Non-renewable resources: the problem of rational use. Sources of information and its types

The resources of our planet are not limitless. They are used by humanity as a material for creating social benefits and recreational activities. Sometimes they are thoughtlessly consumed in large quantities, which leads to depletion of reserves.

Non-renewable natural resources especially suffer. This problem affects most developed countries, so experts in this field have come up with many rational ways to solve the problem of exhaustion.

Resource classification

A simple classification will help us figure out which resources we should worry about losing in the first place. All resources of the planet are divided into two large groups: exhaustible and inexhaustible.

Inexhaustible resources are, first of all, the planet’s water reserves. This group also includes cosmic rays, wind energy, air, and tidal energy.
Exhaustible resources are divided into two main subgroups: renewable and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources

This group includes plants and animals, forests, some minerals and soil. A feature of such resources is the ability to self-renew, which can last for a different period of time.

For example, animals and plants restore their population in a few years, but forests will take several hundred years, and the fertile layer of the earth - humus - will accumulate for a thousand years. By the way, due to such a long period of time, soil is classified as a conditionally renewable resource.

Although these sources of raw materials can be restored, sometimes there is a serious need for them, and then a shortage. For example, if forests are cut down for a period that is less than their restoration time, the forests will begin to gradually disappear. The same applies to species of animals and plants listed in the Red Book.

Problems of rational soil management

When you look at a world map, the land seems like an immense territory. However, only one third of it is capable of fertility. The rest is either mountain ranges, swamps, deserts or even permafrost.

Soil is a conditionally renewable resource, so it must be spent on the agricultural sector taking into account the rapid depletion of the fertile layer of the earth.

The situation is worsened by natural factors such as soil erosion and drying out. In addition, the person himself negatively affects the process of humus restoration. Examples include many successful attempts to reclamate wetlands, where the quality of the soil is now significantly inferior to the necessary requirements.

There are other indirect anthropogenic factors. For example, excessive soil fertilization with chemicals, wastewater pollution (and, accordingly, the release of all dissolved substances into the soil).

Agree, the picture is depressing. This means that we should be more careful about soil as a resource that people need for the development of agriculture. Growing crops is one of the main sources of food, which is an important factor for improving the situation with the deterioration of soil quality and the reduction of their territories.

Plants and animals

The biosphere is a source of a large amount of materials that go towards the formation of social benefits. We are talking about flora and fauna.

Man uses these resources not only in the form of food, but also as sources for the production of tissue materials and medicines. Scientists also test their developments on animals or plants in the laboratory.

The anthropogenic factor influencing the formation of the biosphere is very large. This is felt by the disappearance of some species or an extremely small number of their representatives, by changes in the quality of biocenoses and, as a consequence, by the formation of negative flora and fauna. Pollution of soils and water bodies is the reason for the disappearance of animals and plants important to humans.

The loss of one link in the power chain leads to disruption of the entire chain. This is what is happening in nature now: animals leave their native territories in order to survive, and other species take their place, which negatively affect the entire ecosystem.

Of course, animals and plants do not belong to the group of non-renewable resources, and nevertheless, vigilant monitoring of changes in the biosphere is important.

Non-renewable resources

Particular attention should be paid to this group of minerals, since these materials have found great application in modern industry.

Non-renewable resources include various metal ores, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat, limestone, etc. All of these are precursors to building materials and fuels, without which modern civilized man cannot do.

Exhaustible non-renewable resources require competent handling. The rate of extraction of minerals is incommensurate with the time of their formation, so a gradual decline in the corresponding sources is already felt.

Inexhaustible resources

The problem with non-renewable resources is the potential exhaustibility of their sources, which cannot renew themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the amount of minerals consumed so that the mines and shafts are not depleted ahead of time.

This problem can be partially solved using potential energy sources. This includes air and wind energy, cosmic (solar) rays, and the heat of the Earth. Such resources are considered inexhaustible, because their consumption will not affect the environment in any way, and the sources themselves accumulate a large amount of energy.

This group of resources also includes the Earth’s water reserves. Despite the apparent possibility of reducing the volume of water, its reserves are large enough to be sufficient both for energy production and for use in production.

Water is a potential source of energy

The Earth's water reserves are used by humans everywhere. From consumption in the food industry to cooling devices in factories and factories, most areas of human life depend on water.

Depending on how water is used by the population, consumers and users are distinguished.

Consumers are agriculture and municipal services, industry (both food and technological sides). This group uses water as a resource that is consumed locally.
Users include fishermen, hydroelectric power plants, and water transport. We are not talking about the exhaustibility of water here, since it is not consumed directly, but only helps in achieving set goals.

Of all reserves, fresh water makes up only 2%. Therefore, the use of clean fresh water is also monitored, because the relative volume is catastrophically small. In some cases, reserves of life-giving moisture can be compared to a non-renewable resource, and its shortage is especially felt in developing countries in Africa.

Natural resource potential (NRP)

ERP is largely an economic concept that shows the ability of a resource source to provide a certain amount of material without harm to the environment and itself in particular.

Natural resource potential is relevant for solving environmental problems, since a certain territory with its own sources of minerals, vegetation, animals, and water is usually considered. In general, all of the listed types of renewable and non-renewable natural resources are accepted as components of the PDP.

The term “recreational potential” is also relevant in the context of environmental problems. RP are all the natural resources of a given territory, which in theory can be used to organize recreational activities. At the same time, current socio-cultural, natural and economic problems are considered here.

Stocks of non-renewable resources

In theory, everyone imagines that someday the sources of minerals will become empty. At the same time, even experts cannot accurately calculate the available amount of non-renewable resources at the moment, since there are undiscovered points of metal ores and oil, and only the approximate amount of extracted materials is known from existing sources.

All Earth reserves are classified into undetected and identified. Each of these categories is divided into two more subgroups: reserves and other resources.

Reserves are those minerals that can be mined for profit and used as sources of energy or necessary materials. These resources can be extracted using modern technological devices.
Other resources represent either undiscovered or potential sources of minerals. Production from such sources may not be possible due to equipment deficiencies or high costs that outweigh profits.

The problem of exhaustibility of renewable and non-renewable resources is indirectly solved by the general rule: if 80% of reserve mineral resources have already been extracted, the source is considered exhausted. The main reason is the financial disadvantage of the remaining 20% of materials.

Energy: pros and cons

What criteria are decisive when working with different sources of resources?

General supplies of materials.
Clean useful output.
Social and state security.
Price.
Potential environmental impact.

The most developed energy sources at the moment are:

1. Oil. Relatively cheap source of fuel worldwide. Oil is easily transported through developed pipe systems and can also be processed in production without problems. Can be used raw.

The main environmental problem with the use of oil is the large volumes of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, which is the source of the greenhouse effect with associated problems.

