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The role of the latest information technologies in modern science. Features of computerization of scientific knowledge. Information technologies in education

2) A certain set of tools - technical devices, equipment, laboratory equipment, etc. – used in scientific activities. Currently, this component of science is acquiring great importance. The degree of equipment of scientific work determines the degree of its effectiveness.

3) The set of methods used to obtain knowledge.

4) A special way of organizing scientific activity. Science is, in modern conditions, a very complex social institution, which includes three main components: research (production of new knowledge); applications (bringing new knowledge to its practical use); training of scientific personnel. All these components of science are organized in the form of relevant institutions: universities, institutes, academies, research institutes, design bureaus, laboratories, etc.

Thus, each scientist, starting a scientific research, receives at his disposal the factual material accumulated during the development of his scientific field - the results of observations and experiments; results of generalization of factual material, expressed in relevant theories, laws and principles; scientific assumptions based on facts, hypotheses that need further testing; general theoretical, philosophical interpretation of principles and laws discovered by science; ideological attitudes; appropriate methodology and technical equipment. All these sides and facets of science exist in close connection with each other.

1.3 The role of information technology in science and education

At the present stage of development of society, information technologies (IT) are beginning to play an increasingly important role, mediating and shaping the interaction of people, receiving and exchanging information. The scientific literature highlights the main characteristics of information technologies, among which the following can be noted: the transfer of information in a short time to different points - storage of a large amount of information, its transmission to any distance in a limited time, the possibility of interactive communications and integration with other software products.

The sphere of science and education has undergone a significant introduction of information technology into the process of its activities. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become a widespread practice in both schools and higher education institutions. Personal computers, interactive whiteboards, and online learning are elements of a common, unified, global network. Information technologies in science and education contribute to the automation and efficiency of the educational and cognitive process by accelerating the processing and transmission of information and the implementation of labor-intensive tasks.

One can also find a number of similarities in the field of scientific activity and education, the automation of which through the use of new information technologies significantly speeds up the educational process. Recently, the amount of scientific and educational information has increased significantly in volume. Storing such information in paper form seems to be a difficult task and is also environmentally unsafe, while information technology is a convenient way that reduces the cost of natural resources and facilitates the convenience of storing scientific and educational information. The collection and processing of information, large amounts of data thanks to information technology is also automated, facilitated by Internet search programs, the latest developed software packages for information processing, databases in libraries and many other information technologies that reduce the labor intensity of working with information for both the humanities and technical specialties. When preparing scientific papers in the field of natural sciences, there is no need to make calculations manually; mathematical, chemical and other formulas containing several stages of calculations are solved much faster thanks to engineering programs, as well as through the use of specialized information editors (MathCad). Visualization of scientific data is possible thanks to graphic editors, among which are CorelDRAW, mathematical modeling is implemented using the AutoCAD program, the transfer of educational documents is simplified through the use of printers, scanners, and the Adobe software package is actively used in the editing of documents and photographic images, as well as in their recognition. The leaders in use are FineReader and Adobe Photoshop.

Ever-increasing amounts of scientific and technical information are freely available. However, education and training are required to know how to access this information and how to use it effectively to realize the potential benefits it can provide for the benefit of society as a whole.

At the same time, IT is essential to scientific research itself: it enables scientists to carry out basic and applied research, collaborate and form scientific international consortia, conduct experiments, collate data, coordinate laboratory activities and share results with colleagues and the public. The information, digital world is both the result of scientific activity and the main factor for further research and educational activities. Information technologies largely determine what future knowledge about the world will be like, how it will be created and used 10.

In scientific activities, information technologies help to accelerate both theoretical developments and applied research. In the theoretical aspect, information technologies are necessary for:

    Data analysis and mathematical calculations, compiling spreadsheets (Excel, Statistica, SPSS);

    Graphic modeling;

    Automated translation (PROMT);

    Text recognising;

    Decision systems.

At the stage of processing the results of scientific research, the greatest use is made of software that allows performing mathematical calculations using probability theory, error theory, mathematical statistics, vector and raster image analysis, significantly simplifying the research process and making its results more accurate and clearly presented in the form of diagrams, infographics and other tools.

Processing of research information, which is most often presented in tabular form, is also very effectively performed using spreadsheet processors. Spreadsheets are used at all stages of the study.

Public presentation of the work done is an integral part of the learning process, which is facilitated by presentations and presentations. Information technologies help prepare illustrative material, as well as qualitatively improve both the process and the result of preparation. It is impossible to overestimate new information and technical capabilities in the educational process.

The student is assigned a key role in the educational-cognitive process, while the task of education is to master the necessary information on the discipline being studied, the subject of training. However, it is necessary not only to provide information, but also to ensure its memorization and develop the skill of using the received material in everyday practice, which is significantly facilitated by information technology. The two main ways of acquiring knowledge are declarative and procedural. In the first case, computer textbooks, tests, testing programs, educational audio materials and videos are used, in the second case - simulation models, game programs for students.

For teachers, IT in education can be used to resolve issues of preparing lecture material, electronic textbooks, creating information and methodological support for the courses being studied, preparing demonstration tools to support classes, and automating testing of students' knowledge.

The currently existing means of computer and telecommunication technologies in the field of education make it possible to implement almost the entire training cycle from lectures to assessments. The use of computer technology in education makes it possible to improve the quality of education, create new teaching tools, means of effective interaction between teacher and student, and accelerate the transfer of knowledge. The use of educational IT is an effective method for systems of self-education, continuing education, as well as for systems of advanced training and retraining of personnel. The main advantages that the use of IT in education provides over traditional learning are as follows.

  • General

    General

    The course "Computer technologies in science and education" is intended for master's students in the direction 020100.68 Chemistry. Upon completion of the course, skills should be developed in using modern methods of searching and processing scientific information using specialized software and Internet resources, as well as using computer technologies in the pedagogical process.

  • Information and society

    Information and society

  • Computer networks. Classification and topologies

    Classification and topologies of computer networks

    The concept of a computer network. Classification of networks by area covered

    Computer network(computer network, data network) - a communication system between computers and/or computer equipment (servers, routers and other equipment). Various physical phenomena can be used to transmit information, usually various types of electrical signals or electromagnetic radiation.

