There are technical barriers to the dissemination of information. Information barrier. Theories of mass communication

The use of scientific and technical information in production processes facilitates and reduces direct living labor, without at the same time leading to losses of matter and energy in production systems, in other words, the productive use of information reduces the entropy of social production, increases its orderliness and organization both at the level of individual economic entities, and on the scale of society as a whole.

This means that scientific and technical information by its very nature (as a use value) presupposes its widest and freest possible dissemination.

However, in real life, the dissemination of information encounters certain information barriers, overcoming which is the most important function of marketing scientific and technical information. There are five types of information barriers: technical, economic, legislative, cultural-historical, and psychological.

Let's briefly look at these types of barriers and the main opportunities to overcome them.

Technical the barrier represented a major obstacle to the dissemination of information in the early stages of human society. Many significant discoveries in the history of mankind were not copied from the discoverers, but were made in different parts of the globe independently, since these different parts, for technical reasons, had almost no communication with each other. The reason for this in many cases was geographical circumstances (oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, etc.), which acted as insurmountable barriers to the movement of people and thereby separated parallel developing civilizations from each other.

The technical barrier, of course, cannot be overcome otherwise than through technological development, and to date, humanity has achieved significant success along this path, connecting the information resources of the entire planet into a single network through global information technologies. However, now a different kind of technical problem arises in the way of information dissemination, namely, the problem of finding the necessary data. Often, consumers of scientific and technical information prefer to conduct research on their own (if it is not too expensive) than to waste time searching for the required information.

An increasingly significant proportion of already published R&D results are lost, outdated, and duplicated. Scientists and specialists whose qualifications allow them to obtain new scientific and technical information spend time searching and evaluating existing data. According to some calculations, the full use by scientists of all the information already recorded by the total information production of society would allow us to reduce the cost of science by approximately half. Overcoming a technical information barrier of this kind presupposes the need to further improve systems for storing, processing and retrieving scientific and technical information, as well as timely advanced training and retraining of engineers, scientists and managers in the field of information production.

According to Western experts, currently an important technical barrier that impedes the effective innovation process and slows down the implementation of modern technologies is insufficient qualifications of personnel. In most Western countries, the gap between the level of technological development and the level of qualifications of the bulk of engineers is growing. According to some estimates, the knowledge of most engineers lags behind the level of modern technology by 5-10 years, and that of managers by about 25 years. Perhaps this is why knowledge-intensive firms headed by engineers, as a rule, adapt faster and more flexibly to the rapidly changing requirements of the information market than firms led by professional managers, economists, and financiers.

Economic a barrier occurs when the price of scientific and technical information cannot serve as a material basis for reconciling the mutually contradictory economic interests of the information seller and its buyer. If a collapse occurs in the market for knowledge-intensive goods, this means that the economic situation is unfavorable for innovation processes, since they promise losses to both producers and consumers of scientific and technical information.

This situation occurs, in particular, during periods of economic crises, when a drop in physical production volumes narrows the scope of application of machines, significantly lengthens their payback period and impedes the mobilization of financial resources necessary to modernize production.

Overcoming the economic barrier is an extremely difficult task, and it fundamentally cannot be solved by choosing the appropriate pricing strategy for the producer of scientific and technical information, since the economic essence of this situation lies in reproductive, macroeconomic reasons. The creation of macroeconomic prerequisites for the innovation process, which revitalizes the market for scientific and technical information, presupposes a fundamental change in the nature of the economic situation, which lies far beyond the economic capabilities and functions of information marketing.

Legislative the barrier manifests itself in the form of various restrictions imposed by current legislation on the processes of dissemination of scientific and technical information. First of all, these are legislative restrictions on the sale, copying and commercial use of information related to problems of intellectual property and copyright protection. The very existence of such forms of information products as patents, licenses, know-how implies the presence of certain restrictions on the dissemination of the information contained in them.

Another common type of legal barrier relates to international technology transfer. Competing in the global information market, a number of large Western scientific and technical companies rely on the activities of international organizations expressing their interests, in particular, such as COCOM, one of the main functions of which is to prevent the export of advanced technologies belonging to the latest technological structures from Western countries. countries to the countries of the post-Soviet space.

