Sea and river shipping canals. Artificial waterways: reservoirs, canals and locks
Exactly 110 years ago, the US government acquired “forever” the entire zone of the future Panama Canal for a symbolic price, the size of an annual rent, which made it possible to begin construction of the greatest shipping canal in the history of mankind. For this date, we have prepared a review of the most outstanding shipping canals on the planet.
This canal is called the crown of engineering of its time, the greatest canal in the history of mankind and one of the most important water economic objects. The Panama Canal is also known as the “Bridge of the Americas.”
The Panama Canal, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, is a system of locks and water intakes that “equalize” sea level between the two oceans. This 77 km long canal was opened on June 12, 1920, but today remains one of the most important shipping routes of enormous economic value. Its construction became one of the most complex and extensive projects in human history.
It is a known fact that the symbolic pressing of the button to open the channel was made by the 28th US President Woodrow Wilson directly from his office. Which was unprecedented for that time. After pressing the button, the signal went via telegraph to Panama and the explosives on the dam detonated. The explosion led to the fact that the waters of the artificial Lake Gatun filled the Culebra Canal, and ships were able to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic. Today, the Panama Canal is not only the most important shipping route, but also a popular tourist attraction. Coordinates on Google Maps: 9.08000001,-79.68000001
The opening of the canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea took place in 1869. is a conditional border between Africa and Eurasia. The canal was conceived as an alternative sea route from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. Its length is 163 km, its width along the bottom ranges from 45-60 meters, and its depth is about 20 meters. The canal is an important economic and strategic asset, connecting two major ports: Suez and Port Said.
Today, the Suez Canal, along with oil production and tourism, is one of Egypt's main sources of income. An average of 48 ships pass through the canal per day, and it takes about 14 hours to cross the canal. Coordinates on Google Maps: 30.70500001,32.344166676667
The White Sea-Baltic Canal (Belomorkanal) was built by Gulag prisoners. The construction of this canal became a real tragedy for Russian history and a symbol of industrialization. The canal was built in record time (in 1 year and 9 months) and became an important waterway for shipping, which it still is today. The total length of the White Sea-Baltic Canal from Lake Onega to the White Sea is 227 km, depth 4 meters, width 36 meters. The canal includes 19 gateways.
In the USSR in 1932, “” cigarettes with a very high tar content were released, which became popular due to their low price. Coordinates on Google Maps: 62.80000001,34.80000001
Germany also has its own giant channel. It is called the Central German Canal and is an important shipping artery, connecting the Rhine through the Dortmund-Ems Canal and the Rhine-Herne Canal with rivers such as the Elbe, Weser, Ems and the lake with the Oder. The length of the Central German Canal is 325.7 km. This canal is known for its extremely picturesque views on its banks, which attracts many tourists to these places, as well as for its bridges and unusual buildings for crossing ships. The most famous on this canal are the Minden and Magdeburg shipping canals, which to this day attract crowds of onlookers.
The Geta Canal is a waterway that connected the Baltic and North Seas in the first half of the 19th century. The canal is the shortest route between these seas. The canal was opened on September 26, 1832, belongs to Sweden and has served its trade interests faithfully for decades. However, over time, the tonnage of merchant ships changed and the need for the canal faded. The length of the Geta Canal, on which, by the way, there are 58 locks, is about 420 km. Today, the Geta Canal has become an object of interest for tourists, lovers of boat trips and sailing. Every year, thousands of tourists and athletes gather here.
Klong is a complex system of canals, the “Venice of Asia”, located in the central part of the plain of Thailand. For centuries, Klong has been the main waterway in Thailand. Only thanks to this system of canals were traders and travelers able to get from one corner of the country to another. Unfortunately, with the development of shipping, due to its engineering characteristics, Klong ceased to be of any economic interest. Many channels of this system have already been filled up in our time. The canal was restored to its former glory thanks to the development of tourism in the country.
The Augustow Canal is a shipping route between Poland and Belarus. This monument of hydraulic engineering connects the Vistula River with the Neman River and is located in a UNESCO protected area. The length of the canal is 101 km. It includes a complex system of sluices and drawbridges.
The initiators of the construction of the Augustow Canal were Ksawery Drutsky-Lubecki, Minister of Finance of Poland, and Stanislaw Staszic, a Polish public figure. The decision to build this canal was made personally by Emperor Alexander I, after the project, prepared on 500 sheets by a group of military engineers headed by Ignatius Prondzinsky, was considered by a special technical commission in St. Petersburg. The need to build a canal arose after Prussia introduced high customs duties for sea cargo carriers heading to the Baltic ports in the first quarter of the 190th century.