    Based on the size of the area covered, networks are divided into the following:

    • Personal Area Network (PAN)
    • Local network (LAN, Local Area Network)
    • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
    • Wide Area Network (WAN)

    a) Personal network(English Personal Area Network, PAN) is a network built “around” a person. These networks are designed to unite all the user’s personal electronic devices (phones, pocket personal computers, smartphones, laptops, headsets, etc.). The standards for such networks currently include Bluetooth (Zigbee, Piconet).

    b) Local computing network(LAN, local network, slang local area network; English Local Area Network, LAN) - a computer network that usually covers a relatively small area or a small group of buildings (home, office, company, institute). There are also local networks, the nodes of which are geographically separated over distances of more than 12,500 km (space stations and orbital centers). Despite such distances, such networks are still classified as local.

    c) Urban computer network(Metropolitan area network, MAN) (from the English “network of a large city”) - unites computers within the city, is a network smaller in size than a WAN, but larger than a LAN.

    d) Wide Area Network, WAN (Wide Area Network, WAN) is a computer network covering large areas and including tens and hundreds of thousands of computers.

    Network topology

    All computers on the local network are connected by communication lines. The geometric location of communication lines relative to network nodes and the physical connection of nodes to the network is called physical topology. Depending on the topology, networks are distinguished: bus, ring, star, hierarchical and arbitrary structures.

    There are physical and logical topologies. Logical and physical network topologies are independent of each other. Physical topology is the geometry of the network, and logical topology determines the directions of data flows between network nodes and methods of data transmission.

    Currently, the following physical topologies are used in local networks:

    • physical "bus" (bus);
    • physical “star” (star);
    • physical “ring” (ring);
    • physical "star" and logical "ring" (Token Ring).

    Bus topology

    Networks with a bus topology use a linear monochannel (coaxial cable) for data transmission, at the ends of which terminating resistors (terminators) are installed. Each computer is connected to a coaxial cable using a T-connector (T - connector). Data from the transmitting network node is transmitted along the bus in both directions, reflected from the terminal terminators. Terminators prevent signals from being reflected, i.e. are used to cancel signals that reach the ends of a data link. Thus, information arrives at all nodes, but is received only by the node to which it is intended. In a logical bus topology, the data transmission medium is shared and simultaneously by all PCs on the network, and signals from the PCs are distributed simultaneously in all directions along the transmission medium. Since the transmission of signals in the topology, the physical bus is broadcast, i.e. signals propagate simultaneously in all directions, then the logical topology of this local network is a logical bus.

    Figure 1 – Bus-type network topology

    This topology is used in local networks with Ethernet architecture (classes 10Base-5 and 10Base-2 for thick and thin coaxial cable, respectively).

    Advantages of bus topology networks:

    • the failure of one of the nodes does not affect the operation of the network as a whole;
    • the network is easy to set up and configure;
    • The network is resistant to failures of individual nodes.

    Disadvantages of bus topology networks:

    • a cable break can affect the operation of the entire network;
    • limited cable length and number of workstations;
    • difficult to identify connection defects

    Star topology

    In a network built using a star topology, each workstation is connected by a cable (twisted pair) to a hub or hub. The hub provides a parallel connection between PCs and thus all computers connected to the network can communicate with each other.

    Figure 2 – Star network topology

    Data from the network transmitting station is transmitted through the hub along all communication lines to all PCs. Information arrives at all workstations, but is received only by those stations for which it is intended. Since signal transmission in the physical star topology is broadcast, i.e. Since signals from the PC propagate simultaneously in all directions, the logical topology of this local network is a logical bus.

    This topology is used in local networks with 10Base-T Ethernet architecture.

    Advantages of star topology networks:

    • easy to connect a new PC;
    • there is the possibility of centralized management;
    • The network is resistant to failures of individual PCs and to interruptions in the connection of individual PCs.

    Disadvantages of star topology networks:

    • hub failure affects the operation of the entire network;
    • high cable consumption;

    Ring topology

    In a network with a ring topology, all nodes are connected by communication channels into a continuous ring (not necessarily a circle) through which data is transmitted. The output of one PC is connected to the input of another PC. Having started the movement from one point, the data ultimately ends up at its beginning. Data in a ring always moves in the same direction.

    Figure 3 – Ring network topology

    The receiving workstation recognizes and receives only the message addressed to it. A network with a physical ring topology uses token access, which grants a station the right to use the ring in a specific order. The logical topology of this network is a logical ring.

    This network is very easy to create and configure. The main disadvantage of ring topology networks is that damage to the communication line in one place or PC failure leads to the inoperability of the entire network.

    As a rule, the “ring” topology is not used in its pure form due to its unreliability, therefore, in practice, various modifications of the ring topology are used.

    Token Ring Topology

    This topology is based on the star physical ring topology. In this topology, all workstations are connected to a central hub (Token Ring) like a physical star topology. A central hub is an intelligent device that, using jumpers, provides a serial connection between the output of one station and the input of another station.

    In other words, with the help of a hub, each station is connected to only two other stations (previous and subsequent stations). Thus, workstations are connected by a cable loop through which data packets are transmitted from one station to another and each station relays these sent packets. Each workstation has a transceiver device for this purpose, which allows you to control the passage of data in the network. Physically, such a network is built according to the “star” type of topology.

    The hub creates a primary (main) and backup ring. If a break occurs in the main ring, it can be bypassed by using the backup ring, since a four-core cable is used. A failure of a station or a break in the communication line of a workstation will not result in a network failure as in a ring topology, because the hub will disconnect the faulty station and close the data transmission ring.

    Figure 4 – Token Ring network topology

    In a Token Ring architecture, a token is passed from node to node along a logical ring created by a central hub. Such token transmission is carried out in a fixed direction (the direction of movement of the token and data packets is represented in the figure by blue arrows). A station holding a token can send data to another station.

    To transmit data, workstations must first wait for a free token to arrive. The token contains the address of the station that sent the token, as well as the address of the station to which it is intended. After this, the sender passes the token to the next station in the network so that it can send its data.

    One of the network nodes (usually a file server is used for this) creates a token that is sent to the network ring. This node acts as an active monitor that ensures that the marker is not lost or destroyed.

    Advantages of Token Ring topology networks:

    • the topology provides equal access to all workstations;
    • high reliability, since the network is resistant to failures of individual stations and to interruptions in the connection of individual stations.

    Disadvantages of Token Ring topology networks: high cable consumption and, accordingly, expensive wiring of communication lines.

    Physical transmission medium

    Historically, the first Ethernet technology networks were created on coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.5 inches. Subsequently, other physical layer specifications for the Ethernet standard were defined, allowing the use of various data transmission media as a common bus. The CSMA/CD access method and all Ethernet timing parameters remain the same for any physical media specification.

    The physical specifications of Ethernet technology today include the following data transmission media:

    10Base-5- coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.5 inches, called "thick" coax. Has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms. The maximum segment length is 500 meters (without repeaters).