Departmental barriers to the movement of scientific and technical information are also well known. In a planned economy, there were frequent cases when innovations were not introduced into the production process (despite the need for it in a particular enterprise) because they were proposed by independent inventors, and not by the main scientific institute of the department to which the enterprise belonged.

A special version of legislative barriers are regime barriers that prevent the dissemination of strategically important information. The secrecy regime for a number of ongoing studies (and the results of these studies) is not, as is commonly thought, the subject of the exclusive competence of government authorities. Regulatory restrictions in place in a number of private corporations are often no less stringent. In particular, the results of more than 90% of all world scientific and engineering developments, approximately 80% of applied theoretical and about 20% of fundamental research are classified through the internal secrecy regime of private firms that act as consumers of this scientific and technical information.

Overcoming legislative barriers requires a clear understanding of the simple fact that the corresponding restrictions serve as an external expression of the economic interests of both direct economic entities and the state authorities regulating their activities. Consequently, legislative measures alone (for example, the adoption of relevant legislative acts) cannot encourage the owners of relevant information to disseminate it freely and unhindered. The logic of the development of their economic interests gradually leads to the transformation of legislative restrictions, but the pace of this transformation can be comparable to the rate of obsolescence of the relevant information. Another (illegal) way to overcome legislative barriers is the theft of information in all its types and forms, including industrial and scientific and technical espionage.

Cultural-historical the barrier to the dissemination of information is due to the difficulty of perceiving information related to a cultural and historical layer foreign to its consumer (educational, professional, national, etc.). Partially, the presence of this barrier is subjective in nature and can be eliminated by increasing the cultural and educational level of the consumer of scientific and technical information or by obtaining appropriate professional training.

However, the presence of this barrier is partly objective: it is due to the characteristics of the sources of relevant information (for example, a historical era or individual individuals). In particular, archaeologists cannot always understand the meaning of the records and symbolic marks made by representatives of ancient eras, as well as the purpose of the objects they used. In order to adequately perceive this information, a higher level of development is required not for individual consumers of information, but for the system of scientific knowledge as a whole.

An important component of the cultural-historical barrier is iconic(in particular language) barrier. The use of natural and artificial languages and individual language constructs that are unfamiliar to the consumer, special symbols, professional vocabulary, slang, narrow dialectal or archaic speech forms significantly complicates the transmission of information and poses significant obstacles to its dissemination. This barrier is partially overcome by issuing appropriate dictionaries, publishing popular scientific literature, translating scientific publications, as well as commentaries, abstracts, etc.

Overcoming the cultural and historical barrier is partly a function of the so-called missionary(educational) marketing, aimed not so much at advertising high-tech means of production and consumer goods, but at training potential consumers in handling new equipment, as well as providing warranty repairs, adjustments, installation, installation and other types of maintenance of this equipment for a certain period time.

Finally, psychological the barrier is associated with the difficulty of disseminating information that arises as a result of a negative attitude towards a potential source of information or its potential consumer. Here the reasons may be certain ethical standards, ideological considerations, attitudes (in particular, distrust of the source of information, etc.).

Overcoming the psychological barrier to the dissemination of information is one of the important functions of information marketing. Confirming the high reputation of both producers and consumers of information, overcoming mutual distrust, justifying existing methods for pricing information products and mutually agreeing on upper and lower price limits are important components of an active, offensive marketing strategy in the information products market.

The movement of documented information in time and space presupposes the presence of a source and a receiver. If information tension arises between them, then an information (document) flow appears. However, in this case, problems may arise between the source and receiver of information. information barriers, interfering with the optimal flow of information processes.

What are information barriers? How can they be classified?

In the most general form, information barriers are divided into objective ones, i.e. arising and existing independently of a person, and subjective. In turn, the latter can be divided into:

a) barriers created by the source, and

b) barriers arising from the information receiver.

The research literature usually identifies up to ten or more information barriers. The most significant of them are:

1. Spatial (geographical) barriers. They arise due to the distance of the source and receiver of information from each other in space.

