What does the information system include? State information systems (GIS): practical issues of information security

leadership

The management process is based on the processing of information circulating in logistics systems. A necessary condition for the coordinated operation of all parts of the LC is the presence of information systems that, like the central nervous system, are able to quickly and economically bring the desired signal to the desired point at the right moment. One of the most important conditions for the successful functioning of production as a whole is the presence of an information system that would make it possible to link together all activities (supply, production, transport, warehousing, distribution, etc.) and manage it based on the principles of a single whole.

At the current level of development of social production, it has become obvious that information is an independent production factor, the potential of which opens up broad prospects for strengthening the competitiveness of firms. Information flows are the connecting threads on which all elements of the logistics system are strung.

Information logistics organizes the flow of data. Engaged in the creation and management of information systems (IS), which technically and programmatically ensure the transmission and processing of logistics information. The subject of the study of information logistics is the features of the construction and functioning of information systems that ensure the functioning of drugs. The goal of information logistics is the construction and operation of information systems that ensure the availability of: 1) the necessary information; 2) in the right place; 3) at the right time; 4) required content (for the decision maker); 5) with minimal costs.

With the help of information logistics and the improvement on its basis of planning and management methods in companies in leading industrial countries, a process is currently taking place, the essence of which is the replacement of physical inventories with reliable information.

1. Information system. Types of information systems

Information is the main logistics and production factor. Main types of information:

1. Internal, i.e. the flow of information within an object between departments and levels of the organizational structure.

2. External - the flow of information between this organization and others projects, outside its limits. The flow of external information includes:

1) planning

2) coordination

3) service

At the base of the functional pyramid of a logistics information system is a system of operations between the links of the logistics system, which determines the relationship between the functional divisions of the company (in terms of implementing logistics functions), logistics intermediaries and consumers of the company's products. At the level of analysis, logistics regional or administrative managers of a company mainly use information for tactical purposes for marketing, forecasting financial and operational performance indicators. Finally, at the top strategic level, logistics determines management strategy and is linked to strategic corporate planning and the firm's mission.

The characteristics of the system levels of the functional structure of the logistics information system are associated with the achievement of certain strategic and tactical goals of the company and competitive advantages.

The organizational structure of a logistics information system can be broadly formed from four subsystems: management of order procedures, scientific research and communications, support of logistics decisions and generation of output forms and reports. These interconnected subsystems provide information and computer support for all functions of logistics management and communication with the micro- and macrologistics external environment.

In the organizational structure of the logistics information system, the subsystem for managing order procedures is identified as one of the main subsystems, which is due to the direct contact of this subsystem with consumers in the processes of processing and fulfilling orders. Of great importance here is the use of the concept of “electronic data interchange” and the standards based on it.

The subsystem of scientific research and communication reflects the influence of the external and internal environment of the company on the process of logistics management and interacts between the links of the logistics system and management functions through:

Integration of logistics planning with corporate planning;

Interaction of logistics management with other corporate functions;

Strategic guidelines for the organizational structure of the logistics system and personnel;

Information technology integration;

Preparation or purchase of technological solutions and use of intermediaries;

Adaptation to the company’s conditions of forms of supply chains, channels and networks, as well as management functions;

Focusing on productivity and quality of services in logistics.

The subsystem under consideration plays an important role in reflecting changes and requirements of both the external and internal environment of the company. A logistics manager can use this subsystem to scan the firm's micro and macro environment in four ways:

1) indirect consideration based on a general analysis of the information received, when there is no specific target;

2) direct consideration, when information about the external and internal environment of the company is actively analyzed with a pre-formulated goal;

3) informal exploration of relatively limited and unstructured data;

4) formal research using a pre-designed plan, procedures and methods for processing and analyzing the information received.

To optimize the results of assessing the influence of the external and internal environment of the company on the behavior of the logistics system, the logistics manager must use key information sources of the subsystem in the monitoring process. There are two aspects to consider here. Firstly, the use of information by company personnel to evaluate the effectiveness of their logistics decisions. For example, accounting information or information on prices for finished products of competitors can provide a comprehensive answer about the effectiveness of management; information on the size of cargo shipments can be used by the company's transport departments, etc. Secondly, the company's logistics partners, such as suppliers of material resources, resellers, carriers and consumers of finished products can also use the subsystem information to improve coordination and reduce their own costs. An important place in the subsystem under consideration belongs to forecasting, in particular, to such aspects as collecting initial information, assessing accuracy, reliability, and using the most effective forecasting methods.

