
The degree of integration of an information system is an indicator of complexity, characterized by the number of elements and components it contains. The degree of integration is determined by the formula
where k is a coefficient that determines the degree of integration, rounded to the nearest larger integer, and N is the number of elements and components included in the IS.
To quantitatively characterize the degree of integration, the following terms are often used: if k ? 1, An IC is called a simple IC if 1< k ? 2 - средней ИС (СИС), если 2 < k ? 4 - большой ИС (БИС), если k ?4 - сверхбольшой ИС (СБИС).
In addition to the degree of integration, another indicator is used as the packing density of elements - the number of elements (most often transistors) per unit area of the crystal. This indicator mainly characterizes the level of technology; currently it is more than 1000 elements/mm 2.
Film integrated circuits- these are integrated circuits, the elements of which are deposited on the surface of a dielectric base in the form of a film. Their peculiarity is that they do not exist in their pure form. They are used only for the manufacture of passive elements - resistors, capacitors, conductors, inductors.
Rice. 1. Structure of a film hybrid IC: 1, 2 - lower and upper capacitor plates, 3 - dielectric layer, 4 - wire connecting bus, 5 - mounted transistor, 6 - film resistor, 7 - pin terminal, 8 - dielectric substrate
Hybrid ICs are thin-film microcircuits consisting of passive elements (resistors, capacitors, pads) and discrete active elements (diodes, transistors). The hybrid IC shown in Fig. 1, is a dielectric substrate with film capacitors and resistors applied to it and an attached mounted transistor, the base of which is connected to the upper plate of the capacitor by a bus in the form of a very thin wire.
In semiconductor ICs All elements and inter-element connections are made in the bulk and on the surface of the semiconductor crystal. Semiconductor ICs are a flat semiconductor crystal (substrate), in the surface layer of which, using various technological techniques, local areas equivalent to the elements of an electrical circuit are formed (diodes, transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.), united along the surface by film metal connections (interconnections).
The substrates of semiconductor ICs are round wafers of silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide, having a diameter of 60 - 150 mm and a thickness of 0.2 - 0.4 mm.
The semiconductor substrate is a group workpiece (Fig. 2), on which a large number of ICs are simultaneously manufactured.
Rice. 2. Group silicon wafer: 1 - basic cut, 2 - individual crystals (chips)
After completing the main technological operations, it is cut into parts - crystals 2, also called chips. The dimensions of the crystal sides can be from 3 to 10 mm. The base cut 1 of the plate serves to orient it during various technological processes.
The structures of the elements of a semiconductor IC - transistor, diode, resistor and capacitor, manufactured by appropriate doping of local sections of the semiconductor using planar technology methods, are shown in Fig. 3, a-d. Planar technology is characterized by the fact that all the terminals of the IC elements are located in the same plane on the surface and are simultaneously connected into an electrical circuit using thin-film interconnects. With planar technology, group processing is carried out, i.e., during one technological process, a large number of ICs are produced on substrates, which ensures high manufacturability and efficiency, and also allows automation of production.
Rice. 3. Structures of elements of a semiconductor IC: a - transistor, b - diode, c - resistor, d - capacitor, 1 - thin-film contact, 2 - dielectric layer, H - emitter; 4 - base, 5 - collector, 6 - cathode, 7 - anode, 8 - insulating layer; 9 - resistive layer, 10 - insulating layer, 11 - plate, 12, 14 - upper and lower electrodes of the capacitor, 13 - dielectric layer
In combined ICs(Fig. 4), which are a variant of semiconductor ones, create semiconductor and thin-film elements on a silicon substrate. The advantage of these circuits is that it is technologically difficult to manufacture resistors of a given resistance in a solid body, since it depends not only on the thickness of the doped semiconductor layer, but also on the distribution of resistivity over the thickness. Adjusting the resistance to the nominal value after manufacturing the resistor also presents significant difficulties. Semiconductor resistors have a noticeable temperature dependence, which complicates IC development.
