What is a graphic editor and its capabilities. Graphic editor, purpose, functions. Adobe Photoshop Raster Editor
A graphics editor is a special program designed for viewing on a computer. In addition, such software allows you to make your own drawings. For the first time, graphical representation of data on a computer was implemented in the 50s of the last century. It was at that time that graphic programs were developed for computers used in the military and scientific fields. Currently, there are three main types of graphic editors - raster, vector and hybrid.
Basic functions of graphic editors
The main functions of graphic editors include:
- can be created in the editor either manually or using special tools (stamps, curves, etc.).
- Converting a ready-made image. Photos and pictures can be moved, rotated and scaled. Also, such programs provide the ability to work with individual parts of the image. For example, a function such as deleting a fragment of an image is usually available. Pictures can also be copied either completely or in parts, and also glued and painted.
- Entering text into a picture. In this case, you can usually use a variety of fonts - both modern and stylized “antique” ones.
- Working with external devices. If desired, the drawn or edited image can be printed on a printer without leaving the program. Of course, the file can be saved to any folder on your hard drive or external drive.
Raster editors
A raster graphics editor is a tool designed primarily for processing ready-made images. This software guarantees the most accurate reproduction of tones and halftones. Consists of many dots called pixels. Raster images are characterized by maximum realism. The quality is determined by the number of pixels, as well as their ability to convey color. The more dots of different shades the image contains, the clearer it is. Raster graphics editors have one small drawback. Free scaling of images using them without loss of quality is impossible. The fact is that each picture contains a strictly fixed number of dots. Therefore, let's say that when you enlarge the image, the dots will simply become larger. That is, the picture will lose clarity.
Most often, a raster image is saved in However, most editors also support such common formats as bmp, gif, tif, etc.
Vector graphic editors
A vector graphics editor is a program designed to create high-precision images. These could be, for example, drawings or diagrams. Such pictures are much clearer than raster ones. All elements are described mathematically. Therefore, such a picture can be enlarged without any loss of clarity. However, a vector editor cannot provide such realism of an image as a raster editor.
Vector graphics editors allow you not only to draw drawings manually, but also to convert raster images into diagrams. For this, the so-called tracing method is used. Thus, for example, an ordinary photo can be transformed into a stylish poster. The files in which vector drawings are saved are small in size compared to raster files.
Hybrid graphic editors
In a hybrid graphics editor, you can use both raster and vector tools to create an image. The main disadvantage of such programs is difficulty in using. Therefore, they have not yet received particularly wide distribution.
Raster editor Paint
So, a graphic editor - what is it? This is a very convenient software, an indispensable tool in the work of artists, photojournalists, engineers, architects, etc. Today there are both very complex editors designed for professionals and simpler ones used by ordinary people. The latter also includes Paint, a single-window raster editor available on almost every home computer. Most of the window of this program is occupied by the drawing area. in Paint it is located on the left. The program allows you to freely draw, scale pictures, change their color, erase unnecessary details, and also cancel all these actions in almost one click.
Adobe Photoshop Raster Editor
Like all raster graphics editors, Adobe Photoshop is designed to work primarily with digital photographs. This program was developed as a tool for professionals, but very quickly gained popularity among amateurs. Its main distinguishing feature is a truly unlimited list of tool options. Using this program, it is easy to cut out individual parts of images, create masks, change the proportions of pictures and their individual parts. If desired, you can apply a variety of effects to a photo or picture, change their color, brightness, saturation, contrast, etc.
Vector editor Corel Draw
The working tools of the Corel Draw graphic editor are, first of all, geometric shapes that can be converted into any other images, as well as curves. Using the latter, it is easy to bring a hand-drawn picture to perfection. You can paint over the resulting images using a variety of methods. If desired, it is possible to use both simple colors and various types of patterns and textures.
Drawings in Corel Draw are created on a worksheet located in the center of the window. The toolbar is located on the left side.
A graphic editor is a thing that can be useful in a variety of situations. It’s definitely worth learning how to use at least the simplest ones. With the help of such software, you can turn any unattractive photo into a real work of art, make a caricature or draw an interesting picture and send it to friends.