It is known that more than 7 thousand workers of different nationalities worked on the construction of the Augustow Canal: Russians, Belarusians, Poles and Jews. Documents of that time preserved information that Jews during the construction of the canal were engaged in the most labor-intensive and dirty, but at the same time the most highly paid work - scooping water from ditches.
For quite a long time, timber was rafted along the Augustow Canal. “Berlins” - wooden ships that transported goods - also walked along the canal. When moving against the current, they used horse teams and sometimes barge haulers.
Today, the Augustow Canal is a kind of Mecca for water tourists who flock here from all over the world. Coordinates on Google Maps: 53.866666667667,22.966666667667
The Corinth Canal, which is only 6 km long, is considered the shortest shipping artery. At the same time, its depth and width allow even the largest ships to pass through it, and it is simply impossible to overestimate its importance for Greek shipping. It will not lose its relevance, if only because it attracts a large number of tourists. The signature feature of the Corinth Canal is its high walls - up to 76 meters above the water. The Corinth Canal is impressive from any angle and is a real paradise for extreme sports enthusiasts.
A very unusual record is associated with the Corinth Canal. Many riders dreamed of jumping over this canal, and Robbie Maddison was able to fulfill the dream of extreme sports enthusiasts. In 2010, he reached speeds of 125 km/h in his Honda CR500, flew over the canal and landed on the opposite side. The maximum jump height is 95 meters. Maddison said that the most difficult thing for him was overcoming the acceleration zone and his fear. Coordinates on Google Maps: 37.934444454444,22.983888898889
The Kiel Canal, connecting the Baltic and North Seas, is located in Germany. It received its name in honor of the bay of the same name and the city of Kiel. Today this canal, 98 km long and more than 100 m wide, is one of the busiest canals in Europe. The canal has been in use since 1895. Traffic on this canal is organized with German punctuality, and all large ships are always accompanied by a pilot. Ferry crossings are arranged on the canal with enviable frequency. It is noteworthy that until 1948 it had a different name - the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal.
GRAND CANAL(Chinese - Yunho or Yunhe), a canal in China with a length of 1930 km, runs through the eastern part of the country in a general direction from north to south between the cities of Beijing and Hangzhou. This oldest and longest canal in the world crosses four provinces (Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and two great rivers - the Yellow River and the Yangtze. When the construction of this artificial conduit was completed (which took about 2,000 years), it became an important transport artery between the north and south of China.
The Grand Canal was built over three historical periods. Its oldest section, 225 km long, began to be built at the last stage of the existence of the Zhou state, presumably in the 6th century. BC. They connected the Yangtze River with the Huaihe River basin. Corresponding to this old canal, the section of the modern Grand Canal runs from the city of Qinjiang (in Jiangsu Province) to the Yangtze River (in the Yangzhou region), passing through a series of lakes included in the Huaihe River basin. The water level in this region is regulated by dams, and small ships could navigate the canal here.
Let's find out more about it...
Photo 2. 
Clickable
Almost everything rivers of China flow from west to east and empty into the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, already in ancient times, a system of canals arose that connected the basins of these rivers. Subsequently, the individual sections were combined and completed. This is how it appeared Great Chinese Canal, or as it is called in China, Grand Canal(大运河). It connects Beijing And Hangzhou. Its length is 1774 km, and it is the longest canal in the world. It originates in Tongxiang County near Beijing, passes through the cities of Beijing and Tianjin, four provinces - Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang and ends in the city of Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province). It also connects five rivers: Haihe, Yellow River, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantang.
Approximately 1,200 years later, the canal was extended southward for a distance of about 400 km - to the city of Hangzhou in Zhejiang province. The excavation of this section, completed around 610 AD, required clearing and connecting some of the short canals that already existed there and, in addition, creating a fairway for the large Taihu Lake.