Rice. 4. Structure of the combined IC: 1 - silicon dioxide film, 2 - diode, 3 - film in-circuit connections, 4 - thin-film resistor, 5, 6, 7 - upper and lower electrodes of the thin-film capacitor and dielectric, 8 - thin-film contacts, 9 - transistor, 10 - silicon wafer.
In addition, it is also very difficult to create capacitors in solids. To expand the resistor and capacitor ratings of semiconductor ICs and improve their performance characteristics, a combination technology based on thin film technology called interconnected circuit technology has been developed. In this case, the active elements of the IC (possibly some resistors that are not critical in terms of nominal resistance) are manufactured in the body of the silicon crystal using the diffusion method, and then passive elements - resistors, capacitors and interconnections - are formed by vacuum deposition of films (as in film ICs).
The electronics element base is developing at an ever-increasing pace. Each generation, having appeared at a certain point in time, continues to improve in the most justified directions. The development of electronic products from generation to generation is moving in the direction of their functional complexity, increasing reliability and service life, reducing overall dimensions, weight, cost and energy consumption, simplifying technology and improving the parameters of electronic equipment.
The emergence of microelectronics as an independent science became possible thanks to the use of rich experience and the base of the industry producing discrete semiconductor devices. However, as semiconductor electronics developed, serious limitations in the use of electronic phenomena and systems based on them became clear. Therefore, microelectronics continues to advance at a rapid pace both in the direction of improving semiconductor integrated technology and in the direction of using new physical phenomena. radio electronic integrated circuit
Microelectronics products: integrated circuits of various degrees of integration, microassemblies, microprocessors, mini- and micro-computers - made it possible to carry out the design and industrial production of functionally complex radio and computing equipment, which differs from equipment of previous generations in better parameters, higher reliability and service life, shorter energy consumption and cost. Equipment based on microelectronics products is widely used in all areas of human activity.
Microelectronics contributes to the creation of computer-aided design systems, industrial robots, automated and automatic production lines, communications equipment and much more.
First stage
The first stage included the invention of the incandescent lamp in 1809 by the Russian engineer Ladygin.
The discovery in 1874 by the German scientist Brown of the rectifying effect in metal-semiconductor contacts. The use of this effect by Russian inventor Popov to detect radio signals allowed him to create the first radio receiver. The date of invention of radio is considered to be May 7, 1895, when Popov gave a report and demonstration at a meeting of the physics department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. In different countries, development and research was carried out on various types of simple and reliable detectors of high-frequency vibrations - detectors.
Second phase
The second stage in the development of electronics began in 1904, when the English scientist Fleming designed an electric vacuum diode. This was followed by the invention of the first amplification tube, the triode, in 1907.
1913 - 1919 was a period of rapid development of electronic technology. In 1913, the German engineer Meissner developed a circuit for a tube regenerative receiver and, using a triode, obtained undamped harmonic oscillations.
In Russia, the first radio tubes were manufactured in 1914 in St. Petersburg by Nikolai Dmitrievich Papaleksi, a consultant to the Russian Society of Wireless Telegraphy, a future academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Third stage
The third period in the development of electronics is the period of the creation and implementation of discrete semiconductor devices, which began with the invention of the point-point transistor. In 1946, a group led by William Shockley was created at the Bell Telephone Laboratory, which conducted research on the properties of semiconductors on Silicon and Germany. The group carried out both theoretical and experimental studies of physical processes at the interface between two semiconductors with different types of electrical conductivity. As a result, three-electrode semiconductor devices were invented - transistors. Depending on the number of charge carriers, transistors were divided into:
- - unipolar (field), where unipolar media were used.
- - bipolar, where different polarity carriers (electrons and holes) were used.
The invention of the transistor was a significant milestone in the history of electronics and therefore its authors John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1956.
