Compiling and installing programs from source. ALT Linux distribution. Myths and reality How to install a program from source in altlinux

I have Alt Linux 5.0 Master with KDE4 graphical environment.
Everything described is also applicable to KDE3 and other graphical shells; the difference will mainly be in the design and arrangement of desktop elements.
Remember that Linux is not Windows! And the work you are used to in windows is almost not applicable to Linux. But it’s not all that scary and complicated.

So, here is your desktop:

There is a blue icon with the letter K in the lower left corner of the screen.

Perhaps after looking at the proposed applications, you will understand that not all programs suit you, or that some necessary programs are not available at all. And you will have a logical question: - How to install the application?

Most of all programs in Linux are installed only from the program repository of a given distribution.
The Synaptic package manager is used to install programs. We find it in the menu and launch it.

A dialog box appears in which you are asked to enter the System Administrator password, enter it.

The package manager window is open in front of you. In it you can view the availability of packages by section or status.
Now let's try to install the ktorrent program - this is a torrent client included with KDE. To do this, first make sure that our installation CD is connected to the repositories. That is, the disk from which you installed the system. Go to the Settings menu item and select Repositories.

Find the cd-rom in the list and check for a checkmark in the column Allowed:

You can search for the package you need by name or description by clicking the corresponding button - Search.

Click the Search button and enter the name of the program you are looking for in the dialog box.

Click search. The search result displays the program we are looking for. Click the right mouse button and select from the dialog menu - Mark for installation.

The installation will only happen when you click the button Apply. A dialog will appear in front of you informing you about the changes you are about to make. If you understand what you are doing and do not want to make additional adjustments, then feel free to press the button Apply in this dialogue.

Once the installation is complete, you will see a message from the package manager informing you that the installation is complete.

The program is installed.

Now let's consider a situation where you do not have the required application installed and searching on the disk did not bring you a positive result. So what should we do?
Let's go back to the Synaptic settings and connect additional repositories located in the Internet to the corresponding addresses specified in the URL field. To do this, you just need to tick the repositories we need. It should be noted that at least two repositories must be checked. One for our i586 architecture and the second architecture-independent noarch. At the same time, with connected “branch” repositories, it is advisable to disable (uncheck) your disk in the list of repositories and then all packages will be installed from the branch (from a server located on the Internet. In this case, there must be an Internet connection).

Then we confirm our choice by pressing OK. After which a window appears warning us about changes in the repositories.

close the window and press the button Get information.

When you click on this button, the package manager will read the information on the packages in the repositories we have newly connected and recreate the index files. Then you can try again to find the application you need.

If you still could not find the application you need or cannot install it using Synaptic, visit the ALT Linux Wiki page:

Often the necessary packages can only be found in source form; this article describes a method for installing a package from source code.

Unboxing

Programs are usually distributed in packaged archives, these are files with the extensions

.tar.gz (sometimes .tgz) .tar.bz2

You need to understand the difference between an archiver and a packer.

The program is used to archive directories and files tar; the result of its work is a file with the extension .tar. Roughly speaking, this is a copy of the file system - directories and files with their attributes and access rights, placed in one file.

This file will be slightly larger in size than the total size of the files that were archived. Therefore (or maybe for another reason) they use packers - programs that allow you to reduce the file size without losing data.

Program tar can unpack, so no need to call gunzip, or you can just tell the program tar that the file must first be unpacked. For example, the command

tar -xvf< some_app_name>.tar.gz

will immediately unpack and unzip. Difference between files and extensions

.tar.gz

.tar.bz2

only that different packers were used, the program tar determines the compression method automatically and no additional options are required in this case.

After unpacking, you need to go to the resulting directory; all the commands described below are executed in the directory with the source code of the package.

CD< имя_пакета>*

Building the package

To build programs in GNU/Linux, you use (mostly) the program make, which runs instructions from Makefile, but since there are many GNU/Linux distributions, and they are all different, in order to build the program, for each distribution you need to separately specify the paths where the libraries and header files are located. Programmers cannot study each distribution and create separately for each Makefile. Therefore, they came up with configurators that “study” the system and, in accordance with the knowledge gained, create Makefile. But they didn’t stop at the configurator and came up with configurators of configurators...that’s where they stopped

To build we need compilers: they are specified in the package dependencies build-essential, so it's enough to install it with all the dependencies. Still needed autoconf And automake.

So, to build something from source, you first need to build a configurator; how to build the configurator is described in the configure.in file. To build the configurator you need to run

./ bootstrap ./ autogen.sh

If there are no such scripts in the archive, then you can run the following commands in sequence:

aclocal autoheader automake --gnu --add-missing --copy --foreign autoconf -f -Wall

All of these commands use the file configure.in. After executing these commands, a file will be created configure. After this, you need to run the configurator to check for the presence of all dependencies, as well as install additional build options (if possible) and view the installation result (optional - may not be present)

./ configure

The configurator will build a Makefile based on the knowledge gained and the file makefile.am. You can pass to the configurator the options provided in the program sources, which allow you to enable/disable certain program features; usually you can find out about them with the command

./ configure --help

There is also a set of standard options, like

Prefix=

Which specifies which directory to use for installation. Usually for Ubuntu

--prefix =/ usr --prefix =/ usr/ local

WITHOUT slash at the end! Now you can start the process of building the program itself with the command

make

Regular user privileges are sufficient to build. The end of the build can be considered the moment when the commands in the console stop being executed “randomly” and there is no word error. Now everything is compiled and ready for installation.

Installation

The efforts spent on correct installation will more than pay off in the future if the installed software is removed or updated.

Correct installation(Option No. 1)

Installation using the utility checkinstall. To install:

sudo apt-get install checkinstall

Disadvantage of this method: checkinstall does not understand all sources, since the program author can write special installation scripts and checkinstall won't understand them.

To create and install a deb package you need to run

sudo checkinstall

Correct installation (Option No. 2)

Quickly create a deb package manually.

The main difference from the previous method is that in this case you create the package manually and track all the changes you make. This method will also suit you if the sources do not support building the package with checkinstall.

We install in a temporary directory, where we get the entire set of installed files:

fakeroot make install DESTDIR=`pwd`/tempinstall

Let’s create a DEBIAN directory in the “package root” and add a list of all files that should go into /etc into DEBIAN/conffiles:

cd tempinstall mkdir DEBIAN find etc | sed "s/^/\//" > DEBIAN/ conffiles

Then we create a file DEBIAN/control with the following content:

Package: package_name Version: 1.2.3 Architecture: amd64/i386/armel/all Maintainer: You can enter your name, you can rubbish, but if you leave it empty, then dpkg will swear Depends: Here you can enter a list of packages separated by commas. Priority: optional Description: You also need to enter something so that there are no warnings

If necessary, you can also create preinst, postinst, prerm and postrm scripts there.

We create a deb package, for which we execute:

dpkg -b tempinstall

The output is tempinstall.deb, which we install

sudo dpkg -i tempinstall.deb

Installation (option No. 3)

Incorrect installation

The disadvantage of this method is that if you install directly via make install, then you most likely will not be able to remove or update the package normally. Moreover, installing a new version over the old one will most likely overwrite your changes in the configs. make install does exactly what it is told to do - it installs files in the right places, ignoring the fact that something is already there. After this process, it is absolutely impossible to obtain any information about what was placed where and in a digestible form. Sometimes, of course, the Makefile supports the uninstall action, but this is not so common, and it is not a fact that it works correctly. In addition, you will need to store the unpacked source tree and build rules for uninstallation.