2. Temporary (historical) barriers. Associated with the separation of the source and receiver of information in time. Moreover, the greater the distance, the more significant the information barrier becomes and the more difficult, as a rule, it is to overcome.

3. State and political barriers- slow down the process of formation of a single world information space, due to the existence on Earth of over one and a half hundred independent states, separated by borders, having different political regimes, different legislation, regulating information and documentation processes in different ways.

4. Regime barriers- restrict access to documented information. Some information containing state secrets or of a confidential nature is inaccessible to the general consumer.

5. Departmental and bureaucratic barriers. They are due to the branched, hierarchical structure of the management and self-government system (including state, local, intra-company, etc.), which lengthens the routes for passing documents, including due to insufficient competence or negligence of state, municipal and other employees.

6. Economic barriers- are associated with the absence or shortage of financial resources for the production, transmission, and consumption of information.

7. Technical barriers- arise due to a lack or technical incompatibility of equipment, as well as hardware, software, etc., necessary to optimize information processes.

8. Semantic (terminological) barriers- appear as a result of different interpretations of words, terms, and symbols by different people. In particular, different concepts are sometimes assigned to one or another term, and different definitions of concepts are given.

9. Language (national-language) barriers- caused by ignorance or poor knowledge of languages. Meanwhile, according to experts, there are about 3,000 different spoken languages spoken by the peoples of the Earth.

10. Ideological barriers- arise between individuals or social groups, due to the fact that they have different systems of views on the surrounding reality, different religions, etc. Ideological barriers can become (and have repeatedly become) the cause of acute social conflicts.

11. Psychological barriers- are associated with the peculiarities of the perception of information by a particular person, with the peculiarities of his memory; with the properties of the human personality, with the characteristics of a person’s character (withdrawal, shyness, etc.); with the psychological state of a person at a specific period of time (fatigue, bad mood); finally, with the psychophysical capabilities of a person.

Concepts of “documentation” methods and methods of documentation.

Documentation is the recording of information on a tangible medium, i.e. document creation process. If this process is regulated, official documents arise. Therefore, in office work, the term “documentation” and the definition of this concept are standardized. According to "GOST R 51141-98. Office work and archiving. Terms and definitions (M., 1998. P.2)", documentation- this is “recording information on various media according to established rules.” In turn, documentation rules are defined as “requirements and norms establishing the procedure for documentation.” Documentation rules are established either by legal regulations or developed by tradition.

Documentation can be carried out in natural language (in this case, text documents are created) or in artificial languages (documents on computer media that provide information processing using electronic computers).

Recording information on a tangible medium is carried out using special documentation tools, ranging from the simplest (pen, pencil, etc.) to electronic means. Vary depending on the means used documentation methods and types of documents created.

Using simple tools, handwritten written documents, pictorial documents, and graphic documents are created. When using photographic equipment, photographic documents are created, and film equipment - film documents. Sound recording equipment allows you to create phono (audio) documents, computer equipment - documents on paper, as well as electronic documents.

Development of Russian writing.

2. The orthography of Russian writing has developed towards an increasingly consistent application of the phonemic-morphological principle. This principle requires the same spelling of phonemes, as well as morphemes of words, even if their pronunciation changes in different grammatical forms of words.

3. The application of this spelling principle developed in Russian writing due to the phonetic principle (writing words in accordance with their modern pronunciation), which prevailed in the first stages of everyday Russian writing, as well as due to the historical-traditional principle (writing words in accordance with their pronunciation in past), dominant in book Church Slavonic writing.

4. The question of choosing a phonetic or phonemic-morphological principle (as the main one) arose with particular urgency by the middle of the 18th century. in connection with the development of the publication of books of new civil content, typed in the new reformed alphabet. The phonetic principle was defended by V.K. Trediakovsky, who proposed switching from writing “by roots” to writing “by bells” (i.e. in exact accordance with pronunciation). It is interesting to note that in the case of sequential implementation of the proposal of V.K. Trediakovsky, the Russian alphabet would have to be replenished with several additional letters, in particular letters for reduced (weakened, indefinite) vowels found in Russian unstressed syllables. He was a supporter of the phonemic-morphological principle in the 18th century. M.V. Lomonosov, who developed the foundations of modern Russian orthography.

