What is a graphic editor? Raster and vector graphic editors and their tools. Graphics editor: purpose and main features Raster editor Paint

A graphics editor is a special program designed for viewing on a computer. In addition, such software allows you to make your own drawings. For the first time, graphical representation of data on a computer was implemented in the 50s of the last century. It was at that time that graphic programs were developed for computers used in the military and scientific fields. Currently, there are three main types of graphic editors - raster, vector and hybrid.

Basic functions of graphic editors

The main functions of graphic editors include:

can be created in the editor either manually or using special tools (stamps, curves, etc.).
Converting a ready-made image. Photos and pictures can be moved, rotated and scaled. Also, such programs provide the ability to work with individual parts of the image. For example, a function such as deleting a fragment of an image is usually available. Pictures can also be copied either completely or in parts, and also glued and painted.
Entering text into a picture. In this case, you can usually use a variety of fonts - both modern and stylized “antique” ones.
Working with external devices. If desired, the drawn or edited image can be printed on a printer without leaving the program. Of course, the file can be saved to any folder on your hard drive or external drive.

Raster editors

A raster graphics editor is a tool designed primarily for processing ready-made images. This software guarantees the most accurate reproduction of tones and halftones. Consists of many dots called pixels. Raster images are characterized by maximum realism. The quality is determined by the number of pixels, as well as their ability to convey color. The more dots of different shades the image contains, the clearer it is. Raster graphics editors have one small drawback. Free scaling of images using them without loss of quality is impossible. The fact is that each picture contains a strictly fixed number of dots. Therefore, let’s say that when you enlarge the image, the dots will simply become larger. That is, the picture will lose clarity.

Most often, a raster image is saved in However, most editors also support such common formats as bmp, gif, tif, etc.

Vector graphic editors

A vector graphics editor is a program designed to create high-precision images. These could be, for example, drawings or diagrams. Such pictures are much clearer than raster ones. All elements are described mathematically. Therefore, such a picture can be enlarged without any loss of clarity. However, a vector editor cannot provide such realism of an image as a raster editor.

Vector graphics editors allow you not only to draw drawings manually, but also to convert raster images into diagrams. For this, the so-called tracing method is used. Thus, for example, an ordinary photo can be transformed into a stylish poster. The files in which vector drawings are saved are small in size compared to raster files.

Hybrid graphic editors

In a hybrid graphics editor, you can use both raster and vector tools to create an image. The main disadvantage of such programs is difficulty in using. Therefore, they have not yet received particularly wide distribution.

Raster editor Paint

So, a graphic editor - what is it? This is a very convenient software, an indispensable tool in the work of artists, photojournalists, engineers, architects, etc. Today there are both very complex editors designed for professionals and simpler ones used by ordinary people. The latter also includes Paint, a single-window raster editor available on almost every home computer. Most of the window of this program is occupied by the drawing area. in Paint it is located on the left. The program allows you to freely draw, scale pictures, change their color, erase unnecessary details, and also cancel all these actions in almost one click.

Adobe Photoshop Raster Editor

Like all raster graphics editors, Adobe Photoshop is designed to work primarily with digital photographs. This program was developed as a tool for professionals, but very quickly gained popularity among amateurs. Its main distinguishing feature is a truly unlimited list of tool options. Using this program, it is easy to cut out individual parts of images, create masks, change the proportions of pictures and their individual parts. If desired, you can apply a variety of effects to a photo or picture, change their color, brightness, saturation, contrast, etc.

Vector editor Corel Draw

The working tools of the Corel Draw graphic editor are, first of all, geometric shapes that can be converted into any other images, as well as curves. Using the latter, it is easy to bring a hand-drawn picture to perfection. You can paint over the resulting images using a variety of methods. If desired, it is possible to use both simple colors and various types of patterns and textures.

Drawings in Corel Draw are created on a worksheet located in the center of the window. The toolbar is located on the left side.

A graphic editor is a thing that can be useful in a variety of situations. It’s definitely worth learning how to use at least the simplest ones. With the help of such software, you can turn any unattractive photo into a real work of art, make a caricature or draw an interesting picture and send it to friends.

Examples

A point is specified by its coordinates on the screen (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and radius (R), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and coordinates upper left corner (XI, Y1) and lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc.