According to experts, existing oil reserves can be depleted in 40-80 years.

2. Coal. The most common type of mineral. It has a good output of heat and energy, but has a detrimental effect on the environment due to the side release of CO 2. Also, the extraction of coal itself affects the natural processes of nearby biogeocenoses.

3. Gas. Along with coal, it is considered an inexpensive natural source of thermal energy. Unfortunately, gas combustion also releases large amounts of CO 2 .

conclusions

Extraction of any type of resource requires careful control over the process. The depletion of critical sources of raw materials and energy is the path to global economic and political problems that will cause a deterioration in the lives of the population of any country.

The use of non-renewable resources has a negative impact on the environment. This issue plays an important role, since climate change and problems in biocenoses can lead to global disasters.

Sources of evidence– these are certain carriers of evidentiary information, i.e. information about the facts to be proven during the proceedings.

Sources of evidence include: testimony of a suspect, accused, victim, witness, expert opinion, physical evidence, protocols of investigative actions, court hearings and operational search activities, other documents and other media obtained in the manner prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Testimony of the suspect- this is information provided by the suspect in written or oral form during interrogation conducted during the preliminary investigation or inquiry, as well as during other investigative actions with his participation (Article 91 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The suspect has the right to testify about the suspicion against him, as well as about other circumstances known to him that are relevant to the case, and the evidence available in the case. Thus, the subject of the suspect’s testimony is the circumstances giving grounds for suspicion, as well as any other information relevant to the case.

Close to the testimony of a suspect in nature and procedural form of recording are the testimony of such a participant in the criminal process as the accused.

Testimony of the accused- this is information provided by the accused orally or in writing during interrogation, as well as during other investigative actions with his participation (Article 92 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

For the accused and suspect, testifying is a right, not an obligation. They are not liable for knowingly giving false testimony or for refusing to testify, which is one of the guarantees of ensuring the right to defense.

The testimony of the accused is of a dual nature. They, on the one hand, are a source of evidence, and on the other, a means of defense against the accusation.

The testimony of the accused is usually divided into:

1) testimony containing his admission of guilt (full or partial);

2) testimony in which this guilt is denied;

3) testimony against other persons, the so-called slander, i.e. knowingly false testimony against another person.

The accused's admission of guilt can be used as the basis for the charge only if the confession is confirmed by the totality of the available evidence in the case.

The defendant's denial of his guilt is also subject to careful and comprehensive verification. All arguments of the accused must be either refuted or confirmed. If neither one nor the other succeeded, and doubts remain about the presence (absence) of any circumstances, then they are interpreted in favor of the accused.

One of the types of testimony of the suspect and the accused is their testimony against other persons, the so-called slander. Often the suspect and accused try to shift their blame, in whole or in part, onto other persons. This is one of the remedies and cannot entail any liability.

The issue is resolved differently when evidence against other persons is given by suspects or accused on those facts, circumstances that are not included in the charge brought, and the involvement of the interrogated person in which is not verified at all. In such cases, the suspect or accused must be warned that he will be testifying as a witness and may therefore be subject to criminal liability.

The assessment of the testimony of the suspect and the accused is carried out on a general basis, i.e. from the point of view of their relevance, admissibility, completeness and reliability. When assessing such indications, the following should always be taken into account:

The special procedural position of the accused in criminal proceedings, his interest in the outcome of the case;

The fact that he is not liable for false testimony;

The accused is not required to prove his innocence.

Verification of the testimony of the accused (suspect) can be carried out by:

Comparative analysis of the testimony of one person;

Comparison of factual data contained in the testimony with other evidence available in the case;

Carrying out investigative (judicial) actions to compare their results with the evidence being verified.

When checking and assessing the testimony of an accused who pleads guilty, it is necessary to find out whether the admission of guilt is a consequence of self-incrimination.

The defendant's denial of guilt and the corresponding testimony require careful verification. Not only the accused who actually committed the crime, but also the innocent can deny his guilt.

When assessing evidence against other persons, it is necessary to determine the motive that guided the interrogated person. The most common motives for false testimony are: fear of responsibility for what has been done, fear of punishment; hope that the crime will not be solved; concealment of accomplices; fear that intimate aspects of life will be disclosed.

If the accused (suspect) has changed his testimony (entirely or in relation to individual circumstances), then it is necessary to determine the reliability of each of them.

Witness testimony- this is information provided by a witness orally or in writing during an interrogation conducted during a preliminary investigation, inquiry or at a court hearing, as well as during other investigative actions with his participation (Article 94 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The law defines the circle of persons who cannot be questioned as a witness (Part 2 of Article 60 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The subject of the witness's testimony is determined by law. In accordance with Part 2 of Art. 94 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a witness may be questioned about any relevant circumstances, including the identity of the suspect, accused, victim and his relationship with them and other witnesses.

The witness's testimony must be based on certain sources. Information provided by a witness cannot serve as evidence if he cannot indicate the source of his knowledge.

The testimony of a witness has evidentiary value only if it contains specific information about the event under investigation.

Verification of a witness's testimony is carried out by analyzing its content, its completeness, consistency, etc. In addition, the witness's testimony is compared with other evidence, including the testimony of other persons. And finally, to verify the correctness of a witness’s testimony, various investigative actions can be carried out: an experiment, an inspection, interrogation of other persons, and an examination is appointed. If there are contradictions in the testimony of a witness with the testimony of other persons, a confrontation may be held.

Assessing the testimony of a witness consists of determining the relevance, admissibility, reliability and sufficiency of the information contained in the testimony to establish the circumstances to be proven in the case.

When assessing the reliability of witness testimony, one takes into account, firstly, the possibility of deliberate distortion of information and the giving of knowingly false information. Therefore, the witness’s interest in the outcome of the case is checked (whether he is a relative of one of the persons involved in the case or an outsider), as well as his moral and psychological qualities (honesty or deceit, tendency to fantasize, etc.). You should be especially careful when approaching the testimony of young witnesses, since children are very prone to fantasizing and suggestion.

Secondly, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of unintentional misrepresentation, honest misconception or mistake.

The process of forming testimony includes three stages: perception, memorization and reproduction. Errors and distortions are possible in each of them. When perceiving an event, a distorted idea of it may be due to the state of health, the personal psychophysiological qualities of the witness (for example, significant loss of vision, observation, or, conversely, absent-mindedness), his state at the time of perception (for example, a state of alcoholic intoxication or fatigue), conditions of perception ( time of day, lighting, weather, etc.). The accuracy of memorization also depends on the personal qualities of the witness, as well as on the period of time that elapsed from the moment of observation to the moment of interrogation. Various distortions are also possible when reproducing what is perceived. Not every person is able to competently, clearly and clearly state what they saw or heard.