5. In modern Russian writing, as a result of the works of A..X. Vostokova, N.I. Grech and other philologists, the phonemic-morphological principle is dominant, although it is not applied consistently enough, sometimes combined with phonetic and historical-traditional principles. An example of the application of the phonetic principle in modern Russian writing is the rule of writing the prefixes “raz”, “bez”, “voz” before voiceless and voiced consonants.

Shorthand

Simultaneously with the advent of writing, the problem of accelerating the recording of human speech arose, since the speed of pronouncing words is approximately 5-6 times faster than their written representation. Regular writing can record 15-20 words per minute, while live speech can be delivered at a speed of about 100 words per minute or more. It is no coincidence that even in ancient times, unsuccessful attempts were made to bring the speed of writing closer to that of oral speech. This is how shorthand arose (from the Greek “stenуs” - narrow, cramped and “grapho” - I write). In Ancient Greece it was known already in 350 BC. However, the first known use of shorthand in history dates back to 63 BC, when the speech of the Roman senator Cato was recorded in speed writing. The inventor of the Latin shorthand letter was Tyrone, a slave of the famous Roman orator Cicero, who served as his literary secretary. In honor of the inventor, Latin shorthand was called "Tirone notes".

At first, shorthand was verbal, i.e. Each word had its own sign that had to be remembered. Initially, the number of such characters was about 5 thousand, and later reached 13 thousand, which made the practical use of shorthand very difficult.

The solution was found in an invention at the beginning of the 17th century. letter system, the author of which was the Englishman Willis. It was the letter system of shorthand that subsequently became quite widespread in many countries of the world. Over the course of several centuries, many variations of this system have been created, which ultimately come down to two main ones - geometric And italic. The first is based on a straight line, a dot, a circle and its parts, and the second is based on an oval and parts of letters of ordinary quick writing.

In the letter system of shorthand, each letter has its own shorthand sign. At the same time, the techniques of ideographic, syllabic, word and even phrasal writing are widely used. In the latter case, the shorthand sign expresses part of a phrase or even a whole phrase. Shorthand, thus, in its own way reflects all the main stages of the development of writing.

In Russia, speed writing was also known for quite a long time: in Novgorod and Pskov - in the 15-16th centuries, in Moscow - in the 16th century. under the first Romanovs. However, the first original alphabetic shorthand system, built taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian language, appeared only in 1858 (Ivanin’s system). Soon the first public shorthand recording in Russia was made - at a debate on March 19, 1860 between academician M.P. Pogodin and professor N.I. Kostomarov on the topic of the origins of Rus'. In the second half of the 19th century. shorthand began to be used by students, some writers, journalists, and scientists. In particular, the novels by F.M. Dostoevsky “The Gambler”, V. Krestovsky’s “Petersburg Slums”, part of “Fundamentals of Chemistry” by D.I. Mendeleev and others were recorded in shorthand. There was a certain progress in the development of shorthand in the early 20th century. was associated with the emergence and work of the State Duma in Russia. To record its meetings, a special stenographic bureau was created, consisting of several dozen people.

With the Bolsheviks coming to power, attention to shorthand increased significantly, primarily from the state. In 1925, the All-Union Conference of Stenographers was held; in the 1920s, the journal “Questions of Stenography” was published in the USSR, and at the same time the Higher State Courses of Stenography were created. Subsequently, shorthand was taught in a number of Soviet schools and universities. Tens of thousands of stenographers worked in the country.

Over the course of one and a half hundred years of active use of shorthand in Russia, many books and textbooks on this applied discipline have been published. More than a hundred different versions of stenographic systems have been created based on the Russian language. All of them were ultimately variations of the already mentioned two main systems that developed in the second half of the 19th century - geometric and italic. In 1933, by its resolution, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee introduced the State Unified Shorthand System (GESS) into the RSFSR, which was based on the cursive system of N.N. Sokolov.