To increase or decrease the rectangle, you need to change the coordinates of its upper left and lower right corners. True Type fonts, used in particular in WinWord, are vector images, so you can set almost any font size without losing quality.

The disadvantage of vector graphics is that it does not produce photographic quality images. However, it is great for drawings, diagrams, graphs and technical illustrations.

Color palettes

There are many ways to represent color. The main ones are RGB, CMYK, HSV and Lab.

RGB palette. Used to describe the colors emitted.

Scientists believe that the retina of the human eye has three types of light perception receptors. Some of them are sensitive to red, others to green and others to blue. The RGB color rendering system is based on this theory (from the English names of these colors: Red-Green-Blue– Red-Green-Blue). This system is used in color monitors. For example, a cathode ray tube monitor uses three electron beams, one for each primary color. You can control their intensity and get multi-colored images on the screen.

CMYK palette. Used in printing. When printing, they work not with the light itself, but with its reflection. Therefore, color printers and printing devices use “opposite” colors, additional to the primary ones. This is blue ( Cyan), purple ( Magenta) and yellow ( Yellow). In addition, pure black color is added ( Black). The highlighted letters give the name of the CMYK palette. Black has to be added because the mixture of cyan, magenta and yellow is not black enough. Sometimes other colors are added during printing.

HSV. This color rendering system is based on the fact that when examining a color image, one sees not a mixture of several colors, but shade (Hue) colors obtained as a result of mixing. This shade has a certain saturation (Saturation) And brightness (Value). The first letters of the English names of these indicators form the name of the HSV model.

Saturation can be thought of as the “strength” of a color. Red and pale pink are colors with different saturations. All desaturated colors contain shades of gray. Brightness measures how light or dark a color is. Black color has zero value.

Lab system. A device-independent color model based on the fact that humans perceive colors differently at the same intensity. The green color of the rays is perceived as the brightest, red – less bright and blue – the darkest. In the Lab model, color is characterized brightness (Lightness) and parameters A And b . Parameter A varies from green to red, and the parameter b – from blue to yellow. In this model, brightness is separated from color, and therefore it is convenient to convey contrast and sharpness.

CIE XYZ and Pantone. All the systems discussed in this section above are not sufficiently standardized. An RGB color with the same characteristics may look different on different monitors.

In the CIE XYZ system, each color is defined as a wavelength, so the corresponding set of numbers always defines the same color. The Pantone system fully complies with the standard. It is a commercial system of numbered colors. All colors with matching numbers will appear exactly the same on print as they appear on the swatch (in the Pantone album).

Graphic editor: purpose and main features

Graphics editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images on a computer. Some of the editors are designed to work only with raster or vector graphics, some - with both types.

Any editors must provide the ability to work with color. There are different palettes for this. In some editors you can create your own color palettes. There is definitely a possibility to edit the picture. For example, changing its size, erasing or copying individual selected parts. It is also usually possible to insert and format small pieces of text.

You can control page settings, set margin sizes, page layout (portrait or landscape), etc., just like in text editors.

Raster graphic editors. Raster graphics editors describe and store images in the form of dots. They are commonly used for processing photographs and scanned images. They can also prepare images for publication on the Internet and illustrations for books and magazines. In developed graphic editors, it is possible to select and process image layers separately, which are then superimposed on each other.

Vector graphic editors. Vector graphic editors store and use descriptions of drawings in the form of geometric shapes. Such editors can be used to create publications on the Internet in PDF format. They often have the means to create advertising, such as text design.

Some of them can process raster images and convert them into vector ones.

A graphics editor is a special program designed for drawing and editing images. That is, the program allows you to create masterpieces of painting directly on your computer, or edit and change ready-made images and photographs (the simplest example: remove the “red eye” effect from photographs).

Many graphic editors have been created: some of them are simple and free, such as the Paint editor, which is included in the set of standard programs of the Windows operating system of all versions:

others are expensive and professional. Programs such as Adobe Photoshop and CorelDRAW are very large, powerful editors with a lot of add-ons and plug-ins. Therefore, editors of this kind are usually called packages. However, there are also simpler (but no less convenient) editors: PaintShop, PhotoFinish, The Gimp, etc.

Graphic editors are divided into two main types - raster and vector.