To install you need to do

sudo make install

To remove a package installed using this method, you must execute it in the root directory of the program's sources (where you ran make install).

sudo make uninstall

Errors

Often at the configuration stage, the configurator reports that a particular library is missing. The library name it reports doesn't always match the package name in Ubuntu. From my own experience, I can advise you to search Synaptic for the required package, excluding the lib prefix; if you find several packages that differ with the prefix -dev in the name, then you need to install the -dev package (usually it also entails a non-dev package). You can also search using http://packages.ubuntu.com/ by entering the library name into the search for package contents, similarly, if you find dev and non-dev, you need both. Well, or just search on Google.

Required Software

Packages with mm at the end of the description are packages for C++ programs. List for bmpx, but suitable for almost any GTK2/Gnome program. So if you can’t assemble it, then look at this list and compare it with what you have installed.

	Compile:	Runtime:
X	libx11-dev	libx11-6
GlibMM	libglibmm-2.4-dev	libglibmm-2.4-1c2a
GTK+	libgtk2.0-dev,gtk-doc-tools	libgtk2.0-0
GTKMM	libgtkmm-2.4-dev	libgtkmm-2.4-1c2a
Glade	libglade2-dev	libglade2-0
GladeMM	libglademm-2.4-dev	libglademm-2.4-1c2a
XML	libxml2-dev	libxml2
XML++	libxml++2.6-dev	libxml++2.6c2a
DBus	libdbus-1-dev,libdbus-glib-1-dev	libdbus-1-2,libdbus-glib-1-2
Alsa	libasound2-dev	libasound2
HAL	libhal-dev,libhal-storage-dev	libhal1,libhal-storage1
Gamin	libgamin-dev	libgamin0
Neon	libneon25-dev	libneon25
TagLib	libtagc0-dev	libtagc0
Startup-Notify	libstartup-notification0-dev	libstartup-notification0
Boost	libboost-dev,libboost-filesystem-dev	libboost-filesystem1.33.1
MusicBrainz	libmusicbrainz4-dev	libmusicbrainz4c2a
GStreamer	libgstreamer0.10-dev,libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-dev	libgstreamer0.10-0,libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-0

Before installation necessary remove external media from the computer: flash drives and floppy disks. The Linux installer may erase their data.

For testing, you can install Linux on a computer that already has Windows (most likely, the company will have just such a computer). In this case, several problems need to be solved.

1. Allocate free disk space. During installation, you will not be able to resize existing partitions to free up space, so this must be done in advance (for example, using the Partition Magic program).

2. Download a boot manager from the Internet, for example, Acronis OS Selector (http://www.acronis.ru/homecomputing/products/diskdirector/multibooting.html). This is a “shareware” program. The demo version is designed for 15 days, but after this period, OS Selector will not stop working. And, by the way, it’s inexpensive. This program must be installed on Windows. The fact is that there is no guarantee that the LILO bootloader from Linux will allow you to load Windows installed on your computer (although theoretically such a possibility is provided). And vice versa: using the Windows boot loader, it is not always possible to start Linux (see Chapter 9). OS Selector will be a lifesaver just in case - it can easily cope with such difficulties.

3. Stock up on a bootable CD with MS-DOS, which will allow you to restore the Windows boot record (using the command fdisk /mbr).

4. And, of course, find a disk with a Linux distribution. In the case of ALT Linux 4.1 Desktop, this can be an Install DVD or an Install CD. You can download distributions from here: http://www.altlinux.org/ALT_Linux_4.1_Desktop. I recommend purchasing or burning the Install DVD yourself as the most complete and convenient distribution for testing.

Having mastered it, you can master installing the basic part of the OS from a CD, and then copying the distribution to your hard drive and installing the necessary additional packages (see section 1.5.2). In addition, there is an option to install the system from a flash drive. This process is described here: http://www.altlinux.org/InstallFlash. In this case, the computer must support booting from a USB device - this must be checked in advance by going into the BIOS.

1.5.1. Installing ALT Linux from Install DVD

OS installation consists of 15 steps (the number will be displayed on the screen). After the fifteenth step, we will have additional items for setting up the system.

After booting from DVD you need to select the command Installation from the menu on the screen.

1. Select the installation language - Russian.

2. We accept the terms of the license agreement. This OS can be installed for free on any number of computers.

3. Select a key combination to switch the layout. I usually use Ctrl+Shift.

4. Select a time zone, for example, Moscow.

5. It is useful to check the box to get the exact time from the Internet. The default server is pool.ntp.org.

6. Prepare the hard drive partitions.

Here we need to understand how Linux refers to disks and partitions.

For drives connected via the IDE interface, the following designation is accepted:

Primary Master - hda;

Primary Slave - hdb;

Secondary Master - hdc;

Secondary Slave - hdd.

SATA drives are designated as follows: sda, sdb, sdc…

But in practice, the system often refers to it as sda and an IDE disk.

Designation rules are also used for disk partitions. Let our hard drive be designated as sda. There are 4 numbers reserved for the main partition: sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4. Regardless of how many logical drives are created in the primary partition, the first logical drive of the secondary partition will be designated sda5.

On a Windows computer, for example, there may be a hard drive partition like this:

The first logical drive in the main partition is C:

The first logical drive in the additional partition is D:

second logical drive in the additional partition - E:

Linux will label them sda1, sda5, sda6. Since modern versions of Linux implement the ability to work with FAT and NTFS file systems, logical drives created in Windows will be visible in Linux. Accordingly, to install Linux we will need to create at least sda7 and sda8.

The Linux installer offers several options:

Delete all partitions and create Linux partitions automatically. This is the best option for installing the system on an empty computer, but is unacceptable if we want to leave Windows.
Remove Linux partitions and use the free space for installation. This is convenient for a complete reinstallation of Linux.
Use free space and create partitions automatically.
Create partitions manually.

Here we encounter difficulties that require some experience to overcome. The Linux installer may not always work correctly in automatic mode. Often an error message is displayed on the screen (Fig. 1.1), although there seems to be no reason for this.

Fig.1.1. Error message when creating disk partitions

In this case, the partitions must be created manually. Even though Linux calls them partitions, they should be called partitions(from English partition) or logical drives. This has nothing to do with the main and additional sections. If the disk or free space is 10-20 GB in size, you need to create a swap partition (SWAPFS type) with twice the amount of RAM, and reserve the remaining space for a partition with a Linux file system type (Ext2/3) on which the files will be located. all files. For the second logical drive, a mount point is usually selected / (slash). All file paths and directory names will begin with this character.

In practice, creating a partition works like this. Click the free space (unused) on the partition map, click Create a section. In the window that appears (Fig. 1.2), specify the required parameters.

Fig.1.2. Creating a Linux partition

If you have a lot of free space, you can try to create three partitions: for swap (SWAPFS), for the system (Ext2/3) of 20 GB in size, for user data (Ext2/3) - all the remaining space. In the dialog windows you can see which logical drive the folder falls on /home. This is similar to a folder Documents and Settings from Windows. This folder contains all user accounts, and it is advisable to copy distributions into it. Therefore the folder /home should be located on the largest section.

If something doesn’t work out, you need to try different options to “re-direct” the installer. Usually problems arise with “old” computers (service life 5-10 years). But if you succeed, further installation usually proceeds without problems.

7 and 8. Packages are installed automatically.

9. You must specify where to install the bootloader. Acceptable options: “Hard disk sda” or the first partition of disk sda1. If you need to leave Windows on the computer, install the bootloader on the Linux system partition (where the folder is located /boot). If there is only Linux on the computer, there is no point in installing the bootloader on the logical drives located in the additional partition; in this case, Linux will not be able to boot. If Windows is already installed on your computer, its bootloader will be erased (in Chapter 9 we will look at how to restore Windows and Linux bootloaders). It can, of course, be restored, but we will have to do additional work to ensure that both systems boot (the boot loaders of both Windows XP and ALT Linux are very bad at loading “foreign” OSes).