North of Qinjiang, most of the canal was completed under Kublai (the first emperor of the Mongol Yuan dynasty), whose generals conquered Hangzhou. Kublai tried to establish communication routes between his southern possessions and the capital - Khanbalik (as the Mongols called then Beijing). The extension of the canal to the north probably began in 1279 and led it through the lakes. On this route it was necessary to erect dams and build locks, since it was necessary to regulate the water level, since it turned out to be different in different lakes. The northern part of the Grand Canal was called Tsa Ho - the river of locks. The canal entered Shandong province, where it was brought to Dongping; in the area between this city and Jining, navigation is often difficult due to insufficient water flow into the canal bed. Around 1300 AD The canal route was extended to the city of Linjing, on the Weihe River, in northern Shandong.
Photo 3. 
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Grand Canal was extended even further north, to Hebei Province, where its waters mixed with the waters of the Beiyunhe River near the city of Tianjin. The section of the canal between the Weihe and Beiyunhe rivers is navigable all year round. Then the canal followed the bed of the Beiyunhe River against its current and reached the settlement of Tongxian, which is 24 km east of Beijing. During the Ming Empire (1368–1644), the canal was significantly improved, and those sections of it that had fallen into disrepair were made navigable again.
With the development of railways (at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century), the Grand Canal lost its former importance. On the lands through which its route ran, devastating floods occurred more than once, and in the mid-19th century. The Yellow River changed its course and began to flow not into the Yellow Sea, but into Bohaiwan Bay in northern Shandong. The severe flood of the Huaihe River in 1931 and the devastating military operations in the period from 1937 to 1949 brought the Grand Canal to a state of complete destruction. By 1949, when the communists won, only junks could navigate it.
Photo 4. 
In 1952, the implementation of a program for regulating the water regime in the Huaihe River basin began, which included work to clear, expand and straighten the bed of the Grand Canal. Modern mechanized shipping locks were built on it. The section of the route running through Jiangsu province was reconstructed, and 1000-ton ships began to sail along it. The modernization of the canal was carried out at an accelerated pace, since by this time the railways could barely cope with the transportation of minerals.
Photo 5. 
The Grand Canal will play a much more important role as a means of supplying the north of the country with water for agricultural and industrial purposes. Chinese experts suggest that by 2030, when the country's population reaches 1.6 billion people, water resources per capita will amount to 1,760 cubic meters. And according to international standards, the minimum permissible level is 1,700 cubic meters. According to Li Rui, director of the Institute of Land Resources Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, water consumption in China will reach its peak by 2030, and if effective measures are not taken, the country will face a serious crisis in the future.
According to Chinese scientists, in order to feed its population, which, despite birth control, continues to increase by eight million people annually, China, as in ancient times, still needs to irrigate the arid north of the country. After all, 80 percent of water resources are in the Yangtze basin and areas south of this river. Let me remind you that in central China there are two great rivers that flow from west to east - the Yellow River and the Yangtze. They are almost equal in length. However, the annual flow of the Yangtze is twenty times greater than the Yellow River. Over the years of the existence of the PRC, farmers, mainly in the northern part of the country, managed to increase the irrigated area approximately four times - from 15 to 52 million hectares. However, all possibilities have now been exhausted. So much water is taken from the Yellow River for irrigation that in the summer it almost dries up. A different situation exists in the Yangtze basin region. In China it is called the mother river. The Yangtze Basin is one of the main economic regions. Occupying only a fifth of the country's territory, it contributes more than two-fifths of the gross domestic product. And the energy potential of the Yangtze basin is almost three times greater than that of all US rivers combined.
Photo 6. 
The idea of turning rivers from south to north was born back in 1952 and belongs to the former Chinese leader Mao Zedong. It is clear that in the conditions of the 50s, when the anti-Japanese war and then the civil war had recently ended, it was completely impossible to implement this project. But they never forgot about him. And in recent decades they have returned to it again. First, all the necessary scientific and practical research was carried out, assessments were made of the difficulties and problems that would have to be solved, and the issue of the need to resettle hundreds of thousands of people from their places of residence where the construction of water structures would take place was resolved. In 2002, the Chinese government decided to launch a project designed to provide water to the arid areas of the country. Now, for nine years now, China has been intensively constructing hydraulic structures for water transfer. This construction has been declared an object of strategic importance in the rational distribution of the country's water resources, in changing the tense situation with water resources in the northern regions of China, which is directly related to social and cultural development and the problem of improving the environment in these areas. This facility, like the construction of the Sanxia hydroelectric complex on the Yangtze River, the laying of a gas pipeline from the western part of the country to the eastern and the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, are called the four most important construction projects of modern China. It is expected that in a few decades a network of canals will appear in China through which water from the Yangtze, Huaihe, Yellow and Haihe rivers will be transported to the northern regions of the country.