    10Base-2- coaxial cable with a diameter of 0.25 inches, called "thin" coax. Has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms. The maximum segment length is 185 meters (without repeaters).

    10Base-T- cable based on unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Forms a star topology with a hub. The distance between the hub and the end node is no more than 100 m.

    10Base-F- fiber optic cable. The topology is similar to the twisted pair standard. There are several variants of this specification - FOIRL, 10Base-FL, 10Base-FB.

    The number 10 denotes the bit rate of these standards - 10 Mb/s, and the word Base - the method of transmission on a single base frequency of 10 MHz (as opposed to standards that use several carrier frequencies, which are called broadband).

    Network protocols and their structure

    Let's start with the fact that a protocol is simply an established “language” for programs to communicate. In general, what is data forwarding? A sequence of "bits" - zeros or ones - is sent along the cable. But why does this stream reach the target computer and what is it going to do with this stream? Naturally, there must be some rules for generating data, and these rules are described by standard protocols.

    About protocols they also usually say that there are layers of nesting of network protocols. What does this mean? Firstly, there is the so-called physical level. This is just a list of definitions of what the network cable should be, the thickness of the cores, and so on. Let's say now the cable is working. Then data packets can be sent over it. But which computer will accept the packet? The so-called link layer is used here - the packet header indicates the physical address of the computer - a certain number hardwired into the network card (not an IP address, but a MAC address).

    Figure 1 – Package structure

    Data Link Layer = Ethernet Layer. As you can see, the packet contains some Ethertype parameter that specifies the type of the packet. The data itself depends on this type, and its content is already at the network layer. The two most common protocols are: ARP, which is responsible for converting IP addresses to MAC addresses; and the most significant protocol is IP. Here is the structure of an IP packet (details of the “Data” field in the previous figure)

    Figure 2 – Details of the “Data” package

    All data transferred over IP is already sent to a specific IP address (this does not interfere with sending broadcast requests to all computers on the local network - just specify a special IP address, for example, 192.168.255.255). The IP protocol also has variations - a number indicating the protocol type is transmitted in the packet in a prescribed format. For example, one type of protocol subordinate to IP is ICMP, which is used by the ping command to check whether a computer is responding.

    But the most common are the following two types: TCP - Transmission Control Protocol and UDP - universal datagram protocol (by the way, we have already risen to the transport level). The difference between these protocols is this: the TCP protocol is said to be “reliable,” that is, during the data exchange process, a constant check is made: did the packet reach the target? But the UDP protocol does not provide for any control - they sent a datagram and forgot about it. When is this needed? Very simple, for example, when listening to Internet radio. If there was a failure and the packet did not reach you on time, it is no longer needed - interference just slipped through - and you listen further. Here is the structure of a TCP packet (details of the “data” field from the previous figure).

    Figure 3 – Details of the “Data” field

    As we can see, the packet indicates the port number to which the packet was sent. Typically, the port number determines the type of protocol at the application level - which application this data is sent to. However, nothing prohibits the use of non-standard ports for your services - it will simply be less convenient for users. The most well-known protocols are http (browsing pages on the Internet), pop3 (receiving mail). In order not to repeat myself, I will refer you to the list of standard ports. The data itself received by the application is embedded in a TCP packet (the “data” field).

    Thus, we have obtained a kind of hierarchy of package nesting. An Ethernet packet contains an IP packet, a TPC or UDP packet, and inside it is data intended for a specific application.

  • Information technologies in scientific activities

    The fruitful development of pedagogical science can only occur under the condition of a creative rethinking of the theoretical and practical experience accumulated by it, i.e. in the process of research activities. It is known that research is based primarily on specific facts that can only be obtained through experiments. The current trend in the field of research is to increase the quality and quantity of analysis of information received during research.

    The rapidly developing process of informatization of all spheres of society makes it possible to raise the organization and quality of research work to a new level.

    We can conditionally highlight five stages of constructing a research logic.

    The first stage is the accumulation of knowledge and facts:

    - choosing a problem and research topic,

    Justification of its relevance and level of development;

    Familiarization with the theory and history of the issue and the study of scientific achievements in this and related fields;

    Studying the practical experience of educational institutions and the best teachers;

    Definition of the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the study.

    To review the state of the problem under consideration, a young scientist usually went to the library and there searched the literature on the issue of interest. Often, finding articles (and even more so, conference proceedings) on the required topic in the collections of large libraries is not an easy task, it is labor-intensive and does not always give the desired result.

    Studying the available literature makes it possible to find out which aspects of the problem have already been sufficiently studied, which scientific discussions are ongoing, what is outdated, and which issues have not yet been studied. At this stage, we see several possibilities for using information technology:

    1. for literature search:

    a) in the electronic catalog of the real university library, as well as ordering literature through the internal network of libraries;

    b) on the Internet using browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, etc., various search engines (Yandex.ru, Rambler.ru, Mail.ru, Aport.ru, Google.ru, Metabot.ru, Search.com, Yahoo .com, Lycos.com, etc.).

    Today, electronic versions of many Russian newspapers and magazines devoted to issues of upbringing and education, a database of abstracts, dissertations, coursework and diploma works, encyclopedias, electronic explanatory dictionaries, virtual textbooks on some subjects of higher education for full-time and distance learning are available via the Internet from Russian-language resources. form of education, information about some important events and activities in the field of pedagogical science and education. Electronic libraries are of interest, such as the Russian State Library www.rsl.ru, Electronic Library of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences www.philosophy.ru/library, Scientific Electronic Library www.elibrary.ru, as well as book search systems in electronic libraries www.gpntb .ru, www.sigla.ru. The Internet also provides an opportunity for communication and exchange of opinions among researchers on forums, such as the Youth Scientific Forum www.mno.ru/forum.

    2. for working with literature during:

    Compiling a bibliography - compiling a list of sources selected for work in connection with the problem under study;

    Abstracting - a condensed presentation of the main content of the work;

    Note-taking - keeping more detailed records, the basis of which is highlighting the main ideas and provisions of the work;

    Annotations - a brief record of the general content of books or articles;

    Quotations are verbatim recordings of expressions, factual or numerical data contained in a literary source.

    Using the text editor MS Word, you can automate all of the above operations.

    3. for automatic text translation using translator programs (PROMT XT) using electronic dictionaries (Abby Lingvo 7.0.)

    4. storage and accumulation of information.

    A teacher-researcher can store and process large amounts of information using CDs, DVDs, external magnetic drives, Flash drives

    5. to plan the research process.

    The Microsoft Outlook management system allows you to store and timely provide information about the timing of an event, conference, meeting or business correspondence related to the study.

    6. communication with leading specialists.