The emergence of microelectronics
With the advent of bipolar field-effect transistors, ideas for the development of small-sized computers began to be realized. On their basis, they began to create on-board electronic systems for aviation and space technology. Since these devices contained thousands of individual electroradio elements and more and more of them were constantly required, technical difficulties arose. With the increase in the number of elements of electronic systems, it was practically impossible to ensure their operability immediately after assembly, and to ensure, in the future, the reliability of the systems. The problem of the quality of installation and assembly work has become the main problem for manufacturers in ensuring the operability and reliability of radio-electronic devices. The solution to the interconnection problem was a prerequisite for the emergence of microelectronics. The prototype of future microcircuits was a printed circuit board, in which all single conductors are combined into a single whole and manufactured simultaneously in a group method by etching copper foil with the plane of the foil dielectric. The only type of integration in this case is conductors. Although the use of printed circuit boards does not solve the problem of miniaturization, it does solve the problem of increasing the reliability of interconnections. Printed circuit board manufacturing technology does not make it possible to simultaneously manufacture other passive elements other than conductors. This is why printed circuit boards have not evolved into integrated circuits in the modern sense. Thick-film hybrid circuits were the first to be developed in the late 40s; their production was based on the already proven technology for manufacturing ceramic capacitors, using the method of applying pastes containing silver and glass powder to a ceramic substrate through stencils.
Thin-film technology for the production of integrated circuits involves applying thin films of various materials (conducting, dielectric, resistive) to the smooth surface of dielectric substrates in a vacuum.
Fourth stage
In 1960, Robert Noyce of Fairchild proposed and patented the idea of a monolithic integrated circuit and, using planar technology, produced the first silicon monolithic integrated circuits.
A family of monolithic transistor-transistor logic elements with four or more bipolar transistors on a single silicon chip was released by Fairchild already in February 1960 and was called “micrologics”. Horney's planar technology and Noyce's monolithic technology laid the foundation for the development of integrated circuits in 1960, first with bipolar transistors, and then 1965-85. on field-effect transistors and combinations of both.
Two policy decisions adopted in 1961-1962. influenced the development of the production of silicon transistors and ICs. The decision of IBM (New York) to develop for a promising computer not ferromagnetic storage devices, but electronic memories (storage devices) based on n-channel field-effect transistors (metal-oxide-semiconductor - MOS). The result of the successful implementation of this plan was the release in 1973. universal computer with MOS memory - IBM-370/158. Directive decisions of Fairchild providing for the expansion of work in the semiconductor research laboratory for the study of silicon devices and materials for them.
Meanwhile, in July 1968, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce left Fairchild's semiconductor division and on June 28, 1968, organized a tiny company, Intel, with twelve people who rented a room in Mountain View, California. The task that Moore, Noyce and the chemical technology specialist who joined them, Andrew Grove, set themselves was to use the enormous potential of integrating a large number of electronic components on a single semiconductor chip to create new types of electronic devices.
In 1997, Andrew Grove became “person of the year,” and the company he headed, Intel, which became one of the leading companies in Silicon Valley in California, began producing microprocessors for 90% of all personal computers on the planet. The emergence of integrated circuits played a decisive role in the development of electronics, ushering in a new stage of microelectronics. Microelectronics of the fourth period is called schematic, because in the composition of the main basic elements it is possible to distinguish elements equivalent to discrete electro-radio elements and each integrated circuit corresponds to a certain basic electrical circuit, as for electronic components of equipment of previous generations.
Integrated circuits began to be called microelectronic devices, considered as a single product with a high density of elements equivalent to the elements of a conventional circuit. The complexity of the functions performed by microcircuits is achieved by increasing the degree of integration.
Electronics present
Currently, microelectronics is moving to a qualitatively new level - nanoelectronics.
Nanoelectronics is primarily based on the results of fundamental studies of atomic processes in low-dimensional semiconductor structures. Quantum dots, or zero-dimensional systems, are an extreme case of reduced-dimensional systems that consist of an array of nanometer-sized atomic clusters or islands in a semiconductor matrix that exhibit self-organization in epitaxial heterostructures.