Close to the testimony of a witness in terms of the nature of the actions taken in the direction of collecting evidence are the testimony of the victim.

Victim's testimony- this is information provided by the victim orally or in writing during an interrogation conducted during a preliminary investigation, inquiry or court hearing, as well as during other investigative actions with his participation.

The testimony of the victim in its main features has much in common with the testimony of the witness in its procedural nature, the content of the subject of the testimony, and the peculiarities of its formation. Based on this, the law established a unified procedural procedure for receiving, collecting, checking and evaluating the testimony of witnesses and victims.

The subject of the victim’s testimony coincides with the subject of the witness’s testimony (Articles 93, 94 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). At the same time, there are certain differences between the testimony of the witness and the testimony of the victim, which are primarily due to the different legal status of these participants in the process.

The victim is usually interested in the outcome of the case. This circumstance may affect the objectivity of his testimony about the circumstances of the crime committed.

The victim, unlike the witness, is an active participant in the process. If for a witness giving evidence is his duty, then for the victim it is not only an obligation, but also a right with which he is endowed to actively protect his interests.

The assessment of the testimony of the victim, as well as the witness, is carried out on a general basis. It must be taken into account that the testimony of the victim comes from an interested party. After completing the preliminary investigation, the victim gets acquainted with the case materials. The victim’s awareness of all the materials and evidence collected in the case can, of course, leave a significant imprint on his personal testimony. All this obliges us to take a critical view of the victim’s testimony and subject it to careful verification.

Expert opinion- this is a procedural document certifying the fact and progress of the expert’s examination of materials presented by the body conducting the criminal process, and containing conclusions on the issues posed to the expert, based on the expert’s special knowledge in the field of science, technology, art or craft and other areas of activity (Article 95 Code of Criminal Procedure).

The expert's opinion has no advantage over other evidence and is subject to mandatory evaluation. In Art. 95 of the Code of Criminal Procedure specifically stipulates that the expert’s opinion is not binding on the criminal prosecution authorities and the court. However, disagreement with the conclusion must be motivated by them in the appropriate resolution, determination, sentence.

Evaluating an expert’s opinion includes, first of all, establishing its admissibility as evidence, i.e., compliance with the procedural procedure for appointing and conducting an examination. The expert's competence and his disinterest in the outcome of the case must be verified. Only objects that are properly procedurally formalized can be subjected to expert research. In case of significant violations that entail their inadmissibility, the expert’s conclusion also loses its evidentiary value. And finally, the correctness of the expert’s report and the presence of all the necessary details must be checked.

The assessment of the relevance of an expert’s opinion depends on the relevance of the objects studied. If their relevance is not confirmed, then the expert’s conclusion automatically loses this property.

Assessing the reliability of the conclusion includes determining the reliability of the methodology used by the expert, the sufficiency of the material presented to the expert and the correctness of the initial data, and the completeness of the research conducted by the expert.

Physical evidence objects that served as instruments of a crime, or retained traces of a crime, or were objects of criminal actions, as well as money and other valuables obtained by criminal means, and all other objects and documents that can become a means of detecting a crime or establishing factual circumstances are recognized case, identifying the perpetrators or refuting the accusation or mitigating the responsibility of the accused (Article 96 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The essence of material evidence is the direct material display, recording of factual data, on the basis of which circumstances relevant to the case are established.

Material carriers of evidentiary information, which can act as material evidence, are divided by law into groups: objects; money and other valuables; documentation.

1. Items that served as weapons of crime. These are all those items that were used by the criminal to achieve a socially dangerous goal, regardless of the main purpose of the item. These include, for example, murder weapons (knife, pistol, etc.) or objects used to commit theft (master key, crowbar used to break open a door). Vehicles used as weapons of crime are evidence and are subject to confiscation.

2. Items that have retained traces of a crime. These are any objects that have undergone changes in appearance, damage under the influence of a criminal, instruments of crime and other factors associated with a socially dangerous act. Such items include, for example, clothing with traces of blood or tears, items with gunshot damage, a broken safe, etc.

3. Items that have been the objects of criminal acts. These include items that are the target of a criminal attack. For example, stolen items.

4. Money and other valuables obtained by criminal means. This does not mean the money and valuables that were targeted by the criminal attack, but money acquired as a result of the commission of a crime.

5. All other items and documents that can serve as a means of detecting a crime, establishing the factual circumstances of the case, identifying the perpetrators, or refuting the accusation or mitigating the responsibility of the accused.

An item can become material evidence provided that the procedural procedure for its receipt, discovery and inclusion in the case is followed. This order consists of four action blocks.

Firstly, the fact and all the circumstances of the discovery or receipt of the object by the investigator (court) must be procedurally documented. Usually things are seized during some investigative action (inspection, search, seizure, etc.) and the fact of seizure is recorded in the appropriate protocol. Things can be presented by the accused, the victim, other participants in the process, citizens, which must also be documented in a protocol.

Secondly, the physical evidence must be examined and described in detail in the protocol of the investigative action during which the item was found. If possible, physical evidence should be photographed. You can carry out a separate investigative action - inspection of material evidence (item) and document it in a separate protocol.

Thirdly, material evidence must be attached to the case by a special resolution (definition) of the body conducting the criminal process.

Fourthly, the safety of material evidence should be ensured. As a rule, they must be kept in connection with a criminal case.

If items, due to their bulkiness or other reasons, cannot be stored in a criminal case, they must be photographed, if possible sealed and stored in a place indicated by the body conducting the criminal process, about which there must be a corresponding certificate in the case (Article 97 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) .

Physical evidence is stored until the verdict enters into legal force or until the expiration of the period for appealing the decision or ruling to terminate the case, but not more than three years. In some cases, material evidence may be returned to its owners before the expiration of the specified deadlines, if this is possible without prejudice to the proceedings.

The evaluation of physical evidence includes determining its admissibility, relevance and evidentiary value. Admissibility is determined by compliance with the rules for their seizure and procedural registration, as well as storage rules.

The relevance of physical evidence and its evidentiary value depend on the fact that it establishes. As a rule, physical evidence does not testify to the fact of the crime itself, but to another event that has evidentiary value, i.e. are indirect evidence. Only in cases where the possession of any object (for example, a firearm, a narcotic substance) or its storage constitutes a criminal act, can it be considered that physical evidence has the value of direct evidence, because directly testifies to the crime itself.

The assessment of physical evidence is carried out in conjunction with other evidence and, above all, with documents that record the circumstances of their seizure and the results of their examination. When checking and assessing, the circumstances under which the item was discovered, the time, place and conditions of its discovery are taken into account. If there is no data about this in the case materials, then it loses its evidentiary value.