    It is advisable to contact leading experts in the field of interest and learn about their new achievements. To do this, you need to familiarize yourself with their publications, know their place of work and address for correspondence. Information technologies used at this stage: the global Internet, e-mail, Internet search engines.

    The second stage is the stage of theoretical understanding of the facts:

    Selection of methodology - initial concept, supporting theoretical ideas, provisions;

    Constructing a research hypothesis;

    Selection of research methods and development of research methodology.

    The third stage is experimental work:

    Constructing a research hypothesis - a theoretical construct, the truth of which has to be proven;

    Organization and conduct of ascertaining experiment;

    Organization and conduct of a clarifying experiment;

    Testing the research hypothesis;

    Organization and conduct of a formative (control) experiment;

    Final testing of the research hypothesis;

    Formulation of research conclusions.

    Information technologies are used at this stage of research work to record information about the subject and to process the information received.

    Recording research data at its experimental stage, it is usually carried out in the form of a researcher’s work diary, observation protocols, photographs, film and video documents. Thanks to the development of multimedia technologies, a computer today can collect and store not only textual, but also graphic and audio information about research. For this purpose, digital photo and video cameras, microphones, as well as appropriate software for processing and reproducing graphics and sound are used:

    Universal Player (Microsoft Media Player);

    Audio players (WinAmp, Apollo);

    Video players (WinDVD, zplayer);

    Programs for viewing images (ACD See, PhotoShop, CorelDraw,);

    A program for creating diagrams, drawings, graphs (Visio), etc.

    To process quantitative data obtained during an experiment, mathematical research methods using statistical software packages are often used.

    It is also necessary to note the possibility of using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet editor for data processing. This editor allows you to enter research data into spreadsheets, create formulas, sort, filter, group data, and perform quick calculations on a table sheet using the “Function Wizard”. You can also perform statistical operations with tabular data if a data analysis package is connected to Microsoft Excel.

    The Microsoft Excel table editor, using the built-in chart wizard, also makes it possible to build various graphs and histograms based on the results of data processing, which can subsequently be used at other stages of the study.

    Thus, at the stage of collecting and processing research data, a computer today can be considered indispensable. It greatly facilitates the researcher’s work in recording, sorting, storing and processing large amounts of information obtained through experimentation, observation and other research methods. This allows the researcher to save time, avoid errors in calculations and draw objective and reliable conclusions from the experimental part of the work.

    The fourth stage is analysis and presentation of research results:

    Justification of final conclusions and practical recommendations;

    Scientific report, articles, teaching aids, monographs, books;

    Presentations on the research topic.

    At the stage of registration of research results in the form of a dissertation, for the preparation of scientific reports, articles, teaching aids, monographs, books on the topic of research, information technologies should also be actively used. In this case, the previously mentioned text editor can be used MicrosoftWord and table editor MicrosoftExcel. For processing graphic images and making posters, programs like PhotoShop.

    Fifth stage - promotion and implementation of research results:

    Speeches at departments, councils, seminars, scientific and practical conferences, symposiums, etc.;

    Publications in the media

    • publications on the Internet.

    For speaking at departments, councils, seminars, scientific and practical conferences, symposiums information technologies can be used as a means of presenting graphic and text information illustrating the report. In this case, you can use a program to create presentations and business graphics MicrosoftPowerPoint. Using the program MicrosoftPublisher it is possible to prepare and print handouts and illustrative materials for conference participants: brochures, newsletters, information sheets, etc.

    In addition, today there is opportunity publish articles and monographs in Internet using packages FrontPage, FlashMX, DreamWeaver to create Web pages. Publishing on the Internet is by far the fastest way to convey the latest information about the progress and results of research to interested parties.

    To summarize, we can say that the organization and conduct of not a single modern research today can do without the use of information technology. It is obvious that in the future, with the expansion of computer capabilities for processing information and the development of artificial intelligence, as well as new software, the computer will become not just a multifunctional research tool, but also an active participant in theoretical and experimental work. Perhaps he will be able to formalize and describe phenomena previously considered inaccessible to mathematical processing and analysis; will independently express hypotheses, make predictions and make suggestions during the course of the research.

  • Information technologies in education

    Educational Information Technologies- a set of methods and technical means of collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, and presenting information that expands people’s knowledge and develops their capabilities to manage technical and social processes.

    E.I. Mashbits and N.F. Talyzin consider educational information technology as a certain set of training programs of various types: from the simplest programs that provide knowledge control to training systems based on artificial intelligence.

    V.F. Sholokhovich proposes to define ITE from the point of view of its content as a branch of didactics that studies the systematically and consciously organized process of learning and knowledge acquisition, in which the means of informatization of education are used.

    A substantive analysis of the above definitions shows that currently there are two clearly expressed approaches to defining ITO. The first of them proposes to consider it as a didactic process, organized using a set of fundamentally new tools and methods of data processing (teaching methods) introduced (embedded) into learning systems, representing the purposeful creation, transmission, storage and display of information products (data, knowledge, ideas) at the lowest cost and in accordance with the patterns of cognitive activities of students. In the second case, we are talking about creating a certain technical learning environment in which the key place is occupied by the information technologies used.

    Thus, in the first case we are talking about information technologies in training (as the learning process), and in the second case about the use of information technologies in training (as the use of information tools in training).

    ITE should be understood as an application of IT to create new opportunities for the transfer and perception of knowledge, assessing the quality of training and comprehensive personal development.

    In scientific, methodological and popular literature, the term new information technologies (NIT) is often used. This is a fairly broad concept for various practical applications. The adjective “new” in this case emphasizes innovative, that is, fundamentally different from the previous direction of technical development. Their introduction is an innovative act in the sense that it radically changes the content of various types of activities in organizations, educational institutions, everyday life, etc.

    Using modern teaching tools and instrumental environments, it is possible to create beautifully designed software products that do not introduce anything new into the development of learning theory. In this case, we can only talk about automating certain aspects of the learning process, transferring information from paper to a computer version, etc.

    We can talk about new information technology for education only if:

    • it satisfies the basic principles of pedagogical technology (preliminary design, reproducibility, goal formation, integrity);
    • it solves problems that were not previously solved theoretically or practically in didactics;

    The means of preparing and transmitting information to the learner is computer and information technology.