10. The installer prompts you to select additional packages. In this version of the OS, you can select groups of programs, which is quite convenient for saving time. Once installed, individual packages can be installed using the Synaptic program. Here you can select the following groups (for an office computer): “E-mail”, “Internet phone”, “Scanner support”.

11. You must set the password for the system administrator (user root). Choose a simple password (perhaps consisting of only numbers) because you will need to enter it frequently during system setup. In Linux, in general, everything is very strict - even the print queue cannot be cleared without this password.

12. Now you need to set the user name and password. If you are creating a workstation for an office, it may make sense to create a common (guest) account for all stations. If employees log into the system with their own passwords, then how can an employee work if necessary at someone else’s station? This is where a guest entrance is needed. In addition, it will be required for administration. You can only log in as root in text mode, but we want to take advantage of all the advantages of graphical shells, don't we? Having created a standard account, you can, working in it as an administrator, create an account for a specific user. You may not even know the password to their account if you ask the employee to enter the password themselves (perhaps some organizations have such strict rules). I strongly recommend using numbers and Latin letters for your password. There will be problems with Russian letters.

13. Set network parameters. In the “DNS” line, you must enter the IP addresses of the servers, separated by a space: first the local network DNS, then external ones. The other line specifies the station address. To be on the safe side (especially during testing and debugging), it is useful to manually set the IP address of the machine (and gateway), but if you are confident in the operation of your domain controller, you can use DHCP. If you set the workstation's IP address manually, remember that the address must be free and not within the DHCP address range. This may require access to a domain controller to select the correct address.

14. Set the monitor operating mode. The most important thing here is to choose a resolution. This should be the mode that becomes the main one. Then, of course, you can choose the resolution, but Linux will stubbornly return to the mode selected at the installation stage. You will have to spend a lot of time going into setup programs to set the new monitor mode as the default.

This completes the installation of the system, and if everything was done correctly, the KDE graphical shell will load and you will see the desktop. But our work does not end, now we have to configure the system.

15. Choosing a team K - Settings - System Control Center and find the link System Services. Finding a service dnsmasq and stop her. Uncheck and save the settings (button Apply).

This service is a caching DNS server. It only interferes with work if it is not configured. During operation, this service replaces the contents of the /ets/resolv.conf file, which should contain the previously specified DNS server addresses. This service is usually not needed on a workstation.

Finding services smb And winbind(they are required to access the server as well as the Windows domain controller). We start them, if they are stopped, check the boxes Run at system boot. We save the parameters.

Return to the main page and find the link Local accounts. Here you can create a new account. First you need to enter the username in the line New account and press the button Create. Select the new account (be careful not to confuse it with another), enter the password in the appropriate fields and click the button Apply.

By the way, System Control Center contains links Ethernet interfaces And Display, which may be required for initial system setup. We won't need other options for now.

16. System Control Center can be closed. Now we need to configure the Samba system (to work in the NT domain). Its name comes from the SMB (Send Message Block) protocol that Microsoft uses. By the way, Microsoft has developed several dialects of this protocol, the latest of which is called CIFS. This, of course, only makes it more difficult to ensure compatibility between different systems. But if everything is done carefully, the connection will work.

On the first page of the Samba configuration module you need to specify the following parameters:

Workgroup - short domain name in capitals letters;

NetBIOS name - computer name in capitals letters;

Server string - if you do not want the string “Samba server...” to be added to the computer name when browsing a computer on the network, enter any text here;

Security Level - If we are configuring a station to join an NT domain (for example, if the domain controller is running Windows 2003 Server and uses Active Directory), the only choice is the ADS option;

Password server name/address - enter the address of the domain controller;

Realm - full domain name in capitals letters. In English literature this parameter is called realm. In Fig. Figure 1.3 shows an example of such a setup. Save the parameters with the button Apply.

Fig.1.3. Setting up Samba

Parameters are written to a file /etc/samba/smb.conf. It also contains information about shared folders, printers, etc. You can find a lot of articles on the Internet about how to format this file. But “shamanism” is inappropriate here. You need to know exactly how to choose parameters in order to achieve system functionality.

Let's remember for the future. The smb service includes two daemons. You can find out about the service status by issuing the command in terminal mode: service smb status. We must also remember that the smb service starts relatively slowly, and within 1-2 minutes after the system boots, network resources may be unavailable.

17. Now let's edit the configuration files. This can be done in several ways. For example, you can right-click on the desktop and select Launch Terminal.

In a terminal (console) window, enter the command:

and then the root user password.

Key -l gives more opportunities. By tradition, we will denote the dialogue of a regular user with the “dollar” symbol, and the dialogue of the root user with the “hash” symbol. There is no need to enter these characters, this is a system prompt.

Type the command #mc. Now you have at your disposal the simplest file manager (Midnight Commander), in which we need three hotkeys:

F4 - edit text file;

F10 - exit editing mode or close MC.

Everything is like in the good old Norton Commander.

Then the /ets/hosts file (list of known hosts) should be converted to the following form:

127.0.0.1 localhost

192.168.1.15 vasya.ofis.local vasya

192.168.1.2 pdc1.ofis.local pdc1

Computer names are indicated in two forms: with and without a domain. This file is very helpful when domain name resolution is not working well, but filling it out is, strictly speaking, not necessary.

To access the Windows server, you must configure Kerberos. With the help of this system, the workstation receives security “tickets”. To do this, by the way, it is necessary that the time mismatch between the server and the client be no more than 5 minutes (that’s why when installing the system, I recommended allowing the use of an exact time server). The clock on many computers “runs away”, so synchronization is needed.

Let's find the configuration file. In the source file /ets/krb5.conf The domain names are given as an example; we must substitute our own values. Letter case is important here. This file will be the same on all stations in the domain, so it is enough to edit it once and then copy it. In our example it will be like this:

default = FILE:/var/log/krb5libs.log

kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log

admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmind.log

ticket_lifetime = 24000

default_realm = OFIS.LOCAL

dns_lookup_realm = false

dns_lookup_kdc = false

OFIS.LOCAL = (

kdc = 192.168.1.2:88

admin_server = 192.168.1.2:749

default_domain = ofis.local

.ofis.local = OFIS.LOCAL

ofis.local = OFIS.LOCAL

profile = /var/lib/kerberos/krb5kdc/kdc.conf

debug = false

ticket_lifetime = 36000

renew_lifetime = 36000

forwardable = true

krb4_convert = false

Why do I recommend specifying the IP address of the domain controller (also known as the KDC - the Kerberos ticket distribution center), and not its name? To eliminate problems with name resolution. If something doesn't work, you have one less reason why it doesn't work. In addition, if you administer a domain, then most likely you know the address of your server by heart.

Well, finally, check the contents of the file /ets/resolv.conf(DNS list). It should look like this:

nameserver 192.168.1.2

nameserver first_ip_address_external_DNS

nameserver second_ip_address_external_DNS

If you entered these addresses when installing the system, they should be present here. If they mysteriously disappeared, and the address 127.0.0.1 appeared, then you have not disabled the dnsmasq service.

18. Now the computer should be restarted. Let's join the station to the domain.

First, let's check whether the station can receive a Kerberos ticket. Give the command in the console:

The following message will be displayed in response:

klist: No credentials cache found(no tickets found)

To receive a ticket, give the command (we will assume that the name of the domain administrator is administrator) respecting the case of letters:

# kinit [email protected]

The system will ask for the domain administrator password, but will not display any further messages. But now in response to the command #klist it will output:

Ticket cache:...