Protocols of investigative actions, court hearings and operational search activities. A special group of sources of evidence consists of protocols of operational-search activities, investigative actions and court hearings.

According to Art. 99 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, sources of evidence are protocols of investigative actions drawn up in the manner prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, certifying the circumstances and facts established during inspection, examination, seizure, search, presentation for identification, verification of evidence on the spot, investigative experiment, exhumation; protocols of investigative actions and operational-search activities on wiretapping and recording of conversations carried out using technical means of communication and other negotiations, drawn up in accordance with the procedure established by law and with the attachment of the corresponding recording of the wiretapping, as well as the protocol of the court session reflecting the course of judicial actions and their results .

The peculiarity of this group of protocols is that they record certain circumstances and facts that are important to the case, which are directly perceived by the person drawing up the protocol.

At the same time, as can be seen from the content of Art. 99 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, protocols of investigative and judicial actions as an independent source of evidence do not include protocols of interrogations of witnesses, victims, suspects, accused, protocols of confrontations. And this is not accidental, because... the interrogation protocol does not reflect the perception of factual data directly by the interrogating person, but only the story of the interrogated person (for example, the testimony of a witness) about the events and circumstances previously perceived by him. Thus, interrogation protocols are only a way (form) of recording testimony.

The verification and evaluation of protocols of investigative and judicial actions is carried out on the same grounds as all other types of evidence, because they do not have predetermined validity and it is possible that they may contain errors and inaccuracies.

The protocol must be drawn up only by an authorized official and contain all the necessary details.

The examination of the records and their evaluation includes a comparison of the factual data contained in them with other evidence in the case.

Photographic negatives and photographs, films, slides, phonograms, plans, diagrams, casts and prints of traces made during investigative and judicial actions may be attached to the protocols of investigative and judicial actions. However, they acquire evidentiary value only in conjunction with the protocol of an investigative or judicial action.

In Art. 99 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a new source of evidence has appeared, in contrast to those available in the previous legislation - protocols of operational search activities and investigative actions on wiretapping of conversations carried out using technical means.

If there is a need to monitor negotiations and record them, the investigator issues a resolution and forwards it to the appropriate institution for execution.

Other documents and other storage media. Other documents are recognized as sources of evidence if the circumstances and facts set out in them are certified by officials of enterprises, institutions, organizations, associations and citizens and are important for the criminal case.

Other information media include photographic and film materials, sound and video recordings and other information media received, requested or presented in the manner prescribed by Art. 103 Code of Criminal Procedure.

A document is any object of the material world on which some kind of thought is recorded using some conventional symbols (letters, numbers, etc.).

A document becomes evidence in a criminal case in cases where the information recorded in it is important for the case. Documents can be official or unofficial, as well as original (originals) and derivatives (copies).

Other documents that are sources of evidence include documents drawn up by: the criminal prosecution body and the court (protocol of an oral statement about a crime; protocol of surrender; protocol of detention; verdict in another criminal case; court decision in a civil case that have entered into legal force, according to which court decisions on circumstances relevant to the case are binding on the body conducting the criminal process, to the extent provided for in Article 106 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, etc.); officials of organizations (crime report, audit report, character reference, criminal record certificate, etc.); citizens (statement of crime, confession, letters, etc.).

Photo and film materials, sound and video recordings and other information media are classified as other information media as independent sources of evidence if they were not received in connection with investigative actions, but were produced and presented to the body conducting the criminal process by other physical persons. or legal entities (for example, during a wedding a video was made that captured a fight between guests and the moment the victim was stabbed). If specified in Part 2 of Art. 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, information carriers were made during investigative actions, then in this case they are appendices to the protocols of investigative actions, ensuring their completeness.

Requested by the body conducting the criminal process from organizations, bodies carrying out operational investigative activities, officials and citizens, or materials of photography and filming, sound and video recordings and other media presented to it by individuals and legal entities, must be examined, if necessary, with the participation of specialist, witnesses, about which the criminal prosecution body draws up a protocol in compliance with the requirements of Art. 193 and 194 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and at the court hearing, the results of the inspection are recorded in the minutes of the court session.

Persons who provided these media are usually questioned about the place, time and circumstances under which they were discovered or executed.

Other documents and other information carriers are attached to the criminal case and remain with it for the entire period of its storage.

When assessing documents, attention is paid to their origin, whether officials have the right to issue the relevant document, and whether the form and content of the document comply with the established rules. The authenticity of the document is checked and the absence of forgeries is checked.

Any document can become material evidence if it acquires any of its characteristics (for example, it is stolen or erased). In such cases, the document is attached to the case as material evidence.

Documents, like other evidence, have no predetermined value.

The issue of using it as a source of evidence requires special consideration. materials obtained during operational investigative activities. Such materials can be used provided that they are received in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, presented, verified and evaluated in the manner established by the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Materials obtained in the course of operational investigative activities are understood as collected, confirmed and documented factual data obtained publicly and secretly by employees of operational units in the manner established by the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Operational Investigative Activities” and the Code of Criminal Procedure, in the process of operational investigative activities. activities to protect life, health, rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, property, ensuring the security of society and the state from criminal attacks (instructions on the procedure for registration and provision by operational units of internal affairs bodies of materials obtained during operational investigative activities for their use in criminal proceedings, approved by resolution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on September 29, 2005). Materials provided for use in evidence in criminal cases must allow the formation of evidence that meets the requirements of the Code of Criminal Procedure, contain factual data that is important for establishing the circumstances included in the subject of proof, an indication of the source of their receipt in order to verify the evidence generated on their basis. Documentation of factual data established during operational investigative activities (OPM) is carried out by drawing up a protocol of the operational investigative activity. The protocol of the operational investigative activity must reflect the sequence and results Operational investigations, which can be recognized as sources of evidence, as well as attached items and documents obtained during the operational investigation, inspected and packaged in the prescribed manner. When carrying out operational search activities within the framework of operational-search activities using operational-technical forces, their results are recorded on tangible media (phonograms, videograms, films, photographic films, photographs, magnetic, laser disks, floppy disks, digital media, films and others) and are attached to the protocol of operational operations or operational and technical measures. The recording of the results of operational and technical measures must be carried out in such a way that it remains possible to establish by expert means the authenticity of the recordings made, as well as the ownership of the recorded voices and portrait images of specific individuals. These materials are accompanied by information about the time, place and circumstances of obtaining video and audio recordings, film and photographic materials, copies and casts, as well as a description of their individual characteristics. The provision of materials includes: - issuing a resolution on the transfer of materials to the body conducting the criminal process, which should list operational and official documents and objects and documents received during the implementation of the operational investigation that can be sources of evidence; - execution of the accompanying document and the actual transfer of materials: sending by mail, transfer by courier or in another way. Evidence presented by operational investigative units can be accepted by the investigative body only as material evidence (Article 96 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) and other documents (Article 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure ).