To transfer water from the Yangtze River, 3 main canals are built - eastern, central and western. In particular, 6 provinces and centrally subordinate cities, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu provinces, will receive water through the eastern and western canals. The construction of the eastern canal will use the existing infrastructure of the Great Chinese Canal.
The Grand Canal is not only a transport and water artery. But it is also a magnificent historical monument, connecting the past and present of China.
Photo 7. 
Several years ago, representatives of travel agencies from 15 large and medium-sized cities along the Grand Canal gathered in Huai'an City in Jiangsu Province and jointly decided to create a "Grand Canal Tour" tourist route. They stated that they would jointly create and improve a mechanism for interregional cooperation in the field of tourism. And on the Great Chinese Canal, which stretches for almost 2000 kilometers, there are many places worthy of tourist attention. For example, historical production areas. Many ancient objects, for example, shipyards and other industrial enterprises, were moved to other areas of the cities. Industrial buildings and equipment with an interesting history are already being used in a new capacity. For example, tourists live in them or they are the object of display. Such a project was developed for former industrial areas along the Grand Canal in Suzhou.
The Great Canal of China has many bridges and piers. Bridges in historical cities performed not only a purely transport function, but also an important compositional and spatial role. When constructing bridges on the Grand Canal, much attention was paid to their shape. Bridges are very expressive, in which the shape of the arches and their reflection in the water form regular circles.
Photo 8. 
The bridges offer picturesque views, so many of them were designed as viewing platforms with canopies for shade and benches. At the same time, the architectural solutions of the bridges were distinguished by individuality and artistic expressiveness.
On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal was opened for navigation. On this occasion, today we will talk about it and about four more of the world's largest shipping canals.
The idea of building the shortest waterway connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean appeared in the era of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, but the canal built by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho the Second lasted only until 776. In 1854, Ferdinand Marie Lesseps, a diplomat and businessman of French origin, skillfully using the influence of France on the Egyptian government and his profitable connections, obtained a concession from the country's ruler for a preferential construction of the Suez Canal. The construction of the grandiose structure, which began in the spring of 1859, took a whole decade and required the labor of about one and a half million people. The laborers on the project were Egyptians, recruited on a forced basis at a rate of 60,000 people monthly. The grand opening of the Suez Canal took place on an incredible scale on November 17, 1869. Over the years of its existence, the Suez Canal managed to be under the domination of France, England, joint control of the two countries, and in 1956 it was nationalized by the Egyptian government. The current length of the Suez Canal is just over 162 kilometers, and the depth of the fairway is 22.5 meters. All ships whose countries are not at war with Egypt are allowed to sail through Suez, except for ships with nuclear power plants.
The construction of the most famous lock canal and the main tourist attraction of Panama is considered one of the most ambitious construction projects in the history of mankind. A trial attempt to build it, undertaken by the “father” of Suez, failed - the obstacles posed by climatic and geographical conditions turned out to be insurmountable. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States of America, interested in increasing its military power through the lightning-fast movement of naval forces from one ocean basin to another, acquired the project from France and entered into an agreement with the government of Panama to provide five kilometers of territory on both sides of the canal for indefinite use . John Stevens, the chief engineer of the Panama Canal, took into account the mistakes of the French, ensuring the construction site was disinfected, and changed the design, designing a canal with three-stage locks on both sides and a section of the watershed rising 26 meters above the oceans. The Panama Canal opened on June 12, 1920, and until 1999 it was under the control of the United States, which surrounded it with countless military bases. Now it is under the control of the Panamanian government. The length of the canal is almost 82 kilometers, the passage of which takes about 9 hours. The cost of passage through the canal varies depending on the class and size of the vessel and ranges from eight hundred to half a million dollars.
The North Sea-Baltic Canal, popularly called the Kiel Canal (after the name of the German city of Kiel, past which it is laid) is considered one of the main waterways of Germany. Its length is almost 100 kilometers and its width is from 162 to 165 meters. The beginning of the mega-construction was laid by William the First in the summer of 1887. 82 million cubic meters of earth dug from the construction site, the incessant labor of 9 thousand workers - and in 1895 the canal received the first ships. The Kiel Canal acquired its current size after improvements carried out before and after the First World War - a dozen extensions were created along it, designed to allow the simultaneous passage of several large ships. The lock chambers allow the passage of ships whose size does not exceed 235 meters in length, and the canal system is capable of stabilizing fluctuations in water masses resulting from the tides of the Elbe River or stormy winds of the North Sea. It takes about 9 hours for any of the approximately 250 ships that pass through it every day to cross the Kiel Canal. Its use helps captains save about a day by avoiding the Jutland Peninsula.