Raster editors(sometimes they are also called “bitmap” - from the English bitmap) they draw an image point by point, i.e. For each point in the picture a separate color is specified. Among such editors are Paint and Adobe Photoshop.

Vector editors They draw with segments, lines, curves, and complex drawings are presented as a collection of such segments. This is how CorelDRAW and Adobe Illustrator work.

The average computer user, of course, will find it more convenient to draw in raster editors (it’s difficult to draw a lake with ducks using only straight lines and curves!). However, vector editors also have their advantages. Vector drawing programs allow you to perform very complex transformations of the shape of a drawing, compression or stretching, and any size changes. In such editors it is much easier to combine images with inscriptions, which allows you to use them to create emblems, signs, symbols, etc.
However, modern editors are becoming a mixed type.
There are also graphics packages that allow you to work with scanned images and interact directly with the scanner. Typically, such programs are provided with the scanner. They allow you to select different scanning parameters. Typically, such a program first makes a rough scan of the original and displays it on the screen. Since image files are quite large (especially color ones with high resolution and a large number of colors), and the entire image is not always needed, the program will give you the opportunity to select an area by highlighting it with a frame.
A special place is occupied by graphics packages that allow you to create animated images. Such programs are used to design Internet pages (which looks very impressive). Among such programs are AutoDesk Animator, Macromedia Flash, Ulead GifAnimator, Corel R.A.V.E.

Three-dimensional modeling programs can also be classified as graphics packages. With their help you can make incredibly realistic images. Their only drawback is that such editors are difficult to learn. To learn how to work in a graphics package quickly and professionally, immediately selecting the necessary tools and mastering most of the huge number of capabilities included in such a program, you will need from 3 to 5 years of regular work. Among such graphics packages we can highlight Autodesk 3dsmax, Blender3D, VUE xStream.

These programs allow you to create full-fledged three-dimensional computer graphics, cartoons, make models for games, and create special effects for films.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Magnitogorsk State University”.

Faculty of Fine Arts and Design.

Abstract on the topic:

"Types of graphic editors."

Magnitogorsk 2011

1. Introduction.

2. Types of graphic editors.

3. Basic functions of the graphic editor.

4. Resize the image using the Paint graphic editor.

5. Resizing an image using MSWord.

6. Resize the image using the Adobe Photoshop graphic editor.

7. Resize the image using the CorelDraw graphic editor.

8. List of used literature.

1. Introduction.

This abstract provides general information about

computer graphics, theoretical and practice-oriented materials on

studying graphic computer programs such as Paint, MSWord, Adobe Photoshop and CorelDraw. The material contains text and graphic illustrations explaining the work of changing the size of graphic images.

Recently, many people have been involved in computer graphics, due to

high rates of development of computer technology. More than 90% of the information is healthy

a person receives through vision or associates with geometric spatial

representations. Computer graphics have enormous potential to facilitate

process of cognition and creativity, it allows students to develop spatial

imagination, practical understanding, artistic taste.

The main goals of this essay are to become familiar with the theoretical foundations of computer graphics and to teach the simplest techniques for correcting and optimizing graphic images for visual and teaching materials used in educational activities based on raster and vector graphics.

2.Types of graphic editors.

To process images on a computer, special programs are used - graphic editors. A graphics editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images.

Let's look at some of the graphic editors:

1) Graphic editor Paint is a simple one-window graphic editor that allows you to create and edit quite complex drawings. The Paint graphic editor window has a standard appearance. (Fig.1)

2) Adobe's Photoshop, a multi-window graphics editor, allows you to create and edit complex drawings, as well as process graphic images (photos). Contains many filters for processing photos (changing brightness, contrast, etc.).

3)Microsoft Draw program - included in the MS Office package. This program is used to create various drawings and diagrams. Usually called from MS Word.

4) Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw - programs used in publishing, allows you to create complex vector images.

Images in graphic editors are stored differently.

A raster image is stored using dots of different colors (pixels) that form rows and columns. Any pixel has a fixed position and color. Storing each pixel requires a certain number of bits of information, which depends on the number of colors in the image.