Concept of sources of financing

Ensuring the development of the company includes financing various business operations. To do this, the company can use resources that were attracted from different sources. In economic practice, there are two main sources of financing:

1. Internal sources of financing;

2. External sources of financing (borrowed and raised funds);

To detail the sources of funding, we suggest considering Figure 1.

Internal financing- is the mobilization of one’s own financial resources that are generated in the process of the enterprise’s activities. The main sources of internal financing are: net profit, depreciation, debts of creditors, various reserves and income from the sale of property.

External financing- this is the use of funds for the activities of the enterprise that are received from external contractors. In turn, external financing is divided into attracted and borrowed funds. Subjects of external financing can be: financial and credit organizations, the state, legal entities and individuals, and others.

The figure below shows the systematization of the main sources of financing for the enterprise.

The main problem of Russian industrial enterprises is the worn-out condition of fixed production assets. Funds are subject to both physical and moral obsolescence. In the case of updating fixed assets, one of the key stages is the choice of a source of financing. In economic practice, the following sources of financing are distinguished:

* Internal financing (net profit, sale of assets, depreciation);

* Raised funds (investments, sale of shares and securities);

* Borrowed funds (loan, leasing, bill);

* Mixed financing.

Internal financing

Sources of financing is a complex economic category, because in the process of economic activity they are transformed into material, intellectual, technical, innovative and other types of resources. From the point of view of their attraction, they are divided into internal and external. In conditions of unstable economic situation, attracting external sources of financing is problematic, therefore business entities focus their financial activities on attracting internal sources of financing.

Internal sources of financing of business entities include net profit; depreciation charges, provision for future expenses and payments.

Net profit is the property of the founders (participants). The unused part of it is reflected in section I of the liability side of the balance sheet “Retained earnings”. In the future, it is used to replenish its own current assets, the formation of long-term assets, as well as the formation of reserve capital, material incentives and social development.

Depreciation charges accumulate during the operation of fixed assets. Depreciation calculations are usually used for the acquisition of new or replacement of worn-out long-term assets, intangible assets, technical innovations and other qualitative and quantitative updates to the production capacity of enterprises. Depreciation calculations can also be used to repair damaged assets.

Provision for future expenses and payments is created on the enterprise's own initiative. The effect of financing by securing subsequent payments is manifested due to the existence of a time gap between the moment of their formation and use.

External funding

The basis for the functioning of a loan is the movement of value in the sphere of exchange, during which a time gap arises between the movement of a product and its cash equivalent. If the movement of commodity flows is ahead of the movement of cash flows, then enterprises-consumers of goods, when the moment of payment for them arrives, do not always have a sufficient amount of funds to pay for the purchased goods, as a result of which producing enterprises experience a lack of funds, which can stop the production process. Therefore, they have a need for borrowed funds. Credit relations can also arise due to the peculiarities of production, untimely payments and other circumstances.

Sources of capital borrowing by business entities are varied. They can be attracted both on the credit and stock markets, from business entities, the state, as well as owners and employees of the enterprise.

According to the forms of lending, loans can be commodity and monetary. A trade loan is a form of commercial loan in which the lender transfers goods to the borrower under an agreement that provides for a debt obligation at the time of final settlement. The object of a monetary loan is funds in national or foreign currencies.

Loans vary in the following types:

financial (bank loans and loans from financial and credit organizations);
commercial (usually a short-term loan from one enterprise to another, which is provided in the form of deferred payment for goods, robots, services).
Leasing is a loan that is issued with fixed assets, and which is concluded by drawing up a leasing agreement.

Special sources of external financing include financing from the owners of the enterprise or the sale of shares in the company. Often such sources are called the internal source of external financing. It includes additional contributions from shareholders in the company, sale of shares on the stock market, and others.

The owners of the enterprise can contribute additional financial resources through non-repayable investments, or through retained earnings. Such financing is a priority, since in this case the company is not a debtor to external contractors.

The sale of company shares can be carried out in different forms. The company can also pay dividends in the form of shares.

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Absolutely any human activity in the modern world, if we are talking about even the slightest development and obtaining new information, involves a search for new data. But simply looking for information is one thing, but searching for it professionally and competently is another. In this lesson we will talk about what information search is in general, where and how to look for information, how to select sources of information, analyze them and check for reliability, and also talk about the rules for searching for information on the Internet and working with the data received.

What is information retrieval?

The concept of “information retrieval” was first used in 1948 by the American mathematician and computer scientist Calvin Mooers, but it began to appear in the public literature only in 1950.

Automated information retrieval (meaning information retrieval systems) was originally used to find scientific data and relevant literature, and was used by universities and public libraries. However, with the advent and development of the Internet, information search has become widespread.

In essence, information search is the process of identifying in a certain array of text documents those data that relate to a specific topic and satisfy the specified conditions, and which contain the necessary information and facts.

The process of searching for information consists of several successive stages through which data collection, processing and provision are ensured. Typically, the search is carried out as follows:

The information need is determined and the request is formulated
A set of sources is identified that may contain the necessary information.
Information is extracted from identified sources
The data is reviewed and the search results are evaluated

But, despite the fact that at the first stage you need to decide as correctly as possible what specific information you are going to look for (and this may seem paramount), it is the second stage that is of greatest importance, because deciding where to look for information is an order of magnitude more difficult.

Where to look for information?

The question of where to look for information is indeed very important. And first of all, for the reason that this is the information age. And this, in turn, means that information retrieval currently has its own specifics.

Let's remember: at the end of the last century and even the beginning of this century, people turned to specialized institutions to search for information. These include libraries, archives, card indexes and other similar information bodies. But if at that time, in order to find information about what he was interested in, a person had to get ready, leave the house, get to the right place, fill out an application, stand in line to give it, wait a while until the necessary literature was found, and then spend several hours searching for specific information and writing it down on paper, then today all these points can be bypassed, because Almost every home has a computer and Internet access. Based on this, information bases (archives, libraries, etc.) that were relevant in the not so distant past (archives, libraries, etc.) today, if they have not lost their relevance, then, in any case, have a much smaller number of clients.

To find what you need on the Internet, you simply need to enter a query in the search service line (remember the first stage), click the “Find” button and select the most suitable of the proposed options - Internet pages. We will continue to talk about searching for information on the Internet a little later, but for now we will note that you should not neglect traditional methods of searching for information, and from time to time you can visit a library, card index or archive. In addition, this will allow you to diversify your activities, unwind and spend time in an unusual, useful and interesting way.

Speaking about the selection of sources for searching for information, one cannot help but touch upon the issue of reliability, which indicates the need to be able to analyze data sources and identify those that can be trusted.