Default principal:...

Until you achieve this, further steps make no sense. But the station should automatically receive “tickets”, so if successful, delete the received ticket with the command:

# kdestroy

To join the station to the domain, issue the command:

# net ads join -U administrator -S 192.168.1.2

It is not necessary to specify the address of the domain controller (if there is only one domain), but we did this to eliminate any uncertainty.

Naturally, you will be asked for the domain administrator password. If joining the domain is successful, the following message will be displayed:

Using short domain name -- OFIS

Joined "VASYA" to realm "OFIS.LOCAL"

In case of failure, a diagnostic message will be displayed, and, unfortunately, there can be many options for such messages, and the reasons may be different (including computer viruses or a faulty switch). You will have to check the operation of all network components.

To check you can use the command:

#net ads testjoin

For example, message No login servers will indicate that the station cannot detect a domain controller on the network.

When a station is joined to a domain, you can check its entry in Active Directory, in the Users and Computers section. The parameters of a station with Linux are no different from the same parameters of a station with Windows, but the field with the name of the operating system will remain empty. However, this does not interfere with the operation of the station.

If you have shared folders on your server, you can run a short test. On the ALT Linux 4 desktop, select the command System (second icon on the taskbar) - Network Resources. The Konqueror program, an analogue of Windows Explorer, will launch. Select and double-click the icon in the window Samba Resources. After a while you should see the domain icon. Open it and then the desired computer. Try opening the shared folder. The system will ask for a name and password. Here you need a user name and password from Active Directory (if this method of organizing a domain is used). If everything is done correctly, the folder should open.

If the user needs access to folders on the server, they can drag the server's shared folder icon from the Konqueror window onto the desktop, and then select the command from the menu that opens: Create link. It will be possible to open a folder faster, but this will not save the user from having to enter the name and password (with which he is registered in the domain), which, of course, many users who are accustomed to the freedom of the Windows domain will not like. But if the company adheres to strict rules for limiting access to information, everything will turn out to be very relevant. A user account in Linux (on the local computer) has no relation to the same user account in the domain. Of course, the name and password can be the same in both cases, it’s even more convenient. And remember: the password should not contain Russian letters!

In theory, it is possible to use a Linux account to log into a Windows domain. But this requires recoding the user ID (PAM system). It is difficult to set up, so I do not recommend using it unless absolutely necessary.

19. The simplest thing remains. Let's check your Internet connection. Launch the Firefox browser. If you do not use a proxy server, the connection should work immediately (of course, if you have a permanent channel at your disposal). Otherwise, you need to specify it in the settings (command Edit - Settings - Advanced - Network) proxy address, usually with port 8080. Most often, the same address is specified for all protocols. I also usually remove the “Save passwords for sites” mode and automatic updating of browser components (add-ons and plugins) in the settings. This is a small safety measure.

Konqueror can also work as an Internet browser. But, if you use a proxy, you will have to give up this program role. It is needed to access local Web services such as CUPS or SWAT, but this program does not have a "Don't use proxy for local addresses" option. Therefore, if a proxy address is specified, then Konqueror starts looking for, for example, the CUPS printing service on the Internet...

If for some reason you or the user are not satisfied with Firefox, you can download and install the Opera browser (for ALT Linux 4, the package from the official Opera website compiled for Fedora OS is suitable).

As you can see, installing Linux on a workstation, although it requires some labor, is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. The main thing is to do everything carefully and control the result at every stage. But these costs are more than compensated by such a pleasant fact as resistance to viruses.

But the workstation may not have a DVD drive. If a CD-ROM is installed on it, you can first install the base part of the system, then copy the distribution via the network, from an external drive or from a flash drive, and install the missing packages. This method has advantages: unnecessary programs that have nothing to do with office activities are not installed on the station, and when installing additional programs in the future, the system will NOT ask you to insert a DVD into the drive every time. Initially, the system turns out to be more compact. By the way, this is the next section.

1.5.2. Installing ALT Linux from Install CD

We begin the installation again by removing removable media. Install the distribution CD into the drive.

Now we need to go through the following points.

1. Follow steps 1-12 of the previous section. Slight differences will appear. There will be no step for selecting additional packages. Section containing the folder /home, should be large enough to later accommodate distributions - an additional 3.6 Gb.

2. Insert the “Install DVD” media with the folder ALTLinux(or a flash drive that replaces it).

3. Log in to the console. Give commands:

enter password

Create a folder /home/distr. Copy the folder to it ALTLinux(those terrible 3.6 Gb).

4. Add to the file (in the future, if you want to automate your work, this can be done in a script using the command echo) lines:

rpm file:/home/distr ALTLinux base

rpm file:/home/distr ALTLinux disk

rpm file:/home/distr ALTLinux contrib

5. Open: K - System - Package Manager (Synaptic). First of all, you need to press the key combination Ctrl+R to update the list of packages. Packages from a folder ALTlinux will be indicated with asterisks (convenient!).

6. Install packages kdenetwork(required for Samba to work!), krb5-kinit, rdesktop, kdepim-kmail(to import mail from Outlook Express), thunderbird(mail client) and thunderbird, krusader(file manager), sim-gt(ICQ client).

Here is an example of a script to automate steps 4-6 (Synaptic must be closed during its execution!):

#!/bin/bash

echo "rpm file:/home/distr ALTLinux base" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sources.list

echo "rpm file:/home/distr ALTLinux disk" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sources.list

echo "rpm file:/home/distr ALTLinux contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sources.list

apt-get update

apt-get install kdenetwork

apt-get install krb5-kinit

apt-get install kdepim-kmail

apt-get install thunderbird

apt-get install thunderbird-ru

apt-get install krusader

7. Let's configure the network in the same way as in the previous example. To speed up the work, the easiest way is to use a script (you need to enter your own IP addresses):

#!/bin/bash

echo "192.168.1.2 pdc1.ofis.local pdc1 " >> /etc/hosts

echo "nameserver 217.xxx.xxx.xxx" >> /etc/resolv.conf

cp krb5.conf /etc/krb5.conf

We have installed the operating system. But to finally configure the station, you need to perform a number of actions. This is discussed in the next section.

1.5.3. Additional system setup

1. Let's make the user's job easier. Open the program menu: K - Service - Desktop - Calculator. Press the key Ctrl and drag the calculator shortcut to your desktop. It’s more convenient to launch the calculator from here, right?

2. Check whether services and Samba are configured (points 15, 16, 18, 19 of section 1.5.1).

3. Another gift for the user. Right-click on the taskbar. Select a team Add an applet to the panel. Select Quick file selection(icon – orange folder). I think many users will like this tool.

Of course, you can come up with your own settings. There are a lot of opportunities to improve the user interface.

1.5.4. Setting up a terminal session

If the domain is organized using Active Directory (a server running Windows OS), a group of “terminal users” is usually created and given permission to use terminal sessions. To prevent the user from gaining access to the server desktop, in Active Directory, in the user account properties (on the Environment) indicates the program launch line (1C, Excel, Word, etc.). When the user closes the program, the session will automatically disconnect. On workstations running Windows OS, the terminal client is built into the system.

On a client machine running Linux, it is also easy to organize terminal access.

First of all, you need to install the rdesktop program. It is included with ALT Linux.

To launch a terminal session, it is advisable to create a script and place it on the desktop. Let's say we want to access an Excel workbook on the server.