The most widely used type of graphic images for designing scientific papers and demonstrating the information received are graphs and diagrams. Many modern software products are distinguished by such a property as “2 in 1”, when drawing tools are included in a text editor and placed in a separate application. The most popular and well-known of them are graphic applications for programs MS WORD 6.0 and higher, MS EXCEL, MS WORK 97, Lexicon 97. Using WORD 97 as an example, we will demonstrate the process of creating a graphic form.
The scheme for constructing and editing a graph or chart in this editor is very simple: data table sheet - selecting a chart type - ready-made chart.
The diagram is built automatically as the table sheet is filled. Despite its simplicity, this editing scheme provides a fairly wide range of possibilities - from a simple line graph to a complex three-dimensional diagram. Such editors allow you to supplement the image with explanatory notes in accordance with the wishes of the author. For example, you can specify options for placing values on the X, Y, or Z axes, select a division scale, and place data labels directly on the corresponding chart bars or at graph turning points. It is possible to enter explanatory captions into the image (for axes or specific elements) both in the form of a legend and in the form of text inserts. To edit an image or its elements, you need to select the object, and then select the necessary parameters through the “Format” menu.
The graphical application included in the WORD text editor allows you to automatically insert an image into the text (in the form of a frame, picture or file), which distinguishes it from independent graphical shells (MICROSOFT EXCEL). In addition, there is no need to exit the main document created in WORD. Among the disadvantages of these shells, it is worth noting the limited set of functions compared to stand-alone graphic editors for DOS (Graphics, Harvard Graphics, etc.). However, the capabilities offered by graphic editors for WINDOWS are sufficient to create graphs and diagrams that meet the requirements of scientific publications.
If you need a non-standard approach to the design of work, you should turn to programs that combine the ability to create vector graphic images with design elements. This is, for example, the COREL DRAW graphic editor.
This program has firmly taken its place on the market, combining the capabilities of two different types of editors. The sequence of construction is approximately the same as for the previous type:
data entry sheet - selection of chart type - ready-made chart + design.
Please note that creating vector images is only possible in versions up to 5.0 inclusive. Subsequently, the developers of COREL DRAW considered that the large amount of disk space occupied and the complex interactions of specific applications made the user's work difficult. As a result, two new products were created based on the old version of COREL DRAW. This is actually COREL DRAW 8.0 and an independent graphic editor COREL CHAT. The COREL DRAW 8.0 editor has become more reminiscent of the ADOBE ILLUS-TRATOR program and does not have options for processing vector images. Therefore, we recommend using the well-proven 5th version of COREL DRAW and using eef as an example, we will consider the capabilities of vector images.
The program builds a graphic design using mathematical formulas and functions. Once you create a diagram, you have the opportunity to modify it according to your own original ideas so that it looks like an artistic drawing while maintaining its vector nature. Here you can also create a drawing using ordinary drawing tools. In terms of drawing design capabilities, COREL DRAW 5.0 is comparable to the PAINTBRUSH (PAINT) editor for WINDOWS 95.
The program interface is convenient, creating a simple diagram is not difficult. To change the image, just select the object being edited and select the necessary parameters. This operation is similar to that described in the example with the MICROSOFT WORD application, but, unlike it, there is the possibility of a non-standard approach to the design of the diagram.
The undoubted advantage of the COREL DRAW 5.0 editor is the minimum requirements for the computer configuration. For users with a weak computer (less than IBM386, 4 Mb RAM), such a program is optimal because it allows you to use the capabilities of raster and artistic images (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Possibilities of raster and artistic images
If you need to create a drawing or add a photo, you should turn to the third group of graphic editors. There are quite a lot of similar software products - from simple ones that serve only to create drawings (such as PAINTBRUSH), to multifunctional ones that not only create graphic images, but also allow you to edit multilayer rasters created by overlaying several individual images (editors like ADOBE PHOTOSHOP, ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR or COREL PHOTO-PAINT). Raster image editors come with ready-made templates for drawings and diagrams. Having created an image, you can give it a three-dimensional look, add a light effect, or add explanatory notes.
The minimum system requirements for programs of this type are as follows: Pentium processor (133 and higher), 16 Mb RAM, 80 Mb free disk space, WINDOWS 95 operating shell.