The third component of the logistics information system is the logistics decision support subsystem, which is an interactive computer information system that includes databases and analytical models that, as a rule, implement optimization tasks that arise in the process of logistics management. The subsystem generates, updates and maintains variously structured, centralized and distributed databases for four main file types:

Basic files containing external and internal information necessary for making logistics decisions;

° critical factors that determine the main actions, goals and limitations when making decisions;

Policies/parameters containing basic logistics operating procedures for key areas;

Decision files that store information about previous (periodic) decisions for various logistics functions.

This subsystem uses a large number of economic and mathematical models and methods (in particular, forecasting to support decisions made by logistics management). All these models and methods can be divided into classes: optimization, heuristic and simulation. Optimization decision-making models are based on the methods of operational calculus: programming (linear, nonlinear, dynamic, stochastic, integer), mathematical statistics (correlation and regression analysis, theory of random processes, identification theory, theory of statistical models of decision-making, etc.), calculus of variations, optimal control, queuing theory, graphs, schedules, etc. In particular, the following tasks can be specified for various logistic functions:

Optimal dispatching in production, transportation, cargo handling;

Optimal placement of facilities in production, distribution, warehousing;

Construction of optimal logistics chains, channels, networks;

Construction of an optimal organizational structure of the logistics system;

Optimal routing;

Determining the optimal duration of the components of logistics cycles;

Optimization of procedures for collecting, processing and fulfilling orders;

Optimization of parameters of inventory management systems;

Optimal choice of carrier, forwarder, supplier, etc.

In the subsystem under consideration, interactive (dialogue) procedures for information support for decision-making by logistics management are widely used.

The fourth element of the organizational structure of the logistics information system is the subsystem for generating output forms and reports."

The information support system in logistics to perform the above functions must be organized accordingly. The specificity of this system is that in the course of its activities it must be able to influence all functional subsystems of the logistics organization. Based on this, there are three possible ways of organizing it: centralized, decentralized and specialized.

With a centralized method of organization, information support activities are concentrated in one department (division) and report directly to the top management of the organization through the vice president (deputy director) for information systems (technology). The advantage of this method of organization is to ensure high efficiency of work on the implementation of new information systems and technologies. The disadvantages include the high costs of maintaining the management apparatus.

With a decentralized method of organizing an information support subsystem, specialists from different functional departments perform the functions of managing information flows in their subject area. The advantage of this method of organization is the high level of knowledge of the subject area of ​​the information systems manager; the disadvantage is the duplication of similar tasks and functions in different departments of the organization.

With a specialized method, the organization does not have departments for information systems (technologies). If it is necessary to develop and implement a new information system, these organizations turn to specialized companies and perform work on a contractual basis (outsourcing).

This is typical for small organizations that cannot have their own full-time IT specialists and resort to the services of consultants. The advantage of this method of organizing an information support system is the high level of scientific and methodological developments, the disadvantage is the difficulty of taking into account the specific features of the object.

The choice of one or another method of organizing an information support system depends on many factors, primarily on the size of the organization, the business processes existing in it, and the availability of available funds. Let us note: the information support system has now reached such a level of specialization that it requires attention to its organization - modern managers understand this. Therefore, any small organization includes information services. The information system necessary for the adequate performance of logistics functions must meet the following requirements:

Information flows must be informationally compatible;

Internal relationships and interdependencies of information flows must be cause-and-effect in nature;

The hierarchical subordination of information flows must be clear;

The information system must have the property of integrability.

3. Principles and levels of information logistics system

The basis for building a logistics information system should be based on the following principles:

1. Completeness and suitability of information for the user. The logistics manager must have the necessary and complete (sufficient) information to make decisions, and in the form he needs. For example, information about inventory or customer orders often needs to be pre-processed and is usually not located where the logistics manager makes decisions.

2. Accuracy. The accuracy of the initial information is of fundamental importance for making the right decisions. For example, information about inventory levels in the distribution network in modern logistics systems allows no more than 1% error or uncertainty to make effective decisions in physical distribution, inventory creation and customer satisfaction. The accuracy and reliability of the initial data for forecasting demand, planning needs for material resources, etc. is of great importance.

3. Timeliness. Logistics information must enter the management system on time, as required by many logistics technologies, especially those based on the just-in-time concept. Timely information is important for virtually all complex logistics functions. In addition, many tasks in transportation, operational management, order and inventory management are solved in real time (“on line”). This is also required by numerous logistics monitoring tasks. The requirements for timely receipt and processing of information are implemented by modern logistics technologies of scanning, satellite navigation, bar coding, and the introduction of EDI/EDIFACT standards.