The script will look something like this:

#!/bin/bash

ST="comp99" # give each station a unique name

ST=$ST`date +%m%g`

rdesktop 192.168.1.2 -T Excel -u Vasya-p vasinparol-n $ST -L koi8-r -f -y -N -k rus_mod -s "Excel.exe My_Book.xls" -r printer:myHP

The script contains 4 lines (hereinafter, arbitrary breaks of long lines in listings are possible, be careful!). The line starting with “rdesktop” turns out to be quite long, but there’s nothing you can do about it. To edit scripts, it is convenient to use the built-in KWrite program - a simple text editor.

Let's look at the command line. If the server's IP address is known, it is advisable to indicate it; otherwise, the network name.

Key –T sets the text in the window title and, more importantly, the label on the button (!) on the taskbar.

Keys –u And –p set the login and password of the terminal user.

Key –n specifies the station name. This is not necessary, but in some cases the server will block terminal sessions after a certain time has passed. To prevent this from happening, you need to regularly change the name of the station. In our case, this is solved this way: a variable ST is created, into which the prefix (for example, comp99) and time data are written. We use the standard date function and set the pattern: “two digits for the month and two digits for the year.” Here you need to use back apostrophes. For example, in February 2010 the station name would be: comp990210. That name will change next month.

Key –L indicates the station coding, although this is not required.

Key –f assigns full screen mode. An alternative to this is a key to specify the screen resolution, for example: -g 1280x1024. You can switch from full-screen mode to windowed mode and back using a keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+Enter.

Keys –y And –N set the keyboard operating mode and are assigned empirically. In our example they are necessary.

Key –s specifies the program startup line if it is not specified in the tab mentioned above Environment. If both options are enabled, the startup string specified on the server is used.

Key –r specifies the client's printer by name. There may be several such keys. For our example, printers could be like this:

1. Printer connected to this station;

2. Network printer, the driver of which is installed on the station;

3. A printer installed on another computer running Windows, to which public access is open (on our station, the driver, of course, must also be installed).

Key –k solves the problem of incorrect input of some characters when using the Russian language (slash on the number pad) and keys Enter. This problem manifests itself in programs such as 1C or Excel. You need to copy the file rus_mod to a folder /usr/share/rdesktop/keymaps. Command that can be used for automation:

cp rus_mod /usr/share/rdesktop/keymaps/rus_mod

This file is easy to find on the Internet, but just in case, here is its listing (It solves a lot of problems. Many thanks to whoever created it!):

include modifiers

# Arrow keys

Left 0xcb localstate

Up 0xc8 localstate

Down 0xd0 localstate

Right 0xcd localstate

# Numpad

Num_Lock 0x45

KP_Divide 0xb5 localstate

KP_Multiply 0x37 localstate

KP_Subtract 0x4a localstate

KP_Add 0x4e localstate

KP_Enter 0x9c localstate

KP_Decimal 0x53 numlock

KP_Separator 0x53 numlock

KP_Delete 0x53

KP_0 0x52 numlock

KP_Insert 0x52 localstate

KP_1 0x4f numlock

KP_End 0x4f localstate

KP_2 0x50 numlock

KP_Down 0x50 localstate

KP_3 0x51 numlock

KP_Next 0x51 localstate

KP_4 0x4b numlock

KP_Left 0x4b localstate

KP_5 0x4c numlock

KP_Begin 0x4c localstate

KP_6 0x4d numlock

KP_Right 0x4d localstate

KP_7 0x47 numlock

KP_Home 0x47 localstate

KP_8 0x48 numlock

KP_Up 0x48 localstate

KP_9 0x49 numlock

KP_Prior 0x49 localstate

# Esc and Function keys

Escape 0x1 localstate

F1 0x3b localstate

F2 0x3c localstate

F3 0x3d localstate

F4 0x3e localstate

F5 0x3f localstate

F6 0x40 localstate

F7 0x41 localstate

F8 0x42 localstate

F9 0x43 localstate

F10 0x44 localstate

F11 0x57 localstate

F12 0x58 localstate

# Insert - PgDown

Insert 0xd2 localstate

Delete 0xd3 localstate

Home 0xc7 localstate

End 0xcf localstate

Page_Up 0xc9 localstate

Page_Down 0xd1 localstate

At the end, you need to open the properties window of our script (right-click) and give execution permission. After this, you can open the file in the editor only using the context menu.

1.5.5. Creating a shared folder in Linux

Task: create a folder on a Linux workstation whose contents will be available to all domain users. I’ll say right away that using a graphical shell for Samba is not enough. Here you need to know the recipe.

Let's say we need to create for a user working under the name Vasya, folder GENERAL in his folder Documents and open access to it for all domain users.

Let's create a folder, and then use its properties to allow everyone to read and change the contents.

We will then need to make changes to the file /ets/smb.conf. Obviously, computers running different operating systems can operate on the network. In order for Windows and Linux users to be able to read the name of the folder and the names of the files in it, in the section enter parameters:

unix charset = UTF8

display charset = UTF8

Connecting to a shared folder occurs in two stages. First, the client computer tries to connect to the remote computer using the username and password with which the user logged in. If they are not suitable, a window will appear on the screen for entering a different login and password. If you connect from a Windows machine to a Linux machine, no login/password pair will work. The user identification system is organized differently in these OSs, so even if the folder is shared, nothing will work. Therefore, we need to create a guest login (users will not be prompted for a password). To do this, you need to tell the Samba system (we edit the same config file) how to handle such “wrong” users:

hosts allow = 192.168.1. 127.

map to guest = Bad Uid

This assumes that the network uses addresses 192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.254.

Now you can enter folder parameters in a separate section:

[GENERAL]

path = /home/vasya/Documents/GENERAL

force user = vasya

guest ok = yes

guest only = yes

guest account = ftp

force create mode = 0666

force directory mode = 0777

read only = no

force security mode = 0

force directory security mode = 0

browseable = yes

public = yes

writable = yes

In order for Samba to accept the new parameters, it must be restarted with the command:

# service smb restart

Create a file for testing in a shared folder. All that remains is to go to this folder from machines running Linux and Windows to make sure that the shared resource is accessible to everyone.

Introduction

When you first start ALT Linux after installing it, you will have access to one or another set of software(BY). The number of preinstalled programs may vary greatly depending on the specific distribution or the choice of the set of programs that was made when installing the system. In the event that you do not find the programs you are interested in on your system, you have the opportunity to install them from different sources, where they are prepared for installation packages.

If you just want to quickly install additional software, then go straight to the appropriate section:

Clue

When working in the KDE graphical environment, after inserting a disc, a dialog box appears with options for possible actions with it. If you are installing packages, we recommend that you simply close this window and return to the package manager. The package management manager will handle the disk mounting itself.

Attention

Don't use two package managers at the same time. If you are using the package installation module included in the System Control Center, then in order to use another package manager (for example synaptic), you must completely exit the System Control Center, even if you have already left the package installation module.

Activate this repository if you do not have an installation disk with the distribution. For example, if you installed the system over a network.

ALT Linux 4.1 Desktop with add-ons

In this repository, in addition to the packages that form the basis of your distribution (main), there are additional packages suitable for installation, but not directly related to the distribution. For example, additional text editors. Typically, this repository contains a set of programs equivalent to that found on the installation DVD-ROM.

Activate this repository if you want to use an expanded set of programs, but do not have an installation disk, or if your installation disk does not contain the entire set of software included in the distribution. For example, if you installed the system over the network or from an installation CD-ROM, which simply cannot fit the entire set of packages.

Stable branch ALT Linux 4.1

This repository contains packages that are not even included in your distribution's extended repository, and therefore are not included on your installation disks.