    Table 1

    Information technologies used in higher education in Russia

    IT name

    English name

    abbreviation

    Electronic textbook

    electronic textbook

    Multimedia system

    multimedia system

    Expert system

    Computer-aided design system

    computer aided design
    system

    Electronic library catalog

    electronic library

    Data bank, database

    Local and distributed (global) computing systems

    Local and Wide area networks

    Email

    Electronic bulletin board

    Teleconferencing system

    Automated research management system

    Computer research system

    Automated organizational management system

    Management information system

    Desktop electronic typography

    dest-top publishing

    Thus, the above said, by information technology of education in professional training of specialists it is proposed to understand a system of general pedagogical, psychological, didactic, methodological procedures for the interaction of teachers and students, taking into account technical and human resources, aimed at the design and implementation of content, methods, forms and information means of training, adequate to the goals of education, the characteristics of future activities and the requirements for professionally important qualities of a specialist.

    ICT tools:

    Hardware:

    • Computer- universal information processing device
    • Printer- allows you to record on paper information found and created by students or a teacher for students. For many school applications, a color printer is necessary or desirable.
    • Projector- radically increases:
      • level of visibility in the teacher’s work,
      • opportunity for students to present their work to the whole class.
    • Telecommunications block(for rural schools - primarily satellite communications) - gives access to Russian and world information resources, allows for distance learning, and correspondence with other schools.
    • Devices for entering text information and manipulating screen objects - keyboard and mouse (and various devices for similar purposes), as well as handwriting input devices. Appropriate devices play a special role for students with motor problems, for example, with cerebral palsy.
    • Devices for recording (inputting) visual and audio information(scanner, camera, video camera, audio and video recorder) - make it possible to directly include information images of the surrounding world in the educational process
    • Data Logging Devices(sensors with interfaces) - significantly expand the class of physical, chemical, biological, environmental processes included in education while reducing educational time spent on routine data processing
    • Computer controlled devices- provide an opportunity for students of various ability levels to master the principles and technologies of automatic control
    • Intraclassroom and intraschool networks- allow more efficient use of available information, technical and time (human) resources, provide general access to the global information network
    • Audio Video means provide an effective communication environment for educational work and public events.

    Software:

    • General purpose and related to hardware (drivers, etc.) - make it possible to work with all types of information (see above).
    • Information sources- organized information arrays - encyclopedias on CD, information sites and Internet search engines, including those specialized for educational applications.
    • Virtual constructors- allow you to create visual and symbolic models of mathematical and physical reality and conduct experiments with these models.
    • Exercise equipment- allow you to practice automatic skills in working with information objects - entering text, operating with graphic objects on the screen, etc., written and oral communication in a language environment.
    • Test Environments- allow the design and use of automated tests in which the student receives a task in whole or in part through a computer and the result of the task is also fully or partially assessed by the computer.
    • Comprehensive training packages(electronic textbooks) - combinations of software of the types listed above - most automating the educational process in its traditional forms, most labor-intensive to create (if a reasonable quality and level of usefulness is achieved), most limiting the independence of the teacher and student.
    • Management Information Systems- ensure the passage of information flows between all participants in the educational process - students, teachers, administration, parents, and the public.
    • Expert systems– a software system that uses the knowledge of an expert to effectively solve problems in any subject area.

A special role in modern science is played by the latest information technologies.

nology and computer technology. Their influence on science is varied.

The use of computer technology leads to:

the emergence of new research methods;

development of means and methods of formalization and mathematization of science;

the emergence of new scientific areas of research;

changing the nature of scientific research.

Due to practical difficulties or the impossibility of conducting a full-scale experiment, a conventional experiment is replaced by a computational experiment (for example, an experimental study of nuclear energy problems, a number of space exploration problems, climate control experiments, social experiments). In such cases, it is the computational experiment that opens up broad prospects, since it is relatively cheap, easy to control, and in it it is possible to “create” conditions that are unattainable in laboratories. In this case, “experimentation” is carried out with mathematical models, but its methodology has a certain similarity with the methodology of a real experiment.

The emergence of a computational experiment became possible, firstly, thanks to the advent of computers operating in dialogue mode; secondly, improvement of the theory and practice of programming and development of the theory of numerical methods and algorithms for solving mathematical problems and, finally, thirdly, development and improvement of methods for constructing mathematical models, using for these purposes the language of not only classical, but also modern mathematics .

In a computational experiment, a computer acts not only and not so much as a computational tool like an adding machine, but as a very advanced tool for symbolic modeling of various processes that admit of formal and algorithmic description.

Structure of the computational experiment

construction of a mathematical model of the processes under study (describing them in the language of mathematics);

finding an approximate numerical method for solving the problem formulated during the construction of the mathematical model. Those. choosing an algorithm for solving it (a sequence of logical and mathematical operations that must be carried out to obtain a result). At this stage of the computational experiment, the specialist is required to establish a reasonable degree of accuracy of the result that should be obtained using a computer;

programming a computational algorithm for a computer;

computer calculation;

analysis and interpretation of the results obtained during the study of the mathematical model, its correspondence to reality, comparison with observational data and natural experiments.

The use of computational experiments made it possible to increase the accuracy of the description. Now there is no need to oversimplify the models of the phenomena being studied and sacrifice the accuracy of the description. This avoids direct errors associated with simplified models. The computational experiment has proven its effectiveness in solving many types of problems in hydro- and aerodynamics, plasma physics, studying the global consequences of “nuclear winter”, etc. The use of computers makes it possible to facilitate, speed up and improve the process of checking logical and mathematical operations performed at the previous stages of a mathematical experiment.

The creation of analytical programming had a significant impact on the field of theoretical research. It allows the computer to directly work with mathematical formulas - to perform transformations, calculations, etc. (in celestial mechanics, plasma physics, hydrodynamics, quantum chemistry). In mathematics and mathematical logic, for example, they were finally able to solve the topological problem of four colors. Its essence is that it is necessary to prove that at least four colors are necessary so that bordering countries on the map always have different colors.

The creation and use of computer graphics made it possible to visualize many types of scientific information and created fundamentally new opportunities for research, since the results of scientific research cannot always be expressed in text form. An impressive example of the use of computer graphics is the major discovery in geometry made in 1984 by the American mathematicians Hoffman and Meeks - proof of the existence of a new class of so-called. minimal surfaces (smallest surfaces of tension). A new technique for producing synthesized three-dimensional images is being formed - iconography, which is capable of laconic and complete reflection of the surrounding reality and our fantasies246.

The use of the “virtual reality” interface opens up new possibilities in the creativity of designers, sculptors, and architects. But the most significant role seems to be the role of this technology in the disclosure and development of human creative potential. A graphic image serves as a tool for direct influence on intuitive-imaginative processes occurring in the right hemisphere of the brain, and can help eliminate the “right-hemisphere tilt” in modern culture.

Computers are included in scientific research at all stages, which leads to increased efficiency and quality of scientific research and scientific experimentation.