4. Orientation. Information in the logistics information system should be aimed at identifying additional opportunities to improve the quality of products, services, and reduce logistics costs. Methods for receiving, transmitting, displaying and pre-processing information should help identify bottlenecks, resource saving reserves, etc.

5. Flexibility. Information circulating in the logistics information system must be tailored to specific users and have the most convenient form for them. This is casa-. This includes both company personnel, logistics intermediaries and end consumers. Paper and electronic document flow, intermediate and output forms, reports, certificates and other documents should be maximally adapted to the requirements of all participants in the logistics process and adapted to a possible interactive mode for many users.

6. Suitable data format. The data and message format used in computer and telecommunication networks of the logistics information system must make the most efficient use of the performance of technical means (memory capacity, speed, bandwidth, etc.). The types and forms of documents, the location of details on paper documents, the dimension of data and other parameters should facilitate machine processing of information. In addition, information compatibility of computer and telecommunication systems of logistics intermediaries and other users is required in terms of data formats in the logistics information system.

The formation of an information system in logistics is carried out according to a hierarchical principle, and in logistics information systems the numbering of levels starts from the lowest. This principle was adopted in order to ensure the possibility of expanding the information system to higher ranks and its inclusion as a subsystem in generalizing systems and networks of a higher order, if the need arises.

In accordance with this structural decomposition in information systems in logistics, three levels are distinguished:

1. The first level is the level of the workplace (in a broad sense), for example, a storage place, a machine for performing mechanical processing, a place or installation for packaging and labeling, etc. At this level, one or another logistics operation with managed material is carried out flow, namely its element (part, unit package, desktop satellite or some other cargo unit) is moved, reloaded, packaged, undergoes one or another processing.

2. The second level is the level of the production site, workshop, warehouse, etc., where the processes of processing, packaging and transportation of cargo units take place and workplaces are located.

3. The third level is a system of transportation and movement of cargo units throughout the entire production and distribution system as a whole, from loading raw materials, materials and components to delivery of finished products to consumers and payments for them.

The levels of the production and marketing system and management, to which their information system levels correspond, determine the functional and operational completeness of the information subsystems.

At the top level of the information system, a planning information subsystem is implemented. Here, logistics management of the overall material flow is carried out in order to organize production and sales activities aimed at most effectively meeting the needs of the market.

At the second level of the information system, the so-called dispositive (disposite - place, dispose) information subsystems are presented. These subsystems detail the plans drawn up at the top level and bring them to the level of individual production sites, workshops, warehouses mechanized to varying degrees and other production units, etc., and also determine the methods of action of these units.

At the lower level of information systems, the so-called executive information subsystems are located. They convey tasks, rules and instructions to specific workplaces and performers, also monitor the progress of the technological process at workplaces and provide feedback, generating primary information from these workplaces.

Note that the planning, dispositional and executive subsystems are connected by direct and reverse vertical information flows.

Separate sets of tasks within the specified functional subsystems are connected by horizontal information flows.

4. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR LOGISTICS SYSTEMS

As a result of the logistics construction of the information and technical aza with the system managed, I must allow analysis and at taking control actions on b ect under the conditions of given goals and established information processes.

The main factors associated with the construction information And He n o - logistics and systems are:

1) Conditions for the interaction of systems with each other and the environment.

The logistics system of management organization establishes an order in which information and the information formed on its basis and sf ora qi O nny These flows between individual organizational units are the nature of information advance. Target character ahead of time th information allows you to carry out objective research within the framework of management thematic analysis sieve ac th and make the necessary decisions. Sa and aboutъ projects and management objects, being in the process of functioning in a target, informational and organizational relationship, image they are united histically y process control system.

At present, depending on the nature of the relationship between ek T ami, management structures, as well as their characteristics, the following have developed basic e types of hierarchical organizational structures.

The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of information processing. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool of the information system.

Information system is a software and hardware complex, the functioning of which consists of securely storing information in computer memory, performing domain-specific information transformations and calculations, and providing the user with a convenient and easy-to-learn interface.

Information systems exist in all major spheres of modern society: government bodies, the financial and credit sector, information services for business activities, the production sector, science, education, etc.