The canal, 6.4 kilometers long and just over 21 meters wide, connecting the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronikos Gulf in the Aegean Sea, is considered one of the largest lockless shipping canals, although it is now practically inactive. The canal that we see today appeared as a result of the publication in 1869 of the Law “On Digging the Isthmus of Corinth.” To create the Corinth Canal, the design of the same Ferdinand de Lesseps was chosen, and the line of the route coincided with the one determined by the architects of ancient Rome, trying to connect the Peloponnese with Greece by order of Nero. Two and a half thousand workers and the most modern equipment at that time were involved in the construction of the canal; more than 930 thousand cubic meters of earth and stone were dug and removed. The Corinth Canal was inaugurated on August 7, 1893 and operated until 1944, playing an important role in World War II. In 1948, the canal was restored and became operational again, but today, due to the increase in the size of ships, it is hardly used. Only about 15 thousand ships pass through the Corinth Canal per year, making it the most expensive canal in the world per kilometer of length.
The world's longest shipping canal, reaching 1,794 km, stretches from Beijing to Hangzhou and can only be compared in grandeur to the Great Wall of China. Construction of the Grand Canal, designed to ensure the supply of food from northern China to the capital regions, began in 486 BC, when the first 150-kilometer section was dug, connecting the Yangtze and Yellow River. A thousand years later, the construction of the water connection was continued by Emperor Yandi, using several million people to connect the capital Luoyang with Kaifeng and Yangzhou. The Grand Canal acquired its modern appearance in 1949 – after deepening and widening, its navigable route reached thousands of kilometers. Now it is no longer the country's most important transport artery, carrying only about 30 million tons of cargo, but it has become a very important tourist attraction in China. One of the country's most popular tourist routes, showcasing ancient farms and fields, large shipyards and quaint villages, is called the Grand Canal Journey.
Exactly 80 years ago the famous White Sea Canal was opened, which became one of the greatest man-made waterways in the world. In honor of this memorable date, we are talking about the most famous and amazing canals you can visit.
The canal laid on the bones of thousands of Gulag prisoners became not only the name of the famous Soviet cigarettes, but also one of the symbols of the industrialization of the USSR, which brought the country into the ranks of the world superpowers. Built in record time, the White Sea Canal was originally named in honor of Joseph Stalin, whose monument once stood on one of the banks. Currently, it is still an important transport artery and a growing tourist destination, increasing passenger traffic every year.
The most important German waterway, connecting several canal systems, rivers and lakes, still carries millions of tons of cargo through it. Its picturesque shores attract thousands of tourists who love to travel on pleasure boats. But the main attractions of the canal are the amazing and impressive water navigation bridges - Magdeburg and Minden. Each passage of a huge ship along them attracts hundreds of curious onlookers.
A picturesque active canal that serves as the shortest route for ships traveling from the Baltic to the North Sea. Having faithfully served the Swedish treasury since the mid-nineteenth century, it has now lost its strategic importance - since then, the tonnage of ships has changed, and railways have undergone rapid development. But in exchange for the title of the main northern transport artery, it received the position of a tourist canal very visited by travelers - the high occupancy of cruise ships and the popularity of Geta among sailing enthusiasts leave this waterway in demand.
The greatest canal in the history of mankind, connecting the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Serving as a major shipping route, it handles a staggering amount of cargo (thus filling Panama's budget), while also being a popular tourist attraction. Sailing under the famous “Bridge of the Americas” is a great way to add vivid impressions to your sea cruise.
Another of the world's greatest canals, it seems, will never lose its relevance for international cargo transportation. Along the 163 kilometers of waterway, connecting the Mediterranean and the Red Sea without a single lock, there are many remarkable engineering marvels that would never have existed without Suez. These are the Ferdan swing bridge, the Ahmed Hamdi tunnel and the cable-stayed bridge named after the overthrown dictator Hosni Mubarak.