How to choose reliable sources of information?

Any discussion on the topic of what sources there may be and which should be considered reliable, one way or another, will lead us to a stylistic understanding of the sources of information, and there are a considerable number of them. Let's present only the most common ones:

Scientific research backed by real empirical evidence
Popular scientific reflections, including both factual empirical data and subjective points of view of people who are specialists in a particular field
Philosophical treatises and arguments that are distinguished by the greatest originality, subjectivity and form of presentation
Fiction, which, as a rule, serves as a source of information - food for thought, but not reliable empirical data
Journalistic works are a category of works that are devoted to current phenomena and problems of current social life. Often in such works you can find a lot of reliable data and facts.
Mass media - a set of bodies for the public transmission of information, such as television, radio, magazines and newspapers, as well as the Internet

You should always take into account that almost no source of information data can be 100% reliable. The only exceptions are scientific research and, to some extent, popular scientific reflections, because, as has already been noted, they contain mainly facts confirmed by experience and officially recognized by the scientific community (there are, of course, people and points views that run counter to generally accepted ones, but in this article we will not consider special cases).

Information from any other sources should be carefully checked to ensure its relevance and veracity. But before moving directly to the principles of information selection, it would not be superfluous to say that for the process of information search itself it is very convenient and effective to use the ideas of a special philosophical direction - positivism, because thanks to this, in a number of cases (especially if it concerns the search for specifically scientific data), many questions disappear by themselves.

Just a little about positivism

Positivism is a philosophical trend in the doctrine of methods and procedures of scientific activity, in which it is believed that the only source of true and valid knowledge in general is only empirical (experimentally confirmed) research.

Positivism also says that philosophical research does not carry cognitive value. The basic premise of positivism is that any genuine (aka positive) knowledge is a set of results of special sciences.

The main goal of positivism is to obtain objective knowledge, which is possible only through testing information in practice. With all this in mind, we can once again return to the idea that the most reliable sources of information are scientific research and popular science speculation.

Armed with this principle as a basic one, you can begin to use others.

Principles of information selection

There are several principles for selecting information:

The principle of visibility

The information being studied, which corresponds to this principle, has the following characteristics:

Information is accessible for perception and understanding
The images formed by the information are reliable, because they can be modeled and their sources identified
Basic concepts, objects and phenomena can be demonstrated
Information meets the requested criteria

Scientific principle

The scientific principle implies that the information being studied corresponds to modern scientific data. If such correspondence is observed, then it becomes possible to detect inaccuracies and errors, perceive other points of view, be guided by one’s own argumentation and transform information by comparing it with another.

Briefly, the criteria for the scientific principle can be expressed as follows:

The data corresponds to modern scientific ideas
If there are errors and inaccuracies in the data array, they are not capable of leading to distortions in the objective picture regarding the issue under consideration
The information may take the form of a historical document that shows the path of development of specific scientific knowledge

Principle of relevance

According to this principle, information should be practical, topical, relevant to modern needs, and important at the current time. Such information can arouse the greatest interest, as opposed to irrelevant information. Here you need to be guided by the following considerations:

It is desirable that the information be close in time and of concern to the researcher
Information can be a document that expands the understanding of the object under study
The information must have historical value or be otherwise important
Information can be a classic example of something that everyone knows

Systematic principle

If the information complies with the principle of systematicity, one can observe its repeated repetition in one or another interpretation within one source or in the same or another similar interpretation in other sources.

Thus, the information is worthy of attention and can be applied if:

Similar data can be found in various databases
Different interpretations do not destroy the integrity of ideas about the same problem

Accessibility principle

Often, difficulties in searching and processing information can be caused, firstly, by its content itself, and, secondly, by the style in which it is presented. For this reason, when working with information, it is necessary to take into account that:

Information should not only be understandable in terms of terminology, but also expand the researcher’s thesaurus, which is why it will be perceived as interesting, but not banal
The information must correspond to the terminology that the researcher has, but it must cover a specific topic from different angles
Information should also involve didactic processing, which removes the terminological barrier; in other words, information can be adapted to suit you, while maintaining its meaning

Redundancy principle

The information being studied should allow the researcher to highlight the main idea, find the hidden meaning, if any, come to an understanding of the author’s position, determine the goals of the presentation, and develop the ability to relate the content to the purpose.

The principles of information retrieval that we discussed can be applied when working with any data sources: books, documents, archival materials, newspapers and magazines, as well as Internet sites. In fact, these principles are universal, but here you should clearly understand that to search for information in traditional sources they may be quite sufficient, but when searching for information on the Internet, in order to avoid mistakes, you must follow one more set of rules.

Rules for searching information on the Internet

For an experienced user, searching for information on the Internet is extremely simple, however, for people who are faced with the issue of automated information retrieval for the first time, this process may seem quite complicated due to the abundance of various search operators. Below we'll look at simple search and advanced search, as well as provide additional information that will be useful when searching for data on the Internet.

Easily search for information on the Internet

To begin with, it is worth saying that the most popular search engine in the world is Google. In Russia, “Yandex”, “[email protected]” and “Rambler” are added to it.

To find the information you need, you just need to enter the query of interest into the search bar of the service, for example, “Ivan the Terrible” or “How to drive a car correctly,” and press “Find” or the “Enter” key on your computer keyboard. As a result, the search engine will return many pages that provide information on the requested query. Please note that the most relevant results are those located on the first page of the search engine.

Advanced search for information on the Internet

In principle, an advanced search is no different from a simple search, except that you can specify additional parameters.

Using special filters, the user has the opportunity to set additional conditions for his request. This may be limited by region, a specific site, the desired language, the form of a word or phrase, the date the material was posted, or the type of file.

To activate these functions, you need to click on the special icon located on the search engine page. An additional menu will open where restrictions are set. Filters (restrictions) are reset by clicking the “Clear” button on the search engine page.

Additional Information

Each user should keep in mind that:

A region restriction starts a search in the specified region. As a standard (Default), requests are usually issued for the region from which the user accesses the Network.
Restriction on the form of the request starts a search in those documents where the words have exactly the form that is in the request, but the order of the words may change. The user can set the case of letters (uppercase or lowercase), any part of speech and form, i.e. declension, number, gender, case, etc. By default, search engines search for all forms of the requested word, i.e. if you ask “wrote”, the search engine will search for “write”, “will write”, etc. The search engine will not look for words with the same root.
A site restriction triggers a search for information among documents available on a specific site.
A language restriction starts a search for information in the selected language. It is possible to set a search in several languages simultaneously.
A file type restriction triggers a search for a specific document format, i.e. by specifying the appropriate extensions, you can find text documents, audio and video files, documents intended to be opened with special programs and editors, etc. It is possible to set a search for several types of files at the same time.
An update date restriction triggers a search based on the specific date the document was posted. The user can find a document from a specific date, month and year, and also set a time period - then the search engine will display all the information added during this period of time.