When creating or classifying information systems, problems arise related to the formal - mathematical and algorithmic description of the problems being solved. The quality of the system creation determines the efficiency of the entire system, as well as the level of automation, determined by the degree of human participation in making decisions based on the information received.

The more accurate the mathematical description of a problem, the higher the capabilities of computer data processing and the less the degree of human participation in the process of solving it. This determines the degree of automation of the task.

Let's consider several types of information systems:

Structured system- a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.

In a structured problem, it is possible to express its content in the form of a mathematical model that has an exact solution algorithm. Such tasks usually have to be solved many times, and they are routine in nature. The purpose of using an information system to solve structured problems is to completely automate their solution, i.e. reducing the human role to zero.

Example. It is necessary to implement the payroll calculation task in the information system.

This is a structured problem where the solution algorithm is completely known. The routine nature of this task is determined by the fact that the calculations of all charges and deductions are very simple, but their volume is very large, since they must be repeated many times monthly for all categories of workers.

Unstructured system- a task in which it is impossible to identify elements and establish connections between them.

Solving unstructured problems due to the impossibility of creating a mathematical description and developing an algorithm is associated with great difficulties. The possibilities of using the information system here are small. The decision in such cases is made by a person for heuristic reasons based on his experience and, possibly, indirect information from various sources.

Example. Try to formalize relationships in your student group. It is probably unlikely that you will be able to do this. This is due to the fact that this task requires psychological and social factors, which are very difficult to describe algorithmically.

Expert system is a program that behaves like an expert in some, usually narrow, application field. Typical applications of expert systems include tasks such as medical diagnostics and localization of equipment faults.

An example of an expert system in electronics.

ACE. The expert system identifies faults in the telephone network and makes recommendations on necessary repairs and restoration measures. The system operates without user intervention, analyzing status reports received daily by CRAS, a program that monitors the progress of cable network repairs. ACE detects faulty telephone cables and then decides whether they require preventative maintenance and selects which type of repair work is most likely to be effective. ACE then stores its recommendations in a special database that the user has access to. ACE is implemented in OPS4 and FRANZ LISP languages ​​and runs on AT&T 3B-2 series microprocessors located in cable monitoring substations. It was developed by Bell Laboratories. ACE has undergone trial operation and has been brought to the level of a commercial expert system.

Other classifications of information systems:

Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated.

Manual ICs are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company where there are no computers, we can say that he works with a manual IS.

Automatic ICs perform all information processing operations without human participation.

Automated ICs involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, with the main role assigned to the computer. In the modern interpretation, the term “information system” necessarily includes the concept of an automated system.

Automated information systems, given their widespread use in organizing management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and the scope of application.

Classification of IP by field of application.

Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of various structural units.

The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process Control IC(TP) serve to automate the functions of production personnel. They are widely used in organizations to support the technological process in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries.

Computer-aided design IC(CAD) are designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to product sales. Creating such systems is very difficult, since it requires a systematic approach from the standpoint of the main goal, for example, making a profit, conquering the sales market, etc. This approach can lead to significant changes in the very structure of the company, which not every manager can decide to do.

The article by Nikolai Mikhailovsky, published in this issue of the magazine, rightly points out the confusion in IT terminology. This confusion covers not only the concepts of “information system” (IS) and “IS architecture”; it is not at all harmless and often makes it difficult in practice to clearly determine what is the subject of development in a particular project: the IS, only its QCA (see below) or the system (AS) as a whole?

To try to clarify the matter, below are key definitions from regulatory documents and, for comparison, from more general sources. Definitions were selected from the working materials of the author of this note, which were in addition to the main materials of courses for specialists and managers. (This explains the presence of comments and the free arrangement of material in this note - after all, this is not a glossary!) That is why this is said: practice has repeatedly shown that a glossary is not enough. Creating a common "conceptual space" - among at least ten course participants - requires another half hour to an hour of discussion to obtain the same understanding of such things as "system", "IS" and "QCA". Finally, we regret to note that outside the scope of the note there was material that could clarify what “System engineering” is, software architecture and other important processes and subjects of designing, designing and using systems.

System:

A complex consisting of processes, hardware, software, devices and personnel that has the ability to satisfy established needs or goals ().

Note: quite close to the definition of the concept of an automated system (AS) in GOST 34.

Automated system (AS):

In the process of functioning, an automated system is a collection of a set of automation tools, organizational, methodological and technological documents and specialists who use them in the course of their professional activities. (From the guidelines RD 50-680-88 series of GOST 34 standards for automated systems (AS).)