The canal system in Thailand has long served as the most important waterways for transporting people and goods from distant parts of the country. Just as the outdated, and therefore too narrow and small man-made rivers have become obsolete, the Klongs have now lost their economic significance, which has forever put an end to some of them, filled up and turned into ordinary pavements. But not everyone - some of Thailand's canals have remained untouched, adding to this country's tourist attraction. So many areas of Bangkok are called the “Venice of Asia” because of them, thanks to the beautiful views of the water streets, where floating markets are located, which are plied by traditional pleasure boats.
Despite its short length (only six kilometers), the Corinth Canal still cannot be taken away from its importance for Greek shipping, even if it is no longer able to accommodate wide ocean liners. But even if one day it ceases to be used for transporting goods, this waterway will not be free of tourist ships - the natural walls of the canal, reaching a height of 76 meters, are impressive from any angle. But the best one is the bungee ride from one of the bridges.
The transport system, which once supplied the entire UK with cargo, has now completely lost its strategic importance. Now the Caledonian Canal is a popular place for excursions on river cruise ships, the popularity of which is ensured by stunning views of the natural resources of Scotland. It's no joke, but it is this canal system that connects such glacial lakes as Loch Ness and Loch Lochy.
The material contains information on shipping channels countries of the world and Russia, their length, width and depth, the number of locks, seas, oceans, rivers connecting them, and the year the canal was built.
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Shipping canal (country) |
Length, km |
Width, m |
Depth on the fairway, m |
Number of gateways |
Oceans (seas), rivers (canals), or populated areas connected by a canal |
Year of construction (reconstruction) |
|
Coastal (USA) |
Routed to bypass shallow waters. eastern coast of the USA from Boston (on the Atlantic coast) to Brownsville (Gulf of Mexico) - |
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|
Great (Dayunhe, Yunhe) (China) |
Beijing with the East China Sea |
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|
Volga-Baltic Waterway named after. V. I. Lenina (Russia) |
At least 4 |
R. Volga with the Baltic Sea; passes through the Rybinsk Reservoir, along the river. Sheksna, Belozersky canal, r. Kovzha, Mariinsky Canal, Onega Canal, r. Svir, Novoladozhsky canal, r. Neva |
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|
Incl. Volga-Baltic Canal |
At least 4 |
Rybinsk Reservoir with Lake Onega |
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|
New York State Barge Canal (USA) |
Lakes Erie and Champlain with the river. Hudson |
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|
Incl. Ern Canal |
lake Erie with r. Hudson |
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Rhine-Main-Danube (Germany-Austria) |
rivers Rhine and Danube |
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Göta Canal (Sweden) |
Zap. (Gothenburg) and east. (Söderköping) coast of Sweden through lakes Vänern and Vättern |
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|
Middle Germanic (Germany) |
rivers Ems, Weser and Elbe |
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|
Rhone-Rhine (France) |
rivers Saone (tributary of the Rhone river) and Rhine |
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|
Dortmund-Ems (Germany) |
rivers Rhine and Ems |
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Southern (France) |
R. Garonne with the Mediterranean Sea |
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White Sea-Baltic (Russia) |
White Sea with Lake Onega. |
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Suez (Egypt) |
Mediterranean and Red Seas |
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Albert Canal (Belgium) |
rivers Meuse and Scheldt |
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|
Named after Moscow (Russia) |
Volga and Moscow rivers |
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|
Volga-Don Shipping named after. V. I. Lenina (Russia) |
Volga and Don rivers |
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|
Kiel (Germany) |
North and Baltic seas |
1895 (1914, 1970) |
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Panamanian (Panama) |
Atlantic and Pacific oceans |
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Marseille-Rhône (France) |
R. Rhone with the Mediterranean Sea |
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Amsterdam-Rijn (Netherlands) |
Amsterdam with r. Rhine |
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Manchester (UK) |
Manchester with the Irish Sea |
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Welland (Canada) |
Lakes Erie and Ontario (bypassing the Niagara Airborne Region) |
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Saimensky (Russia, Finland) |
lake Saimaa with Finnish Hall. Baltic Sea |
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Nieuwe-Waterwet-Scher (New Waterway) (Netherlands)" |
Rotterdam with the North Sea |
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Noordsee Canal (Northern Sea Channel) (Netherlands) |
Amsterdam with the North Sea |
* Length of artificial sections of the canal (excluding sections passing through lakes, rivers, bays, etc.)
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A source of information: Atlas of an officer/ - Moscow: 1984.