These rules will be enough to search for information on the Internet. Any person can master it, and it will take very little time - usually literally 2-3 three practical approaches are enough.

But what to do with the information found, since its entire array is not required for study? No matter how you choose to search for information on a topic of interest - going to the library or clicking on websites while drinking coffee - in addition to having search skills, you also need to be able to process the material you are studying. And note-taking and some other techniques are perfect for this.

Working with the information received: notes, mental maps, reference diagrams and flowcharts

Note-taking is rightfully considered the most popular and used method of processing information. Taking this into account, we decided to pay the greatest attention to this process, and to provide only introductory information on mental maps, reference diagrams and flowcharts.

What is a synopsis?

As we all know, a synopsis is a written text that consistently and briefly summarizes the main points of any source of information. Note-taking involves bringing information taken from the original to a certain structure. The basis of this process is data systematization. Notes can be either exact excerpts and quotes, or in the form of free writing - the main thing is that the meaning remains. The style in which the summary is kept is in most cases close to the original source.

When compiled correctly, the notes reflect the logical and semantic connection of what is being written down. The notes can be taken after some time or given to a friend, and reading and understanding the material will not cause difficulties. A competent summary facilitates the perception of even the most complex information, because it is expressed in an understandable form.

Notes also differ in types, and in order to be able to correctly use the type of notes that is more suitable for the work being performed, you need to be able to distinguish between these types.

Types of notes

There are planned notes, schematic planned notes, textual, thematic and free notes. Briefly about each of them.

Planning notes

The basis of a planned outline is pre-prepared material, and the outline itself includes headings and subheadings (paragraphs and subparagraphs). Each of the headings is accompanied by a small text, which is why it has a clear structure.

The planned outline is most consistent with preparation for seminars and public speaking. The clearer the structure, the more logical and complete it will be possible to convey information to the addressee. According to experts, the planned outline should be supplemented with notes indicating the sources used, because it is quite difficult.

Schematic plan outline

A schematic plan outline consists of plan points presented in the form of question sentences that need to be answered. When working with information, you need to make several notes for each of the sentences and questions. Such a summary will reflect the structure and internal connection of the data. In addition, this type of notes helps to understand the material being studied well.

Textual summary

The textual summary differs from all others in its maximum saturation, because excerpts and quotes from the original source are used to compile it. It can easily be supplemented with a plan, terms, concepts and theses. It is recommended to compile a textual summary for those who are engaged in the study of literature or science, because here quotations are of particular importance.

But this type of notes is not easy to compile, because... it is necessary to be able to identify the most important passages of text and quotes so that, ultimately, they can give a holistic view of the material studied.

Thematic summary

The thematic summary differs from others most of all. Its meaning is that a specific topic, issue or problem is covered, and a number of sources of information are usually used to compile it.

Through a thematic summary, you can best analyze the topic under study, reveal the main points and study them from different angles. But you need to understand that to compile such a summary you will need to research a lot of sources in order to be able to create a holistic picture - this is an indispensable condition for truly high-quality material.

Free notes

Free notes are the best choice for people who are able to use different ways of working with information. You can include everything in a free summary: abstracts, quotes, text excerpts, outline, notes, extracts, etc. You just need to be able to express your thoughts quickly and competently and work with the material. Many people believe that using notes of this form is the most complete and holistic.

Once you have decided what kind of notes you will make, you can begin the process itself. To do the job efficiently, you need to follow certain rules.

Rules for writing notes

There are several such rules and they are all extremely simple:

Read the text, identify its main features, character, complexity; determine whether it contains terms that you see for the first time. Mark unfamiliar concepts, places, dates, names.
Find out all the necessary information about what seemed unfamiliar to you in the text when you first read it. Make inquiries about people and events. Find out the meaning of the terms. Be sure to record the received data.
Read the text again and analyze it. This will help you highlight the main points, divide the information for yourself into separate blocks and notes.
Study the main points noted earlier, compose abstracts or write out individual fragments or quotes (if their presence is not necessary, then express the author’s idea in your own words while maintaining the meaning). When recording quotes and excerpts, be sure to note where the information came from and who the author is.
If you have the opportunity to express the author’s thoughts in your own words, then try to do it in such a way that even large amounts of data are expressed in 2-3 sentences.

By applying these recommendations in practice, you will master the skill of competent note-taking, and you will be able to record and process information very quickly and efficiently (you can use the additional one as an aid).

In addition to notes, you can use other equally interesting and effective techniques to record information.

Mind maps

Mental maps, or, as they are commonly called, mind maps, mind maps, thought maps or associative maps, are a method of structuring information that uses graphical records in the form of diagrams.

Mental maps are depicted in the form of tree diagrams, which contain tasks, terms, facts and/or any other data that are connected by branches. Branches, as a rule, depart from the main (central) concept.

The effectiveness of this method is due to the fact that it can be used as a convenient and simple information management tool, which requires only paper and pencil (you can also use a dry erase board and markers).

Support diagrams

Supporting schemes clearly reflect the intellectual psychological structure of a person, which controls his thinking and behavior. They allow you to present information using a logical-graphic language through meaningful supports.

When drawing up a reference diagram, its name is indicated, key concepts are noted, and the indicators and criteria on the basis of which the material is grouped are schematically depicted.

This type of information structuring is very convenient when preparing for tests, exams, and seminars. It can be accompanied by notes and additional notes.

Block diagrams

Flowcharts are another effective method for helping to structure information. It represents graphical models that describe a sequence.

The essence of a flowchart is to depict individual steps in the form of blocks of different shapes. All blocks are connected to each other by arrow lines that indicate the desired sequence of thinking.

Most often, flowcharts are used to work with clearly structured information, when all steps are specific. Each block, having its own shape, indicates a particular thought process, and you can navigate using the flowchart even with a minimum amount of text data on it. Convenient to use as an additional tool.

Finally

As one can conclude, searching for information and processing it is not only an interesting, but also a fascinating activity. If you learn to apply this skill, taking into account all the features that we talked about today, finding the necessary information and using it for your own purposes will not be difficult, especially if you perform an acceptable algorithm of actions several times in a row.

In the next lesson, you will learn why it is recommended to follow a specific plan in the process of self-study, how to create it, and what you need to pay attention to in order to study as effectively as possible.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on completion. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are mixed.

All sources of scientific and technical information can be divided into two types: documentary and electronic. The main part of scientific information is presented in the form of documents, which can be divided into primary and secondary, which are the result of transformation of information based on the study of primary documents. The list of main sources of information is presented in Fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1. Main sources of information

In turn, primary sources are divided into published and unpublished (Fig. 3.2).