A comment.
Recent years have been marked by a qualitative expansion of the meaning of the term “system”, reflected in the documents of international committees and professional societies focused on IT. There is a transition to an interpretation that is even broader than indicated in, due to the explicit inclusion of components of other types (materials, methods, etc.). In this regard, the relevance of the broader use of the term “information management system” (see, for example, in) and the narrower use of the term “information system” (see below) is growing.

Information system (IS):

1) a system designed for collecting, transmitting, processing, storing and issuing information to consumers and consisting of the following main components:

• software,
• Information Support,
• technical means,
• service staff ().

2) Information system - The collection of people, procedures, and equipment designed, built, operated, and maintained to collect, record, process, store, retrieve, and display information ().

A comment.
IS is initially considered as a system indifferent to the specific goals of users, similar to an automatic telephone exchange, a general-purpose library or a station information service, which provides its information services as a subsystem or related system to a more general system: an enterprise, city, industry, country, etc. (cm. ). Let us note once again that too often IP is understood as a variety of things - from KSA to AS.

The standards contain a clear definition of the technical concept “IT system”, which is often required to be used instead of IS. So in GOST R ISO/IEC TO 10000-1-99 it is defined

Information technology system (IT system):

A set of information technology resources that provides services over one or more interfaces. (This is close to the concept of “complex of automation equipment” in the guidelines RD 50-680-88 from GOST 34, where the main provisions of this complex of normative documents are given.)

A set of automation tools for an automated system; KSA AC:

The totality of all components of the AS, with the exception of people ().

Sources(which are not named directly in the text)

1. Webster's New World Dictionary of Computer Terms, Fourth edition, 1993.
2. GOST 34.003-90. Information technology. A set of standards and guidelines for automated systems. Terms and Definitions.
3. D. Meister, J. Rabideau, Engineering-psychological assessment in the development of control systems. "Soviet Radio", M. 1970.
4. Big English-Russian Polytechnic Dictionary, M., “Russian Language”, 1991.
5. Information systems in economics: Textbook / Ed. Prof. V.V. Dick. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1996.
6. GOST R ISO/IEC 12207-99. Information technology. Software life cycle processes. STATE STANDARD OF RUSSIA. Moscow, 1999.

Zinder Evgeniy Zakharovich,
editor-in-chief of DIS magazine, director of the analytical and design bureau "Group 24".
You can write to him at:

Information system (IP) - a system designed to store, retrieve and process information, and the associated organizational resources (human, technical, financial, etc.) that provide and distribute the information (ISO/IEC 2382:2015).

The information system is designed to provide the right people with the right information in a timely manner, that is, to meet specific information needs within a certain subject area, while the result of the functioning of information systems is information products- documents, information arrays, databases and information services.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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  The concept of an information system is interpreted differently depending on the context.

  A fairly broad understanding of an information system implies that its integral components are data, hardware and software, as well as personnel and organizational activities. The federal law of the Russian Federation “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” broadly interprets the concept of “information system”, meaning by an information system the totality of information contained in databases and the information technologies and technical means that ensure its processing.

  Among Russian computer scientists, the broadest definition of IS is given by M. R. Kogalovsky, according to whom the concept of an information system, in addition to data, programs, hardware and human resources, should also include communication equipment, linguistic means and information resources, which together form a system that provides “support for a dynamic information model of some part of the real world to meet the information needs of users”:59.

  A narrower understanding of an information system limits its composition to data, programs and hardware. The integration of these components allows you to automate the processes of information management and targeted activities of end users aimed at obtaining, modifying and storing information. Thus, the Russian standard GOST RV 51987 defines an information system as “an automated system, the result of which is the presentation of output information for subsequent use.” GOST R 53622-2009 uses the term information computing system to denote a collection of data (or databases), database management systems and application programs operating on computing resources as a single whole to solve specific problems.

  In an organization's activities, an information system is considered as software that implements the organization's business strategy. At the same time, it is good practice to create and deploy a unified corporate information system that satisfies the information needs of all employees, services and departments of the organization. However, in practice, creating such a comprehensive information system is too difficult or even impossible, as a result of which an enterprise usually operates several different systems that solve separate groups of tasks: production management, financial and economic activities, electronic document management, etc. Some tasks are “covered” simultaneously by several information systems, some of the tasks are not automated at all. This situation is called “patchwork automation” and is quite typical for many enterprises.