These packages implement non-core functionality for the distribution. For example, a server room if you are using a distribution option for desktop computers.

The same repository may also contain updated versions programs for your distribution. The differences between these updated programs and the updates located in the "Updates" repository are that these are new versions programs, rather than fixing vulnerabilities and errors, as in the "Updates" repository.

Activate this repository if you want to install programs that are rare or non-specific to your distribution.

Important

After adding repositories, you need to get information about the packages they contain. Otherwise, the list of programs available for installation will remain the same.

Most importantly, after installing the system, do not rush to run to the store or download the programs you need from the Internet. As a rule, everything you need has already on your installation disk or maybe automatically downloaded and installed from other sources (from the Internet, from local network resources, from additional disks).

Installation instructions for ALT Linux.
Before starting installation, it is highly recommended that you check and defragment your hard drive.
Let's move directly to installing Linux, first insert the installation disk into the drive of your computer. If you can't boot from the installation disk, check your Bios settings.

Starting the installation: booting the system

Booting from the installation disk begins with a menu that lists several boot options, with system installation being only one of the options. From the same menu you can launch a program to restore the system or check memory. The mouse is not supported at this stage of the installation, so you must use your keyboard to navigate through the various installation options and options. You can get help on any menu item by selecting that item and pressing F1. In addition to installation from a laser disc, several network installation options and installation from a hard drive are available (discussed below).

Pressing F2 selects the country. The choice of country in the bootloader determines, firstly, the interface language of the bootloader and the installation program, and secondly, which languages will be available in the list of installation languages - in addition to the main language for the selected country, other languages of the given territory will be included in the list. By default, “Russia” is suggested. If you select the "Other" option, the list of installation languages will list all possible languages.

By pressing F3, a menu of available video modes (screen resolutions) opens. This permission will be used during installation and booting of the installed system.

To start the installation process, you need to use the cursor keys “up” and “down” to select the “Installation” menu item and press Enter. The bootloader has a short waiting time: if you do not take any action at this moment, the system that is already installed on the hard drive will be loaded. If you missed the right moment, restart your computer and select “Install” in time.

The initial installation phase does not require user intervention: the hardware is automatically detected and the installation program components are launched. Messages about what happens at this stage can be viewed by pressing the ESC key.

Other installation sources

Network installation

Installing ALT Linux is possible not only from a laser disk, it can also be done over a network. A prerequisite for this is the presence on the server of a file tree similar to the contents of the installation disk, and external media with a bootloader. Such media can be, for example, a flash drive, which can be made bootable using the mkbootflash utility.

The F4 button allows you to select the network installation source: FTP, HTTP or NFS server. You need to specify the name or IP address of the server and the directory (starting with /) in which the ALT Linux distribution is located. If installing via FTP, you may also need to enter a username and password.

During a network installation, you may need to determine the connection parameters with the server; in this case, dialogs will appear on the screen, for example, asking you to select a network card (if there are several of them) or specify the type of IP address: static (you will need to enter it yourself) or dynamic (DHCP ).

After a successful connection to the server, the installation disk image will be loaded into the computer’s memory, after which the system installation will begin in the same way as when installing from a laser disk.

Installation from hard drive

Similar to network installation, you can install ALT Linux from your hard drive. To do this, you will need to connect an additional hard drive with the distribution kit. To select the connected disk as the installation source, you need to specify the installation method in the “Boot Options” line of the boot loader menu by writing: automatic=method:disk (where “automatic” is the parameter that determines the progress initial stage of installation). By pressing Enter and after some time has passed, a dialog for selecting a disk partition will appear on the screen, and then selecting the path to the directory with the distribution kit. After specifying the path, the installation of the system will begin. If you wish, you can immediately specify the path to the distribution by making an entry like this in the boot parameters line: automatic=method:disk,disk:hdb,partition:hdbX,directory:.

Installation sequence

Before the base system is installed on the hard drive, the installation program works with the system image loaded in the computer's RAM.

If the hardware initialization is completed successfully, the graphical interface of the installer program will be launched. The installation process is divided into steps; Each step is devoted to configuring or setting a certain property of the system. The steps must be completed sequentially, moving to the next step by clicking the “Next” button. Using the “Back” button, if necessary, you can return to an already completed step and change the settings. However, at this stage of installation, the ability to move to a previous step is limited to those steps that do not depend on the data entered previously.

If for some reason it becomes necessary to stop the installation, click Reset on the computer system unit. Remember that it is completely safely stop the installation only until the “Prepare the disk” step, since no changes are made to the hard disk until this point. If you interrupt the installation between the “Preparing the Disk” and “Installing the Boot Loader” steps, it is likely that none of the installed systems will be able to boot from the hard drive after that.

Technical information about the installation progress can be viewed by clicking Ctrl+Alt+F1, return to the installer - Ctrl+Alt+F7. On click Ctrl+Alt+F2 The debugging virtual console will open.

Each step is accompanied by short help, which can be accessed by pressing F1.

During system installation, the following steps are performed:

Language
Rights Notice
Keyboard settings
Timezone
date and time
Preparing the Disk
Installing the base system
Saving settings
Additional drives
Additional packages
Installing the bootloader
System administrator
System user
Network configuration
Setting up the graphics system
Completing the installation

Language

Illustration 2. Language

Installation begins with selection main language- interface language of the installation program and the installed system. In the list, in addition to the available languages of the region (selected at the initial download stage), English is also indicated.

Rights Notice

Illustration 3. Rights Notice

You should carefully read the license terms before continuing with the installation. The license states your rights. In particular, you are assigned the rights to:

operation of programs on any number of computers and for any purpose;
distribution of programs (accompanying them with a copy of the copyright agreement);
obtaining source codes of programs.

If you purchased the distribution, this license agreement is included in printed form with your copy of the distribution. The license applies to the entire ALT Linux distribution. If you agree to the license terms, check “Yes, I agree to the terms” and click “Next”.

Keyboard settings

Illustration 4. Keyboard settings

A keyboard layout is the assignment of letters, numbers, and special characters to keys on the keyboard. In addition to entering characters in the primary language, any Linux system must be able to enter Latin characters (command names, file names, etc.), which is usually done using the standard English keyboard layout. Switching between layouts is carried out using specially reserved keys. For the Russian language, the following layout switching options are available:

Keys Alt And Shift simultaneously
Key Capslock
Keys Control And Shift simultaneously
Key Control
Key Alt

If the selected primary language has only one layout (for example, when selecting English as the primary language), this single layout will be accepted automatically, and the step itself will not be displayed in the interface.

Timezone

To correctly set the date and time, it is enough to correctly specify the time zone and set the desired values for the date and time.

Illustration 5. Timezone

At this step, you should select the time zone to which you want to set the clock. To do this, select a country and then a region from the corresponding lists. You can speed up searching through the list by typing the first letters of the searched word on the keyboard.

Pay attention to the checkbox “Store time in BIOS in Greenwich Mean Time”. It is advisable to set the BIOS system clock not to local time, but to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). In this case, the software clock will show local time in accordance with the selected time zone, and the system will not need to change BIOS settings during seasonal clock changes and time zone changes. However, if you plan to use other operating systems on the same computer, you need to uncheck this box, otherwise the time may be lost when loading into another operating system.

date and time

Illustration 6. date and time

The installer assumes that the system clock (BIOS) is set to local time. Therefore, the clock in this step shows either the time corresponding to your system clock, or, if the “Store time in BIOS in Greenwich Mean Time” checkbox was set in the previous step, the time corresponding to GMT, taking into account your time zone. This means that if the system clock displays local time, but you still checked the “Store time in BIOS GMT” checkbox in the previous step, then the clock will display the wrong time.