Learning shorthand is very labor intensive, requires constant practice, and the job of a stenographer is very stressful. In addition, decoding text written in conventional symbols takes a lot of time. It should be added that shorthand recording is not able to accurately convey the spoken text. Attempts to transition to machine shorthand in the mid-20th century did not produce the desired results. Currently, with the development of automated documentation tools, shorthand has been practically forced out of the process of creating official documents, although it continues to be used on a limited scale in some places.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

The concept of "information barriers" was developed by academician V. M. Glushkov. It symbolizes the contradiction between the information demands of society and the technical capabilities of providing them. There are three information barriers.

The first information barrier

Second information barrier

Was associated with the invention of printing, which sharply increased the number of storage media. This barrier was overcome around the 15th century. Later, new methods of distributing and storing information appeared - telegraph, telephone, photography, television, cinema, magnetic recordings. But information processing was still performed exclusively by the human brain.

Third information barrier

It arose after the advent of computers, which made it possible to organize the storage of large amounts of information and quickly search for information of interest to the user. However, with the constant increase in the volume of stored data and the speed of the computer, the user’s capabilities in terms of meaningful interpretation of the results obtained remain practically unchanged. Work to overcome the barrier requires improvement, on the one hand, of technical means of storage and data processing, and, on the other, of application programs.

Notes

Literature

Bespalova Yu. M., Milchakova N. N. Information barriers in the everyday life of the region: socio-economic aspect // Bulletin of ChelSU: journal. - Chelyabinsk, 2013. - Issue. 42. - No. 32 (323) . - P. 18. - ISSN 1994-2796.
Lem S. Information barrier?// Moloch. - M.: AST, Transitbook, 2004. - 784 p. - (Philosophy). - 8,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-025968-9.
Poltoratskaya T. B. The theory of academician V. M. Glushkov and information technologies in the practice of modern management // Scientific journal of NRU ITMO: journal. - St. Petersburg. : ITMO University, 2014. - No. 2 (17). - ISSN 2310-1172.
Polushkin V. A., Zhdanova G. S. Information barriers and the possibilities of their quantitative measurement. - M.: , 1970. - 15 p.
Systems theory and system analysis in organization management: Handbook / Ed. V. N. Volkova and A. A. Emelyanov. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2006. - P. 10-11. - 848 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 5-279-02933-5.
Khizhnyakov D. P., Lebedev S. D. Information barriers in the public administration system // Scientific bulletins of BelSU. Series: Philosophy. Sociology. Right: magazine. - Belgorod, 2011. - T. 15, No. 2 (97). - pp. 326-330. -

What are information barriers? How can they be classified?

In the most general form, information barriers are divided into objective ones, i.e. arising and existing independently of a person, and subjective. In turn, the latter can be divided into:

a) barriers created by the source, and

b) barriers arising from the information receiver.

The research literature usually identifies up to ten or more information barriers. The most significant of them are:

Spatial (geographical) barriers. They arise due to the distance of the source and receiver of information from each other in space.

Temporary (historical) barriers. Associated with the separation of the source and receiver of information in time. Moreover, the greater the distance, the more significant the information barrier becomes and the more difficult, as a rule, it is to overcome.

State-political barriers- slow down the process of formation of a single world information space, due to the existence on Earth of over one and a half hundred independent states, separated by borders, having different political regimes, different legislation, regulating information and documentation processes in different ways.

Regime barriers- restrict access to documented information. Some information containing state secrets or of a confidential nature is inaccessible to the general consumer.

Departmental and bureaucratic barriers. They are due to the branched, hierarchical structure of the management and self-government system (including state, local, intra-company, etc.), which lengthens the routes for passing documents, including due to insufficient competence or negligence of state, municipal and other employees.

Economic barriers- are associated with the absence or shortage of financial resources for the production, transmission, and consumption of information.

Technical barriers- arise due to a lack or technical incompatibility of equipment, as well as hardware, software, etc., necessary to optimize information processes.

Semantic (terminological) barriers- appear as a result of different interpretations of words, terms, and symbols by different people. In particular, different concepts are sometimes assigned to one or another term, and different definitions of concepts are given.

Language (national-language) barriers- caused by ignorance or poor knowledge of languages. Meanwhile, according to experts, there are about 3,000 different spoken languages spoken by the peoples of the Earth.