A modern scientific experiment is impossible without processing (often very labor-intensive) a huge amount of information - digital data, graphs, photographs, etc. This is carried out using specialized automatic systems based on the use of a computer. Experimental devices began to work in conjunction with computers, which not only record and analyze the parameters of the systems under study, but also plan, prepare the experiment, control the process of its implementation, processing and generalization of the results.

In addition, computers are used for other functions in the process of experimental research.

For example, frequency tunable lasers are widely used in modern physics. Traditional technology for conducting experiments using such lasers involved manual adjustment of the resonator, which determines the frequency of the radiation. A fairly simple program allows you to do without manual adjustment. The experimenter is freed from repeated repetition of routine operations, and the experiment, which previously required several weeks, is carried out within a few hours.

Computers are widely used to decipher experimental information in genetics and molecular biology. They are used to reconstruct spatial structural models of complex molecules from X-ray images. A biologist examines a protein molecule “through a computer,” just as he previously examined a cell through a microscope.

The focus of the scientist’s experimental activities shifts towards the development and justification of the general concept and plan for conducting the experiment, and then the interpretation of the results obtained.

The widespread use of the latest information technologies in modern science leads to the fact that, along with theoretical and experimental activities, one can distinguish, for example, as many leading physicists believe, computational physics.

The creation of a computer bank of nucleotide sequences (in 1982 in the USA, then in Europe and the USSR) led to the birth and rapid development of computer genetics.

Under the influence of modern information and computer technologies, the process of forming new research thinking in science is underway. It is primarily characterized by the “merging” of the logical and the figurative, the synthesis of the conceptual and the visual, the formation of “intellectual imagery” and “sensory modeling”. The first shoots of new scientific thinking are associated with the so-called “screen-dynamic interactive modeling”, which provides great opportunities for perceiving flows of information and processing it with the help of the scientist’s sensory imagination247.

Significant changes in the picture of the world in modern science surprisingly resonate with the changes taking place in the organization of our knowledge about them, in the culture of writing. J. Derrida, as you know, developed the concept of two types of writing - linear and non-linear. For linear, i.e. elongated writing, embodied in book culture, is characterized by a hierarchical structure, a sequence of meaning-bearing elements of the text, which orients towards the perception of its content as a single organized whole, cutting off, not allowing into the text, all branches of thought, all possible trajectories of its movement that do not fit into this organization. At the same time, “the main function of linear writing was and is understood as a representation, a representation of an already existing meaning. At the same time, we are talking about presenting meaning as a single, completely complete whole.”248

The idea of ​​a non-linear text, speed, flexibility, reactivity and depth of new thinking find adequate “tool” support in the developed tools of screen culture. Before our eyes, a new type of culture is being formed, based on the so-called “screen speech,” i.e., on a temporary stream of screen images on a computer monitor, which freely accommodates the behavior and spoken language of characters, animation modeling, written texts and much more. The culture of the computer page makes it possible to move text beyond the framework of a flat image and create a three-dimensional topological space - hypertext. A characteristic feature of its organization is the possibility of transition from one fragment of text, the bearer of a certain meaning, to many other semantic units.

Bachelard G. New rationalism. - M., 1987. 2.

Burgin M.S., Kuznetsov V.I. Introduction to modern exact science methodology. - M., 1994. 3.

New organon // Bacon F. Works: In 2 vols. - M., 1978. - T.2. 4.

Virtual realities. - M., 1998. 5.

Gaidenko P.P. The problem of rationality at the end of the 20th century // Questions of Philosophy. - 1991. - No. 6. 6.

Klein M. Mathematics. Search for truth. - M., 1988. 7.

Klein M. Mathematics. Loss of certainty. - M. 1984. 8.

Methodological consciousness in modern science. - K., 1989. 9.

Mikeshina L.A., Openkov M.B. New images of knowledge and reality. - M., 1997. 10.

Moiseev N.N. Modern rationalism. - M., 1995. 11.

Nagel E., Newman D. Gödel's theorem. - M., 1970. 12.

Scientific picture of the world. Logical and epistemological aspects. - K., 1983. 13.

Rationality at the crossroads: In 2 books, - M., 1999. 14.

Ruzavin G.I. Mathematization of scientific knowledge. - M; 1984. 15.

Ruzavin G.I. Philosophical problems of the foundation of mathematics. - M., 1983. 16.

Stepin V.S. Theoretical knowledge. - M., 2000. 17.

Philosophy of Science. Vol. 2. Epistemological and logical-methodological problems. - M., 1996. 18.

Philosophical problems of the foundations of mathematics. - M., 1983. 19.

Epistemology and post-non-classical science. - M., 1998.

Test questions: 1.

What are the theoretical objects of modern science? How do they relate to reality? 2.

How is the idea of ​​the object and subject of knowledge transformed in modern epistemology? 3.

Describe the changes in ideals and norms of knowledge characteristic of non-classical and post-non-classical science? 4.

Describe the features of formalization of science. What determines the boundaries of formalization of scientific knowledge? What is the philosophical meaning of Gödel's theorems? 5.

Name the forms and methods of mathematization of modern science. 6.

What role do the latest information technologies play in modern science?

The main directions of rational use of IT in scientific research: 1. Collection, storage, search and issuance of scientific and technical information (STI). 2. Preparation of scientific research programs (SR), selection of equipment and experimental devices. 3. Mathematical calculations. 4. Solving intellectual and logical problems. 5. Modeling of objects and processes. 6. Management of experimental installations. 7. Registration and input of experimental data into a computer. 8. Processing of one-dimensional and multidimensional (images) signals. 9. Generalization and evaluation of research results. 10. Registration and presentation of research results. 11. Management of scientific research works (R&D).


IT AT THE COLLECTION AND PRE-PROCESSING STAGE The purpose of this stage is to obtain answers to the following questions: 1. Which authors or scientific groups are working on a similar topic? 2. What are the known solutions on the topic under study? 3. What known methods and means are used to solve the problems under study? 4. What are the disadvantages of known solutions and in what ways are they trying to overcome them? An in-depth study of information on the subject of research allows you to eliminate the risk of unnecessary time spent on an already solved problem, study in detail the entire range of issues on the topic under study and find a scientific and technical solution that meets a high level. The main source of information is scientific documents, which, according to the method of presentation, can be text, graphic, audiovisual and machine-readable.


SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS ARE DIVIDED INTO primary and secondary, published and unpublished. Primary documents are books, brochures, periodicals (magazines, works), scientific and technical documents (standards, guidelines). Patent documentation (publications containing information about discoveries, inventions, etc.) is also important here; Unpublished primary documents include: scientific reports, dissertations, deposited manuscripts, etc.; Secondary documents contain brief summarized information from one or more primary documents: reference books, abstract publications, bibliographic indexes, etc.


METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PROCESSING STI: questionnaires, interviews, expert surveys, etc., work with scientific and technical documents, which includes search, familiarization, processing of documents and systematization of information. The search is performed in catalogues, abstracts and bibliographic publications. Automation of this procedure is ensured by the use of specialized information retrieval systems (IRS) of libraries and research institutes (SRI), electronic catalogues, search in machine-readable databases (DBs), as well as using Internet search programs.


WAYS TO OBTAIN INFORMATION work with literary material; requests to organizations holding information (state and public educational organizations); engaging consultants or experts; searching for information in automated information systems; search in computer network resources; own observations. Information search can be targeted (based on formal characteristics); – semantic (in meaning, content); – documentary; – factual, etc.


CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS documentary, allowing you to work with full texts or addresses of documents; factual, which provide the necessary information from existing documents; information-logical (intelligent) represent information obtained as a result of logical search and targeted selection in an automated mode. If the database contains the full texts of documents, these tools allow you to implement the familiarization procedure. Often abstracts or annotations of documents are sufficient for this purpose. The complexity of organizing tabular databases can be significantly reduced using optical recognition systems (for example, FineReader), which ensure processing of scanned documents and their export to the database.


IT IN THEORETICAL RESEARCH The volume of IT depends on the specifics and complexity of the problem. In general, it may include the following stages: 1. Statement of the problem, where the goals of the study and the most effective ways of implementation are determined. Sometimes a hypothesis is formed that tentatively explains the phenomenon. 2. Development of a model of the functioning process of the object being studied. TI usually uses mathematical, informational or logical models of a phenomenon. 3. Selection of methods for constructing a model and their verification. 4. Development of algorithms and software for implementing models. 5. Performing mathematical calculations or processing information algorithms. 6. Analysis of the results obtained using logical reasoning and conclusions, formulation of research results.


IT IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IT is most often used in mathematical calculations. Software for this area is conventionally divided into the following categories: 1. Libraries of programs for numerical analysis, which are also divided into general-purpose libraries (SSP, NAG packages) and highly specialized packages focused on solving a certain class of problems (MicroWay - matrices, transformation Fourier). 2. Specialized systems for mathematical calculations and graphical manipulation of data and presentation of results (Phaser - differential equations, Statgraf - statistical analysis), Eureca, Statistica. 3. Dialogue systems for mathematical calculations with declarative languages ​​that allow you to formulate problems in a natural way (MuMath, Reduce, MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica). 4. Spreadsheets (ET), which allow you to perform various calculations with data presented in tabular form (Supercalc, Quattro Pro, Excel).


IT IN SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT, MODELING AND PROCESSING OF RESULTS OF NI The main tasks of experimental research (EI): 1. Purposeful observation of the functioning of an object for an in-depth study of its properties. 2. Checking the validity of working hypotheses to develop a theory of phenomena on this basis. 3. Establishing the dependence of various factors characterizing the phenomenon for the subsequent use of the found dependences in the design or management of the objects under study. EI includes the stages of preparing an experiment, conducting research and processing the results.


DESCRIPTION OF STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH At the preparatory stage, the goals and objectives of EI are determined, a methodology and program for its implementation are developed. This stage also includes the selection of the necessary equipment and measuring instruments. When developing an EI program, they strive to reduce the volume and complexity of work, simplify the experiment without losing the accuracy and reliability of the results. In this regard, this stage of EI requires solving the problem of determining the minimum number of experiments (measurements) that most effectively covers the area of ​​possible interaction of influencing factors and ensures obtaining their reliable dependence. This problem is solved by means of the section of mathematical statistics - experimental planning, which presents the necessary methods for the rational organization of measurements subject to random errors.


DESCRIPTION OF STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH The stage of conducting the research itself is determined by the specifics of the object being studied. Based on the nature of the interaction between the experimental means and the object, a distinction is made between conventional and model EI. In the first, the interaction is directly on the object, in the second - on the model replacing it. The method of modeling objects and processes is the main one in a scientific experiment. They are distinguished: Physical modeling is performed on special installations. VTs are used to control the experimental process, collect registration data and process them. For analog modeling, analog computers are used, which allows you to create and study analogue models that can be described by the same differentials. equations with the process under study. Mathematical modeling includes research not only using purely mathematical models. Information, logical, simulation and other models and their combinations are also used here.


MATHEMATICAL MODELING It is advisable to use software developed by specialists using the latest achievements of applied mathematics and programming. The capabilities of modern software in terms of computer graphics, including parameterization, the use of fractal methods, color dynamics, animation, etc., provide sufficient clarity of the results. VT is most widely used for: logical, functional and structural modeling of electronic circuits; modeling and synthesis of automatic control systems; modeling of mechanical and thermal conditions of structures, mechanics of gases and liquids. In this case, hundreds of function-oriented software are used (for example, MICRO - Logic, ANSYS, DesignLAB), as well as systems of universal application (ET - Excel, QuattroPro, MathCad system).


IT IN FORMATING NI RESULTS NI results can be presented in the form of a report, report, article, etc., in the design of which VT tools are currently widely used. The process of creating a scientific document includes: 1. Preparation of the text part containing formulas and special characters. 2. Formation of tables and their graphic display. 3. Preparation of illustrations in the form of diagrams, drawings, drawings, graphs, diagrams. 4. Grammatical and lexical control. 5. Import of drawings and graphics from other systems. 6. Direct and reverse transfers. 7. Document formatting and printing.


PS TO CREATE SCIENTIFIC TEXTS, in addition to text editors, the following are used: 1. To generate tabular information - ET tools (Excel, QuattroPro) using graphical display capabilities. 2. To create complex graphic illustrations - business graphics systems (Corel Draw) and geometric modeling (AutoCAD). 3. For effective grammatical control of text - specialized systems such as Orfo, Lingvo Corrector, Propis. 4. To create a photographic image - optical recognition tools, editing tools and digital photography (FineReader, Adobe Photoshop, etc.). 5. For automated translation – Prompt, Socrat systems.


DIRECTIONS FOR COMPREHENSIVE CREATION OF DOCUMENTS 1. The use of integrated software systems that provide the creation of text, tables, and graphs within one system (Framework, Works). 2. Use of complexes of interrelated programs within one operating shell (MS Office includes independent software systems Word, Excel, etc., which have a mechanism for effective data exchange). 3. Hypermedia and multimedia systems.