Let's focus on the ADOBE PHOTOSHOP 5.0 program, which is convenient as an adequate example of a raster image editor and may well serve as the subject of a separate review. By entering a raster, i.e. scanned photograph or drawing, you have the opportunity to modify it at will, adding details or superimposing another object, changing the contrast, brightness, image scale, creating lighting effects, applying shadows or texturing. And this is not a complete list of the capabilities of programs like PHOTO-SHOP. An additional advantage of this editor is its compatibility with other programs for WINDOWS and the ability to export and import documents created in other, both graphic and text editors. The "SAVE COPY" menu function allows you to create files with the extensions ".BMP, *.JPG, *.TIF, etc. This is convenient when working with different editors at the same time and allows you to adjust the file size. The "Brush" function events" (similar to "UNDO") helps correct mistakes made by going back a few steps.
Additional possibilities are provided by working with layers, i.e. images of different types (for example, text and drawing). The toggle layers feature allows you to add an image from another file or picture and edit each layer individually. Using numerous filters to modify the image, you can get a three-dimensional and realistic picture. Compared to other high-end raster editors, PHOTOSHOP's advantages include improved color reproduction, compatibility with other editors, and speed.
We emphasize that working with raster image editors, unlike vector editors, can only be done on middle and high-class computers.
Figure 2 - Raster image editor
All of the programs listed above have a convenient interface that is understandable for the average user and a detailed help system. For raster image editors, there are sample files (Sample) that clearly demonstrate the capabilities of this program.
The editors we reviewed allow you not only to create demonstration forms accepted in scientific circles, but also to design them in accordance with your wishes.
Having determined what type of image you need, you can make the optimal decision on choosing one or another graphic program to create it, and taking this into account, quickly and efficiently solve the problems facing scientists and agro-industrial complex specialists.
To process images on a computer, special programs are used - graphic editors. A graphics editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images. Graphic editors can be divided into two categories: raster and vector.
Raster graphic editors. Raster graphics editors are the best means of processing photographs and drawings, since raster images provide high accuracy in conveying gradations of colors and halftones. Raster graphics editors range from simple ones, such as the standard Paint application, to powerful professional graphics systems, such as Adobe Photoshop and CorelPhoto-Paint.
A raster image is stored using dots of different colors (pixels) that form rows and columns. Any pixel has a fixed position and color. Storing each pixel requires a certain number of bits of information, which depends on the number of colors in the image.
The quality of a raster image is determined by the size of the image (the number of horizontal and vertical pixels) and the number of colors that the pixels can accept.
Raster images are very sensitive to scaling (enlargement or reduction). When a raster image is scaled down, several adjacent dots are reduced to a single dot, so the fine details of the image are no longer legible. When the image is enlarged, the size of each dot increases and a step effect appears, which is visible to the naked eye. Vector graphic editors. Vector graphics are the optimal means for storing high-precision graphic objects (drawings, diagrams, etc.), for which the presence of clear and clear outlines is important. You come across vector graphics when you work with computer-aided drawing and computer-aided design systems, and with three-dimensional graphics processing programs.
Vector graphics editors include a graphics editor built into the Word text editor. Among professional vector graphics systems, the most common are CorelDRAW and Adobe Illustrator.
Vector images are formed from objects (point, line, circle, etc.), which are stored in computer memory in the form of graphic primitives and mathematical formulas describing them.
For example, a graphic primitive, a point is specified by its coordinates (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and radius (R), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and the coordinates of the upper left corner (XI, Y1) and the lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc. A color is also assigned to each primitive.
The advantage of vector graphics is that files storing vector graphic images are relatively small in size. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.
Graphic editor toolbars. Graphic editors have a set of tools for creating or drawing the simplest graphic objects: straight line, curve, rectangle, ellipse, polygon, etc. After selecting an object in the toolbar, it can be drawn anywhere in the editor window. Highlighting tools. In graphic editors, various operations are possible on image elements: copying, moving, deleting, rotating, resizing, etc. To perform any operation on an object, it must first be selected.
To select objects in a raster graphics editor, there are usually two tools: selecting a rectangular area and selecting an arbitrary area. The selection procedure is similar to the drawing procedure.
Object selection in the vector editor is carried out using the object selection tool (depicted by an arrow on the toolbar). To select an object, just select the selection tool and click on any object in the picture.
Picture editing tools allow you to make changes to the picture: erase parts of it, change colors, etc. To erase an image in raster graphics editors, use the Eraser tool, which removes image fragments (pixels), while the size of the Eraser can be changed.