Ideological barriers- arise between individuals or social groups, due to the fact that they have different systems of views on the surrounding reality, different religions, etc. Ideological barriers can become (and have repeatedly become) the cause of acute social conflicts.

Psychological barriers- are associated with the peculiarities of the perception of information by a particular person, with the peculiarities of his memory; with the properties of the human personality, with the characteristics of a person’s character (withdrawal, shyness, etc.); with the psychological state of a person at a specific period of time (fatigue, bad mood); finally, with the psychophysical capabilities of a person.

Some authors especially highlight the so-called depth barriers and breadth barriers 48 . Depth barriers are associated with insufficient knowledge of the receiver (consumer) of information in the area or issue to which the documented information is devoted. Barriers to breadth are caused, on the contrary, by the too narrow competence of the information receiver, who is unable to perceive information of a broader, general nature.

Working with documents requires not only knowledge of information barriers, but also possible ways to overcome them. Successful overcoming of many barriers is associated with scientific and technological progress, with the use of modern information technologies. Thus, spatial barriers can be overcome quite effectively with the help of the Internet computer network; language - as a result of improving the system of language training and retraining in educational institutions, as well as the development and use of appropriate computer programs for translating texts into various languages; semantic - by creating various kinds of dictionaries and standardizing a number of terms and definitions, etc.

At the same time, it must be remembered that information barriers for the most part cannot be completely eliminated or completely overcome, at least in the foreseeable future. The obstacle to this is, first of all, the person himself. Thus, there are limits to the psychophysical capabilities of a modern person to perceive information. A person is capable of receiving and processing information flows, the intensity of which is no more than 100 bit/s. If the intensity of these flows exceeds the permissible level, then the person’s capacity is reduced until the perception of incoming information completely ceases 49 . Attempts to use artificial international languages to overcome, in particular, language barriers do not bring the desired results. To date, about 300 such languages have been proposed. The most common of them - “Esperanto” - is derived from English and a number of other Germanic and Romance languages and was invented back in 1887 by the Pole Ludwig Zamenhof. However, even according to the most optimistic estimates, this language is spoken by no more than 3 million people in the world.

1. The semiotic barrier is associated with insufficient knowledge of the sign system.

This type of barrier is positioned as the simplest type, and when applied to communications, it prescribes the use of commonly used words without complex terminology or other languages. However, in the conditions of transformation of Russian society, there is a foreign language invasion, first of all, of words of English origin: voters - electorate, consent-consensus, city - municipal, business - business, image - image, etc. Russian and foreign analogues coexist, the foreign analogue displaces the Russian synonym. As a result, the style of speech and the way of reflecting reality changes. Borrowing elements of another culture significantly changes a person's life in his own culture. The “great and mighty” Russian language is going through difficult times, which is a manifestation of the crisis of culture as a whole. National culture dissolves or loses its clear outlines under the influence of various influences and borrowings. (The “Parking” sign as a symbol of confusion, de-ideologization, and loss of self-identification of the Russian ethnic group).

2. Thesaurus barrier associated with insufficient information potential. (Thesaurus is the totality of all intellectual and informational potentials of a person). The reduction of the thesaurus as a result of problems in the education system, reduction to technical and operational knowledge, is another reason in the polysemiotic space for the ambiguous interpretation of the system of values and mental foundations. “The availability of information in the absence of ideological filters, but with the preservation of collectivism in a toughened form of corporate egoism, transfers clashes of social interests from the sphere of public moralistic declarations to the sphere of personal dispositions and moral intentions of individuals... A national idea capable of resisting American-centrism must contain a code of the era that is consonant with mental values of the people. The new generation chooses not only Pepsi, but also assertiveness and shamelessness or immersion in infantile fantasies. The energy of self-affirmation divides people. A different energy - altruism, compassion, empathy, becoming effective understanding."

3. Counter-suggestive barrier is associated with changing the recipient’s attitude using methods of persuasion - a method of intellectual influence containing a logical basis for arguments supported by facts; Suggestion is a method of influence designed for uncritical perception of information.

Of course, overcoming the recipient’s attitudes and stereotypes requires not only knowledge of communication, but also certain experience, intuition, etc.