Rice. 3.2. Classification of primary sources of information

Published information sources

Book - a non-periodical publication in the form of several bound sheets of printed material, more than 48 pages in volume, usually with a cover or binding, which has undergone editorial processing. Books are divided into several types:

Scientific, popular science and production and technical;

Textbooks and teaching aids;

Directories and encyclopedias;

Normative literature.

Brochure - a printed work, ranging from 5 to 48 pages.

Periodical - printed works published in separate, non-repetitive editions under one name, which are regularly published at certain or indefinite intervals, with each issue having a serial number or date.

Magazine - a periodical publication published at least twice a year and no more than once a week, subordinated to the interests of a certain circle of readers, having a constant name, identical design and annual continuous numbering.

The important role of the journal in scientific communications is as follows:

The journal simultaneously performs the functions of current notification and public archive, ensuring the prompt delivery of information;

It is a means of testing the results of scientific research;

Fixes the priority of scientific and applied tasks, creating conditions for the recognition of authors as scientists.

Journal publications make up approximately 70% of all scientific documents and about 80% of specialists at various levels consider a scientific journal to be the main source of scientific and technical information.

Preprint - a reprint of a published article, which the publishing house sends out through its correspondent network. A preprint publishes something that perhaps could not be published in a journal and will never be published, as well as material that is considered raw, controversial, untested, and does not require the same peer review as a journal article.

Unpublished sources of information.

Thesis - a qualifying scientific work in a certain field of science, containing a set of scientific results and provisions put forward by the author for public protection and testifying to the author’s personal contribution to science and his qualities as a scientist. The basis of the dissertation is completed and published scientific works, discoveries or inventions, technological processes introduced into production, etc.

Deposited manuscripts - scientific works submitted for storage to the depository body, performed individually or in collaboration and intended for a limited circle of consumers. Information about deposited manuscripts is reflected in abstract journals and bibliographic indexes. Deposited manuscripts are considered publications, and their authors retain the right to publish articles in scientific journals. The restrictions on the volume of deposited manuscripts are significantly less than for publications, which allows the author to more fully present the results of his work.

Scientific report - a scientific organization’s report on the research, which is available to organizations and individuals, is stored in the VNTICentre’s collections.

Secondary sources serve as an intermediary between documents and recipients (readers, viewers, listeners) and are the result of analytical and synthetic information processing (ASPI). Information publications , the purpose of which is to provide operational information about the publications themselves and the most significant aspects of their content. Information publications, unlike ordinary bibliographic publications, operate not only with information about printed works, but also with the ideas and facts contained in them. Information publications are produced by institutes, centers and scientific and technical information services (NTI).

The bulk of sources are divided into three types: bibliographic, abstract and review (Fig. 3.3).

Rice. 3.3. Classification structure of information publications

Summary - answers the question “What?” about the source of information.

annotation - answers the question “What?” and “About what?” about the source of information.

Essay - this is an abbreviated summary of the content of the primary document (or part of it) with basic factual information and conclusions. Summarizing involves analyzing the literature on the problem, i.e. a systematic presentation of other people’s thoughts with an indication of the original source and, without fail, with one’s own assessment of what is stated.

Catalogs (card files), indexes that can be compiled according to various criteria. The most common are alphabetical, author, subject, geographical, numbering, chronological, systematic catalogs (by branches of knowledge, regardless of who the author is), personal file indexes (about someone), and address file indexes.

Bibliographic publications contain an ordered set of bibliographic descriptions that notify specialists about what has been published on the issue of interest. The bibliographic description here serves two functions. On the one hand, it notifies about the appearance of a document (signal function), and on the other, it provides the necessary information to find it (address function). From bibliographic descriptions they make up bibliographic indexes and bibliographic lists.

Bibliographic indexes most often have a signal nature and consist of a list of bibliographic descriptions, often without annotations and abstracts. These publications reflect domestic and foreign literature with maximum completeness. They are distinguished by the speed of preparation and relatively short time from the moment the publication is published to the moment it is reflected in the index.

The most significant bibliographic index is “Signal Information” (SI). The purpose of such a publication is to quickly inform specialists about new publications on world science and technology. It is these publications that are entrusted with the function of proactively notifying readers about newly published scientific and technical literature. SI is primarily a systematic index, published in the form of bulletins, the topics of which cover almost all branches of world science and technology.

Due to the development of scientific research and the need to analyze in detail the literature published in previous years, it is becoming increasingly important for researchers retrospective bibliography, the purpose of which is the preparation and dissemination of bibliographic information about printed works for any period of time in the past.

This bibliography includes a wide range of references. Among them are thematic indexes and reviews, in-book and article reference lists, catalogs of industry scientific and technical publishing houses, personal bibliographies of outstanding naturalists and engineers, bibliographic indexes on the history of natural science and technology.

Abstract publications contain publications of abstracts, including an abbreviated summary of the content of primary documents (or parts thereof) with basic factual information and conclusions. Abstract publications include abstract journals, abstract collections, express information, fact sheets.

Abstract journals on technical sciences is published by VINITI, which most fully reflects all world literature on natural science and technology, publishing abstracts, annotations and bibliographic descriptions compiled for articles, monographs, and collections.

Abstract collections are periodical, continuing or non-periodical publications that contain abstracts of unpublished documents. They are produced by central sectoral institutes of scientific and technical information and technical and economic research. Such publications are usually narrowly thematic in nature.

Express information (EI) is a periodical publication in magazine or sheet form, which contains extended abstracts of the most relevant published foreign materials and unpublished domestic documents that require prompt coverage. Abstracts contain all the basic data from primary sources, accompanied by figures and tables, as well as theoretical calculations, as a result of which there is no need to refer to the original.

Information sheets - operational printed publications that contain abstracts reflecting information about advanced production experience or scientific and technical achievements.

TO review publications include a review on one issue, direction and a collection of reviews. Reviews summarize the information contained in primary documents, being the highest level of their analytical and synthetic processing. Such publications usually report on the state or development of any branch of science or practical activity, reflecting everything new that has been done in it over a certain time.

The purpose of the reviews is to ensure that scientific research and development is carried out at the modern level, to eliminate parallelism in the work of research organizations, and to help make the right choice of direction and development methods in a certain area.

An applicant searching for literary sources cannot ignore the publications of the book chamber, which publishes bibliographic indexes; publications of the state library; State Library of Foreign Literature, which publishes various bibliographic indexes and card indexes.

Along with information publications, for information search you should use automated information retrieval systems, databases and data banks . Search data can be used directly, but most often they serve as a step (key) to discovering primary sources of information, which are scientific works (monographs, collections) and other publications necessary for scientific work.