One of the possible works related to nanoelectronics is the creation of materials and elements of IR technology. They are in demand by industry enterprises and are the basis for the creation in the near future of “artificial” (technical) vision systems with an expanded spectral range, compared to biological vision, in the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum. Technical vision systems and photonic components on nanostructures, capable of receiving and processing huge amounts of information, will become the basis of fundamentally new telecommunication devices, environmental and space monitoring systems, thermal imaging, nanodiagnostics, robotics, precision weapons, counter-terrorism equipment, etc. The use of semiconductor nanostructures will significantly reduce the size of monitoring and recording devices, reduce energy consumption, improve cost characteristics and make it possible to take advantage of mass production in micro- and nanoelectronics of the near future.
Name the first computing device. Abacus Calculator Adding machine Russian abacus What idea did he put forward in the middle19th century English mathematician Charles Babbage?
The idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, a control device, as well as an input and printing device
The idea of creating a cell phone
The idea of creating computer-controlled robots
In what year and where was the first computer based on vacuum tubes created?
1945, USA
1944, England
1946, France
On what basis were third generation computers created?
Integrated circuits
semiconductors
vacuum tubes
ultra-large-scale integrated circuits
What was the name of the first personal computer?
Name the central device of the computer.
CPU
System unit
power unit
Motherboard
The processor processes the information presented:
In decimal number system
In English
In Russian
In machine language (in binary code)
To enter numeric and text information, use
Keyboard
The scanner is used for...
For entering images and text documents into a computer
For drawing on it with a special pen
Moving the cursor on the monitor screen
Obtaining holographic images
10. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing financial documents?
Matrix printer
Jet printer
Laser printer
What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing abstracts?
Matrix printer
Jet printer
Laser printer
What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing photos?
Matrix printer
Jet printer
Laser printer
Failure to comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements of a computer can have a harmful effect on human health...
Cathode ray tube monitor
LCD monitor
Plasma panels
When you turn off your computer, all information is erased from...
Random access memory
Hard drive
laser disk
In what computer device is information stored?
External memory;
CPU;
The optical tracks are thinner and placed more densely on...
Digital video disc (DVD disc)
Compact disk (CD-disk)
Input devices include...
Output devices include...
Keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, scanner, digital camera, microphone
Speakers, monitor, printer, earphone
Hard drive, processor, memory modules, motherboard, floppy disk
The program is called...
A computer program can control the operation of a computer if it is...
In RAM
On a floppy disk
On hard drive
On CD
Data is...
The sequence of commands that a computer executes while processing data
Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
Data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
The file is...
Text printed on a computer
Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
A program or data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
When quickly formatting a floppy disk...
The disk directory is being cleared
All data is erased
Disk defragmentation in progress
The disk surface is being checked
When fully formatting a floppy disk...
all data is erased
a full disk scan is performed
The disk directory is being cleaned
the disk becomes system
In a multi-level hierarchical file system...
Files are stored in a system that is a system of nested folders
Files are stored in a system that is a linear sequence
History of the development of computer technology:1. Name the first computing device.
1) Abacus
2) Calculator
3) Arithmometer
4) Russian abacus
2. What idea was put forward by the English mathematician Charles Babbage in the mid-19th century?
1) The idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, a control device, as well as an input and printing device
2) The idea of creating a cell phone
3) The idea of creating computer-controlled robots
3. Name the first computer programmer.
1) Ada Lovelace
2) Sergey Lebedev
3) Bill Gates
4) Sofya Kovalevskaya
4. In what year and where was the first computer based on vacuum tubes created?
1) 1945, USA
2) 1950, USSR
3) 1944, England
4) 1946, France
5. On what basis were third generation computers created?
1) Integrated circuits
2) semiconductors
3) vacuum tubes
4) ultra-large scale integrated circuits
6. What was the name of the first personal computer?
1) Apple II
2) IBM PC
3) Dell
4) Corvette
Computer structure........................15
1. Name the central device of the computer.
1) Processor
2) System unit
3) Power supply
4) Motherboard
2. How is physical information recorded and transmitted to a computer?
1) numbers;
2) using programs;
3) is represented in the form of electrical signals.