  Classifications of information systems

  Classification by architecture

  According to the degree of distribution they are distinguished:

  • desktop (desktop), or local IS in which all components (DB, DBMS, client applications) are located on one computer;
  • distributed (distributed) ICs in which components are distributed across several computers.

  Distributed information systems, in turn, are divided into:

  • file-server IS (IS with file-server architecture);
  • client-server IS (IS with client-server architecture).

  In file-server ISs, the database is located on the file server, and the DBMS and client applications are located on workstations.

  In client-server IS, the database and DBMS are located on the server, and only client applications are located on workstations.

  In turn, client-server ISs are divided into two-link And multi-link.

  Classification by the nature of data processing

  By the nature of data processing, information systems are divided into:

  • information and reference, or information retrieval information systems, in which there are no complex data processing algorithms, and the purpose of the system is to search and provide information in a convenient form;
  • Data Processing IC, or decisive IP, in which data is processed using complex algorithms. Such systems primarily include automated control systems and decision support systems.

  Classification by area of ​​application

  Since ISs are created to satisfy information needs within a specific subject area, each subject area (field of application) has its own type of IS. It makes no sense to list all these types, since the number of subject areas is large, but the following types of IS can be cited as an example:

  • Economic information system is an information system designed to perform management functions at an enterprise.
  • Medical information system is an information system intended for use in a medical or treatment-and-prophylactic institution.
  • Geographic information system is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and dissemination of spatially coordinated data (spatial data).

  Classification by task coverage (scale)

  see also

  Notes

  1. :

     Information processing system
     One or more data processing systems and devices, such as office and communication equipment, that perform information processing.
     Data processing system
     One or more computers, peripheral equipment, and software that perform data processing.
     

  2. ISO/IEC 2382:2015 Information technology - Vocabulary:

     Information system
     An information processing system, together with associated organizational resources such as human, technical, and financial resources, that provides and distributes information.

  3. : “Information system is a set of hardware, software, data, human, and procedural components intended to provide the right data and information to the right person at the right time.”
  4. GOST 7.0-99. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Information and library activities. Bibliography. Terms and Definitions
  5. Since the concept of information technology itself can be considered quite broadly.

  Information Systems They occur every day in our lives - at home, at work, on the street, in transport. And today it’s quite difficult to imagine life without such systems! After all, information systems are our so-called assistants. Any organization can no longer fully engage in any activity without information and analytical systems. One of the simplest examples of an everyday information system can be called a telephone directory, where numbers are indicated, as well as the last name, first name, and patronymic of subscribers.

  Enterprises actively use management information systems. With the help of such systems, the life of mankind is significantly easier; this is a huge and invaluable help, because one or more people cannot keep in their heads or on paper data that takes up terabytes of RAM on a computer. However, simply storing such information is not enough; it needs to be systematized and adapted for convenient use.

  All Information Systems can be presented in the form of an information directory and an information database. Each of these systems can be divided into others with a more specific focus, for example, by topic - medicine, geography, etc. Thus, each area of ​​activity has its own management information system.

  The main function that absolutely every such system pursues is the collection, storage and retrieval of information. A large amount of information often makes searching difficult and requires a lot of time and effort. Management information systems are the main assistant in finding the necessary information. It's very fast, quite convenient and very practical. In addition, information in electronic form will in the near future replace paper documents, since handling electronic documents is much easier, faster and more economical.

  By its scale Information Systems are divided into three main groups:

  • Individual are systems created exclusively for one user; they contain personal, personal data that is entered into this system by the user himself. A good example is a notebook.
  • Collective is a system designed for a small group of people and containing information available exclusively to them.
  • Corporate is a system that can include both small and large enterprises.

  Examples of various information systems and their main functions:

  1. Mail distribution system, the system is designed to distribute a specific or specified message to various specific mailboxes.
  2. A registry reference information system through which any citizen can make an appointment with a specific specialist at a specific time.
  3. A meteorological system that, based on various instrument indicators, can combine the received data and generate approximate weather data in a certain region.

  Information systems: results and conclusions

  To summarize, we can say that humanity has come a long way along the path of progress and innovation. Previously, to find the necessary information, a person had to delve into hundreds of documents and reference books, but now he just needs to set the necessary search parameters in the information system and he will receive the result in a few seconds. Moreover, there are a huge number of classifiers that also simplify the search for the necessary information, and also allow you to select certain search criteria. It is also possible to create your own classifier that will satisfy exactly your needs in searching for the required document.

  Take advantage of all the achievements of humanity and always stay up to date.