Vector images are formed from objects (point, line, circle, etc.), which are stored in computer memory in the form of graphic primitives and mathematical formulas describing them.
For example, a graphic primitive, a point is specified by its coordinates (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and radius (R), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and the coordinates of the upper left corner (XI, Y1) and the lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc. A color is also assigned to each primitive.
As a result, graphic editors are divided into two categories: raster and vector. They differ in the way they present graphical information.

Vector graphic editors.

Vector graphics are the optimal means for storing high-precision graphic objects (drawings, diagrams, etc.), for which the presence of clear and clear outlines is important. You come across vector graphics when you work with computer-aided drawing and computer-aided design systems, and with three-dimensional graphics processing programs. All components of a vector image are described mathematically, which means absolutely accurately. Vector images are usually constructed by hand, but in some cases they can also be obtained from raster images using tracing programs. Vector images are not able to provide realism close to the original, but the advantage of vector graphics is that the files storing vector graphic images are relatively small in size. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.

Raster graphic editors.

Raster graphics editors are the best means of processing photographs and drawings, since raster images provide high accuracy in conveying gradations of colors and halftones. The way raster images are represented is completely different from vector ones. Raster images are made up of individual dots called a raster. This representation of images does not only exist in digital form. Raster images provide maximum realism because every smallest fragment of the original is converted into digital form. Such images are saved in much larger files than vector ones, since they store information about each pixel of the image. Thus, the quality of raster images depends on their size (the number of horizontal and vertical pixels) and the number of colors that the pixels can accept. As a consequence of the fact that they consist of pixels of a fixed size, free scaling without loss of quality is not applicable to them. This feature, as well as the structure of raster images itself, makes their editing and processing somewhat difficult.

But in addition to creating images, graphic editors allow you to store the resulting images. For this, there are files that are different for vector and raster graphics editors.

3. Basic functions of the graphic editor.

Working in a graphics editor refers to graphics processing technology. Some generalized graphic editor is characterized by the following functions:

1. Creating a drawing

a) In manual drawing mode;

b) Using the toolbar (stamps, primitives).

2. Pattern manipulation

a) Selecting fragments of a picture;

b) Elaboration of small details of the drawing (enlarging fragments of the picture);

c) Copying a fragment of a picture to a new location on the screen (and also

ability to cut, glue, delete image fragments);

d) Painting individual parts of the drawing in an even layer or pattern, the ability to use arbitrary “paints”, “brushes” and “spraying” for drawing.

e) Image scaling;

f) Moving the image;

g) Rotate the image;

3. Entering text into the image

a) Choosing a font;

b) Selecting characters (italics, underlining, shading);

4. Working with flowers

a) Creating your own color palette;

b) Creating your own pattern (stamp) for painting;

5. Working with external devices (disks, printer, scanner, etc.)

a) Recording a drawing on a disk (floppy disk) in the form of a standard format file (pcx, bmp, tif, gif, jpg, png, etc.);

b) Reading a file from a disk (floppy disk);

c) Printing the drawing;

d) Scanning the drawing.

The mouse is most often used as a “brush”, and less often the cursor is used when controlling the keyboard. The toolbar is used to draw straight and curved lines, circles (ovals, ellipses), rectangles (squares).

4. Resize the image using the Paint graphic editor.

You can change the size or resolution of a digital image by changing the following characteristics:

Number of pixels. The resolution or sharpness of an image is determined by the number of pixels that make it up. Increasing the number of pixels improves image resolution. This allows you to print large images while maintaining quality. However, keep in mind that the more pixels an image contains, the more disk space it takes up.
File Size The amount of disk space an image takes up on your computer and how long it takes to send an image via email is determined by the size of the image file. While increasing the number of pixels often increases file size, the image file type (such as JPEG or TIFF) has a greater impact on file size. For example, an image saved in TIFF format will be significantly larger than the same image saved in JPEG format. This is because the JPEG image can be compressed. This reduces file size at the cost of slightly degrading image quality.

If the image file is not a JPEG file, it is usually possible to free up a significant amount of disk space by saving the file as a JPEG and then deleting the original TIFF image. To save an image in a different file format using Paint, see the following. text.

Sequence of resizing an image using Paint

Open the Paint program. To do this, click the Start button, select All Programs, Accessories and Paint.
Click the Paint button, choose Open, select the image you want to resize, and then click Open.
On the Home tab, in the Image group, click Resize.
In the Resize and Skew dialog box, select the Maintain proportions check box to maintain the proportions of the image you want to resize.