3. The processor processes the information presented:
1) In the decimal number system
2) In English
3) In Russian
4) In machine language (in binary code)
4. To enter numeric and text information, use
1) Keyboard
2) Mouse
3) Trackball
4) Handle
5. The most important characteristic of coordinate input devices is resolution, which is usually 500 dpi (dot per inch (1 inch = 2.54 cm)), which means...
1) When you move the mouse one inch, the mouse pointer moves 500 points
2) When moving the mouse 500 points, the mouse pointer moves one inch
6. The scanner is used for...
1) For entering images and text documents into a computer
2) To draw on it with a special pen
3) Moving the cursor on the monitor screen
4) Obtaining holographic images
Output devices................................21
1. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing financial documents?
1) Dot matrix printer
2) Inkjet printer
3) Laser printer
2. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing abstracts?
1) Dot matrix printer
2) Inkjet printer
3) Laser printer
1. What type of printer is appropriate to use for printing photos?
1) Dot matrix printer
2) Inkjet printer
3) Laser printer
2. Failure to comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements of the computer can have a harmful effect on human health...
1) Cathode ray tube monitor
2) Liquid crystal monitor
4) Plasma panels
3. A device that provides recording and reading of information is called...
1) Disk drive or storage device
4. When you turn off the computer, all information is erased from...
4) RAM
5) Hard drive
6) Laser disk
7) Floppy disks
13. In what computer device is information stored?
1) External memory;
2) monitor;
3) processor;
2. Optical tracks are thinner and placed more densely on...
1) Digital video disc (DVD disc)
2) Compact disk (CD-disk)
3) Floppy disk
3. On which disk is information stored on concentric tracks on which magnetized and non-magnetized areas alternate?
1) On a floppy disk
2) On CD
3) On DVD
4. Input devices include...
1) Hard drive, processor, memory modules, motherboard, floppy disk
5. Output devices include...
1) Keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, scanner, digital camera, microphone
2) Speakers, monitor, printer, earphone
3) Hard drive, processor, memory modules, motherboard, floppy disk
6. A program is called...
7. A computer program can control the operation of a computer if it is located...
1) In RAM
2) On a floppy disk
3) On the hard drive
4) On a CD
8. Data is...
1) The sequence of commands that the computer executes during data processing
2) Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
3) Data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
9. A file is...
1) Text printed on a computer
2) Information presented in digital form and processed on a computer
3) A program or data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
10. When quickly formatting a floppy disk...
1) The disk directory is being cleaned
2) All data is erased
3) The disk is being defragmented
4) A check is carried out according to
2. What is an electromechanical relay? When were relay computers created? How fast were they?
3. Where and when was the first computer built? What was it called?
4. What was the role of John von Neumann in the creation of the computer?
5. Who was the designer of the first domestic computers?
6. On what elemental base were the first generation machines created? What were their main characteristics?
7. On what element base were the second generation machines created? What are their advantages compared to the first generation of computers?
8. What is an integrated circuit? When were the first integrated circuit computers created? What were they called?
9. What new areas of computer application have arisen with the advent of third-generation machines?
Tasks for § 1.3
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
1. The following are the queries to the search engine:
Present the results of these queries graphically using Euler circles. Indicate the request numbers in ascending order of the number of documents that the search engine will find for each request.
369 " style="width:276.55pt;border-collapse:collapse">
request
Pages found
Tea coffee
tea| coffee
How many pages will be found for the query “tea”?
 |
_____________________________________________________
Solve the number crossword puzzle.
Look for answers to questions on the World Wide Web.
Horizontally. 1. The year the first integrated circuit made on a silicon wafer went on sale. 3. Year of birth. 4. The year preceding the release year of Windows 3.1.
8. Year of birth of Blaise Pascal. 9. Year of birth of Ada Lovelace.
Vertically. 1. Year of birth of Leonardo da Vinci. 2. The year in which the French engineer Valtat put forward the idea of using the binary number system to create mechanical counting devices.
3. Year of commissioning of MESM. 5. The year in which the BASIC programming language was developed. 6. Year of birth of Euclid (BC).
7. Year of birth of Aristotle (BC)