In vector editors, image editing is only possible by removing the entire objects included in the image. To do this, you first need to select the object and then perform the Cut operation.
The operation of changing colors can be carried out using the Palette menu, which contains a set of colors used when creating or drawing objects.
Text tools let you add text to your drawing and format it.
In raster editors, the Inscription tool (letter A on the toolbar) creates text areas in pictures. By placing the cursor anywhere in the text area, you can enter text. Text formatting is done using the Text Attributes panel. In vector editors you can also create text areas for entering and formatting text. In addition, captions for drawings are entered using so-called callouts of various shapes.
Scaling tools in raster graphics editors make it possible to increase or decrease the scale of an object’s representation on the screen without affecting its actual size. This tool is usually called a Loupe.
In vector graphics editors, it is easy to change the actual dimensions of an object using the mouse.
2. What is a raster? What is a pixel?
3. How do you understand the words “the image is made with a resolution of 640x480”?
4. What is a graphic primitive?
5. What are the features of vector graphics?
6. What raster graphics objects do you know?
7. List the main actions on raster graphics editor objects.
3.What information is stored in raster files and vector files?
4.What is a graphic coordinate system?
5. What means (software, technical) are used to obtain raster and vector graphic information?
6. Which method of presenting graphic information is more economical in terms of memory use?
7.Why is raster files compressed?
8. How do raster and vector images react to resizing and rotation?
Get the raster code and vector description to display the letters "N", "L", "T" on a black and white screen with an 8x8 graphic grid.
2.What parts does a file name consist of?
3.Who or what names the file?
4.Who or what assigns a file extension?
5.How many characters can a file name include?
6.How many characters are usually allocated for a file extension?
7.What needs to be done with the disk so that files can be stored on it?
8.What areas is the disk divided into when formatting?
9.In what case is the file system single-level?
10.How to write down the path to a file?
11.What kind of software does the operating system belong to?
12. What information should the operating system have to organize access to files?
13.Where is the currently running program and processed data stored?
14.What is a catalog called?
15.When does the operating system boot?
16.What is an operating system?
17.What is the name of a logical drive?
18.Which directory is called the root?
19.What is the state of the operating system called when it stops producing results and responding to requests?
20.What happens to OS files during the boot process?
21. The user, moving from one directory to another, sequentially visited the directories LESSONS, CLASS, SCHOOL, D:\, MYDOC, LETTERS. With each move, the user either went down to a lower level in the directory, or went up to a higher level. What is the full name of the directory from which the user started moving?
1) D:\MYDOC\LETTERS
2) D:\SCHOOL\CLASS\LESSONS
3) D:\LESSONS\CLASS\SCHOOL
22. Determine which of the specified file names does not satisfy the mask: ?*di.t?*
4) melodi.theme
23.The file Literature_List.txt is stored in a certain directory. In this directory, we created a subdirectory named 10_CLASS and moved the file Literature_List.txt into it. After which the full file name became D:\SCHOOL\PHYSICS\10_CLASS\Bibliography.txt.
What is the full name of the directory where the file was stored before it was moved?
1) D:\SCHOOL\PHYSICS\10_CLASS
2) D:\SCHOOL\PHYSICS
24. Which of the files matches the mask??P*.A??.
The concept of graphic information, a real object, problems of processing graphic information.
Under graphic information we understand the totality of information that is printed on a variety of media - paper, film, tracing paper, cardboard, canvas, hardboard, glass, wall, etc. To a certain extent, graphic information can also be considered objective reality, at which the camera lens is directed or digital camera...
Computer graphics- a field of computer science that studies methods and properties of image processing using software and hardware.
Under types of computer graphics refers to a method of storing images on the monitor plane.
Presentation of data on a computer in graphical form was first implemented in the mid-50s.
Computer graphics is now fully formed as a science. There is hardware and software available to produce a variety of images - from simple drawings to realistic images of natural objects. Computer graphics are used in almost all scientific and engineering disciplines to visualize the perception and transmission of information. Computer graphics powerfully invades business, medicine, advertising, and the entertainment industry. The use of demonstration slides prepared using computer graphics methods and other office automation tools during business meetings is considered the norm. In medicine, it is becoming common to obtain three-dimensional images of internal organs from computed tomography scans. Nowadays, television and other advertising enterprises often resort to the services of computer graphics and computer animation. The use of computer graphics in the entertainment industry spans such disparate fields as video games and full-length feature films.