Check that the date and time are displayed correctly and, if necessary, set the correct values.

If your computer is connected to a local network or the Internet, you can enable synchronization of the system clock (NTP) with a remote server; to do this, just check the “Install automatically” option and select an NTP server from the list.

Preparing the Disk

It may take some time to get to this step. The waiting time may vary and depends on the performance of the computer, the size of the hard drive, the number of partitions on it, etc.

At this stage, the site for installing ALT Linux is prepared, first of all, free disk space is allocated. To install by selecting one of the automatic partitioning profiles, you will need at least 7 GB on one or more computer hard drives. The installer automatically creates three partitions: for the root file system (/) - 4 GB, for the swap area (swap) - 1 GB, and for user data (/home) - the remaining disk space. When preparing partitions manually, you must allocate at least 4 GB (3 GB for the root partition and 1 MB for swap). The recommended value is 5 GB excluding the home partition. It is also recommended to allocate an additional 4 GB for the teacher’s computer to organize an FTP, HTTP or NFS server with a disk image containing the distribution kit to enable network installation on other class computers.

Selecting a disk partition profile

Illustration 7. Selecting a disk partition profile

The list of partitions lists partitions that already exist on hard drives (including removable USB drives connected to the computer at the time of installation). The available disk partitioning profiles are listed below. A profile is a template for allocating disk space for a Linux installation. You can choose one of three profiles:

Use unallocated space
Delete all partitions and create partitions automatically
Prepare partitions manually

The first two profiles assume automatic disk partitioning. They are aimed at average workstations and should be suitable for most users.

Automatic disk partitioning profiles

The application of automatic partitioning profiles occurs immediately by clicking “Next”, after which the installation stage of the basic system immediately begins

If there is not enough available space to apply one of the automatic partitioning profiles, that is, less than 7 GB, an error message will be displayed: “The profile cannot be applied, there is not enough disk space.”

If this message appears after trying to apply the “Use Unallocated Space” profile, then you can clear space by deleting data that is already on the disk. Select "Delete all partitions and create partitions automatically." When using this profile, the message about insufficient space is due to insufficient capacity of the entire hard drive on which the installation is being performed. In this case, you need to use the manual partitioning mode: the “Prepare partitions manually” profile.

Be careful when using the "Delete all partitions and create partitions automatically" profile! In this case will be deleted All data from everyone non-recoverable disks. It is recommended to use this option only if you are sure that the discs do not contain no valuable data.

Manual disk partition profile

Release if necessary Part disk space, you should use a manual partitioning profile. You may be able to delete some of the existing partitions or the file systems they contain. After this, you can create the necessary sections yourself or return to the profile selection step and apply one of the automatic profiles.

Clicking “Next” will write a new partition table to the disk and format the partitions. Partitions that have just been created on the disk by the installer do not yet contain data and are therefore formatted without warning. Pre-existing but modified partitions that will be formatted are marked with a special icon in the “File system” column to the left of the name. If you are sure that the disk preparation is complete, confirm moving to the next step by clicking the “OK” button.

You should not format partitions containing data that you want to keep, such as user data (/home) or other operating systems. On the other hand, you can format any partition that you want to “clear” (that is, remove all data).

Installing the base system

Illustration 8. Installing the base system

At this stage, the installation of a starting set of programs necessary for launching and initial configuration of Linux occurs. Later in the installation process, you will have the opportunity to select and install all the applications you need to operate.

Installation occurs automatically in two stages:

Receiving packages
Installing packages

Packets are received from the source selected during the initial download stage. If installing over a network (FTP or HTTP), the time required to complete this step will depend on your connection speed and may be significantly longer than installing from a laserdisc.

Once the basic system is installed, you can perform the initial setup, in particular, configure network equipment and network connections. You can change the system properties that were specified during installation (for example, the system language) at any time, both through the web interface and using standard Linux tools and specialized control modules included in the distribution.

Installing the basic system may take some time, which can be devoted, for example, to reading the manual.

Saving settings

Illustration 9. Saving settings

From this step on, the installer works with the files of the newly installed base system. All subsequent changes can be made after installation is complete by editing the appropriate configuration files.

Once the base system installation is complete, the save settings step begins. It runs automatically and does not require user intervention; a progress bar is displayed on the screen.

This step transfers the settings made in the first five installation steps (language settings, time zone, date and time, switching keyboard layouts) to the newly installed base system. Information is also recorded about the correspondence of hard disk partitions to the file systems mounted on them (the configuration file /etc/fstab is filled in). The repository located on the installation laser disk is added to the list of available sources of software packages, i.e. the apt-cdrom add command is executed, writing to the configuration file /etc/apt/sources.list. For more information, see the APT Package Management System section of the books online.

After the settings are saved, the next step is automatically carried out.

Additional drives

Illustration 10. Additional drives

If you included a disc with additional software, you can connect it and install the required components at this step. To do this, insert the disc into the laser disc drive and click “Add”. The new drive will appear in the list of available drives. Clicking the “Next” button will be followed by the step of installing additional packages.

If the distribution and additional software are contained on the same disk, the steps for selecting additional disks and installing additional packages are not displayed.

Additional packages

Illustration 11. Additional packages

In any ALT Linux distribution, a significant number of programs are available (up to several thousand), some of which make up the operating system itself, and the rest are application programs and utilities.

In the Linux operating system, all installation and removal operations are performed over packages- individual components of the system. The relationship between a package and a program is ambiguous: sometimes one program consists of several packages, sometimes one package includes several programs.

During the system installation process, detailed selection of components at the package level is usually not required - this requires too much time and knowledge from the installer. Moreover, the distribution package is selected in such a way that the existing programs can be used to create a full-fledged working environment for the appropriate audience of users. Therefore, during the system installation process, the user is asked to select from a small list package groups, combining packages necessary to solve the most common problems. Below the list of groups, the screen displays information about the amount of disk space that will be occupied after installing the packages included in the selected groups.

Having selected the necessary groups, click “Next”, after which the installation of packages will begin.

Installing the bootloader

Illustration 12. Installing the bootloader

Linux bootloader- a program that allows you to boot Linux and other operating systems. If only Linux is installed on your computer, then you do not need to change anything here, just click “Next”.

If you plan to use other operating systems already installed on this computer, then it matters on which hard drive or partition the bootloader will be located. In most cases, the installer will choose the correct bootloader location.

Experienced users may find it useful to fine-tune the bootloader (the “Expert settings” button). The parameters that can be changed here correspond directly to the corresponding parameters in the LILO loader configuration file (/etc/lilo.conf). For simplicity, the Latin names of the parameters have been retained; their meaning can be found in the LILO documentation (lilo.conf(5)).

Users

Linux is a multi-user system. In practice, this means that to work in the system you need to register, i.e., make it clear to the system who exactly is behind the monitor and keyboard. The most common registration method today is to use system names(login name) and passwords. This is a reliable means of ensuring that the right person is using the system, if users keep their passwords secret, and if the password is sufficiently complex and not too short (otherwise it is easy to guess or guess).

System administrator

Illustration 13. System administrator

In any Linux system there is always one special user - the administrator, also known as superuser, the standard system name is reserved for it - root.

It is worth remembering the root password - you will need to enter it in order to gain the right to change system settings using standard ALT Linux configuration tools.

When you enter a password, asterisks appear on the screen instead of symbols. To avoid typos when entering your password, you are prompted to enter it twice. You can use automatic password generation by selecting “Generate automatically.” You will be offered a randomly generated and fairly secure password. You can accept the automatically generated password (don’t forget to remember the password!), or request a different password using the “Generate” button.