To process images on a computer, special programs are used - graphic editors. Graphics editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images. Graphic editors can be divided into two categories: raster and vector.

Raster graphic editors. Raster graphics editors are the best means of processing photographs and drawings, since raster images provide high accuracy in conveying gradations of colors and halftones. Raster graphics editors range from simple ones, such as the standard Paint application, to powerful professional graphics systems, such as Adobe Photoshop.

The quality of a raster image is determined by the size of the image (the number of horizontal and vertical pixels) and the number of colors that the pixels can accept.

Raster images are very sensitive to scaling (enlargement or reduction). When a raster image is scaled down, several adjacent dots are reduced to a single dot, so the fine details of the image are no longer legible. When the image is enlarged, the size of each dot increases and a step effect appears, which is visible to the naked eye.

Vector graphic editors. Vector graphics are the optimal means for storing high-precision graphic objects (drawings, diagrams, etc.). for which the presence of clear and clear contours is important. You come across vector graphics when you work with computer-aided drawing and computer-aided design systems, and with three-dimensional graphics processing programs.

Vector graphics editors include a graphics editor built into the Word text editor. Among professional vector graphics systems, the most common are CorelDRAW and Adobe Illustrator.

Vector images are formed from objects (point, line, circle, etc.), which are stored in computer memory in the form of graphic primitives and mathematical formulas describing them.

For example, a graphic primitive, a point is specified by its coordinates (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and radius (K), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and the coordinates of the upper left corner (Xl, Y1) and the lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc. A color is also assigned to each primitive.

The advantage of vector graphics is that files storing vector graphic images are relatively small in size. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.

Graphic editor toolbars. Graphic editors have a set of tools for creating or drawing the simplest graphic objects: straight line, curve, rectangle, ellipse, polygon, etc. After selecting an object in the toolbar, it can be drawn anywhere in the editor window.

Highlighting tools. In graphic editors, various operations are possible on image elements: copying, moving, deleting, rotating, resizing, etc. To perform any operation on an object, it must first be selected.

To select objects in a raster graphics editor, there are usually two tools: selecting a rectangular area and selecting an arbitrary area. The selection procedure is similar to the drawing procedure.

Object selection in the vector editor is carried out using the object selection tool (depicted by an arrow on the toolbar). To select an object, just select the selection tool and click on any object in the picture.

Picture Editing Tools allow you to make changes to the drawing: erase parts of it, change colors, etc. To erase an image in raster graphics editors, use the Eraser tool, which removes image fragments (pixels), while the size of the Eraser can be changed.

In vector editors, image editing is only possible by removing the entire objects included in the image. To do this, you first need to select the object and then perform the Cut operation.

The operation of changing colors can be carried out using the Palette menu, which contains a set of colors used when creating or drawing objects.

Text tools let you add text to your drawing and format it.

In raster editors, the Inscription tool (letter A on the toolbar) creates text areas in pictures. By placing the cursor anywhere in the text area, you can enter text. Text formatting is done using the Text Attributes panel.

In vector editors you can also create text areas for entering and formatting text. In addition, captions for drawings are entered using so-called callouts of various shapes.

Scaling tools in raster graphics editors make it possible to increase or decrease the scale of an object’s representation on the screen without affecting its actual size. This tool is usually called a Loupe. In vector graphics editors, it is easy to change the actual dimensions of an object using the mouse.

Graphic file formats

Graphic file formats determine how information is stored in the file (raster or vector), as well as the form of information storage (compression algorithm used).

Compression is used for raster graphics files, since they are usually quite large. Compressing graphic files differs from archiving them using archiving programs. in that the compression algorithm is included in the graphics file format.

Some graphic file formats are universal, as they can be processed by most graphic editors. Some image processing programs use original formats that are recognized only by the creating program itself.

Let's look at some graphic file formats:

BMP is a universal raster graphics format for Windows.

GIF is a raster graphics file format for various operating systems. Used to post graphic images on the Internet.

JPEG is a raster graphics file format that uses an efficient compression algorithm (lossy). Used to post graphic images on the Internet.

WMF is a universal vector graphics file format for Windows applications.

CDR is an original vector graphics file format used in the CorelDraw image processing system.