PRIORITY SCIENTIFIC AREAS OF APPLICATION OF NETWORK IT in the field of ecology, environmental protection, medicine, biology are associated with methods for assessing environmental parameters, methods of analysis and forecasting of disasters, technologies for assessing the risk of environmentally hazardous industries, forecasting analysis and decision-making in connection with emergency situations, design systems environmental equipment, diagnostic and decision-making systems in medicine and biology (including telemedicine)

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The development of the university along an innovative path is impossible without creating and improving the information infrastructure, which consists, first of all, of informatization of intellectual activity through the use of information and telecommunication technologies. Modern information technologies are defined as continuous processes of processing, storing, transmitting and displaying information aimed at the efficient use of information resources, computer facilities and data transmission when managing systems of various classes and purposes. Information technologies have an impact on all aspects of human activity, significantly increasing the degree of automation of all information processes, which is a prerequisite for accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress. Information technologies play an important role in ensuring information interaction between people, in systems for the preparation and dissemination of information, in the processes of obtaining and accumulating new knowledge. The basis of modern information technologies is: transmission of information over any distance in a limited time; interactive mode of operation; integration with other software products; flexibility in the process of changing data and setting tasks; the ability to store large amounts of information on computer media. In practice, information technologies are implemented by the use of software and hardware systems, consisting of personal computers with the necessary set of peripheral devices, connected to local and global computer networks, provided with the necessary software, which increases the degree of automation, increases the efficiency of both the educational process and scientific research. Modern information technologies are the basis on which the work of a modern university can be built. In addition, the higher education system itself is an active participant in the development of information technology.

Information technologies increase the level of efficiency of work in science and education by simplifying and accelerating the processes of processing, transmission, presentation and storage of information; ensuring the accuracy and quality of the tasks being solved; the possibility of implementing previously unsolvable problems; reducing development time, labor intensity and cost of research work. Science and education have many of the same tasks. This concerns information support, the use of mathematical and intellectual-logical methods for solving problems, reporting results, and managing both the educational process and scientific research.

The effectiveness of scientific research is largely related to the level of use of computer technology. One of the most effective methods of scientific research, a computational experiment, allows one to study the behavior of complex systems that are difficult to physically model. The capabilities of computer technology are widely used for logical, functional and structural modeling, using both function-oriented software and universal application systems such as Excel, QuattroPro, MathCad. At the stage of processing the results of scientific research, the greatest use is made of software that allows performing mathematical calculations using probability theory, error theory, mathematical statistics, vector and raster image analysis. The preparation of scientific papers rich in mathematical and chemical formulas that have several levels is solved by using special editors for scientific documents, integrated systems for carrying out mathematical and engineering calculations (for example, the MathCad system). The preparation of scientific texts heavily saturated with formulas is most effective in the TEX system, where a set of formulas is performed using a special language. Software for implementing theoretical research tasks includes: libraries of programs for numerical analysis; specialized systems for mathematical calculations and graphical manipulation of data and presentation of results (for example, Statistica); spreadsheets that allow you to perform various calculations with data presented in tabular form; tools that include elements of artificial intelligence (automated translation systems, for example, PROMT; decision support systems and various expert systems). In some cases, it is advisable to conduct theoretical studies of technical problems using an automated system for solving inventive problems, which covers all stages of technical creativity from the analysis of technical systems to the search for solution options. Automation of the procedure for collecting and processing scientific and technical information is ensured by the use of specialized information retrieval systems of libraries and research institutes, Internet search programs, searches in databases (the complexity of organizing which, in particular, can be significantly reduced using optical recognition systems, providing processing of scanned documents and their export to the database). The tasks of computerization of scientific research are most effectively implemented within the framework of automated systems of scientific research.

Informatization of university education is a necessary condition for both high-quality training of a future specialist in modern conditions of intensive development of information and communication technologies, and for increasing the competitive level of the university in the educational services market. In the development of the process of informatization of education, trends are emerging in the formation of a system of lifelong education, the creation of a unified information educational space, the active introduction of new means and methods of teaching, focused on the use of data processing technologies, text, graphic and numerical information; multimedia and “virtual reality”; artificial intelligence and distance education. The most frequently used teaching aids are online teaching aids, computer training systems in multimedia, audio and video educational and information materials. For teachers, information technologies in education can be used to resolve issues of preparing lecture material, electronic textbooks, creating information and methodological support for the courses being studied, preparing demonstration tools to support classes, and automating testing of students' knowledge. Automated control of student knowledge in the form of testing makes it possible to organize centralized control, makes control more objective, independent of the teacher’s subjectivity, reduces human and material costs, can significantly reduce the time of questioning and analysis, organizes the storage of materials and test results in electronic form, increases information content and clarity of results. The use of computer technology in education has made it possible to improve the quality of education, create new means of educational influence, means of effective interaction between teacher and student, and accelerate the transfer of knowledge. The use of educational information technologies is an effective method for systems of self-education, continuing education, as well as for systems of advanced training and retraining of personnel. The main advantages of using information technology in education over traditional teaching include: information technology significantly expands the capabilities of educational information (the use of color, graphics, sound, animation allows you to recreate the real situation of the activity); allow you to significantly increase students' motivation to learn; contribute to the widest development of students’ abilities and activation of their mental activity; formation of reflection (the student has the opportunity to visually present the result of his actions, determine the stage in solving the problem at which the mistake was made, and correct it). Information technologies in the educational process are mainly used when presenting new material (for example, a Power Point presentation program); conducting virtual laboratory work using training programs; consolidation of the presented material (training - various training programs); in control and verification systems (testing with assessment, monitoring programs); for independent work of students (training programs, encyclopedias, etc.); when conducting tele and video conferences. The experience of communicating with students shows that the use of computerized learning systems makes it possible to increase the speed of searching for the necessary information, its visibility, ensures an increase in the role of students’ independent work, the quality of feedback, and the effectiveness of training sessions by at least 30%.

The rapid computerization of almost all areas of knowledge requires considering information technology as the most important component of the fundamental training of a specialist, as a current scientific and educational direction - the rapidly developing university discipline “Computer Technologies in Science and Education”. As a result of studying the course, students gain skills and abilities to apply in practice: means of telecommunication access to sources of scientific information; Internet capabilities for organizing rapid exchange between research groups; methods of mathematical modeling using data processing software packages. The result of student training in this course, as a rule, is a ready-made electronic manual in the areas of research or educational activities of the future specialist. Thanks to the teaching of the discipline “Computer Technologies in Science and Education,” the university received the opportunity to train highly qualified personnel on a unified, systematic basis in a wide range of areas of modern information and communication technologies.