Depending on the method of image formation, computer graphics are divided into:
· Raster graphics.
· Vector graphics.
· 3D graphics.
· Fractal graphics.
· Character graphics(outdated and practically not used today)
Graphic information processing tasks:
· Input and display of graphic information;
· Editing graphic information;
· Saving graphic information;
· Printing.
Graphic editor, purpose, functions.
To construct, correct, save and obtain “paper” copies of drawings and other images, a special program is used - a graphic editor.
A graphics editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images.
To create images in a graphics editor, certain “tools” are used - a ruler (“segment”), rectangle, circle, ellipse, etc. Such tools, which allow you to depict simple shapes, are called “graphic primitives”. These are like the simplest elements from which the image is built. To use the tool, you need to select the appropriate “graphic primitive” and place the cursor at the point on the screen where you want to draw the selected figure.
The functions of all graphic editors are approximately the same (one of the simplest graphic editors for IBM-compatible computers is Paintbrush). They allow the user:
Create drawings from graphic primitives;
Use different colors and “brushes” for drawing (that is, use lines of different widths and configurations);
- “cut out” drawings or parts thereof, temporarily store them in a buffer (“pocket”) or store them on external media;
Move a fragment of a picture across the screen;
- “glue” one drawing to another;
Enlarge a fragment of a drawing in order to draw small details;
Add text to pictures.
Many graphic editors also allow you to create computer animation (animation), that is, create moving images on a computer.
The “environment” of the graphic editor consists of three main parts.
The instrumental part is a set of pictograms depicting instruments. Usually this is a “brush” for drawing lines of arbitrary configuration, a “ruler” for drawing straight segments, a “circle”, “rectangle”, “ellipse” for creating corresponding shapes, an “eraser” for erasing images, a “roller” for filling in shapes, “scissors” for cutting out fragments of images. Another part of the environment is a palette for choosing colors for images. Finally, the third part is the editor command menu. These parts of the environment are usually located at the edges of the screen. The central part of the screen is intended for the working area (or, as they say, “canvas”) on which images are created.
A graphic editor, as a rule, has the following main operating modes: a mode for selecting and setting a tool, a color selection mode, a mode for working with a picture (drawing and editing), a mode for working with external devices.
When working with a graphic editor, the user uses not only the keyboard, but also (for most modern computers and editors) the mouse. When creating images on a computer screen, you can not only draw them yourself, but also use other images, for example photographs, drawings from books, etc. To enter such additional graphic information into the computer, a special device is used - a scanner.
There are a large number of different programs and packages called graphic editors for working with graphic images.
One such program is the graphic editor Paint included in Windows XP. Using it, you can read and save images in well-known raster formats. It allows you to draw various primitives, paint areas with colors, etc. Another example of a simple graphics editor is Photo Plus. Its interface is similar to the Paint editor, but the program has significantly greater capabilities. In addition to the well-known capabilities of drawing graphic primitives, it implements the functions of scanning an image, converting with a different number of bits of color depth, changing brightness, contrast and adjusting the color gamut.
Corel has developed a graphics package that integrates several programs for processing various images. The package includes the powerful graphics editor CorelDraw!, which allows you to work with vector and raster images, and Corel Photo-Paint, which is focused on processing raster images, including high-quality photographs.
Currently, there are many programs for editing graphic images. These programs, in accordance with the division of graphics into raster and vector, can be divided into two classes:
· Programs for working with raster graphics.
· Programs for working with vector graphics.
There are also programs that combine the capabilities of programs of these two classes. Those. allow you to create images consisting of raster and vector graphics. Among First class programs we note :
Graphic editor Paint is a simple one-window graphic editor that allows you to create and edit quite complex drawings.
Adobe's Photoshop is a multi-window graphics editor that allows you to create and edit complex drawings, as well as process graphic images (photos). Contains many filters for processing photos (changing brightness, contrast, etc.).
Among the second class programs we note:
The Microsoft Draw program is included in the MS Office package. This program is used to create various drawings and diagrams. Usually called from MS Word.
Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw - programs used in publishing, allows you to create complex vector images. As a rule, first-class programs allow you to save images in standard file formats: bmp, pcx, gif, tif, and second-class programs use their own formats for these purposes.