The administrator differs from all other users in that he is allowed to perform any, including the most destructive changes in the system. Therefore, choosing an administrator password is a very important point for security: Anyone who can enter it correctly (recognize or guess) will receive unlimited access to the system. Even your own careless actions as root can have catastrophic consequences for the entire system.

System user

Illustration 14. System user

In addition to the administrator (root), you must add at least one regular user. Working as an administrator is considered dangerous (you can damage the system if you are careless), so day-to-day work in Linux should be performed as a regular user, whose powers are limited.

When adding a user, you are prompted to enter the user's login name. The account name is always one word, consisting only of lowercase Latin letters (capitals are prohibited), numbers and the underscore character “_” (and the number and character “_” cannot appear at the beginning of a word). To eliminate typos, the user password is entered twice. Just like when choosing an administrator (root) password, you can create a password automatically.

During the installation process, you are prompted to create only one standard user account so that on behalf of the system administrator you can perform tasks that do not require superuser privileges.

Accounts for all other users of the system can be created at any time after its installation.

Network configuration

Illustration 15. Network configuration

There are a number of network parameters that are common to all network connections and must be defined even when the computer is not connected to any network. To connect to a local network, you must also configure network connection, which is usually tied to a specific physical device - a network card (Ethernet).

In the “Full computer domain name” field, you must specify the computer’s network name of the form computer.domain. Despite the fact that this parameter is not transmitted to any neighboring computers on the network (unlike, say, the name of a computer on a Windows network), many network services, for example, a mail server, use it. If the computer is not connected to the local network, the domain name can look anything, you can leave the default value (localhost.localdomain).

In the case of a local network, the installation program will automatically configure all installed on the computer network interfaces(network cards). If there is a DHCP server on the network, all the necessary parameters (IP address, network mask, default gateway, DNS server addresses) will be received automatically. If there is no DHCP server, when connecting to the network, the interface will be configured using IPv4LL technology, which allows you to automatically select a free IP address that is not used by other computers on the network and assign it to the network interface.

You can refuse to automatically configure network connections by unchecking the “automatically configure all network cards” checkbox. After installation is complete, you can configure network access yourself at any time.

ANDillustration 16. Setting up the graphics system

Modern graphics hardware can be detected automatically in most cases, although some very new or rare hardware may not be in the database. The automatically detected video card and monitor will be listed in the “Detected Hardware” section. The "Current Settings" section will suggest the most suitable graphics mode settings - you should try them first. Quite often, a video card can work with several different drivers. By default, the one that is considered the best for this model is proposed.

It should be noted that the optimal settings are not always the maximum possible values (resolution, color depth, etc.). Recommended values are based on specific hardware and driver properties, so choosing higher values will not necessarily improve image quality. If the equipment is not automatically detected, then the driver for the video card and monitor model will have to be selected manually.

You can check the functionality of the selected parameters by clicking the “Check” button. If the graphic mode is successfully activated with the new parameters, you will see a message on a black screen, where you can either confirm that the graphic mode is working by clicking “Yes”, or reject the current settings by clicking “No”. The “Stop” button is used to pause the delay time counter before returning to the graphics mode settings dialog. If you press no buttons in the video mode testing window, for example, if due to incorrect graphics mode settings this message is not displayed on the screen at all, then after a few seconds the initial state will be returned, where you can select more appropriate settings.

Pay attention to the “Boot into graphical mode” checkbox: if you are new to Linux, you should make sure that this is checked. Otherwise, the download will end with an invitation to register in the system (login:) in text mode.

Changing the video card driver

If necessary, you can change the video card driver. The list contains the names of available drivers, followed by a hyphen and the manufacturer and, in some cases, video card models. You can choose the one that you think is most suitable. The recommended driver for use is marked “recommended”.

If the list does not contain a driver for your video card model, you can try one of two standard drivers: “vga - Generic VGA Compatible” or “vesa - Generic VESA Compatible”.

Selecting a monitor model

Monitor models can be selected by manufacturer: “Other manufacturer” button. You can speed up movement through the lists by typing the first letters of the searched word. After selecting a manufacturer, monitor models from that manufacturer become available in the list. It is not always necessary to select a monitor based on the model number: some items in the list do not contain a specific model number, but indicate a range of devices, for example, “Dell 1024x768 Laptop Display Panel.”

If there is no manufacturer or similar model on the list, then you can try one of the standard monitor types. To do this, in the list of manufacturers you need to select “Generic CRT Display” (for cathode ray monitors) or “Generic LCD Display” (for liquid crystal monitors), and then select a model based on the desired resolution.

Completing the installation

Illustration 17. Completing the installation

The final installation step screen displays information about the location of the installation log (the /root/.install-log directory). After clicking the “Finish” button and restarting the computer, you can boot the installed system as usual.

Good luck with ALT Linux!

Setting up a proxy in the Mozilla Firefox browser.
To start setting up a proxy, you need to go to the Edit menu item and select the Settings menu.
Next, select the Advanced tab -> Network -> and click on the Configure button

On the tab Additionally select bookmark Net Click the Configure button.

Next, specify the IP address and port of the proxy and check the box Use this proxy server for all protocols.

After clicking the OK button, the changes will take effect.

Setting up a local proxy (if all computers in the class access the Internet through the teacher’s computer).
On the teacher's computer, right-click on the desktop and select Launch terminal.

acl our_networks src Here you need to specify the range of IP addresses of computers that can access the Internet.

cache_peer you need to specify the IP address (example: 172.22.30.130), port (example: 8080), and specify the login and password separated by a colon (example: login=login:password)

acl all src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0

acl manager proto cache_object

acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/255.255.255.255

acl to_localhost dst 127.0.0.0/8

acl SSL_ports port 443 # https

acl SSL_ports port 563 # snews

acl Rsync_ports port 873

acl Jabber_ports port 5222 5223

acl Safe_ports port 80 # http

acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp

acl Safe_ports port 443 # https

acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher

acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais

acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports

acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt

acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http

acl Safe_ports port 563 # snews

acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker

acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http

acl Safe_ports port 631 # cups

acl Safe_ports port 873 # rsync

acl Safe_ports port 901 # SWAT

acl CONNECT method CONNECT

http_access allow manager localhost

http_access deny manager

http_access deny !Safe_ports

http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports !Jabber_ports !Rsync_ports

acl our_networks src 192.168.1.0/24

http_access allow our_networks

http_access allow localhost
http_port 8080
cache_peer 172.22.30.130 parent 8080 0 proxy-only default no-query no-digest login=login:password
hierarchy_stoplist cgi-bin ?
cache_mem 64 MB
minimum_object_size 100 KB
access_log /var/log/squid/access.log squid
acl QUERY urlpath_regex cgi-bin \?

cache deny QUERY

refresh_pattern ^ftp: 1440 20% 10080

refresh_pattern ^gopher: 1440 0% 1440

refresh_pattern . 0 20% 4320
acl apache rep_header Server ^Apache

broken_vary_encoding allow apache

never_direct allow all
coredump_dir /var/spool/squid
If you specified a proxy port 8080 , then you need to turn off the Web Interface service that uses this port. To do this, run the commands sudo chkconfig httpd-alterator off And sudo service httpd-alterator stop

After this, you need to enable squid in startup. This is done with the following command sudo chkconfig squid on

If you have a Minolta/QMS magicolor 2200 DL / 2300 DL, Konica Minolta magicolor 2430 DL, Minolta Color PageWorks/Pro L, HP Laser Jet 1010, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1022 printer then you need to install the package with the following command sudo rpm -Uvh foo2zjs